EXCELMI

NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

GNS201COMPENDI
UM
LAGOS,
NIGERI
A&AFRI
CA
©EXCELMI
NDS2019

Thechal
l
engesencount
eredbyourcol
l
eaguesi
nreadi
ngt
her
ecommendedt
ext
booki
ndept
h,andt
he
needt
oempl
oyamor
enuancedandcr
aft
yappr
oach,t
arget
edathar
nessi
ngt
heov
eral
lper
for
manceof
ourcol
l
eaguesi
nthecour
se,pr
ompt
edust
ocomeupwi
tht
hisi
nit
iat
ive.A 10-
Mancommi
tt
eewas
cr
eat
edt
ocomeupwi
tht
hiscompi
l
ati
on,
andt
hecommi
tt
eewasabl
etodoj
ust
icet
oit
.

Thi
scompi
l
ati
oncompr
ises32chapt
ers,
alldr
awnf
rom t
het
ext
book.Howev
er,
tomaket
hiscompendi
um
uni
que,wecameupwi
tha33rd chapt
er,whi
chwet
agged:FOCALAREAS.Thesear
easwer
ecompi
l
ed,
basedonf
indi
ngsandt
heexper
ienceofseni
orcol
l
eagueswhosatf
ort
hef
ir
stCBTexami
nat
ion.I
tisour
hopet
hatt
hiscompi
l
ati
onwi
l
lgoal
ongwayi
namel
i
orat
ingt
hechal
l
engesf
acedbyourcol
l
eaguesi
nthi
s
cour
se.

Thenamesofmember
sthatconst
it
utet
hiscommi
tt
eear
eacknowl
edgedbel
ow:

SHOTUNDEI
dri
sOl
adi
mej
i OLADI
PUPOKehi
ndeHussei
n

EZEUKWUOj
i
nnakaFr
anci
s AJALAMoshoodOl
akunl
e

AKI
NMADEOr
eol
uwaMar
cus OLAI
DEAdedamol
aOpey
emi

ALAOOmobol
anl
eOl
anr
ewaj
u BAMGBOSETi
mil
eyi
nBabat
unde

SURAJUDEENRi
dwanAkor
ede KOLAWOLEDav
idTol
ani

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER1

LAGOSSTATE:LOCATI
ON,
EXTENTANDCONSTI
TUENTS

 Lagosst
atecov
ers0.
4%ofNi
ger
ia.

 Lagosst
atei
s3,
577squar
eki
l
omet
ersoutofwhi
chabout¼i
sli
qui
dsur
face.

 Lagosst
atehadpr
ovi
sional
censusf
igur
esof5.
68mi
l
li
oni
nhabi
tant
sasat1991.

 Lagosst
atei
sthemostdensel
ypopul
atedi
nNi
ger
ia.

 Lagosst
atehadf
arl
argerpopul
ati
oni
nit
ster
ri
tor
ythanYobe,
Tar
abaandKwar
aputt
oget
herasat
1992.

 Lagosst
atei
scl
assi
fi
edbyt
heUni
tedNat
i he6thl
onsast argestmegaci
tyi
nthewor
ld.

 Lagosst
atehas70%oft
hecount
ry’
stot
alVal
ueAddedManuf
act
uri
ngand65%oft
hecount
ry’
stot
al
v
alueaddedt
ax.

 Lagosst
atehandl
ed82.
61%ofi
nter
nat
ional
depar
tur
esand47.
30%domest
icconnect
ionsasat2000.

 Lagosst
atehasov
er200f
ir
msl
i
stedont
heNi
ger
iaSt
ockExchange,
22i
ndust
ri
alest
ates,
andsev
eral
Busi
nessDi
str
ict
s.

 Lagosst
atei
shomet
o4seapor
ts,
namel
y;Apapa,
TincanI
sland,
Ij
ora&Ki
ri
ki
riseapor
ts.

 Lagosst
atehast
hehi
ghestnat
ional
vehi
cledensi
ty(
over222v
ehi
cles/
km agai
nstcount
ry’
sav
erageof
11/
km (
1998)
).

 Lagosst
ateaccount
sfornear
ly60%ofNi
ger
ia’
sGDPandov
er65%nat
ional
Inv
est
ment
.

 Lagosst
atei
ssandwi
chedbyl
ati
tudes6022’
Nand6042Nandst
raddl
esLongi
tude2042’
Eto4020’
E.

 Lagosst
atei
sboundedi
ntheNor
thandEastbyOgunst
ateandOndost
ater
espect
ivel
y.

 Lagosst
ateshar
esani
nter
nat
ional
boundar
yofabout45km wi
tht
heRepubl
i
cofBeni
nwhi
l
ethev
ast
deepbl
ueAt
lant
icoceanconst
it
utest
heappr
oxi
mat
ely180ki
l
omet
ersl
ongsout
her
nli
mit
.

 Cr
eeks,
Lagoons&Est
uar
iesconst
it
utenear
ly800squar
eki
l
omet
erswhi
chi
s22%oft
hear
eaoccupi
ed
byLagosst
ate.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Ati
ndependence,
Niger
iahas4r
egi
onswhi
char
eNor
th,
West
,Mi
d-WestandEastandLagoscol
onyas
af
eder
alt
err
it
ory
.

 Lagosst
atecamei
ntoexi
stencei
n1967whenNi
ger
iawasbr
okeni
nto12st
atesasanamal
gamat
ion
oft
het
henLagoscol
onyandsomepar
tsoft
hewest
ernr
egi
on.

 Asat1967,
Lagosst
atewasbasi
cal
l
ycomposedof5mai
ndi
vi
sionnamel
y;I
kor
odu,
Badagr
y,I
kej
a,
Lagoscol
ony&Epe(
IBI
LE)
.

 I
n1976,
Lagosst
atewasf
urt
herdi
vi
dedi
ntoei
ghtl
ocal
gov
ernment
snamel
y;Lagosi
sland,
Lagos
mai
nland,
Mushi
nwest
,Mushi
nEast(
nowshomol
u),
Ikej
a,I
kor
odu,
Badagr
yandEpe.

 1n1979,
Lat
eefJakandeadmi
nist
rat
ionf
urt
hersubdi
vi
dedt
hest
atei
nto23l
ocal
gov
ernmentar
eas.

 I
nDecember1983,
themi
l
itar
yreducedt
henumber
sto8l
ocal
gov
ernment
s.

 I
nMay1989,
thel
ocal
gov
ernment
swer
eincr
easedt
o12byt
hemi
l
itar
y.

 I
nSept
ember1991,
3mor
elocal
gov
ernment
swer
ecr
eat
ed.

 Lagosst
atei
smaj
orl
yofsedi
ment
aryr
ockmadeupmai
nlyofal
l
uvi
aldeposi
ts.

 Wi
l
burSmi
thal
sosubmi
tt
edt
hatt
henor
ther
nhal
fofLagosi
scov
eredbyt
heal
l
uvi
aldeposi
tsf
rom
Ogunf
loodpl
ain.

 Abegundecl
assi
fi
edt
hemaj
ormor
phol
ogi
cal
(sur
face)f
eat
uresofLagosst
atei
ntof
ournamel
y:sandy
bar
ri
erbeaches,
sandybar
ri
eri
sland,
lowl
andsandypl
ains&coast
alupl
ands.

 Themaj
orpr
obl
em ar
isi
ngf
rom t
hephy
sical
env
ironmentofLagosi
sper
enni
alf
loodi
ng,
especi
all
y
dur
ingl
ongr
ainyseason.

 Lagosst
atei
shi
ghl
ydi
ssect
edbyl
agoons,
creeksandr
iver
s.

 Lagosl
agoonhasasur
facear
eaofabout60squar
eki
l
omet
ers.

 Thesoi
lty
pesi
nLagosst
atei
sbr
oadl
ycl
assi
fi
edi
nto3whi
char
e;l
ightgr
eysandwhi
chcov
ershal
fof
t
hest
ate,
muddycl
aywhi
chcov
ers50%oft
het
otal
landar
eaoft
hest
ateandt
her
eddi
sh&br
own
l
oamysoi
lsf
oundi
nthenor
ther
npar
toft
hest
ate.

 Lagosst
atei
slocat
edwi
thi
ntheequat
ori
alcl
i
mat
icr
egi
mewhi
chi
schar
act
eri
zedbyhi
ght
emper
atur
e,
hi
ghhumi
dit
yandheav
yrai
nfal
lwi
thdoubl
emaxi
ma.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thespeci
fi
cdet
ermi
nantf
act
orsoft
hecl
i
mat
ear
e:t
hepr
oxi
mit
ytot
heequat
or,
thegul
fofGui
neaand
t
hei
nfl
uenceofr
ainbear
ingsout
hwestt
radewi
nd.

 Whi
l
ether
eisnomont
hthati
stot
all
ydr
y,t
her
ainyseasoni
nLagosst
ategener
all
ycov
ersApr
ilt
o
Oct
oberwi
thashor
tcool
butdr
yspel
li
nAugustusual
l
yref
err
edt
oas“
AugustBr
eak”

 Anot
herr
ainf
all
char
act
eri
sti
cist
hatf
ormostmont
hsexceptMar
ch,
thepr
obabi
l
ityofr
ainf
all
inLagos
i
shi
gheratni
ghtandear
lymor
ningt
hani
ntheaf
ter
noonorev
eni
ng.

 Junei
sthepeakmont
hpr
oduci
ngpr
olongedmonsoonr
ainst
hatcoul
dlastf
or10hour
s.

 Theav
eragedai
l
ytemper
atur
einLagosst
atei 60C.
s27.

 Themaxi
mum andmi
nimum dai
l
ytemper
atur
esar 60Cand24.
e29. 50Cr
espect
ivel
ywhi
l
ether
angei
s
10C.
5.

 Thehi
ghestt
emper
atur
erecor s340Candnor
dedi mal
l
ycomesaf
tert
hehar
mat
tanwhent
her
ainshav
e
noty
etcome(
December
-Mar
ch)
.

 Themi
nimum t
emper
atur
eev
err
ecor
dedov
ert
hedat
acol
l
ect
ionper
iod( 1975)was160C.
1956-

 Humi
dit
yist
heamountofwat
erv
apori
ntheai
r.

 Rel
ati
veHumi
dit
yist
heamountofwat
erv
aporhel
dinr
elat
iont
othet
otal
amountoft
heai
rcoul
dhol
d.

 Rel
ati
veHumi
dit
yisv
eryhi
ghi
nLagosst
atebei
ngat
ropi
cal
locat
ioncl
oset
othesea.

 Thegener
alwi
nddi
rect
ioni
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
hemov
ementoft
heI
nter
-Tr
opi
cal
Conv
ergenceZone
(
ITCZ)whi
chal
ter
nat
est
hei
nfl
uenceoft
het
wocont
endi
ngwi
ndsy
stems(
nor
theastandsout
hwest
t
radewi
nds)
.

 Dur
ingt
hewetseason,
whent
heI
TCZi
sint
heNor
th,
thedomi
nantwi
ndi
sint
hesout
hwestt
rade
br
ini
ngt
hemoi
stur
eladenwi
ndf
rom t
heAt
lant
ic.

 Dur
ingt
hedr
yseason,
whent
heI
TCZmov
est
owar
dst
heCapr
icor
nint
hesout
h,t
henor
theastt
rade
wi
ndsi
nfl
uencebecomenot
iceabl
emostespeci
all
yinDecemberwhent
hedr
ycool
eff
ect(
har
mat
tan)
get
stot
hecoast
.

 Theear
lymoder
nset
tl
ersi
nLagosst
atear
eYor
uba-
Awor
iandEdo.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Edoaccounthel
dthatLagosst
atest
art
edasami
l
itar
ycamp(
Eko)f
ort
heBeni
nfor
cest
hatusedt
he
pl
aceasal
aunchi
ngpadf
ormi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
onsagai
nstar
east
otheNor
thofLagos.

 Yor
uba-
Awor
iver
sioni
sthatI
sher
iist
hef
ir
stpoi
ntofset
tl
ementbyYor
ubami
grant
sfr
om I
le-
If
e.

 Fr
om I
sher
i,ser
iesofmi
grat
iont
ookpl
acet
oal
lol
dAwor
ispeaki
ngt
ownsl
i
keOj
o,Ogudue.
t.
c.

 Ar
omi
rel
edt
hemi
grat
ionf
rom I
le-
Olof
inacr
osst
hel
agoont
othepr
esentLagosI
sland.

 I
kor
odui
sthemostdev
elopedoft
he3cent
ersout
sideLagos,
itsl
ocat
ional
ongLagos-
Sagamu-
Ibadan
r
oad,
sanct
uar
yrol
eforpopul
ati
onspi
l
lov
erf
rom Lagosandt
hri
vi
ngf
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
eshav
ehel
pedi
ts
gr
owt
h.

 Badagr
yowesi
tsgr
owt
htoi
tspor
twhi
chser
vedt
hesl
avet
rade.

 Badagr
yhast
hef
ir
stt
wost
orey
sbui
l
dingi
nNi
ger
ia.

 Epei
sonl
yaccessi
blebywat
erbef
orebutnowi
tispr
oper
lyl
i
nkedandhassev
eral
indust
ri
essuchas
pl
ywood,
boatbui
l
ding,
met
alconv
ert
ersandsaw-
mil
l
ing.

 Thel
owestpopul
ati
ondensi
typoi
nti
sther
ural
east
:Ibej
uLekki
andEpel
ocal
gov
ernment
.

 Lagosi
slandi
ssai
dtohav
erecor
dedal
owf
igur
eofpopul
ati
onbecausepeopl
econv
erget
her
emost
ly
dur
ingwor
kinghour
sandmi
grat
ebackt
othei
rhomei
ntheper
ipher
ye.
g.Oj
o,Ogudue.
t.
c.

 Lagosst
atei
sthemostur
bani
zedi
nthecount
rywi
thabout81%oft
hepeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nur
banar
eas.

 Accor
dingt
oOdumosu,
Lagoswasnomor
ethan5,
000popul
ati
oni
n1800.

 Ther
ewasnosi
gni
fi
canti
ncr
easei
nthepopul
ati
onofLagost
il
l1850whent
hecombi
nedt
eam of
Fr
enchandBr
it
ishant
i-
slav
erynav
iespr
event
edt
hel
i
fti
ngofsl
avesf
rom t
hecoast
alt
ownand
di
schar
get
her
escuedf
rom sl
aveshi
ps.

 Thef
ir
stmaj
orf
act
orr
esponsi
blef
ort
hegr
owt
hofLagosi
sitbei
ngageogr
aphi
cal
locat
ion,
ser
vingas
apor
tofent
ryf
rom out
sideandexi
tfr
om t
hecount
ry.

 Lagosr
ecei
vedcol
oni
alof
fi
cer
sand“
notl
esst
han6,
000emanci
pat
edsl
avef
rom Br
azi
landSi
err
a
Leonebef
ore1900”

 Lagospopul
ati
oncont
inuest
oincr
easet
il
li
ndependenceandt
otheday
sofoi
lboom er
aofGowon
whent
heci
tywi
tnessedt
hemostmassi
veconst
ruct
ionofr
oads,
bri
dgese.
t.
c.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER2

THE“
OGUAWORI
”PEOPLEOFBADAGRYPEOPLEBEFORE1950:AGENERALHI
STORI
CALSURVEY

 Badagr
ywasassumedt
obeagunu-
speaki
ngar
eabecauseoft
hef
ocusont
hegunu-
speaki
ngpeopl
e
oft
hear
ea.

 Badagr
yisoccupi
edbyt
heGunusandAwor
is.

 Themaj
orl
i
ngui
sti
cgr
oupsofBadagr
yar
etheGunus,
theAwor
isandt
heAgoy
ins.

 Badagr
yismai
nlyoccupi
edbyi
mmi
grant
s.

 TheGunuconsi
stsofmi
grant
sfr
om Why
dah,
All
ada(
Por
toNov
o),
Wemi
e,Sav
iandJaki
n.

 TheGunui
sasubgr
oupofAj
acul
tur
alcompl
ex.

 Ar
chi
bal
dDal
zel
gav
eapi
ctor
ial
inf
ormat
ionont
henat
ureofBadagr
ybef
ore1842.

 Badagr
yisanei
ghbour
ingpor
toft
radet
oDahomey
.

 Akr
ansr
uledBadagr
ywel
lbef
ore1863.

 Whol
uwast
hef
ounderofGany
ingbo.

 Whol
ucamef
rom Genwhegbowhi
chi
saset
tl
ementbet
weenmoder
nBeni
nandTogor
epubl
i
cs.

 Whol
u-l
edmi
grat
ioni
ntoGany
ingboar
eawasi
nfl
uencedbyt
hesear
chf
orbet
terl
i
vingcondi
ti
ons.

 Gany
ingboset
tl
ersar
esal
tmaker
swhodev
elopedaday
-br
icki
ndust
ry.

