1

PERI
ODONTALI
NSTRUMENTS

RAMSHEELAV
ROLLNO: 35
3rdYear
 2

CONTENTS

 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

 PARTOFPERI
ODONTALI
NSTRUMENTS

 CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFPERI
ODONTALI
NSTRUMENTS

 SURGI
CALI
NSTRUMENT

 CONCLUSI
ON

 REFERENCES
 3

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Per
iodont
ali
nst
rument
sar
edesi
gnedf
orspeci
fi
cpur
posessuchasr
emov
ingcal
cul
us
,
pl
ani
ngr
ootsur
faces,
cur
ett
ingt
hegi
ngi
val
wal
lorr
emov
ingdi
seasedt
issue

Hencesev
eral
per
iodont
ali
nst
rument
sar
eusedf
ort
hesepur
pose,
thatar
e
di
scusst
hrought
hissemi
nart
opi
c….
 4

PARTSOFI
NSTRUMENTS
 Thepar
tsofi
nst
rument
sconsi
stof
;

I
. Bl
ade

I
I.Shank
I
II
.Handl
e
BLADE:
Iti
sthewor
kingendoft
hei
nst
rumentandconnect
edt
othehandl
ebyt
heshank.
Bl
adehav
edi
ff
erentpar
ts;
Iti
ncl
ude;
 Face
 Back
 Lat
eral
sur
face
 Cut
ti
ngedge

 Ti
p/t
oe

SHANK:
Ser
vet
oconnectt
hehandl
etot
hewor
kingendoft
hei
nst
rument
s.
HANDLE;
Handl
ear
eav
ail
abl
einv
ari
oussi
zeandshapes.
Theyar
ecommonl
yei
ghtsi
dedandknur
led.
 5

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFPERI
ODONTALI
NSTRUMENTS
Per
iodont
ali
nst
rument
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othei
rpur
poses

1.Per
iodont
alpr
obes;
tol
ocat
e,mar
k,measur
epocketaswel
lasdet
ermi
net
hei
rcour
seon
i
ndi
vi
dual
toot
hsur
face.
2.Expl
orer
s;t
olocat
ecal
cul
usdeposi
tsandcar
ies

3.Scal
i
ng,
rootpl
ani
ng and cur
ett
age i
nst
rument
s;used f
orr
emov
alofbi
ofi
l
m and
cal
cif
ieddeposi
tfr
om t
hecr
ownandr
ootofat
oot
h,r
emov
alofal
ter
edcement
um f
rom
subgi
ngi
val
rootsur
face,
debr
idmentoft
hesof
tti
ssuel
i
ningt
hepocket
Thi
sinst
rument
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edas;

a)Si
ckl
escal
ers;
forsupr
agi
ngi
val
scal
i
ng

b)Cur
ett
es;
forsubgi
ngi
val
scal
i
ng,
rootpl
ani
ng,
remov
alof sof
tti
ssuel
i
ningt
he
pocket
c)Hoe,
chi
sel
,
fil
escal
ers;
remov
esubgi
ngi
val
cal
cul
usandal
ter
edcement
um.

d)Ul
tr
asoni
candsoni
cinst
rument
s;usedf
orscal
i
ngandcl
eansi
ngt
oot
hsur
face
4.
Per
iodont
alendoscope;
vi
sual
i
zat
ionofsubgi
ngi
val
pocketandf
ur-
cat
ions5.
Cleansi
ng
andpol
i
shi
ngi
nst
rument
s;eg;
rubbercup,
brushesanddent
alt
apar
eusedt
ocl
eanand
pol
i
sht
oot
hsur
face
PERI
ODONTALPROBES

 I
tisusedt
omeasur
e,l
ocat
e,mar
kthedept
hofpocketanddet
ermi
net
hei
rconf
igur
ati
on.
 Typi
cal
probei
staper
edr
odl
i
kei
nst
rument
scal
i
brat
edi
nmi
l
li
met
erswi
thabl
unt
,
r
oundedt
ip
 Whenmeasur
ingpocket
,t
hepr
obei
sinser
tedwi
thf
ir
m gent
lepr
essur
etot
hebaseof
t
hepocket
.
 Theshankshoul
dbeal
i
gnedwi
tht
hel
ongaxi
soft
oot
hsur
face

