Name: Abdul Rehman Admani-21718

Assignment

Part 1

Ruh (Spirit)

 Surah 4, Verse 171

O People of the Scripture, do not commit excess in your religion or say about Allah
except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, was but a messenger of Allah and
His word which He directed to Mary and a soul [created at a command] from Him. So
believe in Allah and His messengers. And do not say, “Three”; desist – it is better for
you. Indeed, Allah is but one God. Exalted is He above having a son. To Him belongs
whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And sufficient is Allah as
Disposer of affairs.
 Surah 15, verse 29
And when I have proportioned him and breathed into him of My [created] soul, then fall
down to him in prostration
 Surah 17, Verse 85
And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about the soul. Say, “The soul is of the affair of my
Lord. And mankind have not been given of knowledge except a little.
 Surah 32, Verse 9
Then He proportioned him and breathed into him from His [created] soul and made for
you hearing and vision and hearts; little are you grateful
 Surah 38, Verse 72
So when I have proportioned him and breathed into him of My [created] soul, then fall
down to him in prostration.
 Surah 58, Verse 22
You will not find a people who believe in Allah and the Last Day having affection for
those who oppose Allah and His Messenger, even if they were their fathers or their sons
or their brothers or their kindred. Those – He has decreed within their hearts faith and
supported them with spirit from Him. And We will admit them to gardens beneath which
rivers flow, wherein they abide eternally. Allah is pleased with them, and they are
pleased with Him – those are the party of Allah. Unquestionably, the party of Allah –
they are the successful.
 .

Nafs (Soul)

 Surah Al-Baqarah / Verse 48

And be on your guard against a day when one soul shall not avail another in the least, neither
shall intercession on its behalf be accepted, nor shall any compensation be taken from it, nor
shall they be helped.

 Surah Al-Baqarah / Verse 123

And be on your guard against a day when no soul shall avail another in the least neither shall
any compensation be accepted from it, nor shall intercession profit it, nor shall they be helped.

 Surah Al-Baqarah / Verse 281

And guard yourselves against a day in which You shall be returned to Allah; then every soul
shall be paid back in full what it has earned, and they shall not be dealt with unjustly.

 Surah Al-Baqarah / Verse 286

Allah does not lay a responsibility on anyone beyond his capacity. In his favor shall be whatever
good each one does, and against him whatever evil he does. (Believers! Pray thus to your Lord):
“Our Lord! Take us not to task if we forget or commit mistakes.

Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden such as you laid on those gone before us. Our Lord! Lay not
on us burdens which we do not have the power to bear. And overlook our faults, and forgive us,
and have mercy upon us. You are our Guardian; so grant us victory against the unbelieving folk.

 Surah Al-Imran / Verse 25

Then how will it be when We shall gather them together on a day about which there is no doubt,
and every soul shall be fully paid what it has earned, and they shall not be dealt with unjustly?

 Surah Al-Imran / Verse 30

On the day that every soul shall find present what it has done of good and what it has done of
evil, it shall wish that between it and that (evil) there were a long duration of time; and Allah
makes you to be cautious of (retribution from) Himself; and Allah is Compassionate to the
servants.

 Surah Al-Imran / Verse 161

And it is not attributable to a prophet that he should act unfaithfully; and he who acts
unfaithfully shall bring that in respect of which he has acted unfaithfully on the day of
resurrection; then shall every soul be paid back fully what it has earned, and they shall not be
dealt with unjustly.

 Surah Al-Imran / Verse 185

Everyone is bound to taste death and you shall receive your full reward on the Day of
Resurrection. Then, whoever is spared the Fire and is admitted to Paradise has indeed been
successful. The life of this world is merely an illusory enjoyment.

 Surah An-Nisa / Verse 1

O humanity! Be mindful of your Lord Who created you from a single soul, and from it He
created its mate, and through both He spread countless men and women. And be mindful of
Allah—in Whose Name you appeal to one another—and ˹honor˺ family ties. Surely Allah is ever
Watchful over you.

