3 marks question answer :

1. Phases of development of comparative politics ?

ans : Just as political scientists generally, in seeking to understand and explain aspects of contemporary politics,
necessarily take into account historical influences on the political culture of a system, so an appreciation of the
current 'state of the art' in comparative politics involves an understanding of its historical development. The
more frustrated and dissatisfied workers in the area of comparative politics are inhibited by this history from
redesigning the subject ab initio. Less revolutionary 'reformers' can perhaps use an appreciation of past trends to
realise more effectively the improvements and reorientations which they propound. Most historical surveys of
the area of comparative politics begin with Aristotle, and especially his classificatory schema of types ot forms of
state from which he derived a number of basic propositions about political life.

2. Parliamentary sovereignty ?
ans: Parliamentary sovereignty means that parliament is superior to the executive and judicial branches of government,
and can therefore enact or repeal any law it chooses. It is a cornerstone of the UK constitutional system and also applies in
some parts of the Commonwealth such as Canada. The idea of parliamentary sovereignty is neatly summed up by 19th
century constitutional theorist A V Dicey: “Parliament…has, under the English constitution, the right to make or
unmake any law whatsoever; and, further, …no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having the
right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.” In theory, the UK parliament could enact legislation
which oppresses 95% of the population if it chose to do so, however the political consequences of such a
measure mean that in practice this is very unlikely to happen.

3. Democratic centralism ?
ans: Democratic centralism is a decision-making practice and disciplinary policy adopted by socialist states and
most communist parties. It combines two opposing forms of party leadership: democracy, which allows for free
and open discussion, and central control, which ensures party unity and discipline.0 The principles of democratic
centralism do not provide a standard blueprint for communist organization, but rather an approach to the
process of collective decision-making and collective action that can take a variety of forms, corresponding to the
development of the organization and the changing demands of the class struggle.1 Democratic centralism means
a democratic organization that is cohesive enough to act collectively, promptly in crises, and with a continuously
active rather than passive or only occasionally active membership.
4. referndum?
Ans; Referendum is a Latin word, but its modern meaning only dates from the 19th century, when a new constitution adopted
by Switzerland stated that the voters could vote directly on certain issues. Thus, a referendum is a measure that's referred (that
is, sent on) to the people. Since the U.S. Constitution doesn't provide for referenda (notice the common plural form) at the
national level, referenda tend to be on local and state issues. In most locales, a few questions usually appear on the ballot at
election time, often involving such issues as new zoning ordinances, new taxes for schools, and new limits on spending.

5. Judicial system in china ?

Ans: China's judicial system consists of three parts: the people's court system, the people's procuratorate system,
and the public security system. The people's courts exercise judicial power independently and are not subject to
interference by administrative organs, public organizations, or individuals.The goal of the justice system has
traditionally been to protect the interests of the state not the individual and to keep the masses under control. There
is no independent judiciary in China, and the courts are regarded as weak and subordinate to the Communist Party
and the National People's Congress. The Chinese legal system is a socialist system of law based primarily on the Civil
Law model.1 The people's courts are judicial organs exercising judicial power on behalf of the states, and according
to the Constitution and the Organic Law of the People's Courts of 1979 as amended in 1983, China practices a system
of courts characterized by "four levels and two instance of trials".