 Fur
-cat
ionar
eacanbebestev
aluat
edwi
tht
hecur
ved,
blunt
,naber
'spr
obe
 6

Gener
ati
onofper
iodont
alpr
obe
CLASSI
FICATI
ON PERI
ODONTALPROBE DESCRI
PTI
ON
FI
RSTGENERATI
ON Conv
ent
ional Eg;wi
l
li
am
pr
obe,
Manual pr
obes,
WHO
pr
obe pr
obe,
mar
qui
s
col
our
codedprobeet
c…
SECOND Const
antf
orcepr
obe Simil
ar t
o
GENERATI
ON
Pr
essur
esensi
ti
ve f
ir
stgener
ati
on,
butwi
th
pr
obe aspr
ingorel
ect
roni
ccut
-
out when appr
opr
iat
e
f
orcei
sreached.
eg;
v
ine
val
l
ey,
vi
vacareTPS
THI
RDGENERATI
ON Aut
omat
edpr
obes Whenpr
obeisplacewi
th
speci
fi
edf
orce,
adev
ice
i
sact
ivat
ed t
hat
r
ead t
he
measur
ement
accur
atel
y.
eg;
fl
ori
da,
fost
er
mil
ler
,t
oront
oautomat
ed
FOURTH Thr
eedi
mensi
onal
probes These probes are
GENERATI
ON
dev
elopi
ng t
o r
ecor
d
sequent
ial pr
obe
posi
ti
ons
al
onggingi
valsul
cus
FI
FTHGENERATI
ON Noni
nvasi
vet
hree Thesewil
laddult
rasound
di
mensi
onal
probes oranot
herdev
icet
o
f
our
thgener
ati
onpr
obe
7
 8

TYPESOFPERI
ODONTALPROBES

Ty
pesofper
iodont
alpr
obes.

A,
Mar
qui
scol
or-
codedpr
obe.Cal
i
brat
ionsar
ein3-
mm sect
ions

.B,
Uni
ver
sit
yofNor
thCar
oli
na-
15pr
obe,
a15-
mm l
ongpr
obewi
th
mi
l
li
met
ermar
kingsateachmi
l
li
met
erandcol
orcodi
ngatt
he
5,
10,
and15mm.

C,
Uni
ver
sit
yofMi
chi
gan“
O”pr
obe,
wit
hWi
l
li
amsmar
kings(
at1,
2,3,
5,7,
8,9,
and

10mm)
.

D,
Michi
gan“
O”pr
obewi
thmar
kingsat3,
6,and8mm.

E,
WHOpr
obe,
whi
chhasa0.
5-mm bal
latt
het
ipandmi
l
li
met
ermar
kings
at3.
5,8.
5,and11.
5mm andcol
orcodi
ngf
rom 3.
5to5.
5mm EXPLORERS
Usedt
olocat
esubgi
ngi
val
deposi
tsi
nvar
iousar
easort
ocheckt
hesmoot
hnessoft
he
r
ootsur
faceaf
terr
ootpl
ani
ng
 9

Fi
vet
ypi
cal
expl
orer
s.A,
#17;
B,#23;
C,EXD11-12;
D,#3;
E,#3CHPi
gtai
l
.

MOUTHMI
RROR

USES:
dir
ectv
isi
on

I
ndi
rectv
isi
on

Ret
ract
ionofcheekandl
i
ps
t
rans-
il
l
umi
nat
ion
Ty
pes:

A.
Frontsur
facer
efl
ect
ingmi
rr
or:
coat
ingonf
rontsur
face

Rearsur
facer
efl
ect
ingmi
rr
or:
coat
ingonbacksi
deofmi
rr
or
B.Pl
aneorf
latsur
facemi
rr
or:
giv
ecl
eari
magewi
thoutdi
stor
ti
on
Concav
esur
facemi
rr
or:
prov
idedi
ff
erentdegr
eeofmagni
fi
cat
ion.
C.One-
sidedmi
rr
or:
imageononesi
de.
Twosi
dedmi
rr
or:
imageonei
thersi
de.

SCALI
NGANDCURETTAGEI
NSTRUMENT
SI
CKLESCALER:
Si
ckl
escal
ershav
eaf
latsur
faceandt
wocut
ti
ngedget
hatconv
ergesi
nshar
ply
poi
ntedt
ip.
theyar
etr
iangul
ari
ncr
osssect
ion.
itusedwi
thpul
lst
roke
Si
ckl
ewi
thst
rai
ghtshankar
edesi
gnedf
oruseonant
eri
ort
eet
hand
pr
emol
ars,
si
ckl
escal
erswi
thcont
rangl
edshankadaptt
opost
eri
ort
eet
h.
 1
0

Basi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofasi
ckl
escal
er:
tri
angul
arshape,
doubl
e-cut
ti
ngedge,
and
poi
ntedt
ip.
Eg;
TheU15/
30,
Bal
l
,andI
ndi
anaUni
ver
sit
ysi
ckl
escal
ersar
elar
ge.TheJaquet
tesi
ckl
e
scal
ers#1,
2,and3hav
emedi
um-
sizebl
ades.Thecur
ved204post
eri
orsi
ckl
escal
ers
ar
eav
ail
abl
ewi
thl
arge,
medi
um,
orsmal
lbl
ades.
TheMont
anaJacksi
ckl
escal
erandt
heNev
i2,
Nev
i3,
andNev
i4cur
ved
post
eri
orsi
ckl
escal
ersar
eal
lthi
nenought
obei
nser
tedsev
eral
mil
l
imet
ers
subgi
ngi
val
l
yforr
emov
alofl
i
ghtt
omoder
atel
edgesofcal
cul
us.
CURETTES

Thesei
nst
rumenthav
ecut
ti
ngedgeonbot
hsi
deandr
oundedt
oe.
thecur
ett
esi
sfi
ner
t
hansi
ckl
escal
ersanddoesnothav
eanyshar
ppoi
ntorcor
nerot
hert
hancut
ti
ngedge
I
ncr
osssect
ion,
thebl
adeappear
ssemi
cir
cul
arwi
thconv
exbase.
iti
susedt
o
r
emov
edeepsubgi
ngi
valcal
cul
us,
rootpl
ani
ngal
ter
edcement
um,
andr
emov
ingt
hesof
t
t
issuel
i
ningt
heper
iodont
alpocket
s.
Ther
ear
etwobasi
cty
peofcur
ett
es:

 Uni
ver
sal
cur
ett
e
 Ar
easpeci
fi
ccur
ett
es
 1

Basi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofacur
ett
e:spoon-
shaped
bl
adeandr
oundedt
ip.