 Surah An-Nisa / Verse 171

O People of the Book! Do not go to extremes regarding your faith; say nothing about Allah
except the truth.1 The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger of Allah and
the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him. So
believe in Allah and His messengers and do not say, “Trinity.” Stop!—for your own good. Allah
is only One God. Glory be to Him! He is far above having a son! To Him belongs whatever is in
the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustee of Affairs.

 Surah Al-Ma’idah / Verse 30

Yet Cain convinced himself to kill his brother, so he killed him—becoming a loser.

 Surah Al-Ma’idah / Verse 32

That is why We ordained for the Children of Israel that whoever takes a life—unless as a
punishment for murder or mischief in the land—it will be as if they killed all of humanity; and
whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity. ˹Although˺ Our messengers
already came to them with clear proofs, many of them still transgressed afterwards through the
land.

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 70

And leave those alone who have made their religion a mockery and play thing and the worldly
life has deceived them and admonishes them with Quran, so that a soul may not be caught on
account of its doings. It shall have neither helper nor intercessor beside Allah. And if it gives
every compensation for itself, it shall not be accepted from it. These are they who have been
caught on their doings. For them is a drink of boiling water and painful torment, the recompense
of their infidelity.

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 98

All praise is for Allah Who created the heavens and the earth and made darkness and light.1 Yet
the disbelievers set up equals to their Lord ˹in worship˺.

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 151

Say to them (O Muhammad!): 'Come, let me recite what your Lord has laid down to you: (i) that
you associate nothing with Him; (ii) and do good to your parents; (iii) and do not slay your
children out of fear of poverty. We provide you and will likewise provide them with sustenance;
(iv) and do not even draw to things shameful - be they open or secret; (v) and do not slay the
soul sanctified by Allah except in just cause; this He has enjoined upon you so that you may
understand;

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 152

(vi) and do not even draw near to the property of the orphan in his minority except in the best
manner; (vii) and give full measures and weight with justice; We do not burden anyone beyond
his capacity; (viii) When you speak, be just, even though it concern a near of kin; (ix) and fulfil
the covenant of Allah. That is what He has enjoined upon you so that you may take heed.

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 158

What! Do they wait either for the angels to appear before them or for your Lord to come unto
them or for some clear signs of your Lord to appear before them? When some clear signs of
your Lord will appear, believing will be of no avail to anyone who did not believe before, or who
earned no good deeds through his faith. Say: 'Wait on; we too are waiting.'

 Surah Al-An’am / Verse 164

Say you, 'shall I seek a Lord other than Allah, while He is the Lord of everything. And whatever
one earns it ison his, own account. And no bearer of burden will bear the burden of another.
Then you have to returntowards your Lord, He will inform you of that in, which you used to
differ.

 Surah Al-A’raf / Verse 42

But those who believed and did righteous deeds - We charge no soul except [within] its capacity.
Those are the companions of Paradise; they will abide therein eternally.

 Surah Al-A’raf / Verse 189

He is the One Who created you from a single soul, then from it made its spouse so he may find
comfort in her. After he had been united with her, she carried a light burden that developed
gradually. When it grew heavy, they prayed to Allah, their Lord, “If you grant us good offspring,
we will certainly be grateful.”

 Surah Yunus / Verse 30

There doth every soul experience that which it did aforetime, and they are returned unto Allah,
their rightful Lord, and that which they used to invent hath failed them.

 Surah Yunus / Verse 54

Every soul that has done evil, if it possessed all that is on the earth, would gladly offer it as
ransom. When they see the punishment, they will repent in secret, but they will be judged with
justice and will not be wronged.

 Surah Yunus / Verse 100

It is not for any soul to believe save by the permission of Allah. He hath set uncleanness upon
those who have no sense.

 Surah Hud / Verse 105

and when that Day comes, no soul will speak except by His permission, and some of them will be
wretched and some happy.

 Surah Yusuf / Verse 53

I do not seek to acquit myself; for surely one's self prompts one to evil except him to whom my
Lord may show mercy. Verily my Lord is Ever Forgiving, Most Merciful."

 Surah Yusuf / Verse 68

And when they had entered as their father had bidden them, it did not avail them aught against
Allah, but (it was only) a desire in the soul of Yaqoub which he satisfied; and surely he was
possessed of knowledge because We had given him knowledge, but most people do not know.