 Gany
ingbowomenspeci
ali
zedi
nMatweav
ingandpot
ter
y.

 Gany
ingboexi
stedbef
oret
heAgaj
aTr
udo’
swar

 Gany
ingbopeopl
econst
ruct
edacanal
todet
eri
nvader
s

 Ket
aorAgany
inpeopl
esar
eit
iner
antf
isher
menwhocamef
rom Moder
nGhana

 Yov
oyan,
Asakpo,
Tosur
i,andAkor
oar
eKet
a/Agany
inset
tl
ement

 Asakposet
tl
ementwasest
abl
i
shedi
nKet
awi
tht
heassi
stanceofAi
voj
ifami
l
y

 Ai
voj
ifami
l
yisadi
rectdescendantofWhol
u

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Col
oni
alr
ecor
dsr
efer
redv
il
lagesout
sideBadagr
yassmal
landi
nsi
gni
fi
cant

 Aj
i
doi
soneoft
hepr
omi
nentGunset
tl
ement
stot
heNor
thEastofBadagr
y

 Thepeopl
eofAj
i
domi
grat
edf
rom Whar
aWhegboi
nModer
nBeni
nrepubl
i
c

 Ki
ngGezo’
sdecl
arat
ionofwaront
hepeopl
eofAj
i
dol
edt
othei
rmi
grat
ionf
rom Whar
aWhegbo

 Whar
aWhegbopeopl
emi
grat
edunderAdo

 Thef
ir
stset
tl
ementofWhar
aWhegbopeopl
ei edHomme.
scal
l

 HommemeansPal
ace.

 Whar
aWhegbopeopl
epl
ayedagamecal
l
edAj
iatHomme.

 Aj
igamei
ssi
mil
art
oYor
ubaAy
o.

 Aj
i
dowasnamedaf
teragamecal
l
edAj
i
.

 ObaofAj
i
dohadassi
stanceoft
hecounci
lofchi
efs.

 I
mpor
tantdeci
sionsofAj
i
doki
ngandhi
scounci
lwer
emadeknownt
othepeopl
ethr
oughZangbet
o.

 Zangbet
oisaf
orm ofni
ghtguar
dthatl
ookaf
terAj
i
dot
own.

 Themostr
ever
edi
nst
it
uti
oni
nAj
i
doi
sGbembo.

 Aj
i
dohasf
ive(
5)quar
ter
swi
theachhav
ingi
tsZangbet
omeet
ingpl
ace

 Zangbet
ocul
tcoul
dbel
i
kenedt
otheOgboni
cul
t

 Zangbet
omember
sar
emal
esov
ert
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
s

 Gbembocul
tisr
esponsi
blef
ort
het
rai
ningofadol
escent
sfort
hree(
3)y
ear
sinsel
ect
edcul
thouses

 Adol
escent
sbearnewnamesandweardei
ty’
stat
tooaf
tert
hei
rthr
ee(
3)y
ear
str
aini
ng

 Gbemboi
sadei
ty

 Aj
i
dopeopl
ewer
emai
nlyf
isher
men

 Thepr
omi
nentoccupat
ioni
nAj
i
doar
efi
shi
ng,
far
mingandoi
lpr
oduct
ion

 Aj
i
doandAwor
iar
enei
ghbour
ingt
ownst
hati
nfl
uencedeachot
herdev
elopment

 Theact
ivi
ti
esofEur
opeant
rader
str
ansf
ormedBadagr
yint
oapopul
arcommer
cial
cent
re

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Hunt
okonui
stheDut
cht
radersuggest
edt
ohav
efoundedt
heor
igi
nal
set
tl
ementofBadagr
y

 Agaj
atr
udowar
sofexpansi
onwasunl
eashedonDahomey

 Aki
nsemoy
inwast
hepr
inceofLagoswhot
ookr
efugeandsoj
our
nedi
nApa

 Aki
nsemoy
in’
smot
heri
sfr
om Apa

 Badagr
ylat
erbecamet
hepol
i
tical
asy
lum ofLagospr
inces

 Badagr
ybecamei
mpor
tantt
otheEur
opeansf
orcommer
cial
reasonsi
nthe18t
hcent
ury

 Her
togwast
heDut
cht
radert
hatmov
edhi
sheadquar
ter
sfr
om Apat
oBadagr
yin1736

 I
vor
ytr
adet
ookof
ffr
om t
hepor
tofUghot
on

 Badagr
yhadnocent
ral
i
zedgov
ernmentpr
iort
oBr
it
ishr
ule

 Badagr
yhadaconf
eder
alsetupbef
ore1842

 Akr
anbel
ongedt
oJagbaquar
ter
s

 Akr
ani
st pr
he“ i
musi
nterpar
es”(
fi
rstamongt
heequal
s)ofBadagr
y.

 Akr
ani
sthemosti
mpor
tantseni
orchi
eft
hatov
ersawt
heaf
fai
rsofBadagr
y

 Akr
anwasr
efer
redt
oast
heki
ngoft
hePor
tuguese

 ThePor
tugueseset
tl
edatt
hel
eadi
ngwar
dheadatJegbaquar
ter
s

 Thewar
dheadofAhov
ikohWawui
sausef
ulal
l
yoft
heEngl
i
sht
rader
s

 Jengenwast
heheadofAwhanj
i
goht
hatpr
otect
edt
heFr
enchi
nBadagr
y

 Adel
eAj
osunwasexpel
l
edf
rom Lagosduet
opol
i
tical
disput
esi
n1821

 Adel
ewast
hef
orei
gnert
hatl
i
vedt
hel
i
feofr
oyal
tyandr
uledBadagr
y

 Akr
anwasoneofAdel
e’
spr
inci
pal
li
eut
enant
s

 Admi
nist
rat
ionbef
oreAdel
ear
ri
val
toBadagr
ywasuncoor
dinat
edandl
oose

 Adel
ecent
ral
i
zedpol
i
tical
poweri
nBadagr
y

 Zof
unwast
heBadagr
yChi
eft
hatr
efusedAdel
e’
sadmi
ssi
on

 Akr
anf
il
ledt
hev
acuum l
eftbyAdel
e

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Mahi
nisagr
oupofI
laj
e-speaki
ngpeopl
eint
heeastofLagos

 Badagr
ycanbesai
dtobeat
ownofhet
erogeneousor
igi
nswi
thr
eli
gionpl
ural
i
sm

 Badagr
ydi
dnotenj
oyt
hepat
ronageofbi
gEur
opeant
radi
ngar
gosi
esbecauseofsandbarwhi
chcut
t
hel
agoonawayf
rom t
hesea

 Chr
ist
iani
tyi
nNi
ger
iast
art
edf
rom Badagr
y

 TheAwor
isar
edescendant
soft
heYor
ubaandBeni
npeopl
e

 Awor
iexper
iencedi
ncessantr
aidsf
rom t
heEgbaandDahomeywar
ri
ors

 TheAwor
isspeakl
owandsl
urr
eddi
alectoft
heYor
ubal
anguage

 Ther
iver
ineAwor
iwer
emai
nlyFi
sher
men.

 Ri
ver
ineAwor
iadopt
edObi
ri
kimet
hodoff
ishi
ng

 Obi
ri
kii
sasmal
ll
ead-
wei
ghtnet
scast
edf
rom acanoet
osett
rapsf
orf
ishes

 TheAwor
iwomenmai
nlyengagedi
nmatweav
ing,
dyei
ngandpot
ter
y

 TheAwor
iwomenmadeuseofav
ail
abl
ecl
ayf
rom t
heI
slandsi
nthemai
nBadagr
ycr
eekf
orpot
ter
y

 Awor
imai
nlywor
shi
pOr
oandSango

 Thear
chi
tect
ural
sty
lecommonamongt
heAwor
iswer
ehousesmadeofwat
tl
e

 TheBr
it
ishcol
oni
algov
ernmentcat
egor
izedt
heAwor
iofModer
nBadagr
yLocal
Gov
ernmenti
nto
“
West
ernAwor
iGr
oup”

 West
ernAwor
iGr
oupconsi
stedofi
nhabi
tant
sofabout25squar
emi
l
esofl
and

 Thel
eadi
ngAwor
itownsar
eIl
ogbo,
Iwor
oandI
lado;
all
ofwhi
chi
nter
mar
ri
edwi
tht
heGuns

 Chi
efSer
iki
Abassact
edasBabaI
sal
ewi
tht
heEur
opeansi
nBadagr
yfort
hemostoft
hesecondhal
fof
he19thcent
t ury

 BabaI
sal
emeansPat
ronorI
nter
medi
ary

 TheAwor
isofAl
eint
ermar
ri
edwi
tht
heJengensofBadagr
y

 Chi
efAmi
nowast
heOy
odescendantwhohadal
otofi
nfl
uencei
nBadagr
y

 Thepeopl
eofI
ladot
ookt
hei
rpr
obl
emst
oPosukohquar
ter
sinBadagr
y

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Oshukul
eftOj
othr
oughI
bikuandset
tl
edatI
logbo

 Oshukuf
oundedAl
eatI
logbo

 Oshukubr
oughtAl
awor
o’sdei
tyf
rom t
heI
lor
oquar
ter
sofOj
o

 Al
awor
oisOj
o’spr
inci
pal
dei
ty

 Al
eisamor
erecentset
tl
ementt
hanI
logbo

 Thev
ersi
onofI
logboandAdo-
Odost
orycl
aimedOshukul
eftOj
otoset
tl
eatI
logbo

 TheAl
e’
sst
oryv
ersi
oncl
aimedOshukucamet
oIl
ogbof
rom I
le-
If
e

 Aut
hor
it
yfordeci
sionmaki
ngi
nAl
ewasv
est
edi
nthecounci
lofel
der
s

 Al
e’
sst
oryv
ersi
oncl
aimedal
awor
odei
tywasbr
oughtf
rom I
le-
If
e

 Thecounci
lofel
der
sofAl
eusedOshuku’
sspi
ri
tasi
tsmout
hpi
ecef
ormaki
ngi
mpor
tantdeci
sions

 I
logboi
sAl
eEast
ernnei
ghbour

 Si
rJohnGl
overbecameGov
ernoroft
heBr
it
ishcol
onyi
nthe1860s

 AkaposucceededOshuku

 Si
rJohnGl
overwast
heGov
ernoroft
hebr
it
ishcol
onyt
hatl
aunchedat
tackonI
logbo

 Si
rJohnGl
overmadeAkapoast
ipendi
arychi
ef

 I
ndi
vi
dual
sthatr
eignaf
terAkapower
emadeBal
e

 Ai
naI
ket
e,Fal
olaandOr
uot
anwer
eindi
vi
dual
sthatr
eignedaf
terAkapo

 Redsoi
lmeansLat
eri
te/I
lepa

 Ekunuf
oofBadagr
ymar
ri
edAbej
i
,thegr
anddaught
erofOshuku

 I
mosu-
Ahuj
imar
ri
edanAl
ewomanwhobecamet
hemot
herofSi
nji
JengenofBadagr
y

 Chi
efJengenact
edasAl
epat
roni
nEur
opeancour
tsi
nBadagr
yandLagos

 Ar
aromi
Alemai
ntai
nedr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hei
rnei
ghbour
sthr
oughmar
ri
ages

 Magbon,
Oko-
AfoandI
bikuwer
efoundedbypeopl
ewhomov
edawayf
rom Al
e

 Magboni
spopul
atedbyEgbapeopl
e

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Oko-
Afowasf
oundedbyaKet
uman

 I
bikuengagedi
nlandowner
shi
pdi
sput
ewi
thI
gbankopeopl
e

 Al
eandI
logbohadcor
dial
rel
ati
onshi
p

 Ol
umogbol
edt
hemi
grat
iont
othepr
esentI
logbo

 I
logboi
sar
edsoi
lar
ea

 Ol
umogbobr
oughtacr
own,
pat
rondei
ty(
Ogamogun)andGbedudr
umst
othepr
esentI
logbo

 Thepr
esentsi
teofI
logbowasf
oundedasar
esul
tofsuccessi
ondi
sput
eaf
tert
hedeat
hofAsamo

 Labi
si,
anOt
adescendant
,succeededAr
egi
andt
ookAt
ekoj
oyet
it
le

 Egbai
nvadedI
logbodur
ingLabi
sit
enur
e

 Labi
sif
ledt
oOt
oaf
terhi
sabdi
cat
ionasOni
l
ogbo

 Si
rJohnGl
overat
tackedI
logbof
ort
hei
rrel
uct
ancet
ost
opsl
avet
radi
ng

 Si
rJohnGl
overchoseanAl
ulamanasOni
l
ogbo

 Sunt
ani
sther
oyal
dei
tyt
hati
sal
way
shandedt
oanewl
ychosenOni
l
ogbo

 TheOt
unbasofI
logboar
echi
l
drenoft
her
oyal
househol
dwhodet
ermi
newhobecomest
henext
Oni
l
ogbo

 Oni
l
ogbowast
het
it
let
akent
oLagosf
orappr
oval

 I
logbopr
act
icedger
ont
ocr
ati
col
i
gar
chyt
hatwaspi
l
otedbyt
hecounci
lofel
der
s.Thi
scounci
lhasni
ne
(
9)member
s

 Al
alui
sasecr
etsoci
etyl
edbyaspi
ri
tual
pri
estwi
thmor
erel
i
gioust
hanpol
i
tical
funct
ion

 Gi
wai
sthenamegi
vent
otheheadofEgbe

 Bal
oguni
stheheadofGi
wast
hatpr
essur
izest
heI
gbi
mo

 Oga-
Il
uist
her
ighthandmanoft
heOni
l
ogbo

 Bal
oguni
sinchar
geofar
rangementofcommunual
act
ivi
ti
esi
nIl
ogbo

 I
par
a,I
jot
unandI
samoar
ethet
hree(
3)v
il
lagesf
oundedbyI
logbo

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
shakol
eist
heannual
rentpai
dbyot
herset
tl
erst
oIl
ogbo

 Abi
aisav
il
lageofmi
xedAwor
iandEgunel
ement
s

 Thet
wo(
2)maj
orl
i
ngui
sti
cgr
oupswi
thi
nIwor
oar
etheAwor
isandGunspeaker
s

 Aj
aguncamedownwi
tht
heOl
ofi
nofAdo-
Odof
rom I
le-
If
e

 Ol
ofi
nofAdo-
OdoandAj
agunpar
tedway
sar
oundt
het
ownofPot
a

 Ol
ofi
ntookr
edsoi
lwhi
cht
ookhi
mtoAdo

 Aj
agunwasr
eject
edbyhi
steam f
orbei
ngoppr
essi
ve

 Aj
agunwasassumedt
ohav
eledcer
tai
ngr
oupofpeopl
efr
om I
le-
If
etoI
lado-
Odo

 Thef
ir
stv
ersi
onofI
wor
ost
oryassumedAj
agunst
ayedatI
mekeandhi
sfol
l
ower
spr
oceededt
o
Moder
nIwor
o

 Thesecondv
ersi
onofI
wor
ost
orycl
aimedAj
agunl
andedatI
wor
obeach

 Aj
agunf
oundcowr
ie-
shel
l
satI
wor
obeach

 Aj
agunl
aidcur
seonhi
ssuccessor
sanddi
sappear
edbysi
nki
ngi
ntot
hegr
ound

 I
shej
oye/
Sesej
oyesucceededAj
agun

 Ai
yegudugbugr
ant
edl
andt
oGunspeaker
stoset
tl
eatEbut
e-Ol
ofi
nandAj
i
do

 Famol
uwasgi
venawhi
tecapf
orsuppor
ti
ngAki
ntoy
eagai
nstKosoko

 Obanl
aOsheshet
ookI
yesu’
spl
ace

 Si
rJohnGl
overr
emov
edI
yesuf
rom sl
avet
rade

 Si
rJohnGl
overi
stheGov
ernoroft
hebr
it
ishcol
onyt
hatwasagai
nstsl
avet
rade

 Ol
ofi
nist
heheadofcounci
loft
it
ledchi
efsofI
wor
o

 Ej
i
euai
sthesecr
etsoci
etyt
hroughwhi
cht
hecounci
lofchi
efsr
uled

 Thedeci
sionoft
heEj
i
eua(
counci
l
)isusual
l
yannouncedatni
ght

 I
wor
oenj
oyedsuppor
tandf
ri
endshi
pfr
om t
heki
ngsofDahomey
,Il
e-I
feandLagos

 I
wor
orul
err
ecei
vedpr
esent
sfr
om t
heki
ngsofDahomey
,Il
e-I
feandLagos

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Abul
eLoui
swasf
oundedbySi
rJohnGl
over
’sex-
sol
dier