UNI
VERSALCURETTES

Theyhav
ecut
ti
ngedgest
hatmaybei
nser
tedi
nmostar
eaoft
hedent
it
ionbyal
ter
ing
andadapt
ingt
hef
ingerr
est
,f
ulcr
um andhandposi
ti
onoft
heoper
ator
.
Thef
aceoft
hebl
adeofev
eryuni
ver
sal
cur
ett
esi
sat90°angl
etot
hel
owershank.
Eg;
TheBar
nhar
tcur
ett
es#1-
2and5-
6andt
he
Col
umbi
acur
ett
es#13-
14,
2R-
2L,
and4R-
4L,
Ot
herpopul
aruni
ver
sal
cur
ett
es

ar
etheYounger
-Good#7-
8,McCal
l
’s#17-
18,
andt
heI
ndi
anaUni
ver
sit
y#17-
18.
 1

A.
Col
umbi
a#4R-
4Luni
ver
sal
cur
ett
e.B,

Younger
-Good#7-
8,McCal
l
’s#17-
18,
andI
ndi
anaUni
ver
sit
y#17
-
18uni
ver
sal
cur
ett
es.

AREASPECI
FICCURETTES

GRACEYCURETTES:
theyar
ear
easpeci
fi
ccur
ett
es,
desi
gnedandangl
edt
oadaptt
o
speci
fi
canat
omi
car
easoft
hedent
it
ion.Thesecur
ett
esandt
hei
rmodi
fi
cat
ionsar
e
pr
obabl
ythebesti
nst
rumentf
orsubgi
ngi
val
scal
i
ngandr
ootpl
ani
ng,
becauset
heypr
ovi
de
t
hebestadapt
ati
ont
ocompl
eter
ootanat
omy
.
Thei
rbl
adeangl
edappr
oxi
mat
ely60-
70°f
rom t
hel
owershank.
thi
suni
que
angul
ati
onal
l
owt
hebl
adet
obei
nser
tedi
npr
eci
seposi
ti
on,
necessar
yforsubgi
ngi
val
scal
i
ngandr
ootpl
ani
ng.
Doubl
e-endedGr
aceycur
ett
esar
epai
redi
nthef
oll
owi
ngmanner
:

 Gr
acey#1-
2and3-
4:Ant
eri
ort
eet
h

 Gr
acey#5-
6:Ant
eri
ort
eet
handpr
emol
ars

 Gr
acey#7-
8and9-
10:
Post
eri
ort
eet
h:f
aci
alandl
i
ngual

 Gr
acey#11-
12:
Post
eri
ort
eet
h:mesi
al

 Gr
acey#13-
14:
Post
eri
ort
eet
h:di
stal

 Recentaddi
ti
onst
oGr
aceysetar
e:
 1

 Gr
acey#15-
16:
#15-
16i
samodi
fi
cat
ionof#11-
12;
andi
sdesi
gnedf
ort
hemesi
al
sur
facesofpost
eri
ort
eet
h.I
tconsi
stsofaGr
acey#11-
12bl
adecombi
nedwi
tht
he
mor
eacut
elyangl
ed#13-
14shank.
 #17-
18i
samodi
fi
cat
ionof#13-
14.I
thasashankel
ongat
edby3mm.

Di
ff
erencebet
weengr
aceyanduni
ver
sal
cur
ett
es

A,
Uni
ver
sal
cur
ett
e.B,
Graceycur
ett
e. A.Uni
ver
sal
cur
ett
easseenwi
tht
he

f
aceoft
hebl
adepar
all
elt
othef
loor
.

Theof
fsetbl
adeangul
ati
onoft
he Not
ethatt
hebl
adei
sst
rai
ght
.(B)

Gr
aceycur
ett
es Gr
aceycur
ett
easseenwi
th

t
hef
aceoft
hebl
adepar
all
elt
o
t
hef
loor
.Onl
ytheout
erconv
ex
cut
ti
ngedgei
sused.
 1