 Surah Ar-Ra’d / Verse 42

Those before them also schemed, but the overall scheme belongs to God: He knows what each
soul does. In the end, the disbelievers will find out who will have the excellent home.

 Surah Ibrahim / Verse 51

[All will be judged] so that God may reward each soul as it deserves: God is swift in His
reckoning.

 Surah An-Nahl / Verse 111

On the Day when every soul will come pleading for itself, every soul will be paid in full for all its
actions- they will not be wronged.

 Surah Al-Isra / Verse 33

And do not kill the soul [i.e., person] which Allāh has forbidden, except by right. And whoever is
killed unjustly - We have given his heir authority, but let him not exceed limits in [the matter of]
taking life. Indeed, he has been supported [by the law].

 Surah Al-Isra / Verse 85

They ask you about "the spirit". Say: "The spirit descends by the command of my Lord, but you
have been given only a little knowledge."

 Surah Al-Kahf / Verse 74

So they went on until, when they met a boy, he slew him. (Musa) said: Have you slain an
innocent person otherwise than for manslaughter? Certainly you have done an evil thing.

 Surah Al-Taha / Verse 15

The Hour of Resurrection is coming. I have willed to keep the time of its coming hidden so that
everyone may be recompensed in accordance with his effort.

 Surah Al-Taha / Verse 96

He replied, "I saw what the people did not see: so I took a handful of dust from the footprints of
the Messenger, and sprinkled it (on the calf), for so did my soul prompt me."

 Surah Al-Anbya / Verse 35

Every soul is certain to taste death: We test you all through the bad and the good, and to Us you
will all return.

 Surah Al-Anbya / Verse 47

And We set up the scales of justice on the Day of Resurrection. Then no soul is treated unjustly
in anything. Even though there be the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it (We show it in
their life film). And the reckoners suffice us.

 Surah Al-Mu’minum / Verse 62

We do not lay a burden on anyone beyond his capacity. We have a Book with Us that speaks the
truth (about everyone); and they shall in no wise be wronged.

 Surah Al-Furqan / Verse 68

And those who do not invoke1 with Allah another deity or kill the soul which Allah has
forbidden [to be killed], except by right, and do not commit unlawful sexual intercourse. And
whoever should do that will meet a penalty.

 Surah Al-Ankabut / Verse 57

And those who do not invoke1 with Allah another deity or kill the soul which Allah has
forbidden [to be killed], except by right, and do not commit unlawful sexual intercourse. And
whoever should do that will meet a penalty.

 Surah Luqman / Verse 34

Surely Allah alone has the knowledge of the Hour. It is He Who sends down the rain and knows
what is in the wombs, although no person knows what he will earn tomorrow, nor does he know
in which land he will die. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.

 Surah As-Sajdah / Verse 9

Then He proportioned him and breathed into him from His [created] soul and made for you
hearing and vision and hearts [i.e., intellect]; little are you grateful.

 Surah As-Sajdah / Verse 13

And if Allah had willed, surely! Allah would have given every person his guidance, but the Word
from Allah took effect (about evildoers), that Allah will fill Hell with jinn and mankind together.

 Surah As-Sajdah / Verse 17

And no soul knows what has been hidden for them of comfort for eyes [i.e., satisfaction] as
reward for what they used to do.

 Surah Fatir / Verse 18

And no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another. And if a heavily laden soul calls
[another] to [carry some of] its load, nothing of it will be carried, even if he should be a close
relative. You can only warn those who fear their Lord unseen and have established prayer. And
whoever purifies himself only purifies himself for [the benefit of] his soul. And to Allah is the
[final] destination.

 Surah Yasin / Verse 54

So this Day (no) one is wronged with (any) thing or are you punished with anything except that
which you used to do.

 Surah Az-Zumar / Verse 56

Lest a soul should say, "Oh, [how great is] my regret over what I neglected in regard to Allah
and that I was among the mockers."

 Surah Az-Zumar / Verse 70

And every soul will be fully compensated [for] what it did; and He is most knowing1 of what
they do.