 I
ladoi
saset
tl
ementofmi
xedAwor
iandEgun

 ObaOy
ewast
hecr
ownedheadt
hatl
edAwor
ipeopl
etoI
lado

 Aj
aguni
sthef
ounderofI
wor
o

 I
kuj
emi
niy
asucceededObaOy
eandt
ookt
het
it
leofBal
e

 Possuwast
heBadagr
ywar
-capt
aint
hatcombi
nedf
orceswi
thI
ladot
ofi
ghtEgbaf
orcesatt
hebat
tl
e
ofMowo

 TheheadofI
ladoi
stheBal
e

 I
lado-
Awor
iengagedi
nFar
ming,
hunt
ingandf
ishi
ng

 I
yawawast
hesecr
etar
m ofgov
ernmentofI
lado

 Ol
ofi
nist
heheadofI
wor
o

 Thepeopl
eofI
ladohel
pedi
nconst
ruct
ingt
hehouseofOl
ofi
nofI
wor
odur
ingt
her
eignofFamol
u

 At
reat
ywassi
gnedbet
weenBadagr
ychi
efsandBr
it
ishgov
ernmentr
epr
esent
ati
v he7thofJul
esont y,
1863

 Badagr
ybecameaBr
it
ishcol
onydi
str
ictaf
tert
hesi
gni
ngoft
r yon7thofJul
eat y,1863

 Si
rWi
l
li
am Macgr
egorsetupacounci
latBadagr
yundert
heNat
iveCounci
lOr
dinanceof1902i
n1902

 Badagr
ychi
efswer
erepr
esent
edi
nthecounci
lsetupbyMacgr
egorbychi
efPosu

 Ser
iki
AbassWi
l
li
amsr
epr
esent
edsmal
lAwor
itownst
hatwer
econsi
der
edunset
tl
edar
eas

 Ser
iki
AbassWi
l
li
amsi
sanAi
yet
oroi
ndi
geneandbusi
nessmanwhowasappoi
ntedheadmanandt
he
Br
it
ishcounci
l

 Theamal
gamat
ionofSout
her
nandNor
ther
nNi
ger
iat
ookpl
acei
n1914

 Gr
adeBcour
twasest
abl
i
shedatI
lar
oin1918

 TheGr
adeBcour
twasheadedbySer
iki
Abass

 TheBadagr
yTownCounci
landApaDi
str
ictcounci
lmadeupt
heEgunNat
iveAdmi
nist
rat
ionbef
ore
Apr
il1938

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thecr
eat
ionofanewsy
stem ofl
ocal
gov
ernmentf
orpol
i
tical
admi
nist
rat
ionsi
ntegr
ati
onwas
pr
oposedbyt
hecol
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ionont
he1stofApr
il
,1938

 Egun-
Awor
iconf
eder
ati
onwascr
eat
edbyt
hecol
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ion

CHAPTER3

LAGOSFROM THEEARLI
ESTTI
MESTOBRI
TISHOCCUPATI
ON

 Ri
verOgunempt
iesi
tswat
eri
ntoLagosLagoon

 Awor
ipeopl
ear
efondofmanagementofcanoesandl
ocal
craf
tsonRi
verOgun

 Awor
iar
ethepeopl
ewhoi
nhabi
tedt
heRi
verOgunl
owerbanksandwest
war
dpar
ts

 ThePor
tuguesedi
scov
eredt
hecoastofWestAf
ri
ca

 Adj
a-speaki
ngpeopl
ear
eknownasPopoort
heOgu(
Egun)

 Ogunf
unmi
nir
eledmi
granthunt
ersf
rom t
hebanksofOgunr
ivert
oIsher
i

 Fr
om t
heout
set
,onl
yOy
opeopl
ewer
eknownasYor
uba

 Rev
erendSamuel
Koel
l
ear
guedagai
nstt
heer
roneoususeofYor
ubaasagener
icnamef
orawhol
e
nat
ion

 Somewor
dswhi
chbegi
nwi
thCHsoundwer
ewr
it
tenasDi
nPor
tuguesesuchasDar
oen

 I
sher
inwasshownasDar
oenonEur
opeanmaps

 AsGeebuwast
akenf
orI
jebu,
Jabooswast
akenf
orJabusonPor
tuguesemap

 Gr
adj
uandCr
adoowasshownasI
kor
oduonGer
manandBr
it
ishmapsr
espect
ivel
y

 Thel
ati
tudeofI
sher
inr
iveri
s7.
95degr
eenor
thoft
heequat
or

 I
sher
iacqui
redi
tsnamet
hrought
hehunt
ingofel
ephantandt
radei
niv
ory

 ThenewI
sher
iwasi
nvul
ner
abl
etosuddenat
tackbecauseoft
hepr
otect
ionbymor
assandr
iver

 TheAwunr
inwer
ethei
nvader
sfr
om addoi
nBeni
nthatst
ruckI
sher
i

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Ki
ngAdobegant
orei
gni
nA.
D1630

 Awor
itr
ader
s’t
radewi
thf
orei
gnmer
chant
sbr
oughtpr
osper
it
yandwest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ion

 I
gaI
dunganr
ansi
tewasusedbyAr
omi
ret
ogr
owpepperf
orf
orei
gnt
rade

 ThecompanyofEngl
i
shmer
chantadv
ent
urest
radedt
oBeni
nandt
hecoastofLagosr
iveront
he18t
h
ofFebr
uar
y1588

 Ebut
e-met
tawasf
oundedatt
hef
ootofAt
tat
reenearawhar
f

 Awunr
inat
tackedf
rom adol
edt
oAwor
idi
sper
sion

 Awunr
inwarwasknownasOgunAj
akai
ye

 I
ddoI
slandwaspr
evi
ousl
yknownasEshal
l
iIsl
and

 Ot
awassubj
ectt
oOy
o

 Thef
ir
stset
tl
ersi
nthenei
ghbour
hoodofLagosi
stheAwor
i

 Ol
uweni
sthepower
ful
chi
efofI
do

 I
bej
u-Lekki
isabout25km Sout
heastofLagosI
sland

 Thegr
oveofAj
ayei
sal
soknownasOl
ofi
n

 Thechi
efofI
jor
acamet
oIdowi
thcanoef
ull
ofper
sonsi
nor
dert
opr
ost
rat
eatt
hegr
oveofol
ofi
n

 Foranewl
yel
ect
edchi
eft
opr
osperwhi
l
erul
i
ngandgetagr
eatquant
it
yofcr
ayf
ishandf
ish,
hemust
pr
ost
rat
eatt
hegr
oveofOl
ofi
n

 Themanwhocamef
rom t
hemai
nlandt
oIdoi
sAj
aye/
Olof
in

 Aj
ayecamet
oIdoI
slandbecausehewasnotr
egar
dedont
hemai
nland

 Aj
ayer
esol
vedt
oli
veatI
ddobecauseoft
hegener
ousi
tyoft
hewomanwhoof
fer
edhi
m wat
er

 Aj
ayel
eftt
hewor
ldbyent
eri
ngt
hegr
ound

 Aj
ayedi
sti
ngui
shedhi
msel
fasanext
raor
dinar
yper
sonbymagi
cs

 Aj
aiy
eisacont
ract
ionofAj
alai
ye

 Ol
ofi
nAj
alai
yemeanst
hegoddessort
heowneroft
heear
th

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Ol
ofi
nAj
alor
unsi
gni
fi
esGodort
heowneroft
hesky

 Ahousewasbui
l
tont
hespotwher
eAj
ayedi
sappear
ed

 Ol
ofi
nAj
alai
yegov
ernsal
lter
rest
ri
alact
ivi
ti
es

 Ol
ofi
nAj
alor
unov
erseest
hedest
inyofman

 Ol
ofi
nist
hef
atherofOguni
nOndocul
tur
e

 Oguni
sthegodofwar

 Ol
ofi
nist
hel
egendar
yfat
herofI
danr
e

 MrPhi
l
li
pJoseMef
frewasaf
amousI
fadi
vi
ner

 Theci
vi
li
zat
ionofYor
ubabegani
nIf
e

 I
fewasknownast
heHi
l
lofcr
eat
ion

 Aj
alai
yemeansOduduwa,
whi
l
eAj
alor
unmeanssky
-god

 I
fei
sthepar
entci
tyofal
lYor
uba

 OduduwawassentbyAr
amf
e

 Ar
amf
eisknownast
heAj
alor
un

 Obat
alai
sOduduwa’
sbr
otherwhof
ell
asl
eepduet
oexcessi
veconsumpt
ionofpal
m wi
ne

 Emu(
Pal
m wi
ne)i
sat
aboot
oOduduwa

 Oduduwaappoi
ntedOgun,
hisel
destsonasr
egentaf
terhebecamebl
i
nd

 Ogun,
Obamer
i,I
sedal
e,Obal
ufon,
OwaandOr
oyonar
eOduduwasons

 Owai
sthesonofOduduwat
hatwentt
ofet
chseawat
ert
ocur
ehi
sfat
her
’sbl
i
ndness

 Owawasgi
venSwor
dasembl
em ofaut
hor
it
y

 Obal
ufoni
sOduduwa’
sel
destsur
viv
ingsonwhosucceededOduduwa

 Or
oyon/Or
anmi
yani
sOduduway
oungestson

 Or
oyanwasonhi
swayt
oIj
ebuwhenObal
ufondi
ed

 Al
ayemoor
eist
heObal
ufonsont
hatusur
pedt
het
hrone

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Or
oyanbecameOoni
byexpel
l
ingAl
ayemoor
e

 Ooni
ist
heseni
oroft
heObaoft
heYor
uba

 Ther
eli
gionoft
heI
dopeopl
ewasdescr
ibedasgr
ossi
dol
atr
ybyRev
’dD.Ogunsol
aWi
l
li
ams

 Aj
aiy
ewast
hesuper
humanwhof
ir
stt
aughtment
heactoff
ishi
ngandshr
impcat
chi
ng

 TheOl
umegbonsar
echi
efst
hatper
for
m cer
emoni
esofi
nst
all
ati
onofanychi
efi
nIddo

 Osai
ngbej
ii
stheobj
ectofwor
shi
passoci
atedwi
thI
ddo

 Thewor
shi
pofEl
egbai
nvol
vest
hewomenbei
ngr
uli
ngagent
s

 I
ddowor
shi
ppedAj
aiy
e,El
egbaandOsai
ngbej
i

 Thechi
efobj
ectofwor
shi
pinI
ddoi
sAj
aiy
e(al
soknownasTi
reOl
ofi
n)

 Thewor
shi
pofAj
aiy
eandEl
egbaar
econnect
edwi
thr
eli
giousr
it
ual
s

 Osai
ngbej
iwasconnect
edwi
thancest
ral
wor
shi
p

 I
jor
apeopl
ewer
eaddi
ctedt
oidol
atr
ythant
hepeopl
eofI
doI
sland

 Thewor
shi
pofgodAr
aisassoci
atedwi
thI
jor
apeopl
e

 godAr
asy
stem ofwor
shi
pwasi
mpor
tedf
rom Por
toNov
o

 Thel
ocal
namef
orPor
tNov
oisAr
ada/Ar
adaAj
ashe

 I
jor
apeopl
ear
eofPopoor
igi
n

 Themov
ementofOt
opeopl
efr
om mai
nlandwasnecessi
tat
edbyt
heneedt
oescapef
rom Aj
akay
ewar
andsl
aver
aidi
ngoft
heBeni
n

 Chi
efJohnAki
nyemi
whoi
sthe8t
hOl
otoofOt
o

 Chi
efJohnAki
nyemi
isanI
dej
ochi
ef

 Beni
nsucceededi
nest
abl
i
shi
ngcol
onyi
nLagosbypeacef
ulpenet
rat
ion

 I
yasei
sthepr
imemi
nist
erofBeni
nthatl
edci
vi
lwaragai
nstObaEhenguda

 ObaEhengbudasucceededOr
hogbuaofBeni
n

 Lat
echi
efEghar
evbai
stheof
fi
cialhi
stor
ianofBeni
n

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Apapal
andcasewasbet
weenchi
efOl
uwaofLagosandt
hechi
efsecr
etar
yofcol
oni
algov
ernmentof
Ni
ger
ia

 AmoduTi
j
ani
wast
hechi
efOl
uwaofLagosi
n1915

 I
dej
ochi
efsar
etr
adi
ti
onal
dukesorl
andowni
ngchi
efsofLagos

 Chi
efOl
uwawont
heApapal
andcasei
napr
ivycounci
li
nLondon

 Chi
efAghoObaseki
wast
heconf
idantofObaOv
eranwenofBeni
n

 Or
hogbuaofBeni
nrei
gnedbet
ween1550and1573A.
D

 ObaOr
hogbuat
rav
ell
edt
oPor
tugal
in1550

 TheDut
cht
radeandcont
actwi
thBeni
nbegani
n1593

 Dut
chl
i
ter
atur
eandmapsoft
heGui
neacoastoft hand18thcent
he17t uri
esr
ecor
dedLagosas
Cur
amo

 Kur
amowat
ersi
slocat
edi
nVi
ctor
iaI
sland

 TheDut
chmer
chant
smaj
orl
ypur
chasedpepperf
ori
ndi
genoust
rader
s

 Awur
inwast
henamegi
vent
oBeni
nset
tl
ersi
nLagosbyt
heol
dAwor
icommuni
ty

 ObaEshugbay
iEl
ekowasbor
ninI
dumoy
ingboquar
terofI
sal
eEko

 Awunr
inwast
her
oyal
proper
tyofI
goI
dungar
an

 Thedi
stancebet
weenBeni
nandLagosi
smor
ethan60km bywat
err
out
eand8day
sjour
ney

 Beni
nconquer
edandset
tl
edi
nLagosbef
ore1603A.
D

 Beni
nset
tl
erswer
efugi
ti
veset
tl
erswhoset
tl
edi
nLagos

 I
yasedi
edbycommi
tt
ingsui
cide

 Ashi
paofI
sher
iwasappoi
ntedt
heheadoft
hewarchi
efs/Ol
ori
ogunofBeni
nwar
ri
orsi
nLagos

 Adowast
hesonofAshi
pat
hatsucceededhi
m

 Anancest
ral
shr
inewaser
ect
edf
orAshi
pabecausehewasnotofBeni
n/Edoor
igi
n

 Ki
ngAdonamebecameepony
mouswi
tht
heI
ddoI
sland

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
ddoi
sOl
ofi
n’
sdomai
n

 I
dej
oar
ewhi
tecappedchi
efsofLagos

 Ado’
sregi
mewasoppr
essi
ve.Hewassai
dtohav
eoppr
essedt
hedescendantofOl
ofi
n

 ThedescendantofOl
ofi
nbecamet
hewhi
tecappedchi
efsofl
agos

 Ki
ngAdor
eignedf
or35y
ear
sanddi
edi
n1730

 I
dunganr
anmeanspepperquar
ter

 Ogabar
oAl
agbal
aisAdo’
sel
destsonwhowasdescr
ibedasacl
earheadedandf
arsi
ght
edmonar
ch.