Af
terFi
vecur
ett
es:
(Ext
endedshankcur
ett
es)Thesear
emodi
fi
cat
ionsoft
hest
andar
d
Gr
aceycur
ett
e.Thet
ermi
nal
shanki
s3mm l
onger
,whi
chper
mit
sinser
ti
oni
ntodeeper
per
iodont
alpocket
sof5mm ormor
e.Thebl
adeofAf
terFi
vecur
ett
esi
sthi
nandf
aci
l
itat
es
smoot
hent
ryi
ntosubgi
ngi
val
sul
cusandr
educedt
issuedi
stent
ion.Al
lst
andar
dGr
acey
number
sexceptf
ort
heNo.9-
10(
i.
e.No.1-
2,3-
4,5-
6,7-
8,11-12,
13-
14)ar
eav
ail
abl
eint
he
Af
terFi
veser
ies.
 TheAf
terFi
vecur
ett
esar
eav
ail
abl
einf
ini
shi
ngorr
igi
ddesi
gns□Forheav
yor
t
enaci
ouscal
cul
usr
emov
al,
rigi
dAf
terFi
vecur
ett
esshoul
dbeused.
□Forl
i
ghtscal
i
ngordepl
aqui
ngi
naper
iodont
almai
ntenancepat
ient
,thet
hinner
,fi
nishi
ng
Af
terFi
vecur
ett
eswi
l
linser
tsubgi
ngi
val
l
ymor
eeasi
l
y.
Mi
ni-
bladedcur
ett
es:
Aremodi
fi
cat
ionofAf
terf
ivecur
ett
es,
Thebl
adei
scommonl
yhal
fin
t
hel
engt
hcompar
edt
oAf
terFi
veorSt
andar
dGr
aceycur
ett
es.Theshor
tlengt
hofbl
ade
per
mit
seasyi
nser
ti
onandadapt
ati
onofcur
ett
eindeep,
nar
rowpocket
s;
f
urcat
ions;
etc.
.Thesecur
ett
escomei
nal
lst
andar
dGr
aceynumber
sexceptf
ort
heNo.9-
10.
 TheMi
niFi
vecur
ett
esar
eav
ail
abl
einbot
hfi
nishi
ngandr
igi
ddesi
gns.

 Ri
gidMi
niFi
vecur
ett
esar
erecommendedf
orcal
cul
usr
emov
al.

 f
ini
shi
ngMi
niFi
vecur
ett
esar
eappr
opr
iat
eforl
i
ghtscal
i
nganddepl
aqui
ngi
n
per
iodont
almai
ntenancepat
ient
swi
tht
ightpocket
s
 r
ecent
lyi
ntr
oducedMi
croMi
niFi
veGr
aceycur
ett
eshav
ebl
adest
hatar
e20%
t
hinnerandsmal
l
ert
hant
heMi
niFi
vecur
ett
es
t
heypr
ovi
deexcept
ional
accessandadapt
ati
ont
oti
ght
,

deep,
ornar
rowpocket
s;nar
rowf
urcat
ions;
dev
elopment
aldepr
essi
ons.

 TheGr
aceyCur
vet
tes;
areanot
hersetoff
ourmi
ni-
bladedcur
ett
es;

 t
heSub-
0andt
he#1-
2ar
eusedf
orant
eri
ort
eet
handpr
emol
ars,
the

 #11-
12i
susedf
orpost
eri
ormesi
alsur
faces,
and

 #13-
14f
orpost
eri
ordi
stal
sur
faces.
 1

 The bl
ade l
engt
h oft
hese i
nst
rument
sis 50% shor
tert
han t
hatoft
he
conv
ent
ional
Graceycur
ett
e,andt
hebl
adehasbeencur
vedsl
i
ght
lyupwar
d.

[
thi
sdi
agr
am showst
he50%shor
terbl
adeoft
heGr
aceyCur
vet
tesuper
imposedont
he
st
andar
dGr
aceycur
ett
ebl
ade(
dot
tedl
i
nes)
.Not
icet
heupwar
dcur
vat
ureoft
heCur
vet
te
bl
adeandbl
adet
ip]
Langercur
ett
es:
–Thesecur
ett
esar
edesi
gnedwi
tht
hecombi
nat
ionoft
heshankdesi
gnof
st
andar
dGr
acey5-
6,11-
12and13-
14cur
ett
eswi
thUni
ver
sal
bladehonedat90°andhence
knownast
hemar
ri
ageofGr
aceyandUni
ver
sal
cur
ett
edesi
gn.
 TheLanger#5-
6cur
ett
eadapt
stot
hemesi
alanddi
stal
sur
facesofant
eri
ort
eet
h;

 t
heLanger#1-
2cur
ett
e(Gr
acey#11-
12shank)adapt
s

t
othemesi
alanddi
stal
sur
facesofmandi
bul
arpost
eri
ort
eet
h;

 t
heLanger#3-
4cur
ett
e(Gr
acey#13-
14shank)adapt
stot
hemesi
alanddi
stal
sur
facesofmaxi
l
lar
ypost
eri
ort
eet
h.
Thesei
nst
rument
scanbeadapt
edt
obot
hmesi
alanddi
stalt
oot
hsur
faceswi
thout
changi
ngi
nst
rument
s.
Langercur
ett
esar
eal
soav
ail
abl
ewi
thei
therr
igi
dorf
ini
shi
ngshanksandcanbe
obt
ainedi
ntheext
ended-
shank(
Aft
erFi
ve)andmi
ni-
bladed(
Mini
Fiv
e)v
ersi
ons.
 1