 Surah Ghafir / Verse 17

This day every soul shall be rewarded for what it has earned; no injustice (shall be done) this
day; surely Allah is quick in reckoning.

 Surah Al-Jhatiya / Verse 22

Allah created the heavens and the earth in Truth that each person may be requited for his
deeds. They shall not be wronged.

 Surah Qaf / Verse 16

And We have already created man and know what his soul whispers to him, and We are
closer1 to him than [his] jugular vein.
  Surah Qaf / Verse 21
And every soul will come, with it a driver and a witness.

 Surah Al-Waqai-ah / Verse 83

Then why, when it [i.e., the soul at death] reaches the throat.

 Surah Hashr / Verse 9

Those who entered the city and the faith before them love those who flee unto them for refuge,
and find in their breasts no need for that which hath been given them, but prefer (the fugitives)
above themselves though poverty become their lot. And whoso is saved from his own avarice -
such are they who are successful.

 Surah Hashr / Verse 18

Believers, fear Allah and let every person look to what he sends forward for the morrow. Fear
Allah; Allah is well aware of all that you do.

 Surah Al-Munafiqun / Verse 11

And Allah does not respite a soul when its appointed term has come, and Allah is Aware of what
you do.

 Surah At-Taghabun / Verse 16

So fear Allāh as much as you are able and listen and obey and spend [in the way of Allāh]; it is
better for your selves. And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul - it is those who
will be the successful.

 Surah At-Talaq / Verse 7

Let a man of wealth spend from his wealth, and he whose provision is restricted - let him spend
from what Allah has given him. Allah does not charge a soul except [according to] what He has
given it. Allah will bring about, after hardship, ease [i.e., relief].

 Surah Al-Qiyammah / Verse 2

and nay, I swear by the self-reproaching soul!

 Surah Al-Qiyammah / Verse 26

No! When it [i.e., the soul] has reached the collar bones

 Surah An-Nazi’at / Verse 40

But as for he who feared the position of his Lord1 and prevented the soul from [unlawful]
inclination

 Surah At-Takwir / Verse 14

A soul will [then] know what it has brought [with it]

 Surah Al-Infitaar / Verse 5

Every soul shall know what it has sent forward and (what it has) held back

 Surah Al-Infitaar / Verse 19

The Day on which no soul shall have anything for (another) soul, and the command that Day
shall be (wholly) Allah’s

 Surah At-Taariq / Verse 4

There is not a soul but has a protector over it

 Surah Ash-Shams / Verse 7

And by the soul and He Who perfected it
Part 2
N a f s ( ‫ )نفس‬i s a n A r a b i c w o r d u s e d i n Q u r ’ a n f o r t h e m e a n i n g o f s e l f ,

mind, psyche, soul, and conscious. Nafs defines the totality and an

existence of a person. It is a recognition of self, a bridge of

consciousness between the body and self. The word nafs is used in

different ways in Quran such as: heart, soul, blood, eyes and the body.

However, to make it understandable for the general public, nafs is

defined in 2 ways:

First way that the word nafs is used, is to indicate our own-self.

Some people would translate it in English as self, some people would

translate it in English as soul. An example of this is when Allah

Almighty says in the Quran:

‫َو اْذ كْر َر بَك في نفسَك‬

And remember your Rabb inside your-self

[7:205]

The second way the nafs has been used in the Quran is quite

frequent. Nafs refers to a specific part of our own self which has

desires, appetite, and ego. It is also broadly defined as anger,

passion, lust, and desire. It is also sometimes referred to as carnal

self or the carnal soul.

Nafs is basically the physical part of our self. Hence, the physical

part of our creation is our body and our nafs, and then Allah
Almighty put inside of ourselves an inner or spiritual part of our

creation, our ruh. This nafs is part of our physical self, even though

its not part of our physical body.

Three terms are used in Qur’an to narrow down to different stages of

nafs:

The first is nafs-ul-ammarah.