 Ki
ngOgabar
osucceededAdo

 Ki
ngOgabar
oal
l
owedconst
it
uti
onal
concessi
onandpowershar
ingwi
tht
heI
dej
ochi
efs

 Ogabar
owast
her
ulert
hatconsol
i
dat
edsepar
atet
err
it
ori
esunderasi
ngl
emonar
chi
alr
ule

 Ogabar
otr
ansf
err
edt
hecapi
tal
ofOl
ofi
nki
ngdom f
rom I
doI
slandt
oIgaI
dungar
anonLagosI
sland

 Ogabar
otamedt
heI
dej
ochi
efs

 Thechi
efofBeni
nwor
esi
l
khat
sandadopt
edt
hewear
ingofwhi
tecapsf
oruni
for
mit
y

 Theconst
it
uti
onal
powerov
erl
andi
svest
edi
nIdej
ochi
efs

 TheBr
it
ishof
fi
cial
sat
tempt
edt
oabr
ogat
ethecont
rol
ofI
dej
ochi
efst
hrought
het
reat
yofcessi
oni
n
1861

 Aki
nsemoy
inwasanout
spokenpr
incet
hatopposedGabar
opower
-shar
ingar
rangement

 Aki
nsemoy
ini
sthepr
incet
hatwasbani
shedf
rom Lagosf
ort
yranny

 Apai
sAki
nsemoy
inmot
her
’st
owni
nBadagr
y

 Chi
efOl
umegboni
stheheadoft
heI
dej
o

 TheI
dej
ochi
efsconst
it
utedt
heOl
dOgboni
counci
lthati
sresponsi
blel
awmaki
ng

 Chi
efOl
umegboni
sknownasOni
l
e

 Theol
dOgboni
counci
lwast
het
radi
ti
onal
par
li
amentofLagos

 Pont
if
exMaxi
mum meansChi
efpr
iest

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Ol
umegboni
sthechi
efpr
iestatt
heshr
ineofOl
ofi
natI
ddo

 ObaGabar
odi
edi
n1767

 Abagbonar
ewarchi
efsofLagos

 Aki
nsemoy
insucceededGabar
o

 Aki
nsemoy
ini
nvadedLagoswi
tht
hehel
pofPor
tuguesesl
avet
rader
sinWhy
dah

 Aki
nsemoy
inwaspr
ovi
dedwi
thf
undsandammuni
ti
onbyPor
tuguesesl
avet
rader
sinWhy
dah

 Ashi
par
egi
mewasdescr
ibedasat
ransi
ti
onal
admi
nist
rat
ionwhi
chl
ast
edf
or15y
ear
s

 Ashi
pawasnot
edf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofpaxbi
niandt
ri
but
epay
mentt
oOl
ofi
n’
speopl
e

 For
eignt
radewasi
ntr
oducedt
oLagosbyki
ngAki
nsemoy
in

 Ri
char
dBr
ewwasLi
ver
pool
slav
etr
aderwhohadf
act
oryi
nLagosandmonopol
i
zedLagost
radef
or
somet
ime

 Aki
nsemoy
inhadcl
oset
radi
ngr
elat
ionswi
thBr
it
ainandPor
tugal

 Aki
nsemoy
incamei
ntopoweri
n1768

 Aki
nsemoy
inbr
oughtf
ameandweal
tht
oLagosbymaki
ngLagosacent
reofi
nter
nat
ional
trade

 Aki
nsemoy
inwasi
nst
rument
alt
othei
ntr
oduct
ionofOshugbocul
t

 Oshugbocul
trepl
acedt
heol
dOgboni
counci
lofLagos

 Aki
nsemoy
inwassucceededbyOl
ogunkut
ere

 SookunwasKut
ere’
syoungerbr
other

 Sookunchal
l
engedKut
ere’
sat
temptt
osucceedt
het
hrone

 Er
eluKut
iist
hemot
herofKut
ereandSookun

 Sookunoccupi
edt
hest
ool
ofOgboni
Idunf
ata

 Ol
ogunkut
erewasacont
empor
aryofAl
afi
nofOy
o

 Fashadei
sOl
ogunkut
ere’
sson

 Fashadei
sIj
eshaI
fapr
iestwhomar
ri
edpr
incessEr
eluKut
iofLagos

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Kut
erewasat
raderi
nsl
avesandamedi
cineman

 Ki
ngofDahomeyat
tackedBadagr
yin1787

 I
gbol
ogunr
epl
acedI
besheasshi
ppi
ngpor
t

 Awunr
ini
stheol
dnameofLagos

 At
ent
hoft
hev
alueofev
eryar
ti
clesol
dtot
heEur
opeanswaspai
dtoObaOl
ogunkut
ere

 Theabol
i
tionofsl
avet
radel
edt
oeconomi
cdi
ff
icul
ti
esandr
educt
ionofr
oyal
rev
enue

 Br
azi
l
ianeconomysuf
fer
edi
nfl
ati
oni
n1822

 Ki
ngOl
ogunkut
eredi
edi
n1806

 Ol
ogunkut
eredeat
hcoi
nci
dedwi
tht
heabol
i
tionofsl
avet
rade

 Sev
en(
7)ki
ngsr
eignedbet
weent
heper
iodofl
egal
abol
i
tionofsl
avet
radeandbegi
nni
ngofBr
it
ish
occupat
ionofLagos

 Br
it
ishoccupat
ionofLagosbegani
n1861

 Ki
ngAdel
eAj
osunwasdr
ivenbyhi
sbr
otherf
rom t
het
hroneofLagosi
n1813f
or13y
ear
s

 Thest
ruggl
ebet
weenki
ngAki
ntoy
eandpr
inceKosokowast
akenadv
ant
ageofbyt
heBr
it
ish

 Ki
ngDosumul
ostsov
erei
gnpowert
otheBr
it
ishr
uler
sin1861

 Ki
ngKosokowasdescr
ibedasachar
ismat
icandMachi
avel
l
ianki
ngwhodef
endedLagosagai
nst
Br
it
ishnav
alpower

 Ki
ngKosokowasexi
l
edt
oEpe

 Ki
ngDosumuwasf
orcedatgunpoi
ntt
osi
gnt
het
reat
yofcessi
on

 Coupdegr
acewasadmi
nist
eredonki
ngDosumuf
ort
heexchangeoft
hest
atef
or1000pounds
st
erl
i
ngannual
moi
ety

 Thepay
mentofannual
moi
etyt
oki
ngDosumuendedi
nFebr
uar
y1885

 Ki
ngDosumudi
edi
nFebr
uar
y1885

 JohnBeecr
oftwast
heBr
it
ishconsul
whoor
der
ednav
alat
tackonki
ngKosokof
orf
ir
ingonbr
it
ishf
lag
oft
ruce

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Br
it
ainl
ost150l
i
vesi
ntheencount
erwi
thki
ngKosoko

CHAPTER4

THEPEOPLEOFLAGOSSTATE

 Lagosst
atecamei
ntoexi
stenceonMay27,
1967t
hroughdecr
eeno.14(
stat
ecr
eat
ionandt
ransi
ti
onal
pr
ovi
sion)of1967dur
ingt
headmi
nist
rat
ionofYakubuGowon.

 Bef
ore1967,
Lagoswasadmi
nist
eredast
heFeder
alCapi
tal
Ter
ri
tor
y(FCT)undert
hemi
nist
ryof
Lagosaf
fai
rsdur
ingt
hef
ir
str
epubl
i
candl
aterbyami
l
itar
yadmi
nist
rat
orappoi
ntedbyt
hef
eder
al
mi
l
itar
ygov
ernment
.

 OnMay31,
1967,
Lt.Col
.Mobol
aji
Johnsonwasappoi
ntedast
hef
ir
stmi
l
itar
yGov
ernorofLagosst
ate
whohasear
li
erser
vedasami
l
itar
yadmi
nist
rat
or.

 Lt
.Col
.Mobol
aji
Johnsonadmi
nist
rat
ionputi
npl
acemanypr
ogr
ammest
hatt
odayposi
ti
onedLagos
hepr
ast imusi
nter
par
esamongt
hest
atesoft
hef
eder
ati
onofNi
ger
ia.

 Johnsonenact
edt
heAdmi
nist
rat
iveDi
vi
sionEdi
ctof1968whi
chr
educedt
hest
atesi
nto5whi
char
e
I
kej
a,Badagr
y,I
kor
odu,
LagosandEpe(
IBI
LE)
.

 Lagosdi
vi
sionwast
hecent
ral
andmostdev
elopedofmanyAwor
iset
tl
ement
sfoundedbyAr
omi
re,
oneoft
hesonsoft
hel
egendar
yfounderoft
heLagosr
egi
on,
Olof
inOgunf
unmi
nir
e,anI
fepr
ince.

 Lagoswast
radi
ti
onal
l
ycal
l
edEko,
anameder
ivedf
rom i
tsbei
ngaf
arm(
Oko)andl
aterBeni
nwar
camp.

 Lagosdi
vi
sioni
sst
rat
egi
cal
l
ylocat
edandpr
ovi
desi
mmenseoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orcommer
ce.

 ThenameLagoswasi
mposedoni
tbyt
hePor
tugueseonaccountofi
tswetl
andt
opogr
aphy
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Theent
ir
emoder
nEt
i-
Osaar
eawasessent
ial
l
yAwor
iinor
igi
nanddev
elopment
.

 Ar
easl
i
keI
kot
a,Okun-
Ibej
uAsapa,
Agungi
e.t
.c.ar
eundert
hesuzer
aint
yofAj
i
ran.

 El
egushi
’
saut
hor
it
yext
endedov
ermuchoft
hel
andbet
weent
heOni
koy
i’
slandandAj
i
ranont
he
f
ri
ngesofMoba.

 I
kej
adi
vi
sioncov
ersar
eal
i
keAgege,
Ohodi
,I
fako-
Ij
aye,
Oni
gbongbo,
Shomol
u,Muhi
nandAl
i
mosho.

 I
kej
aisoneoft
hemaj
orAwor
iset
tl
ement
sinLagosst
ate.

 I
kej
awasf
oundedbyOl
o,whol
edagr
oupofAwor
ihunt
ing/
far
mingpar
tyf
rom Ot
tat
oset
tl
eatI
podo
whi
chl
aterbecomet
het
radi
ti
onal
admi
nist
rat
iveseat
.

 I
kej
awasnamedaf
terAkej
a-Oni
ri
gun,
thepr
inci
pal
dei
tywor
shi
ppedatt
heancest
ral
homei
nOt
ta.

 I
kej
atr
adi
ti
onal
rul
erswasi
nit
ial
l
yst
yledBaal
e,butwasel
evat
edt
oObashi
pst
atusdur
ingt
her
eignof
ObaMomodu(
1957-
1998)
.

 TheAwor
iset
tl
ement
spr
edat he19thcent
edt ury
.

 Theset
tl
ement
sint
heI
kej
adi
vi
sionser
vedasl
i
nkbet
weenLagosandt
hei
rcommuni
ti
es.

 Thebegi
nni
ngoft
heBadagr
ydi
vi
sionpopul
atedbyt
heOguorGunupeopl
eandAwor
ihav
ebeen
v
ari
ousl
ydat
edt ween15thand17thcent
obet uri
es.

 Accounti
ndi
cat
est
hatt
heOguwer
efor
cedoutofKet
uasar
esul
tofDahomeyi
nvasi
onand
subsequentsubj
ugat
ionl
eadi
ngt
o2wav
esofmi
grant
s.

 Ogucommuni
ti
eswi
thi
ntheBadagr
yar
eawasf
ormedbyabandoft
heOgu/
Gunupeopl
eledbyAkr
an
Gbaf
oewhomov
edeast
war
dal
ongt
hePor
toNov
oandYewacr
eekst
oset
tl
eal
ongt
heKweme
coast
li
neandOl
ogel
agoon.

 Anot
heraccountoft
hepeopl
i
ngofBadagr
ybyt
heOgui
ndi
cat
est
hati
twasest
abl
i
shedby
descendant
sofmi
grant
sfr
om Why
dah,
All
ada(
Por
toNov
o),
Wemei
,Sav
iandJaki
nwhower
efl
eei
ng
f
rom i
ncessantwar
sandhadt
oseekf
orbet
tersecur
edabode.

 ThenameBadagr
ywasacor
rupt
ionofear
lernameAgbet
i hegr
eme(
Agbet
he’
sfar
m neart
heswamp)
l
atercor
rupt oAgbadai
edt giandf
urt
hercor
rupt
edt
oBadagr
ybyt
heEur
opeans.

 I
logboEr
emi
,OkoAf
o,Ar
aromi
arepr
omi
nentAwor
ivi
l
lagesi
nBadagr
ydi
vi
sion.

 Badagr
yhasal
ongst
andi
ngpol
i
tical
,economi
cal
andsoci
o-cul
tur
all
i
nkwi
thLagos.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Peopl
i
ngofI
kor
odubeganwi
tht
heact
ivi
ti
esofoneOgaLawanson,
aRemopr
incewhol
edt
hef
ir
st
wav
eofset
tl
ers,
most
lyf
armer
sandhunt
ersf
rom Remol
and.

 OgaLawansonwasr
egar
dedast
hef
ir
stOl
ojaofI
kor
odu,
thet
it
leoft
heear
lyr
uler
soft
het
own.

 ThenameI
kor
oduwasder
ivedf
rom “
Oko-
odu”meani
ngav
eget
abl
efar
m.

 I
kor
oduhadest
abl
i
shedeconomi
crel
ati
onswi
thLagossi he18thcent
ncet uryorbey
ond.

 Thepeopl
eofI
kor
oduest
abl
i
shedr
elat
ionswi
thLagosduet
othepr
esenceofcoast
li
net
hatf
rontt
he
Lagosl
agoon.

 I
jede,
Bay
ekuandI
besear
ecost
alset
tl
ement
sfoundedbyi
mmi
grant
sfr
om Lagos.

 TheAy
angbunr
enofI
kor
odui
sthepar
amountr
uleroft
heI
kor
odudi
vi
sionandi
soneoft
heper
manent
v
icechai
rmenoft
hest
atecounci
lofObasandchi
efs.

 Epedi
vi
sionconsi
stsofmul
ti
var
iouscommuni
ti
eswi
thov
er60r
ecogni
sedchi
eft
ainci
eswhi
chi
ncl
ude
23Obashi
pst
ool
s.

 Epei
sconsi
der
edt
hel
argestadmi
nist
rat
ivedi
vi
sionoft
hest
ateconsi
sti
ng2l
ocal
gov
ernment
s(pr
e-
2003cr
eat
ion)ofEpeandI
bej
uLekki
.

 Epewasf
oundedbyabandofI
jebuhunt
ersl
edbyUr
akal
oyewhousual
l
yvi
sit
edt hen“
het IgboObo”t
o
huntel
ephant
sandbuf
fal
os.

 ThenameEpeemanat
edf
rom j
ungl
eofbl
ackant
slocal
l ed“
ycal
l epe”t
hati
nvadedUr
akal
oye’
s
homest
eadatI
ta.

 Epeconsi
stofsomepur
elyAwor
iset
tl
ement
ssomeofwhi
chhadov
ert
het
imebeeni
ncor
por
atedi
nto
t
heI
jebudi
alectoft
heYor
ubast
ock.

 Or
ugboI
doi
sat
ypi
cal
exampl
eofanAwor
iset
tl
ementi
ntheI
jebu“
Diaspor
a”.

 Ekoquar
ter
swer
eest
abl
i
shedbyKosokodur
inghi
ssoj
our
naf
tert
he1851bombar
dmentofLagosby
t
heBr
it
ishf
orces.

 Kosoko’
sabdi
cat
ionandsubsequentmov
ementt
oEpel
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofsomeset
tl
ement
sli
ke
Or
imedu,
Lekki
,I
bej
uandsoon.

 Epedi
vi
sional
soconsi
stofmanyot
hercommuni
ti
eswhosef
oundat
ionpr
edat he19thcent
est uryl
i
ke
I
lar
a,I
se,
Ikosi
,I
toki
n,I
gbonl
a,Moj
oda,
Eredoandsoon.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Theadmi
nist
rat
iveheadquar
teri
slocat
edatOke-
Oyi
nboi
nEpecent
ral
.

 Al
araofI
lar
aist
hepar
amountr
uleroft
heI
jebudomi
nat
edcl
ust
erofcommuni
ti
eswhoi
sal
sot
he
par
amountv
icechai
rmanoft
hecounci
lofobasandchi
efsofLagosst
ater
epr
esent
ingt
hedi
vi
sion.

CHAPTER5

MI
GRATORYTRENDSANDSETTLERSI
NLAGOS–ANOVERVI
EW

 Mi
grat
ioni
swhenhumanbei
ngmov
efr
om onepl
acet
oanot
her
.

 Thecauseofmi
grat
ioni
sthedesi
ret
oobt
ainmonet
aryi
ncome.

 Pr
e-Col
oni
almi
grat
ionwasassoci
atedwi
tht
rade,
drought
,et
hni
cconf
li
ctsandcol
oni
zat
ion.

 Themaj
orf
act
orf
orr
ural
-ur
banmi
grat
iondur
ingpr
e-col
oni
aldaywaseconomi
cfact
ors.

 Mi
grat
oryt
rendsbecamei
nev
itabl
easar
esul
tofpeopl
esmov
ementt
osaf
ety
.

 Mi
grat
ionwasencour
agedasar
esul
toft
heEur
opeanCol
oni
alGov
ernmentact
ion.

 Reset
tl
ementSchemesi
nvol
vest
her
emov
alofl
ocal
popul
ati
onf
rom ar
eaknownt
obepar
ti
cul
arl
y
badl
yaf
fect
edbydi
seases.

 TheNi
ger
iaeconomywasf
ashi
onedwi
thanunev
enandunequal
growt
hwi
thi
ntheeconomy
.

 I
nmoder
nti
mes,
migr
ati
oni
sref
ormedwi
thsoci
alf
act
orl
i
nkedwi
theconomi
cconsi
der
ati
on.

 Rur
al-
urbanmi
grat
ioncanal
sobev
iewedf
rom t
heext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
ndr
ome.

 TheAwor
iar
ethei
ndi
genouspeopl
ethatcanl
aycl
aimt
oLagos.

 Accor
dingt
oKunl
eLawal
,theAwor
ispeaki
ngpeopl
esar
eear
li
estset
tl
ersi
ntheLagosmet
ropol
i
tan
ar
ea.

 Set
tl
ersi
nLagosmani
fest
edi
nthe18thcent
uryandt
ransf
ormedLagosi
ntoacosmopol
i
tansoci
ety
.

 Sl
avet
radeexi
stsi
nLagosf
rom t
he1750s.

 Dur
ingsl
avet
rade,
Obashi
pst
ool
inLagosbecamesol
ucr
ati
ve.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Dur
ingsl
avet
rade,
thecl
aimant
stot
het
hroneofLagosengagedt
hemsel
vesi
nacut
-t
hroatbat
tl
eto
becomet
heObaEl
eko.