PERI
ODONTALMAI
NTENANCECURETTES

Thi
snewerbl
adei
s1mm shor
terand20%t
hinner
,andt
hef
aceoft
hebl
adei
sof
fsetf
rom
t
het
ermi
nal
shankat60degr
ees.
Thi
ssl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
iont
othebl
ade-
to-
shankangl
eandt
het
hinner
,nar
rowbl
adeal
l
ow
easi
eri
nser
ti
onandbet
teraccesst
orootsur
faceswi
tht
ightt
issueandl
ossofat
tachment
.
Thesei
nst
rument
sar
especi
fi
cal
l
ydesi
gnedf
orpat
ient
swi
tht
ightt
issue,
recessi
on,
and
r
esi
dual
pocketdept
hfol
l
owi
ngi
nit
ial
per
iodont
alt
her
apyorper
iodont
alsur
ger
y.
SCHWARTZPERI
OTRI
EVERS
TheSchwar
tzPer
iot
ri
ever
sar
easetoft
wodoubl
e-ended,
highl
ymagnet
ized
i
nst
rument
sdesi
gnedf
ort
her
etr
iev
alofbr
okeni
nst
rumentt
ipsf
rom t
he
per
iodont
alpocket

Br
okeni
nst
rumentt
ipat
tachedt
othemagnet
ict
ipof
t
heSchwar
tzPer
iot
ri
ever
.
PLASTI
CANDTI
TANI
UM I
NSTRUMENTSFORI
MPLANT

I
tisi
mper
ati
vet
hatpl
ast
icr
athert
hanmet
ali
nst
rument
sbeused,
toav
oidscar
ri
ngand
per
manentdamaget
othei
mpl
ant
s.
HOESCALERS:
Hoescal
ersar
eusedf
orscal
i
ngofl
edgesorr
ingsofcal
cul
us.
Thebl
ade
i
sbentata99-
degr
eeangl
e;t
hecut
ti
ngedgei
sfor
medbyt
hej
unct
ionoft
hef
lat
tened
t
ermi
nal
sur
facewi
tht
hei
nneraspectoft
hebl
ade.Thecut
ti
ngedgei
sbev
eledat45
degr
ee.
Thebl
adei
ssl
i
ght
lybowedsot
hati
tcanmai
ntai
ncont
actatt
wopoi
ntsonaconv
exLsur
face.
 1

EG;
McCal
l
’s#3,
4,5,
6,7,
and8ar
easetofsi
xhoescal
ersdesi
gnedt
opr
ovi
deaccesst
o
al
ltoot
hsur
faces.

Hoescal
ersdesi
gnedf
ordi
ff
erentt
oot
h
sur
faces,
showi
ng“
two-
poi
nt”cont
act
.
1.
Thebl
adei
sinser
tedt
othebaseoft
heper
iodont
alpocketsot
hati
tmakest
wo-poi
nt
cont
actwi
tht
het
oot
h.Thi
sst
abi
l
izest
hei
nst
rumentandpr
event
sni
cki
ngoft
her
oot
.
2.
Thei
nst
rumenti
sact
ivat
edwi
thaf
ir
m pul
lst
roket
owar
dtheCr
own.

FI
LES

Fi
l
eshav
easer
iesofbl
adesonabase.Thei
rpr
imar
yfunct
ioni
stof
ract
ureorcr
ush
l
argedeposi
tsoft
enaci
ouscal
cul
usorbur
nishedsheet
sofcal
cul
us.
 Fi
l
escaneasi
l
ygougeandr
oughenr
ootsur
faceswhenusedi
mpr
oper
ly.
Ther
efor
e,t
heyar
enotsui
tabl
eforf
inescal
i
ngandr
ootpl
ani
ng

CHI
SELSCALERS

 desi
gnedf
ort
hepr
oxi
mal
sur
facesoft
eet
htoocl
osel
yspacedt
oper
mitt
heuseof
ot
herscal
ers,
isusual
l
yusedi
ntheant
eri
orpar
toft
hemout
h.
 I
tisadoubl
e-endedi
nst
rumentwi
thacur
vedshankatoneendandast
rai
ght
shankatt
heot
her
.
 1

 Thei
nst
rumenti
sact
ivat
edwi
thapushmot
ionwhi
l
ethesi
deoft
hebl
adei
shel
dfi
rml
y
agai
nstt
her
oot
.
Quét
inFur
cat
ionCur
ett
es:
Thesear
ethecur
ett
esspeci
fi
cal
l
ydesi
gnedt
ofi
tint
other
oofor
f
looroft
hef
urcat
ion.Thesecur
ett
esar
enot
hingbuthoescal
erswi
thashal
l
ow,
hal
fmoon
r
adi
usandt
het
ipi
scur
vedi
nsuchawayt
hati
tal
so
f
it
sint
othedev
elopment
aldepr
essi
ons.

 Theyar
eav
ail
abl
eint
wowi
dths,
namel
ytheB-
L(buccol
i
ngual
)andM-
D
(
mesi
odi
stal
).
 Thesei
nst
rument
scanr
emov
ebur
nishedcal
cul
usf
rom f
urcat
ionar
easwher
e
ev
ent
hemi
ni-
bladedGr
aceycur
ett
esar
eof
tent
ool
arget
ogai
naccess

A,
Cur
ett
e;B,
sickl
e;C,
fil
e;D,
chi
sel
;E,
hoe.