‫ِإَّن الَّنْفَس َأَلَّم اَر ٌة ِبالُّس وِء‬

Indeed the nafs that overwhelmingly commands a person to do

sin.[12:53]

This is referred to as the depraved or commanding nafs. This refers

to that nafs, that is ruling over the self. The nafs commands us,

direct us what to do. So, when the nafs desire or appetite, it

commands and dominates us. Whenever nafs dominates us and make

us do what we wish, ignoring the difference between right or wrong,

it is Ammarah. It refers to the point that we are subjugated by it,

and we listen and follow all of its dictates and commands. This is

lowest stage of nafs, a person can have. The sign that a person has

this type of nafs is that they sin willingly, blatantly, remorselessly,

and without thinking of God’s command over it.

And if we think about it, in many places in the west, this concept is

actually glorified because people say ”you should do whatever makes

you happy, do whatever pleases you, do whatever your heart

desires”. They glamorize it by saying it is our heart which thinks of

it and it is the best choice one can go for. However, there are many

people, whether in east or west, that are doing what their heart

desires. So that means that we have a nafs-ul-ammarah.

Second type of nafs is known as nafs-ul-lawwamah.

Lawwamah, lawwam, it’s the same type of word as ammar and Allah

Almighty has mentioned this in Quran:

‫َو اَل ُأْقِس ُم ِبالَّنْفِس الَّلَّو اَم ِة‬

[75:2]

Lawwam here means to self incriminate. This the stage at which a

person takes a blame on himself of doing wrong. As a philosophy of

an individual, a person has a fear of Allah and he has an awareness

of good and evil. The people with this stage of nafs fears Allah.

“So fear Allah as much as you are able” [64:16]

This is that nafs that does sometimes bring a person to do sin, but

then that nafs self incriminates itself, it fears Allah, it feels bad, it

feels guilty. And then this guilt is supposed to increase so much that

person restrained himself to commit that sin. At this stage of nafs, a

person fights battle with their nafs, as when they commit a sin they

feel remorse, they feel guilt, they wish they could take it back, they

wish they never did it, they may even intend at that moment never to
do that again. It is only our nafs which leads us to righteousness.

This nafs lawwamah guides us like a torch where to go. Its light

makes us see which path is wrong taking to evil and which is right

leading to the truth. If we opt to commit an evil it makes us repulse

the act. It helps us avoid doing the act. And if we commit an evil

ignoring its guidance it censures and lead us to repent. Allah love

those who repent. Holy Prophet (PBUH) said that “All the sons of

Adam are sinners, but the best of sinners are those who repent

often.” (Al-Tirmidhi).

The third and the highest stage of nafs is stated in Quran-e-

Kareem as nafs-ul-mutmainnah.

‫يا َأَّيُتَها الَّنْفُس اْلُم ْطَم ِئَّنُة اْر ِج ِع ي ِإَلى َر ِّبِك َر اِض َيًة َم ْر ِضَّيًة‬

To the righteous it will be said “oh reassured soul, return to

your Lord well pleased, and pleasing to Him”

[89:27-28]

This nafs (self) has been molded and trained and disciplined in such

a way, that the only thing that makes it happy, that gives it solace,

the only thing that it is mutma’in on, that it is content with, is what

Allah Almighty is please with, what Allah Almighty is content with.

It has no unlawful desires. The sign of this is that not only do they
not do sin, they no longer desire sin. This is the highest level of

nafs a person could have. This stage of nafs directly takes a person

to Jannah as he has got to know the meaning and purpose of life.

They knew that there only purpose of living is to please Allah.

A real Muslim knows the purpose of their life. He knows that he is

created by Allah to worship Him, follow His path. We are not here to

follow our desires, but we have to follow what our Creator wants

from us. It is Allah, who made our existence possible and it He who

will take us back. We can do nothing until Allah wills. Everything is

written for a person at the time when the angel blow the spirit in a

person in his mother’s womb, and then there comes a destiny. A

person will be destined to the path for which he strives for. If a

person try to follow the path of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), he’ll

finally be destined to that path.

A person or a self(nafs) has the limited knowledge. No one knows

where will he die. No one, but Allah knows when rain will fall and

those among His creations, He wills should know.