 Thet
radedur
ingsl
avet
radecr
eat
edl
ocal
Bour
geoi
sies.

 I
nthe19thcent
ury
,theYor
ubaar
efor
emosti
nthegr
oup.

 TheSeapor
tmakesLagosat
tract
ivef
oreconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

 By1900,
Lagoswasaccept
edast
heeconomi
cCapi
tal
ofYor
ubal
and.

 Theabol
i
tionofsl
avet
radebyBr
it
ishparl
enti
n1807.

 Sl
avet
radebecomesr
epugnantact
ivi
ti
esi
nthemi eof19thCent
ddl ury
.

 Theact
ivi
ti
esofRoy
alNi
gersquadr
onf
rom 1833br
oughtanot
hersetofset
tl
ers.

 Manycapt
uredsl
avesr
etur
nedt
oLagosaf
tert
hedef
eatofEl
ekoKosokoi
nDecember
,1851.

 I
n1851,
Ret
urneesf
rom Amer
icaaddedt
othenumberofset
tl
ers.

 Ther
epat
ri
ati
onf
rom Sout
hAmer
icat
ookpl
acei
n1830s.

 TheAgudaoccupi
edpr
evi
ousl
yPor
tuguesesi
teaf
tert
her
epat
ri
ati
onf
rom Sout
hAmer
ica.

 Thel
eadi
ngsl
avet
radewasknownasPopoAguda.

 TheSar
oar
etheSi
err
a-Leoni
ans.

 Ther
etur
nofAguda,
bri
ngaboutr
etur
nsofSar
o.

 Ther
etur
neescamebackwi
thdi
ff
erentski
l
lsandexper
ti
se.

 TheSar
oset
tl
edatOl
owogbowoar
eaofLagos.

 Dur
i he19thandear
ngt ly20thcent
uri
es,
theHausasbecameset
tl
erofLagos.

 Theset
tl
ersofHausaswher
emost
lyI
slami
cSchol
ars.

 TheHausaset
tl
ert
rader
spar
ti
cipat
eful
l
yKol
anutt
rade.

 Aconsi
der
abl
enumberofHausaset
tl
erengagedi
ntheheadpotr
age.

 TheHausaf
ormedt
heNi
ger
iaPol
i
ceFor
ce.

 TheLagosHausaset
tl
edi
nObal
endeont
heI
sland.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Hausaset
tl
ersi
nLagoswer
einv
aluabl
etot
heBr
it
ish.

 Ther
ewasest
abl
i
shmentofHausaset
tl
ementl
i
ke;
Ado-
Soba,
Okokomai
ko,
Kember
i,I
lembaHausaet
c.

 TheHausaset
tl
erswer
ecr
eat
edonl
andsov
ersomeAwor
irul
ers.

 Theear
l he20thCent
yoft urywi
tnessedt
hei
nfukort
heI
gboofSout
hEast
ernNi
ger
ia.

 MbonuOj
i
ke,
anI
gbomanwasel
ect
edi
ntoLagosTownCounci
l
.

 MbonuOj
i
keal
soact
edast
heMay
orofLagos.

 TheI
gboset
tl
ercomi
ngt
oLagossawi
tasoppor
tuni
tyf
orempl
oymentwi
thi
ntheGov
ernmentser
vice.

 Lagosbecameamaj
orset
tl
ementf
orI
gboout
sidet
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
homel
and

 I
gboset
tl
ersi
nLagosf
ormedacent
rebody
.

 TheI
gbobecamemor
einv
olv
edi
ncommer
ceaf
terI
ndependence.

 Nnamdi
Azi
kweest
abl
i
shedav
iri
l
ejour
nal
i
sti
cpr
act
icei
nLagos.

CHAPTER6

CULTURALMANI
FESTATI
ONOFLAGOSSTATE

 Theconceptofcul
tur
edenot
esaccumul
atedr
esour
cesofgr
oupofpeopl
ewhi
chcoul
dbei
mmat
eri
al
andmat
eri
al.

 KROEHER[
1953]def
inescul
tur
easamassofl
ear
nedandt
ransmi
tt
edmot
orr
eact
ions,
habi
ts,
t
echni
ques,
ideasandv
aluesandt
hebehav
iourmenmayi
ncl
ude.

 Theonl
ywi
del
yaccept
eddef
ini
ti
onofcul
tur
eist
hatof
fer
edbyEdwar
dTy
lor
.

 Ty
lordef
inescul
tur
east
hatcompl
exwhi
chi
ncl
udesknowl
edge,
bel
i
efs,
art
s,mor
alsandcust
oms
whi
char
elear
nedandpassedf
rom onegener
ati
ont
oanot
her
.

 Acombi
nat
ionofhi
stor
yandgeogr
aphyofagi
vencommuni
tydi
ctat
escul
tur
alev
olut
ionand
dev
elopment
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Oj
o,Al
i
mosho,
Agegeandsomepar
tsofEt
i-
osacel
ebr
ateKor
iandI
gunuko.

 Theper
iodbet
ween1700and1851i
sbel
i
evedt
oher
aldt
heemer
genceofGbedudr
ums.

 TheOl
orui
ogunofLagosAshi
pawasgi
venaSwor
dandGbedudr
umsashi
ssy
mbl
osofaut
hor
it
y.

 Ei
bif
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedi
nKet
u.

 Agbomasquer
adei
scel
ebr
atedi
nEpe.

 Agemocul
tiscel
ebr
atedamongt
heI
jebuset
tl
ers.

 BoatRegat
tai
scel
ebr
atedi
nvi
rt
ual
l
yal
lri
ver
inear
easoft
hest
ate.

 Thef
ir
stboatr
egat
tawasst
agedi
n1993.

 TheBoatRegat
tai
sdesi
gnedt
oappeaset
hegoddessoft
hesea[
Olokun]
.

 Zangbet
oist
heancest
ral
oft
heEgun-
Gunuoft
hest
ate.

 Gunusbel
i
evet
hatspi
ri
tsoft
hedeadancest
orscanassumehumanf
ormst
oint
eractwi
tht
hel
i
ving.

 Zangbet
oismosti
mpor
tant
lycel
ebr
atedt
obur
ycor
pseofdeadcul
tmember
s.

 Zangbet
omasquer
adesar
ebel
i
evedt
ober
eincar
nat
esofdead.

 TheZangbet
omember
smeeti
ngr
oveswher
eor
nament
soft
hemasquer
adesar
ekept
.

 Thet
hreecl
assesofpeopl
einv
olv
edi
nthemember
shi
pandor
gani
zat
ionofZangbet
osecr
etsoci
ety
ar
e;TheSangan[
Topel
i
tesdi
rect
ingaf
fai
rsoft
heZangbet
iof
est
ival
],
TheAgbi
ri
gbe[
Theybl
owhor
ns
andspeaki
nvar
iousl
anguage]
,andTheSi
nhut
o[Thei
nter
pret
ers]
.

 Adamuor
isa[
Eyo]i
sthemostf
amouscul
tur
edf
est
ival
inLagos.

 Ey
ocel
ebr
ati
oni
srest
ri
ctedt
oLagosI
sland.

 Adamuor
isapl
aycul
tur
all
ysi
gni
fi
esaki
ngorchi
efi
sdeadoraki
ngorchi
efi
stobecr
owned.

 Adi
mu,
Oni
ko,
Okol
agba,
OlogedeandAger
ebel
ongt
othef
eti
shgr
oupofEy
os.

 Ey
oshowi
spr
ecededbyOpanbat
ashow,
Agododanceandar
it
ual
per
for
mance.

 Apower
ful
fisher
mani
ntheEpear
eaoft
hest
atecal
l
edEki
newast
hepi
oneeroft
heAgbof
est
ival
.

 Ri
ver
ineEpepeopl
eref
ert
oAgboasI
mopl
es(
dei
ti
es)
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Wor
oisaki
ndofl
eafwhi
chsy
mbol
i
sespeace.

 OdunEf
eisaf
est
ival
fort
hepeopl
eofAy
obo.

 Gel
edeandEf
efest
ival
aresi
mul
taneousl
ycel
ebr
ated.

 Agemoi
spur
elysoci
o-hi
stor
icf
est
ival
amongt
heI
jebus.

 Agemof
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedi
nremembr
anceofAgemo,
thesonofObat
ala.

 Agemoi
ssai
dtol
i
veacour
ageousl
i
fe.

 Agemoi
sar
aff
iapul
pmatwhi
chcanmov
eunai
dedwheni
npubl
i
c.

 I
nor
dert
obui
l
daconcr
eter
it
ual
signi
fi
cancear
oundAgemo,
womenar
enotal
l
owedt
oseeAgemo.

 Thepeopl
eofEr
edo,
Imot
a,Somol
uandsomepar
tsofEpewor
shi
pAgemo.

 Kor
irepr
esent
stheGodoff
ert
il
it
ytot
heAwor
ipeopl
e[Or
isaewe]
.

 Kor
iist
hemasquer
adet
hati
sdecor
atedwi
thgl
ass-
war
esal
lroundt
hebody
.

 Kor
i(Themasquer
ade)comesouti
nthesecondquar
terofev
eryy
ear
.

 Ei
bif
est
ival
isusedt
ocommemor
atet
hef
ir
stset
tl
ementofAl
aket
uthesonofOr
any
an.

 Ei
bif
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedbyt
hepeopl
eofKet
uinEpel
ocal
gov
ernmenti
nremembr
anceoft
hei
r
ancest
or.

 Or
ishaI
rokof
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedbyf
emal
esi
nBadagr
y.

 TheYor
ubasi
nLagosst
atebel
i
evet
hatmasquer
adesar
etr
uer
efl
ect
ionofancest
ral
spi
ri
t.

 Egungunf
est
ival
susual
l
yinv
olv
efl
oggi
ng,
useofchar
msandi
ncant
ati
onsbyopposi
ngmasquer
ade
gr
oups.

 Theessent
ial
feat
uresofEgungunf
est
ival
areDr
ummi
ng,
Danci
ngandFeast
ing.

 Asor
ooko,
Esu,
InaandI
jogbonar
enot
abl
emasquer
adesi
nLagosst
ate.

 Asor
ookomeanst
heonet
hatshoul
dnotbemet
.

 Ager
eisder
ivedf
rom t
hedel
i
cat
elongst
il
tst
icksonwhi
chper
for
mer
sst
and.

 Ager
eiscal
l
edj
i
gbodanceamongt
heEpei
ndi
genes.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Eki
nei
sEpepeopl
eancest
ral
fat
herwhowasspeci
ali
zedi
ncur
ingul
cerpat
ient
s.

 Ager
e(Ji
gbodance)wasnamedaf
terJi
gbo,
thesonofEki
ne.

 Ji
gbodancei
scal
l
edAsai
nIkor
odu.

 Ji
gbodancei
scel
ebr
atedt
oshowgr
ati
tudet
othei
ndust
ri
oussonofEki
ne(
Jigbo)f
orhi
sef
for
tsat
ensur
ingaheal
thsoci
alenv
ironment
.

 I
nor
dert
omakehi
sjobeasi
erandqui
cker
,Ji
gbor
odeonhor
sev
isi
ti
ngul
cerv
ict
imsandpr
event
ing
ul
cerepi
demi
cs.

 MakunOmi
fest
ival
iscel
ebr
atedbyt
heAwor
isi
nther
iver
inev
il
lagesofOj
oLocal
Gov
ernmentAr
ea.

 MakunOmi
iscel
ebr
atedt
oappeaset
hegoddessoft
hesea,
seekf
orpr
otect
ionandpr
ogr
ess.

 I
gunukoi
ssai
dtobebr
oughtt
oLagosI
slandf
rom Bi
da,
Lapi
landAgaei
inNi
gerSt
atebyear
lyset
tl
ers.

 I
gunukoi
spopul
aramongt
heEpet
edoar
eaofLagosI
sland.

 I
gunumasquer
adei
scy
cli
ndr
ical
inshape,
dressedi
nvar
yingcol
our
sandaboutonehundr
edand
t
went
y(120)f
eett
all
.

 I
gunukocul
tmember
sar
efear
edbecauseoft
hei
rpossessi
onofmagi
cal
power
s.

 Rai
nfal
li
sfor
biddenwhenev
erI
gunumasquer
adesar
edanci
ng.

 El
ukuf
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedbyt
hepeopl
eofI
kor
odu.

 El
ukuf
est
ival
isal
way
spr
ecededbyAgemof
est
ival
.

 Thel
ocal
product
ionofdr
ygi
naboundsi
nIkor
odu,
Maj
i
dun,
OwodeandBadagr
yduet
otheabundance
ofpal
mtr
eesi
nthear
eas.

 I
gandomar
ket
,Aj
i
namar
ket
,Imot
amar
ketandAswani
mar
ketar
eal
lper
iodi
cmar
ket
sinLagosSt
ate.

 Thebl
acksmi
thl
ooksupt
othegodofi
ronf
ormor
ebl
essi
ngs.

 Awor
ifami
l
ymember
sar
efor
biddenf
rom pur
sui
ngeconomi
cgoal
sonaf
ixeddaywhent
hef
ami
l
y
ancest
orormasquer
adei
stobewor
shi
pped.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER7

LAGOSSTATEADMI
NISTRATI
ON1967-
2005

 LagosSt
atecamei
ntoexi
stencet
hrought
hepr
omul
gat
ionofdecr
ee9ofMay1967,
oft
heFeder
al
Mi
nist
rygov
ernmentofNi
ger
ia

 LagosSt
atei
smadeupoff
ivedi
vi
sionsv
izI
kej
a,Badagr
y,I
kor
odu,
LagosI
slandandEpe(
IBI
LE)
.

 Thecr
eat
ionwasbasedont
wof
act
ors;

 Fi
rst
ly,
Indi
genousLagosi
anshadbeencl
amour
ingf
orast
atesi
ncei
ndependencei
n1960

 Secondl
y,t
heNi
ger
iaFeder
ati
onwast
hreat
enedbyasuccessi
onbi
d.

 LagosSt
atei
stheonl
yst
atet
hathasr
emai
nedi
tsor
igi
nal
sel
fsi
ncei
tscr
eat
ion.

 Thecr
eat
ionoft
hisst
atewasmetwi
thv
eryst
rongopposi
ti
onf
rom t
heWest
ernr
egi
onal
gov
ernment

 TheFi
rstMi
l
itar
ygov
ernorofLagosSt
atewasMaj
orMobol
aji
Johnson

 JohnsonwasmadeMi
l
itar
ygov
ernorofLagosi
n1967byYakubuGowon

 Johnsonconst
ruct
edt
heI
kor
oduandShomol
u-Bar
igaaxi
sroads.

 Maj
orMobol
aji
Johnsoni
ntr
oducedt
he“
KiaKi
a”buses.

 Mobol
aji
Johnsonadmi
nist
rat
ionconcent
rat
edherener
gymai
nlyont
hedev
elopmentofLagosI
sland
andMai
nland.

 Feder
alMi
l
itar
ygov
ernmenthandedpowert
oel
ect
edci
vi
li
anadmi
nist
rat
ionon1stOct
ober
,1979.

 Al
haj
iLat
eefJakandewast
hef
ir
stci
vi
li
angov
ernorofLagosSt
ate.

 Jakandecont
est
edandwonundert
heUmbr
ell
aofUni
tyPar
tyofNi
ger
ia(
UPN)
.

 Jakandeconst
ruct
edLasu-
Ibar
oadt
oli
nkt
heBadagr
yExpr
essway
.

 Jakandeal
soconst
ruct
edt
heLagos-
EpeExpr
essway
.

 Jakandeest
abl
i
shedgener
alhospi
tal
sinBadagr
yandI
kor
odu.

 Jakandeconst
ruct
edmi
niwat
erwor
ksi
nIsashi
,Sur
uler
e,I
kor
oduandAmuwoOdof
in.

 LagosSt
ateUni
ver
sit
ywasf
oundedbyJakandei
n1983.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 LagosSt
ateUni
ver
sit
ycommencedf
ull
academi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
n1984.

 Al
haj
iShehuShagar
iwasov
ert
hrownbyMaj
orGener
alBuhar
iin1983.

 Al
haj
iLat
eefJakander
uledf
rom 1979-
1983.

 Maj
orGener
alBuhar
igav
egov
ernanceofLagosSt
atet
oGr
oupCapt
ainGbol
ahanMudashi
rui
n1983.

 Mudashi
ruwasani
ndi
geneofLagosSt
atef
rom I
kor
odu.

 Mudashi
ruwasr
epl
acedbyNav
yCapt
ainOkhai
Akhi
ghe.

 Akhi
ghewasr
epl
acedbyCol
.Raj
iRasaki
.

 Ot
edol
abecamet
hesecondel
ect
edGov
ernorofLagosSt
ate.