ULTRASONI
CANDSONI
CINSTRUMENT

Ul
tr
asoni
candsoni
cscal
ersmaybeusedf
orr
emov
ingpl
aqueandst
ain,scal
i
ng,r
oot
pl
ani
ng,
cur
ett
ing,
andsur
gical
debr
idement
.
 Theycanbef
urt
hercat
egor
izedi
ntomagnet
ost
ri
cti
veandpi
ezoel
ect
ri
c,ont
hebasi
s
oft
hemechani
sm usedt
oconv
ertt
heel
ect
ri
calcur
rentusedf
orener
gyt
oact
ivat
ethe
t
ips.
 1

 Magnet
ost
ri
cti
veul
tr
asoni
cs:
Theyoper
atei
naudi
bly

andt
ransf
erel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyt
omet
alst
acksmadeofni
ckel
-i
ronal
l
oyort
oaf
err
ous
r
od.El
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyappl
i
edt
othemagnet
ost
ri
cti
vei
nser
tchangesi
tsshape
r
esul
ti
ngi
nvi
brat
ions.Thet
ipv
ibr
atesi
nanel
l
ipt
ical
toor
bit
almot
ionat
18,
000–42,
000kHz(
cycl
espersecond)
.Thei
nst
rumenti
scompr
isedofanel
ect
roni
cgener
ator
,ahandpi
eceassembl
ycont
aini
nga
coi
ltoener
gizet
hei
nser
tandav
ari
etyofi
nter
changeabl
einser
ts.
 Thegener
atorpr
oducesanal
ter
nat
ingl
owv
olt
ageel
ect
ri
ccur
renti
nthehandpi
ece.
Thi
scur
rentpr
oducesamagnet
icf
iel
dint
hehandpi
ecet
hatcausest
hei
nser
tto
expand
andcont
ractal
ongi
tsl
engt
hand,
int
urn,
causest
hei
nser
tti
ptov
ibr
ate.

 Pi
ezoel
ect
ri
cscal
ersal
soar
einaudi
ble,
oper
ati
ngwi
thi
nar
angeof24,
000–
45,
000kHz.Thi
sty
peofpower
edscal
erusesel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyt
oact
ivat
ecr
yst
als
wi
thi
nthehandpi
ecet
o
v
ibr
atet
het
ip.

 I
ncont
rastt
othemagnet
ost
ri
cti
vescal
ers,
themot
ionoft
het
ipi
sli
neari
n
nat
urer
esul
ti
ngi
nact
ivat
ionofmai
nlyt
hel
ater
alsur
facesoft
het
ip.
 Thi
ssy
stem i
scompr
isedofanel
ect
roni
cgener
ator
,ahandpi
eceassembl
y
cont
aini
ngpi
ezo(
cer
ami
c)cr
yst
alst
oener
gizeascal
i
ngt
ipand
av
ari
etyofi
nter
changeabl
escr
ew-
ont
ips.Thegener
atorpr
oducesanal
ter
nat
ing,
high
v
olt
agei
nthehandpi
ece.Thi
svol
tagepr
oducesanel
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
nthehandpi
ecet
hat
causest
hepi
ezocr
yst
alst
oexpandandcont
ractal
ongt
hei
r
di
amet
erand,
int
urn,
causest
hescal
i
ngt
ipt
ovi
brat
e.

Cont
rai
ndi
cat
ions

 Pat
ient
swi
thcont
agi
ousdi
seases.

 Pat
ient
swi
thapacemaker
,especi
all
ymagnet
ost
ri
cti
ve.

 Composi
ter
esi
nrest
orat
ions.

 Por
cel
aini
nlay
sorcr
own
 1

PERI
ODONTALENDOSCOPE

I
tconsi
stsofa0.
99mm-
diamet
err
eusabl
efi
ber
opt
ic
endoscopeov
erwhi
chi
sfi
tt
edadi
sposabl
e,st
eri
l
esheat
h.
Thef
iber
opt
icendoscopef
it
sont
oper
iodont
alpr
obesandul
tr
asoni
cinst
rument
sthat
hav
ebeendesi
gnedt
oaccepti
t.
 Thesheat
hdel
i
ver
swat
eri
rr
igat
iont
hatf
lushest
hepocketwhi
l
ethe
endoscopei
sinuseandkeepst
hef
iel
dcl
ear
.
 Thef
iber
opt
icendoscopeat
tachest
oamedi
cal
gradechar
gedcoupl
eddev
ice(
CCD)
v
ideocamer
aandl
i
ghtsour
cet
hatpr
oducesani
mageonaf
latpanel
videomoni
torf
or
v
iewi
ngdur
ingsubgi
ngi
val
expl
orat
ionandi
nst
rument
ati
on.
Thi
sdev
iceal
l
owscl
earv
isual
i
zat
ionofdeepsubgi
ngi
val
pocket
sandf
urcat
ions.