The messenger of Allah said that the keys of unseen are 5, which no

one knows except Allah: “Verily, Allah, with Him is the knowledge

of the Hour, He sends down the rain, and knows that what is in the

wombs. No person knows what will he earn tomorrow, and no person

knows in what land will he die. Verily, Allah is All-Knower, All

Aware.”

Hence, it is clearly evident that every one has a limited knowledge

given by Allah, through which they can possess their desires. Now it

is on them, what path they choose: right or wrong.

It is emphasized and clearly stated that no ‘nafs’ (self) will be

burdened. Everyone has their own capacity and no on one will be

given burden over that. It is also made it cleared that, no unjustice

will be done with any one, even on the Day of Judgement, where

human ego will be standing before his God. It is stated that every

soul will be repaid in full. Those who have wronged themselves and

followed that wrong path will definitely be punished and those

followed the right path will be rewarded by something, which they

can’t even imagine.

R u h ( ‫ )روح‬i s a n A r a b i c w o r d m e a n i n g s p i r i t , c e n t e r o f R u h i n b o d y i s

chest . According to Islamic philosophy Ruh is the origin , a non

physical body. Many Greek Philosophers gathered their knowledge

about al-Ruh based on perceptions using 5 senses. However, the facts

of al-Ruh (soul) are beyond the conjecture of skepticism. Hence, it

needs an answer beyond the scope of the physical sciences. The use

of Quran and Hadith helps to get a deep understanding of this topic.

In Islam, al-Ruh primarily implies the animated breath of life blown into

a living, which departs his physical body at the point of the death. Allah

the Exalted said: “Then He fashioned him (man) in due proportion and

breathed into him His Ruh (Soul created by Allah for that person);

and He gave you hearings (ear) sights (eyes) and hearts. Little is the

thanks you give” (32: 9)

Al-Ruh which departs the body are of two types. One departs during

the sleep, also referred to as lesser death (al-Wafat al-Sugra). The

other is the actual death (al-Wafat al-Kubra). In both occasions, the Ruh

departs the body, although the nature of this departing is not of equal

degree. This is explained in Qur’an: “It is Allah who takes away the

Souls at the time of their death, and those that die not during their

sleep. He keeps those (souls) for which he ordained death and sends

the rest for a term appointed. Verily, in this are signs for people who

think deeply” (39: 42)

Al-Ruh and al-Nafs are same in terms of what they denote, and they can

be used interchangeably. The only difference is in their attributes. The

soul is called al-Nafs in view that it occupies the physical body, but it is

called al-Ruh due to its nature of being translucent and luminous.

According to other explanations, Nafs is being associated with the

physical element of a person and Rooh is associated with the spiritual

element. However, the western minds does not believe in the spiritual

part, that is Rooh. There argument for it is that the existence of Rooh

inside the person is beyond their imagination. However, when the

imaginations and thinking of physical sciences fails to come up with the

logical thinking of some concepts, Islam takes over with that point and

present an argument which might not be scientifically proven. It is

evident by the fact that science believe that human is alive until his

heart pumps, but they don’t have clue for what makes heart to pump. It is

Islam, which clears this question by specifying that there is only one

power, Allah, who is making this heart pump. When he wills, he can stop

it.

As one eats food, drink water, and fulfill all their need to live their

lives, one need to nurture their Rooh in such a same way. If we are not

fed well, we can’t work, we can’t carry on our task. Our body needs

energy, and we can get this energy by feeding ourselves sufficiently.

Similarly, Ruh needs the energy to work well. We need to fulfill the

command of Allah, and follow His orders. Hence, in this way, we nurture

our ruh. If we don’t nurture it sufficiently and disobey Allah and His

prophet, a person will get into some spiritual illness, which is known as

depression and anxiety. This is quite common and globally more than 264

million people suffer from depression. Even, many of the western minds

get into this depression, and the only reason for this is that they are not

feeding their ruh well, despite of the fact that they don’t believe in the

concept of al-ruh. Hence, no worldly desire can satisfy our ruh. Islam

actually emphasize on the point that, a person must create a balance and

try to nurture their ruh and nafs well to live a peaceful life.