 Ot
edol
acont
est
edunderNat
ional
Republ
i
cConv
ent
ion(
NBC)dur
ingt
het
hir
drepubl
i
cof1991.

 Ot
edol
awasov
ert
hrownt
hroughami
l
itar
ycoupofGener
alSanni
Abachaatt
hecent
rei
n1994.

 Col
.Ol
agunsoy
eOy
inl
olabecamet
heMi
l
itar
yGov
ernorofLagosSt
atei
n1994.

 Oy
inl
olaadmi
nist
rat
ionwasnotabl
essi
ngt
oLagosSt
atebecausei
tdi
dnotmeetupt
othey
ear
nings
ofLagosi
ans.

 Oy
inl
olawasr
epl
acedbyCol
.BubaMar
wa.

 Mar
wawasaf
ormergov
ernori
nBor
noSt
ateandaf
ormerMi
l
itar
yat
tachéofNi
ger
iai
ntheU.
S.A.

 Mar
wawasnotani
ndi
geneofLagosSt
ate.

 Mar
wa’
srei
gncamet
oanendasar
esul
tofanot
herci
vi
li
anadmi
nist
rat
ioni
nMay29,
1999.

 Theci
vi
li
anadmi
nist
rat
ioncamei
ntopowerundert
hel
eader
shi
pofSenat
orBol
aAhmedTi
nubui
n
1999.

 Ti
nubuwasani
ndi
geneofLagosSt
ateandacandi
dat
eofAl
l
iancef
orDemocr
acy(
AD)

 Lagoswasder
ecogni
zedasFeder
alCapi
tal
ofNi
ger
iadur
ingBabagi
ndaRegi
mei
n1991

 OduaPeopl
e’
scongr
esswascr
eat
eddur
i he4thr
ngt epubl
i
c.

 Gr
eat
erLagoscompr
isesLagosI
sland,
Ikoy
iandVi
ctor
iaI
sland.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER8

LAGOS:ANOVERVI
EW OFHERPOLI
TICAL,
ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT

 Accor
dingt
oLagossour
ce,
thebegi
nni
ngofset
tl
ementoft
hei
slandwast
raceabl
etooneAROMI
RE.

 AROMI
REi
soneoft
hesonsoft
heFi
sher
mancooper
ati
vesoci
etyknownasALADEJOorI
DEJO.

 Thei
rnucl
earset
tl
ementwasatI
ddoI
slandt
hen,
knownasi
l
eol
ofi
n.

 TheLagossour
cecl
aimst
hatt
hei
ror
igi
nal
homel
andwasI
le-
if
e,t
heancest
ral
homeandcr
adl
eof
Yor
uba.

 Ogunf
unmi
nir
eledhunt
ingexpedi
ti
onsf
rom i
l
e-i
fet
oisher
i.

 Fr
om t
heI
sher
iexpendi
tur
es,
manyAwor
iset
tl
ement
swer
efound.

 Someoft
heset
tl
ement
sfoundedwer
eAdo,
Iro,
Irenpa,
OguduandAgboy
i.

 TheLagossour
cecl
aimst
hatBeni
ninf
luenceofLagoscameaboutasar
esul
tofconquest
.

 Thel
i
nksmanbet
weent
heAwor
iandt
heBeni
nint
hisi
mposi
ti
onofBeni
nSuzer
aint
yov
erLagoswas
oneAshi
pa.

 TheAshi
pai
saYor
ubaper
sonal
i
tyatI
sher
i.

 Ashi
pawassucceededbyhi
ssonsAdo,
Gabar
o,Aki
nsemoy
in.

 TheBeni
nsour
cecl
aimt
hatt
hisAshi
pawasi
nfactanEdopr
inceandgr
andsonofObaOr
hogbua.

 TheObaOr
hogbuar
eignedi
nBeni
ni he16thcent
nt ury
.

 TheBeni
nVer
sioncl
aimst
hatLagosder
ivedi
tsnat
ivenameEko(
whi
chmeanswarcampi
nEdo)f
rom
t
heuset
owhi
cht
hei
slandwasputbyt
hef
ir
stBeni
nset
tl
er.

 Somenat
iveEdot
radi
ti
onscl
aimedt
hatLagoswasf
oundedbyabodyofBI
NINESEWARRI
ORS.

 TheEdonat
ioncl
aimst
hatObaOr
hegbuasentoneofhi
sgr
andsons-
Eski
pat
othef
ir
stEl
ekoor
Ol
ori
ogun(
mil
i
tar
yleader
)oft
hei
sland.

 TheLagosv
ersi
onoft
hewhol
est
orywashel
dtobemor
eaccept
ed.

 Awor
iist
heOr
igi
nal
languageofLagosst
ate.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Agi
riSandr
aBar
nesconf
ir
medt
hatLagosst
atewasconquer
edunderBeni
nmi
l
itar
yoccupat
ioni
n
1603.

 TheAwor
icl
aimst
hatOko(
far
m)wast
her
ootnameofEko(
Lagos)
.

 I
sal
eEko(
downt
ownLagos)wasusedext
ensi
vel
yforf
armi
ngandagr
icul
tur
alpur
poses.

 Ekoont
heot
herhand,
mayr
efert
othel
aterper
iodwhenapor
ti
onoft
heI
slandwasusedasami
l
itar
y
camp.

 Lagosst
art
edasar
est
ingpl
acef
ort
heI
jebuandEgbadof
isher
man.

 Thef
ir
stoft
hegr
oupofcomposi
ti
onofLagosst
atewaspr
obabl
yret
urneesf
rom Si
err
aLeone.

 Ther
etur
neesf
rom Si
err
aLeonewer
eref
err
edasSar
oorKi
ro.

 Theyoccupi
edar
easst
ret
chi
ngf
rom Ti
nubut
othef
arendofApongbonSt
reet
.

 Themoder
nLaf
iaj
iar
eabecamepopul
atedbyi
mmi
grant
sfr
om Nupel
andi
nNi
gerst
ate.

 Ar
ologust
reet
,sout
hoft
heLagoscent
ral
mosquet
hroughI
taFaj
iupt
oMasseyst
reetf
ormedt
hecor
e
oft
henextset
tl
ement
.

 Ther
etur
neesf
rom Br
azi
l
,Cubaandt
heNewWor
ldwer
eset
tl
edatcat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
on,
BamgboseSt
reet
,
Tokunboandcowl
aneaxi
s.

 Ther
emnantofKosoko’
sref
ugeesatEpe,
whor
etur
nedt
oLagosi
n1862wer
eset
tl
edi
nthear
ea
namedEpet
edo.

 TheGr
eat
erLagosconsi
stsoft
heLagosI
slandwi
thI
kej
a,V.
I,
Ebut
eMet
ta,
Yaba,
Agege,
Apapaand
Aj
egunl
e.

 Theest
imat
ionofTheGr
eat
erLagosi
sabout2.
5mi
l
li
on.

 TheOl
ofi
n,whowasaf
atherofsome32chi
l
dren.

 10oft
hem whom becamet
hel
andowner
sofLagosort
hechai
rmanofacooper
ati
vesoci
etyof
f
isher
men.

 TheOl
ofi
n-l
edt
ypeofgov
ernmentex
ist
edbef
oret
heBeni
nconquestofLagos.

 TheAkar
igber
e(f
ir
stcl
asschi
efs)wasf
ormedbyt
hechi
efsandr
oyal
off
ici
alswhocamewi
thAshi
pa
f
rom Beni
n.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheI
nsi
gni
aofof
fi
ceoft
hiscl
assi
sthebl
adedswor
d-Aber
e.

 Theheadoft
hechi
efwast
heEl
etuOdi
bo.

 TheI
dej
ofor
medt
heI
dej
ochi
eft
aincycl
assorsecondcl
asschi
efs.

 Thechi
efr
oleoft
heI
dej
owast
heeconomy
.

 The3rdcl
asschi
efi
stheOgal
ade

 TheOgal
adei
nsi
gni
aist
heAbebe.

 Thechi
efr
olei
sinchar
geoft
hespi
ri
tual
andr
eli
giousmat
ter
.

 Theheadoft
heOgal
adei
stheObani
kor
o.

 The4thcl
asschi
efi
stheAbagbor
i.

 Theheadoft
hef
our
thcl
asschi
efi
stheAshogboni
.

 Thei
nsi
gni
aoft
heAshogboni
isKer
evesi
(hat
).

 Al
lchi
efsofLagosar
eref
fer
edt
oast
heWhi
teCapChi
efs.

 TheLagosst
ool
(thr
one)wasasour
ceofcr
ises.

 TheEwekokowar(
1836)wasadi
sput
ebet
weent
heOl
uwol
eandEshi
l
okun’
sdescendant
s.

 TheKosokoandAki
toy
efeudcul
minat
edi
ntheOl
omi
roorSal
twat
erwari
n1836.

 Pr
inceOgunj
i
miknownasAGBAGBA,
thenot
abl
etr
adi
ti
onal
Lagoshi
stor
ian.

 EgbeGbobani
yi
-Gr
oupf
ort
hegl
ori
fi
cat
ionoft
hemonar
ch.

 Bet
ween1851and1931,
Lagoswi
tnessedani
ncr
easi
ngi
nter
vent
ioni
nit
str
adi
ti
onal
pol
i
ticsbyt
he
Br
it
ishcol
oni
algov
ernment
.

 Lagosear
lyeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
shi
ngandf
armi
ng,
blacksmi
thi
ngandpal
m wi
net
appi
ngand
t
radi
ng.

 Theear
li
estoccupat
ioni
nLagoswasf
ishi
ngandf
armi
ng.

 Dai
l
ymar
ket
swehadi eEbut
nLagoswer e0r
o,Junkar
aandEbut
eEl
efunmar
ket
s.

 Per
iodi
cmar
ket eObunEko.
swer

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thedomest
ict
radeofpr
e-col
oni
alLagoswast
hedai
l
yandper
iodi
c.

 I
nthe18thcent
ury
,Lagosbecamea“
Ver
it
abl
eSl
aveEmpor
ium”
.

ween18thand19thcent
 Bet ury
,theeconomyofLagoswasdomi
nat
edbyt
hesl
avet
rade.

 I
n1807,
Bri
ti
shdecl
aredsl
avet
radei
l
legal
.

 Thesoci
etyofLagospr
act
icedancest
ral
magi
cknownasI
kanseatOj
u-Egun.

 I
slam wasi
ntr
oducedi
nLagosdur
ingt
her
eignofObaAdel
eAj
osun.

 Chr
ist
iani
tycamet
hroughBadagr
y.

 TheI
dol
uwomosque[
1776]wast
hef
ir
stmosqueont
hei
sland.

 Ther
etur
neesf
rom Br
azi
landCubai
ntr
oducedt
hef
est
ival
ofCosaSenhor
adeBonf
in.

 Thet
radi
ti
onal
musi
cuni
quet
oLagoswer
ethebat
a,kof
oandKer
iKer
imusi
c.

 Gbadamosi
Bishi
andDanmol
ebei
ngwer
ethemusi
cianst
othi
ssongsl
i
stedabov
e.

 Thef
atherofNi
ger
ianNat
ional
i
sm wasHer
ber
tMacaul
ay.

 TheUr
bani
zat
ionaspectofchangeswasgr
eat
lyenhancedbyt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hef
reedsl
ave.

 I
n1801,
theUni
tedNat
iveAf
icanchur
chwasf
ounded.

 NNDPwasf
ormedbyHer
ber
tMacaul
ayi
n1923.

 TheLagosYout
hMov
ementandNi
ger
ianYout
hMov
ementwer
eest
abl
i
shedi
n1937.

 Var
iouspar
cel
sofLandswer
eal
l
ott
edt
othe11I
dej
ochi
efs.

 Wehad2sy
stem ofgov
ernmentbef
oret
heEur
opei
ntr
usi
on.

 Theconf
eder
alt
ypeundert
heOl
ofi
n.

 Thecent
ral
i
zedt
ypeundert
heObaorEl
eko.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER9

EVOLUTI
ONANDDEVELOPMENTOFLOCALGOVERNMENTSYTEM I
NLAGOSSTATE1899-
2006

 Gener
alSani
tar
yBoar
dest
abl
i
shedi
nOct
ober1899wast
hef
ir
stat
temptatl
ocal
gov
ernment
admi
nist
rat
ioni
nLagoscol
ony
.

 Gener
alSani
tar
yBoar
dconsi
stedof9member
swi
thGov
ernoroft
hecol
onyast
hechai
rman.

 Gener
alSani
tar
yBoar
dnecessi
tat
est
heneedt
opr
oper
lydev
elopandmanaget
heact
ivi
ti
esofLagos
col
onybei
ngt
hecapi
tal
cit
yofcol
oni
alNi
ger
ia.

 LagosMuni
cipal
Boar
dofHeal
thest
abl
i
shedi
n1904r
aiset
hest
atusoft
hesani
tar
yboar
d.

 LagosMuni
cipal
Boar
dofHeal
thwascomposedofgov
t.of
fi
cial
sandmember
srepr
esent
ingl
ocal
and
commer
cial
int
erest
.

 By1917,
thef
ir
str
eal
repr
esent
ati
veofl
ocal
gov
ernmentbegani
nLagoswi
tht
hepassi
ngoft
he
Townshi
pOr
dinance,
1917

 Lagosst
art
edasaf
ir
stcl
asst
ownshi
pandr
emai
nedt
heonl
yfi
rstcl
asst
ownshi
pinNi
ger
iaf
orav
ery
l
ongt
ime.

 Thef
ir
stcl
asst
ownshi
pinLagosl
edt
othepr
ovi
sionsof6t
o12member
s,3ofwhom wer
esel
ect
ed
f
orexi
sti
ngwar
dsatt
hatt
ime,
whi
l
eot
her
swer
eei
therappoi
ntedornomi
nat
edbycol
oni
algov
ernor
.

 By1923,
thenumberofel
ect
edr
epr
esent
ati
vesofLagosFi
rstCl
assTownshi
pwasi
ncr
easedwi
tht
he
may
orofLagosast
hecer
emoni
alHeadoft
hecounci
l
.

 Bet
ween1950and1953,
theLagosTowncounci
lwasbr
oughtundert
hecont
rol
ofWest
ernRegi
onof
Ni
ger
iagov
ernmentwi
thheadquar
ter
sinI
badan.

 Ly
ttl
etonconst
it
uti
onof1954,
pav
edwayf
ort
hewi
thdr
awi
ngofLagosf
rom t
hewest
ernr
egi
on
gov
ernmentandbr
oughti
tundert
hesuper
visi
onoft
heFeder
alMi
nist
ryofLagosAf
fai
rsandr
emai
ned
i
nthi
sposi
ti
ont
il
l1964whenLagosst
atewascr
eat
ed.

 TheLagost
owncounci
lat
tai
nedaci
tyst
atuswi
tht
hepr
omul
gat
ionofLagosActof1963.

 TheLagosci
tycounci
lhasI
kej
a,Badagr
y,I
kor
oduandEpeasdi
str
ictanddi
vi
sional
counci
lundert
he
cont
rol
ofwest
ernRegi
onLocal
Gov
ernmentl
awsof1953and1959.

 Lagosst
atet
ookof
fasanadmi
nist
rat
iveent
it
yonApr
il1st1968whi
chencompassesol
dcol
onyof

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

Lagos(
Feder
alCapi
tal
)andt
hef
ormercol
onypr
ovi
nceoft
hewest
ernr
egi
on(
Ikej
a,I
kor
odu,
Epeand
Badagr
y).

 Asatt
het
imeoft
hecr
eat
ionofLagosst
ate,
ther
ewer
e2di
ff
erentsy
stem ofLocal
gov
ernmenti
nthe
t
woar
easconst
it
uti
ngt
hest
ate(
col
onyofLagosandcol
onyofpr
ovi
nceofWest
ernRegi
on)
.

 Ther
ewasLagosci
tycounci
lbyt
hesi
ngl
eti
ercounci
lcr
eat
edbyenact
mentoft
heLagosLocal
Gov
ernmentAct1959andat
hreet
iersy
stem ofr
epr
esent
ati
vel
ocal
gov
ernmentcompr
isi
ngdi
vi
sional
di
str
ictandl
ocal
counci
lasv
ali
dat
edbyt
heWest
ernRegi
onLocal
Gov
ernmentl
awof1952f
ort
he
f
ormercol
onypr
ovi
nce.

 Ther
ewer
e19l
ocal
gov
ernment
sexi
sti
ngatt
hei
ncept
ionoft
hest
atef
rom t
hef
ivedi
vi
sionswhi
ch
i
ncl
udesI
kej
adi
vi
sionwi
th4,
Ikor
odudi
vi
sionwi
th5,
Lagosdi
vi
sionwi
th1andEpewi
th6l
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
l
s.I
twasmai
ntai
nedt
il
l1969.