Per
ioscopi
cinst
rument
ati
onper
mit
sdeep
subgi
ngi
val
visual
i
zat
ioni
npocket
sandf
urcat
ions.
CLEANSI
NGANDPOLI
SHI
NGI
NSTRUMENTS

Rubbercups:
Theyconsi
stofar
ubbershel
lwi
thorwi
thoutconf
igur
ati
oni
nthehol
l
ow
i
nter
ior
s.
Theyar
eusedi
nthehandpi
ecewi
thspeci
alpr
ophy
laxi
sangl
e.Agoodcl
eansi
ngand
pol
i
shi
ngpast
ethatcont
ainsf
luor
ideshoul
dbeused.
Br
ist
lebr
ushes:
Avai
l
abl
einwheel
andcupshapes,
usedi
nhandpi
ecewi
tha
pol
i
shi
ngpast
e
 2

Dent
alt
ape:
Iti
susedwi
thapol
i
shi
ngpast
eandi
susedf
orpol
i
shi
ngpr
oxi
mal
sur
facest
hatar
einaccessi
blet
oot
herpol
i
shi
ngi
nst
rument
s.
Ai
rpowderpol
i
shi
ng:
Aspeci
all
ydesi
gnedhandpi
ecet
hat

del
i
ver
sai
rpowder
edsl
urr
yofwar
m wat
erandsodi
um bi
car
bonat
e,t
hisi
nst
rumenti
s
cal
l
edpr
ophy
-j
et.Ef
fect
ivef
ort
her
emov
alofext
ri
nsi
cst
ainsandsof
tdeposi
ts.
SURGI
CALI
NSTRUMENTS

Per
iodont
alsur
gical
inst
rument
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edasf
oll
ows:

1.
Exci
sional
andi
nci
sional
inst
rument
s

2.
Sur
gical
cur
ett
esandsi
ckl
es

3.
Per
iost
eal
elev
ator
s

4.
Sur
gical
chi
sel
s

5.
Sur
gical
fil
es

6.
Sci
ssor
s

7.
Hemost
atsandt
issuef
orcepsExci
sional
andi
nci
sional
inst
rument
sPer
iodont
al
kni
ves(
gingi
vect
omykni
ves)
t
hey
aret
ypi
cal
l
yusedf
orgi
ngi
vect
omy
.Thesekni
vescanbeobt
ainedasei
therdoubl
e
-endedorsi
ngl
e-endedi
nst
rument
s.Theent
ir
eper
ipher
yoft
heseki
dney
-shaped
kni
vesi
sthecut
ti
ngedgeeg;
ki
rkl
andkni
fe
I
nter
dent
alkni
ves

t
heycanbeusedf
ori
nter
dent
alar
eas.Thesespear
-shapedkni
veshav
ecut
ti
ngedgeson
bot
hsi
desoft
hebl
ade,
andt
heyar
edesi
gnedwi
thei
therdoubl
eendedorsi
ngl
e-ended
bl
ades.
Eg;
TheOr
bankni
fe(
nos.1and2;
)andt
heMer
ri
fi
eldkni
fe(
nos.1t
hrough4)
 2

Gi
ngi
vect
omykni
ves.A,
Kir
klandkni
fe;
B,Or
bani
nter
dent
alkni
fe.

Sur
gical
blades

Scal
pel
bladesofdi
ff
erentshapesandsi
zesar
eusedi
nper
iodont
alsur
ger
y.Themost
commonbl
adesar
enos.12D,
15,
and15C.
 Theno.12Dbl
adei
sabeak-
shapedbl
adewi
thcut
ti
ngedgeson
bot
hsi
des,
whi
chal
l
owt
heoper
atort
oengagenar
row,
rest
ri
ctedar
eas
wi
thbot
hpushi
ngandpul
l
ingcut
ti
ngmot
ions
 .Theno.15bl
adei
susedf
ort
hinni
ngf
lapsandgener
alpur
poses.

 Theno.15Cbl
ade,
whi
chi
sanar
rowerv
ersi
onoft
heno.15bl
ade,
isusef
ulf
or
maki
ngt
hei
nit
ial
,scal
l
opi
ng-
typei
nci
sion.

Sur
gical
blades.A–C,
Nos.15,
12D,
and15C.

•El
ect
rosur
ger
ytechni
quesandi
nst
rument
ati
on

–El
ect
rosect
ionusedf
ori
nci
sions,
exci
sionsandt
issuepl
ani
ng.

–El
ect
rocoagul
ati
on,
coagul
ati
onorhemor
rhage
cont
rol
.
–El
ect
rof
ulgur
ati
onnoti
ngener
alusei
ndent
ist
ry.

–El
ect
rodessi
cat
ionnoti
ngener
alusei
ndent
ist
ry.
 2

Sur
gicalcur
ett
esandsi
ckl
es

Lar
gerandheav
iercur
ett
esandsi
ckl
esar
eof
tenneededdur
ingsur
ger
yfort
her
emov
alof
gr
anul
ati
ont
issue,
fibr
ousi
nter
dent
alt
issues,
andt
enaci
oussubgi
ngi
val
deposi
ts.
Eg;
ThePr
ichar
dcur
ett
eandt
heKi
rkl
andsur
gical
inst
rument
sar
eheav
ycur
ett
es,
theBal
l
scal
er(
nos.B2andB3)i
sapopul
arheav
ysi
ckl
e.The
wi
der
,heav
ierbl
adesoft
hesei
nst
rument
smaket
hem sui
tabl
efor
sur
gical
procedur
es.