 OnJune26t
h1969,
Lagosst
ategov
ernmentconst
it
utedat
ri
bunal
ofenqui
ryi
ntot
heRe-
organi
zat
ion
ofl
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
l
sinLagosst
ate.

 I
n1971,
ther
ecommendat
ionsoft
het
ri
bunal
of1969wasaccept
edandi
mpl
ement
edwhi
chr
educed
t
hel
ocal
gov
ernmentt
o7(
Lagosci
ty,
Awor
i-
Ajer
omi
dist
ri
ct,
Epedi
str
ict
,Mushi
ntown,
Ikej
adi
str
ict
,
I
kor
odudi
str
ictandEgunAwor
idi
str
ictcounci
l
).

 Ther
ewasnat
ionwi
del
ocal
gov
ernmentr
efor
min1976whi
chi
ncr
easdt
henumberofl
ocal
gov
ernment
i
nthest
atef
rom 7t
o8(
Lagosi
sland,
Lagosmai
nland,
Mushi
n,I
kej
a,Somol
u,Badagr
y,I
kor
oduandEpe
l
ocal
gov
ernmentar
ea)
.

 Oct
ober1979,
powert
ransi
ti
onf
rom mi
l
itar
ytoci
vi
li
anr
egi
met
akespl
acewhi
chsawAl
haj
iLat
eef
Jakandeast
henewexecut
ivegov
ernorofLagosst
ate.

 The1979/
1980r
efor
m underAhaj
iLat
eefJakandeadmi
nist
rat
ionputi
npl
acet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Est
abl
i
shmentofl
ocal
gov
ernmentRev
enueBoar
d.

 Cr
eat
ionoft
heof
fi
ceoft
heHeadofl
ocal
gov
ernment
.

 Est
abl
i
shmentofal
ocal
gov
ernmentser
vicecommi
ssi
on.

 I
ntr
oduct
ionofcounci
lmanagersy
stem.

 TheLagosst
ateHouseofAssembl
yinApr
il1980passedi
ntol
awt
hel
ocal
gov
ernment(
int
eri
m
pr
ovi
sion)l
aw1980whi
chr
est
ruct
uret
he8counci
lar
east
o23l
ocal
gov
ernment
s.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 ByMar
ch1982,
thel
ocal
gov
ernment(
amendment
)lawof1982whi
chr
epeal
edt
he1980enact
ment
gav
enewl
egal
basi
sfort
hel
ocal
gov
ernmentandal
sodef
inedt
hear
easandboundar
iesoft
he
counci
l
s.

 23newcounci
l
swer
ecr
eat
edi
ntot
al.

 Thef
ormal
inaugur
ati
onoft
henewcounci
ltookpl
aceont
he14t
hofApr
il
,1982.

 ByDecember1983,
mil
i
tar
ycamei
ntopowerandnul
l
ifi
edal
lexi
sti
ngl
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
lcr
eat
ed
byex-
whi
l
eci
vi
li
anandr
ever
tal
lst
atei
nto1976af
fai
rs.

 Lagosst
ategov
ernmentr
ever
tedt
ofor
mer8l
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
lst
ruct
ureswhi
l
ether
emai
ning
15counci
l
swer
edesi
gnat
edar
eaof
fi
ces.

 By1stApr
il1986,
afur
therr
evi
ewofl
ocal
gov
ernmentadmi
nist
rat
ionwascar
ri
edoutl
eadi
ngt
odef
ine
admi
nist
rat
iveandf
inanci
alpower
s.

 Lagosst
ategov
ernmentappoi
ntedsol
eadmi
nist
rat
orst
oadmi
nist
ert
hecounci
l
sfr
om 1984–1986.

 ByMay1986,
acar
etakercommi
tt
eemadeupofanadmi
nist
rat
orand4ot
hermember
swasappoi
nted.

 ByMar
ch261988,
anat
ionwi
deel
ect
ionwashel
donanon-
par
tybasi
sfornewchai
rmenand
counci
l
orswhi
chi
ncl
udeLagosst
ate.

 Thenumberofl
ocal
gov
ernmenti
nLagosst
ater
oset
o12ont
he12t
hofMay
,1989.
thenewl
ocal
gov
ernmentar
eOj
o,I
bej
u/Lekki
,AgegeandEt
i-
Osa.

 ByAugust27,
1991,
ther
ewasdev
elopmentt
olocal
gov
ernmentt
hroughoutt
hef
eder
ati
onwhi
chl
edt
o
t
hedemi
seoft
hest
atemi
nist
ryofl
ocal
gov
ernmentandl
ocal
gov
ernmentser
vicecommi
ssi
on.

 The1991dev
elopmentl
edt
oanumberofr
efor
mswhi
chi
ncl
ude;

 I
ntr
oduct
ionofci
vi
lser
vicer
efor
mint
olocal
gov
ernmentadmi
nist
rat
ion.

 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
hepr
inci
pleofsepar
ati
onofpoweri
nthepr
esi
dent
ial
syst
em ofgov
ernment
i
ntot
hel
ocal
gov
ernment
.

 Di
rectal
l
ocat
ionoff
eder
alr
evenuet
olocal
gov
ernment
.

 Consequentupont
he1991dev
elopment
,3l
ocal
gov
ernment
swer
ecr
eat
edt
oincr
easet
henumbert
o
15.Theyar
eAl
i
mosho,
Sur
uler
eandOshodi
-I
sol
o.

 OnOct
ober1st1996,
ther
ewascr
eat
ionofaddi
ti
onal
182l
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
l
snat
ionwi
deand5

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

i
sforLagosst
atewhi
char
eKosof
e,I
fako-
Ij
aye,
Apapa,
Ajer
omi
Ifel
odunandAmuwoOdof
int
omake
t
henumber
sofl
ocal
gov
ernmenti
nLagos20.

 Of
fi
ceoft
hel
ocal
gov
ernmentadmi
nist
rat
ionwascr
eat
edt
oensur
ether
eisr
api
ddev
elopmentatt
he
gr
assr
ootl
evel
.

 Onassumpt
ionofof
fi
ceonMay29t
h1999,
theBol
aAhmedTi
nubuadmi
nist
rat
ionupgr
adedt
he
er
stwhi
l
eOf
fi
ceoft
heLocal
Gov
ernmentAdmi
nist
rat
ion(
O.L.
G.A)t
oaf
ull
fledgemi
nist
ryt
oensur
ethe
i
mpactoft
hegov
ernmenti
sfel
tatt
hegr
assr
ootl
evel
.

 Fol
l
owi
ngar
efer
endum onMay
212002,
theLagosst
ateHouseofAssembl
yrat
if
iedt
hebi
l
l
est
abl
i
shi
ngaddi
ti
onal
37newl
ocal
gov
ernment
s’counci
lbr
ingi
ngt
het
otal
to57.

 TheFeder
alGov
ernmentki
ckedagai
nstt
hei
deaoft
heLagosst
ategov
ernmentt
ocr
eat
enewl
ocal
gov
ernmentsay
ingi
tisunconst
it
uti
onal
whi
chr
esul
tedi
ntowi
thhol
dingt
hest
atut
oryl
ocal
gov
ernment
al
l
ocat
iont
oLagosst
atei
nabi
dtot
hwar
ttheef
for
toft
hest
ategov
ernment
.

 Recent
ly,
theLagosst
ategov
ernmentwasf
orcedt
orev
ertt
otheol
d20l
ocal
gov
ernmentcounci
l
s
t
her
ebyt
urni
ngt
he37newl
ocal
counci
l
stodev
elopmentar
eas.

CHAPTER10

THEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFEDUCATI
ONI
NLAGOSSTATE

 Thef
ir
stf
orm ofeducat
ioni
nLagosSt
atewasat
radi
ti
onal
one.

 I
nfor
mal
educat
ioni
saneducat
ionwhi
cht
akespl
acei
npedagogi
cal
l
yunor
gani
zedset
ti
ngs.

 For
mal
educat
ionr
efer
stoanor
gani
zedst
ruct
ureandv
isi
blysy
stemi
zedl
eani
ngt
akespl
acei
n
phy
sical
l
yident
if
iabl
epl
aces.

 West
erneducat
ioni
saf
ormal
typei
ntr
oducedt
oAf
ri
cansbyChr
ist
ianEur
opeanMi
ssi
onar
ies.

 Nonf
ormal
educat
ioni
saneducat
ionwhi
chcov
ersl
ear
ningandi
nst
ruct
ions.

 AwoSegbet
oni
sacommunal
andspeci
alschool
forboy
s

 I
slam gott
oWestAf
ri
cai
nthe8thcent
uryA.
Dthr
oughact
ivi
ti
esofNor
thAf
ri
canandAr
abt
rav
eler
s.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
nNi
ger
ia,
Isl
am wasf
ir
staccept
edbyt
heKanem r
uler
-UmeJi
l
imi
.

 I
slam sur
facedi
nLagosi
n1755.

 Wol
i
motr
epr
esent
sgr
aduat
ionf
rom Quar
ani
cSchool
.

 LagosMusl
i
msagr
eedt
opl
aceoneoft
hei
rschool
sundergov
ernmentcont
rol
in1896.

 Har
um Al
-RashedandAbdal
l
ahQual
i
m admoni
shedLagosMusl
i
mst
oembr
aceChr
ist
ianeducat
ioni
n
1894.

 Thef
ir
stgov
ernmentMusl
i
ms’ openedon15thJune,
school 1896onBankol
eSt
reet
.

 Thef
ir
stknownMusl
i
m school
wasest
abl
i
shedbyt
hecol
oni
algov
ernmenti
n1899.

 Thef
ir
stMusl
i
m school
est
abl
i
shedsol
elybyt
heMusl
i
msi
nAhaddi
yauSchool
Elegbet
a,Lagosopened
i
n1922.

 Themi
ssi
onar
iesi
ntr
oducedWest
erneducat
iont
oLagosSt
ate.

 Theol
destcol
oni
alpoweri
nAf
ri
cawasPor
tugal
(1472)
.

 Thef
ir
stknownwest
ernt
ypeschool
wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1843byWesl
eyanMi
ssi
onar
ies.(
Met
hodi
sts)

 I
twasdonebyaGhanai
an(
Fant
i)–Wi
l
li
am deGr
aft
.

 Gr
aftwasaccompani
edbyRev
dThomasBi
rchFr
eeman,
Graf
tset
tl
edi yon24thSept
nBadagr ember
,
1842.

 Theschool
wasknownasNur
ser
yoft
heI
nfantChur
ch.

 Theschool
ini
ti
all
yhadf
if
ty(
50)pupi
l
s.

 Mr
.andMr
s.Gr
aftwer
erepl
acedbyRev
dSamuel
Annearandhi
swi
fei
n1844.

 Achur
chmi
ssi
onar
ysoci
ety(
C.M.
S)t
eam ar
ri
vedi
nBadagr
y.Thi
steam compr
isedof
:

 Mr
.andMr
s.Samuel
Ajay
iCr
owt
her

 Rev
dandMr
s.Townsend

 Rev
dandMr
s.Gol
l
mer

 Messer
sWi
l
li
amsMar
ch

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Edwar
dPhi
l
ips

 C.
M.Sest
abl
i
shedt
woschool
sinBadagr
y.

 C.
M.Sl
eftf
orAbeokut
ain1846.

 Lagoswasannexedi
n1852.

 C.
M.Smi
ssi
ont
ransf
er oLagoson22ndJune,
encet 1852

 C.
M.Smai
ntai
ned17el
ement
aryandi
nfantdayschool
sforboy
sandgi
rl
s.

 TheWesl
eyans(
Met
hodi
sts)had6el
ement
aryschool
sandapupi
lenr
olmentof512i
n1881.

 RomanCat
hol
i
cMi
ssi
on(
R.C.
M)had4school
sinLagos.

 Sout
hAmer
icanBapt
istMi
ssi
onhadonl
yonepr
imar
yschool
inLagosi
n1882.

 Rev
dT.
BMacaul
ayofC.
M.Sest
abl
i
shedt
hef
ir
stsecondar
yschool
inNi
ger
iai
n1859.

 Wesl
eyanMi
ssi
on(
Met
hodi
sts)hadt
wosecondar
yschool
s.

 I
n1913,
Lagosar
eahad10secondar
yschool
s.(
Checkt
heText
bookt
oseet
hem)
.

 Thef
ir
stt
echni
cal
school
inLagosSt
atewasest
abl
i
shedf
ordel
i
nquent
sChi
l
dreni
n1876byR.
C.M

 Thef
ir
stor
dinancei
nLagosSt
atewaspr
omul
gat
edi
n1882.

 Henr
yCar
rbecamet
hef
ir
stAf
ri
canandNi
ger
iant
obeappoi
ntedsub-
inspect
orofschool
sfor
pr
otect
orat
eofLagos.

 LagosSt
ateadopt
edt
heUni
ver
sal
Freeeducat
ionPol
i
cyi
n1976.

 Al
haj
iL.
KJakandeandhi
scommi
ssi
onerf
oreducat
ionDr
.Ol
uwol
eIdr
isi
ntr
oducedf
reeeducat
ionat
al
ll
evel
s.

 Thef
ir
sti
nst
it
uti
onofhi
gherl
ear
ningwasYabaHi egeofJan19th,
gherCol
l 1934.

 YabaHi
gherCol
l
egewasof
fi
cial
l
yopenedbyt
heGov
ernor
,Si
rDonal
dCamer
on.

 YabaHi
gherCol
l
egei
snowknownYabaCol
l
egeofTechnol
ogy
.

 UNI
LAGwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1962byt
heAshbyCommi
ssi
onRepor
t.

 UNI
LAGt
ookof
fwi
tht
hreef
acul
ti
es;

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Medi
cine

 Law

 Busi
nessandSoci
alSci
ences

 Feder
alGov
ernmentst
art
edNat
ional
Techni
cal
Teacher
’sCol
l
egei
n1967.

 LagosSt
ateCol
l
egeofSci
enceandTechnol
ogywasest
abl
i
shedi
n1977atI
sol
o.

 LagosSt
ateCol
l
egeofeducat
ionst
art
edi
n1979.

 LagosSt
ateUni
ver
sit
ywasest
abl
i
shedt
hroughabi
l
lof1983.

 I
tcommencedf
ull
act
ivi
ti
esi
n1984atOj
o.

 Ot
edol
a’
sadmi
nist
rat
ionat
tempt
edt
omov
ethewhol
eschool
toEpebutcoul
donl
ysucceedi
ncr
eat
ing
acampust
her
e.

 LASUt
ookof
fwi
tht
hreef
acul
ti
es;

 Educat
ion

 Law

 Humani
ti
esandSci
ence

 LASUt
ookof
fwi
th342st
udent
s.

 Thef
ir
stPr
o-Chancel
l
orofLasuwasMr
.Just
iceAki
boSav
ageRt
d.(
CheckText
bookt
oseeal
lPr
o-
Chancel
l
orf
rom f
ir
stt
odat
e)

 Thest
oryofAdul
tli
ter
acycampai
gni
nNi
ger
iabegani
n1944.

 Maj
orA.
JCar
pent
erwasappoi
ntedt
hecount
ry’
sMassEducat
ionOf
fi
cer
.

 Ansar
-Ur
-DeenSoci
etyst
art
edl
i
ter
acywor
kinLagosi
n1945.

 Anedi
ctt
omakepr
ovi
sionsf
orest
abl
i
shmentofLagosSt
ateMassEducat
i gnedon7th
onagencysi
Januar
y,1991.

 Theedi
ctwassi
gnedbyMi
l
itar
yGov
ernor
,Col
Rasaki
.