APr
ichar
dsur
gical
cur
ett
e.Thecur
ett
est
hatar
eusedi
n
sur
ger
yhav
ewi
derbl
adest
hant
hoset
hatar
eused
f
orconv
ent
ional
scal
i
ngandr
ootpl
ani
ng.

Per
iost
ealel
evat
ors

Theper
iost
eal
elev
ator
sar
eneededt
oref
lectandmov
ethef
lapaf
tert
hei
nci
sionhas
beenmadef
orf
lapsur
ger
y.Eg;
TheWoodsonandPr
ichar
del
evat
ors

Woodsonper
iost
eal
elev
ator

Sur
gicalchi
sel
s

 Theback-
act
ionchi
sel
isusedwi
thapul
lmot
ionwher
eas
t
hest
rai
ghtchi
sel
[e.
g.,
Wedel
staedt
,Ochsenbei
n(nos.1and2)
]isusedwi
tha
pushmot
ion.
 2

 TheOchsenbei
nchi
sel
isausef
ulchi
sel
wit
hasemi
cir
cul
ari
ndent
ati
ononbot
hsi
des
oft
heshankt
hatal
l
owst
hei
nst
rumentt
oengagear
oundt
het
oot
handi
ntot
he
i
nter
dent
alar
ea.TheRhodeschi
sel
isanot
herpopul
arback-
act
ionchi
sel
.

Backact
ionchi
esel ochsenbei
nchi
sel
s
Ti
ssuef
orceps
Thet
issuef
orcepsi
susedt
ohol
dthef
lapdur
ingsut
uri
ng.I
tisal
sousedt
oposi
ti
onand
di
spl
acet
hef
lapaf
tert
hef
laphasbeenr
efl
ect
ed.
Eg;
TheDeBakeyf
orceps

Sci
ssor
sandni
pper
s:Theyar
eusedi
nper
iodont
alsur
ger
ytor
emov
etabsoft
issue
dur
inggi
ngi
vect
omy
,tot
ri
mthemar
ginsoff
laps,
toenl
argei
nci
sionsi
nper
iodont
al
abscesses,
andt
oremov
emuscl
eat
tachment
s
Eg;
TheGol
dman–Foxno.16sci
ssor
shasacur
ved,
bev
eledbl
adewi
thSer
rat
ions.

Needl
ehol
der
s

Needl
ehol
der
sar
eusedt
osut
uret
hef
lapatt
hedesi
redposi
ti
onaf
tert
hesur
gical
pr
ocedur
ehasbeencompl
eted.
 2

Thesei
nst
rument
scomewi
thal
ocki
nghandl
eandashor
t,bl
untbeak.Thei
nnersur
faceof
beaki
sser
rat
edcr
iss-cr
ossl
ywi
thagr
oov
ewhi
chgi
vesbet
tergr
ipf
orhol
dingsut
ureneedl
e
Thi
sinst
rumenti
shel
dbet
weent
her
ingf
ingerandt
het
humb;
thei
ndexandt
he
mi
ddl
efi
ngersuppor
ttheneedl
ehol
der
 I
naddi
ti
ont
other
egul
art
ypesofneedl
ehol
der
s,t
heCast
rov
iej
oneedl
ehol
deri
sused
f
ordel
i
cat
e,pr
eci
set
echni
quest
hatr
equi
ret
hequi
ckandeasygr
aspandr
eleaseof
t
hesut
ure
 Cast
rov
iej
oneedl
ehol
der
shav
ebeakswi
thv
eryf
ineser
rat
ionsonnar
rowpr
ofi
l
ejaws.
Thel
ocki
ngmechani
sm ofneedl
ehol
deri
sachi
evedbysqueezi
ngt
hespr
ing-
act
ion
handl
e.

Conv
ent
ional
needl
ehol
der
; Cast
rov
iej
oneedl
ehol
der
 2

CONCLUSI
ON
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hecl
i
nici
anbef
ami
l
iarwi
tht
hev
ari
ousi
nst
rument
susedi
n
per
iodont
ics.
Adeepknowl
edgeoft
hei
nst
rument
s,t
hei
rmodi
fi
cat
ion,
usesandt
hei
r
handl
l
ingi
snecessar
yforaccur
atedi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentpl
ani
ng.
Sot
hrought
heset
opi
c,wedi
scussedaboutv
ari
ouspar
tofi
nst
rument
s
,
classi
fi
cat
ionofi
nst
rument
s,t
hei
ruseandal
soaboutSomesur
gical
i
nst
rument
sal
so.

REFERENCES
1.NEWMANANDCARRANZA'
SCLI
NICALPERI
ODONTOLOGY,
THI
RDSOUTHAFRI
CA
EDI
TION.
2.TEXTBOOKOFPERI
ODONTI
CS-
SHALUBATHLA
3.ESSENTI
ALSOFCLI
NICALPERI
ODONTOLOGYANDPERI
ODONTI
CS-SHANTI
PRI
YA
REDDY,
THI
RDEDI
TION