 I
nter
nat
ional
Lit
er s8thSept
acydayi ember
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER11

RECONNECTI
NGI
KORODU:ADI
SCOURSE

 I
kor
odul
i
esonapl
ateau

 I
kor
odui
sabout5.
3squar
eki
l
omet
ersf
rom nor
tht
osout
h

 Gbasemo/Agast
ream i
sint
hesout
her
npar
tofI
kor
odu

 Or
ij
ast
ream i
slocat
edi
ntheNor
thofI
kor
odut
own

 Maj
i
dunr
iveri
sint
hewestofI
kor
odu

 Ast
rai
ghtl
i
neconnect
sIt
amagat
oAbel
-Abuf
act
oryi
ntheEast
ernpar
tofI
kor
odu

 I
kor
odui
sdomi
nat
edbyt
heRemosandI
jebus

 Al
argemaj
ori
tyofI
kor
odur
esi
dent
sar
efr
om t
heRemot
ri
be

 Ogai
sthel
egendar
yfounder
/di
scov
ererofI
kor
odu

 Ogai
sagr
eathunt
erandpr
inceofRemot
hatwentonhunt
ingexpedi
ti
onwi
thhi
syoungerbr
other

 Pr
inceSekumadei
sOga’
syoungerbr
other

 Sekumadeset
tl
edi
nIpakodonearLagoonbeach

 Ogbor
ini
sanAgemopr
iestf
rom I
dowai
nIj
ebu

 Ogbor
inl
edI
jebupeopl
etoI
kor
odu

 Agemochi
l
drenar
epr
iest
s

 Thecont
rov
ersyov
erwhoact
ual
l
yfoundedI
kor
oduwasbet
weenOga(
Remo)andOgbor
in(
Idowa)
chi
l
dren

 TheRemosst
art
edt
her
uler
shi
pofI
kor
odu

 I
kor
oducul
tur
eandt
radi
ti
onscoul
dber
egar
dedasI
jebuext
ract

 I
kor
oduhadacl
ose-
kni
trel
ati
onshi
pwi
tht
heI
jebuoft
heRemost
ocki
nthepr
e-col
oni
aler
a

 TheI
laj
eswer
esai
dtohav
ebeenf
ishi
ngandi
nhabi
ti
ngt
hecoastofI
kor
odu

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 El
epeandAkar
igbower
ebr
other
swhol
eftI
remoquar
ter
sinI
le-
If
eforI
kor
odu

 Shagamuwast
heRemot
ownOgal
eftf
orI
kor
odut
ost
artanewdy
nast
y

 I
kor
oduHi
ghpr
iestmustconsul
twi
tht
heHi
ghpr
iestofRemol
andt
olegi
ti
mizesacr
if
iceatev
ery
f
est
ival

 Remol
anddet
ermi
nesHi
ghChi
efel
ect
ioni
nIkor
odu

 I
kor
oduandI
per
usuppor
tedAwuj
aledur
ingYor
ubaci
vi
lwar
sandl
aterwi
thdr
awt
hei
rsuppor
t

 Hi
nder
erwast
heRev
erendt
hatt
rav
eledonI
jebu-
Remor
out
etoLagos

 Awuj
aleenj
oyedI
kor
odu’
ssuppor
tbet
ween1860-
1861

 I
kor
oduwi
thdr
ewsuppor
tfr
om Awuj
aleduet
ohi
sref
usal
toendhost
il
it
yagai
nstI
badan

 I
per
u,MakunandI
par
aar
eRemot
ownst
hatl
i
ftedar
mst
radeembar
goonI
badan

 Ewe-
Ogai
sanI
kor
oduYout
hOr
gani
zat
iont
hatowesal
l
egi
ancet
oRemo.Ewe-
Ogaal
sosuppor
tedand
wi
thdr
ewsuppor
tfr
om Awuj
ale.

 AgemoandEl
ukuar
emaj
orcul
tur
alf
est
ival
sinI
kor
odu

 Ewe-
Ogai
stheYout
hOr
gani
zat
ionwhi
chenl
i
venst
heexpl
oit
sofOgai
nthemi
ndsoft
hepeopl
e

 Ewe-
Ogawasf
oundedi
n1852

 AsAgemoi
stoI
jebul
and,
Elukui
stoRemol
and

 Thef
ir
stdayofAgemof
est
ival
wascel
ebr
atedi
nIj
ebul
andbyAgemopr
iestofI
kor
odu

 Remol
andwaspr
otect
iveandcar
ingov
erI
kor
odudur
ingt
hecol
oni
aler
a

 Sagamu,
Oger
eandI
li
sanar
eRemoset
tl
ement
s

 Er
i-
Ikor
oducel
ebr
ati
onof
tenpr
ecedeOr
ofest
ival

 Peopl
ewer
easkedt
obei
ndoordur
ingt
heev
eofOr
ofest
ival
in1911

 Thecol
oni
alset
tl
ers’
war
ningt
hatOr
ofest
ival
mustnothol
dledt
oOr
opr
iest
spr
otest

 Or
opr
iest
spr
otestl
edt
oci
vi
ldi
sobedi
encei
nIkor ember22nd,
oduonSept 1912

 Oger
eHi
ghpr
iesti
sal
way
spr
esentdur
ingsacr
if
icesont
heev
eofEl
ukuf
est
ival

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 El
ukuf
est
ival
iscel
ebr
atedi
nal
lremoset
tl
ement
sincl
udi
ngI
kor
odu

 Ot
awast
hepr
omi
nentI
kor
odupr
iest
esst
hatconf
ront
edEur
opeanset
tl
ersov
ercul
tur
alv
aluesi
n1946

 Anywomanwhowear
sascar
fandshoescont
radi
ctt
henor
msofAgemof
est
ival
dur
ingt
hef
est
ival
per
iod

 Asi
egewasl
aidbyt
hecol
oni
alpol
i
ceatAgemoshr
inebecauseoft
her
efusal
tost
opAgemof
est
ival

 Ot
aist
hecust
odi
anofEr
i-
Ikor
odur
it
es

 I
kor
odu’
scul
tur
alhi
stor
yisar
emi
nderoft
hei
nter
connect
ednessofYor
ubat
radi
ti
onsandr
eli
gion.

CHAPTER12

LAGOS:LANDSCAPEANDLI
TERARYTROPES

 Cul
tur
eisder
ivedf
rom apeopl
e’
swayofl
i
fe.

 Today
,Lagosandi
tsenv
ironsi
sst
il
laf
astgr
owi
ngi
ntoacosmopol
i
ticanur
bancent
er

 Thei
nter
vent
ionofwest
erni
mper
ial
i
stexpl
oresi
ntoAf
ri
canwast
oyi
eldgoodgr
ounds

 Thewest
erni
mper
ial
i
stexpl
oresal
sogai
nedf
oot
hol
dsal
ongLagos,
Cal
abar
,War
rii
nNi
ger
iaand
Dehnomey
,Gol
dCoast,
Sier
raLeone,
andSenegal
from ot
herpar
t

 By1861,
Lagosbecameanannexur
eofGr
eatBr
it
ain

 TheAnnexur
ebecomet
heear
li
estsi
gnsoft
oday
’spr
ocessesofgl
obal
i
zat
ion

 TheSar
oar
eknownast
her
etur
neesl
aves

 TheSar
ofr
om t
heAmer
icasandbr
azi
lvi
aSi
err
aLeoneset
tl
edi
nLagosandAbeokut
a

 TheYor
ubaLanguagehadgai
nedi
tsbasi
cor
thogr
aphyal
ongLagos–Abeokut
aaxi
s

 Thef
ir
stmi
ssi
onar
yschool
wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1842i
nBadagr
ybyWesl
eyanmi
ssi
on

 Theemer
genceofeducat
edel
i
teswer
einst
rument
alt
othef
ormat
ionofsoci
alcl
ubs

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thesol
eresponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hecl
ubwasr
esear
chi
ngYor
ubahi
stor
yandcul
tur
e

 Thef
oll
owi
ngcl
ubsar
e;

 LagosMut
ual
Impr
ovementcl
ub(
1879)

 EkoEl
i
te(
1891)

 LagosNat
iveResear
chSoci
ety(
1903)

 Thepubl
i
shi
nghouseswer
eal
sot
hev
oicef
ort
heemer
genteducat
ionel
i
tes

 Thepubl
i
shi
nghousesI
ncl
udesLagosst
andar
d,LagosTi
me,
LagosObser
verandLagoscr
it
ic

 Thepubl
i
shi
nghousesal
socar
ri
edoutt
hef
indi
ngsoft
hosesoci
alcl
ubs

 Lagosi
sal
soamel
ti
ngpotofdi
ver
seet
hni
csandcul
tur
es

 Thepeopl
eofLagosar
ebet
terknownf
orcommer
cial
vent
ures

 I
nInv
est
igat
ingNi
ger
ianLi
ter
atur
e,Eko/
Lagoswasdi
scov
erasqui
teaubi
qui
tousphenomenai
nthi
s
Li
ter
atur
es

 Lagosoccur
sinmet
aphor
,Li
ter
aryt
ropeorphy
sical
Cont
entwher
eact
iont
akepl
ace

 Kol
eOmot
oso’
sNov
elgr
aphi
cal
l
ydescr
ibesact
ual
placei
nLagosSuchasI
koy
i,Obal
endeand
Sur
uler
ebecauseoft
hef
act
ual
nat
ureandt
henecessi
tyofst
ayi
ngcl
oset
oreal
Lif
esi
tuat
ion.

 RasheedGbadamosi
,aLagosi
an,
inhi
s1972pl
ay,
“Echoesf
rom TheLagoon”usest
het
opogr
aphyof
Lagossy
mbol
i
cal
l
y.

 RasheedGbadamosiusest
heLand/wat
ercapeofLagosasmat
eri
alf
ordel
i
neat
ingt
hedi
chot
omi
es
ofweal
thandcl
assofpeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nLagos

 Thepl
aywr
ightusest
heLagoont
olat
ali
sti
cal
l
ysepar
atet
hel
i
vingquar
ter
sandl
i
vesoft
her
ichand
af
fl
uentChi
efEr
inl
aCoconedi
nhi
smansi
onwi
thi
tshi
ghwal
l
sfr
om t
hesquai
dghet
toofTanko,
his
mot
her
,Adunni
andTen–t
en

 Cl
assDi
scr
imi
nat
ionsandi
tsi
nequi
ti
esmakei
timpossi
blef
orTankoandComf
ortEr
inl
atof
ull
y
r
eal
i
zet
hei
rlov
e

 Femi
Osof
ian’
spl
ayMi
dni
ghtHot
el

 Femi
Osof
iandescr
ibesLagosast
hebi
gci
tywher
esexi
sSor
didandodi
ousbusi
ness.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Lagoswomant
ypi
fi
edasl
i
cent
iousCompl
etel
yimmor
ali
sanot
hermot
ifi
nLi
ter
atur
es

 Cy
pri
anEkwensi
li
keOsof
isani
nJaguaNanaal
sopai
ntst
hepi
ctur
eoft
ypi
cal
Lagoswoman

 I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatJaguaNanabecomesapr
ost
it
utei
nLagos

 JaguaNanabecameapr
ost
it
uteduet
oherpr
odi
giousandunsat
iabl
edesi
ref
oradv
ent
ureand
exci
tement

 Nanabecomest
heMet
aphorf
orexpl
ori
ngt
empor
aryev
il
sofLagosl
i
fe,
i
tsCr
imeandCor
rupt
ion

 Lagosi
sal
mostent
ir
elysur
roundedbywat
erl
i
ket
heCar
ibbeanar
chi
perl
ago

 I
slandsandCr
eeksar
ethet
womai
nbodi
esofwat
erexi
sti
nLagos

 TheMur
kywat
ersoft
heLagoonandVi
ctor
iabeachi
smor
eCommonl
yCal
l
edt
he“barbeach”i
n
Lagos

 TheLagosI
slandi
sot
her
wiseknownasI
sal
e–Eko

 TheMai
nlandusedt
oconsi
stofEbut
eMet
aandol
dYabaar
easbutt
hesehav
egr
owni
ntosuch
pr
evi
ousl
yunknownar
eaasI
kej
a,Agege,
Magodoe.
t.
c

 Thehi
ghbr
owI
koy
iandVi
ctor
iaI
slandwer
eal
soSeper
atedf
rom t
heI
sal
e–EkoPor
tugueseand
Br
azi
l
ianquar
ter
sbyt
heLagoon

 Av
eter
eranwomanwr
it
er,
Buchi
Emechet
agr
ewupi
nLagos

 Buchi
Emechet
aspeaksoft
heseVar
iouspar
tsofLagosaswewi
tnessi
nhernov
els:

 I
ntheDi
tch(
1972)

 SecondCl
assCi
ti
zen(
1974)

 TheBr
idePr
ice(
1976)

 TheJoy
sofMot
her
hood(
1979)

 Atot
herl
evel
sofI
nter
pret
ati
on,
wat
eri
sseenasal
i
fegi
verandsust
ainer

 Wat
ercl
eansi
ngandmedi
cinal
qual
i
tiesar
ewi
del
yknown

 Thebi
blespeakst
he“
wat
erofl
i
fe”aSour
ceofSpi
ri
tual
heal
i
ng

 TheVer
sat
il
eCur
ati
vepower
sdef
il
edsev
eral
wat
eri
nNi
ger
iaandAf
ri
ca

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheMammywat
er(
Theal
l
uri
ngl
ybeaut
if
ulqueenoft
hesea)
.

 TheMul
ti
tudesI
gnor
ant
lyt
hrongsLagosseeki
ngt
hemy
thi
cal
gol
denf
leecear
ewai
nedbyt
hemaxi
m

 TheMaxi
mincl
ude

Ekoaket
e,I
luogon–l
oosl
ytr
ansl
ated–Lagosexl
i
xir
,Landf
orLear
ning

 Lagosi
sal
sousedasaSpr
ingboar
dfori
nter
nat
ional
i
zingseemi
ngl
ocal
issues.

 Onei
senough(
1982)
waswr
ii
tenbyFl
oraNwapadepi
ctsLagosasapl
acewher
ether
ear
e
oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orwomant
oaccesst
hepostci
vi
l–waroi
lboom t
ogai
neconomi
cempower
ment

 Si
mil
art
oFl
oraNwapa,
Sef
iat
tai
nEv
ery
thi
ngGoodwi
l
lCome”(
2005)showv
ari
ouswomenl
i
keSher
,
Eni
tan,
theBakar
ewi
veset
c

 Nwapa’
sNov
elpr
ecedest
he1995Conf
erence

 Nwapa’
sher
oine,
Amakacomest
oLagosandhasat
ransf
ormi
ngey
e–openi
ngexper
ience

 Amakaj
oinst
heCashMadam Cl
ubt
ofr
eeher
sel
ffr
om t
yrannyofmal
eaut
hor
it
y

 Amakaest
abl
i
shf
emal
eaut
onomyi
nther
adi
cal
li
ber
ati
oni
stpost
ureofwest
ernEur
opeanwoman

 Amakaandpossi
blyEni
tanandSher
iar
etheCont
empor
aryandCor
rel
ati
vesoft
heLegendar
yMadam
Ti
nubuofLagos

 ObaKosokobani
shedMadam Ti
nubuf
rom LagosandMadam Ti
nubuf
leest
oAbeokut
a

 Ef
unset
anAmi
wur
aSul
fer
edSi
mil
arf
ateofMadam Ti
nububyt
heOy
oEmpi
re

 Madam Ti
nubuandEf
unset
anAmi
wur
enet
wor
kandt
heybecameknownt
hrought
hei
ract
ivi
sm

 Theessent
ial
poi
nti
sthatawomanneedst
oseet
heusef
ulnessandi
mpor
tanceoff
ormi
ngi
nter
act
ive
r
elat
ionshi
pamongt
hemsel
ves.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER13

AGENERALI
NTRODUCTI
ONTOI
SLAM I
NLAGOSSTATE

 Pr
of.BabsFaf
unwai
nhi
sbooks“
Hist
oryofEducat
ioni
nNi
ger
ia”asser
tst
hatI
slam pr
edat
es
Chr
ist
iani
tyi
nNi
ger
iaby300y
ear
s.

 TheBer
ber
sofNor
thAf
ri
cai
ntr
oducedI
slam i
ntoKar
em Bor
nui
nNor
ther
nNi
ger
iai
nthe11thcent
ury
.

 Pr
of.OmosadeAwol
aluconf
ir
mst
hatMusl
i
mscommuni
ti
eshadbeenest
abl
i
shedi
nYor
ubal
and
bef
oret
hey
ear1840.

 Accor
dingt
oM.
O.AAbdul
,I
slam sur
facedi
nLagosi
n1775.

 I
slam r
eachedBadagr
yin1821.

 Epeembr
acedI
slam i
n1851whenKosokoandhi
sfol
l
ower
swhower
emai
nlyMusl
i
mswer
eexpel
l
ed
f
rom Lagosandt
heywentt
oEpet
oset
tl
e.

 EpeMusl
i
mwasl
edbyMal
l
am I
dri
sSal
uGana.

 I
slam r
ecei
vedaboosti
nBadagr
yin1844whenShi
tt
aBeyandaboutf
if
tyofhi
sfol
l
ower
sar
ri
vedf
rom
Si
err
aLeoneandspent8y
ear
sther
e.

 Shi
tt
aBeyandhi
sfol
l
ower
smov
edt
oLagosi
n1852andset
tl
edatMar
ti
nSt
reet
.

 I
slam waspr
act
icedi
nsecr
etbecauset
heMusl
i
mswer
etet
her
edbyt
hey
okeofr
eli
giousper
secut
ion
andexpel
l
edf
rom Lagost
wice.

 TheLagosMusl
i
mrecei
vedmor
aleboost
erbet
ween1840and1860when2gr
oupsofexpat
ri
ates
ar
ri
vedi
nLagosf
rom abr
oadt
ochampi
ont
hei
rcause.

 I
n1841,
thati
saf
ter66y
ear
sofcl
andest
iner
eli
giousser
vicest
heaut
hor
it
iesal
l
owedt
heMusl
i
mst
o
wor
shi
popenl
yfort
hef
ir
stt
ime.

 Thef
ir
stFr
idaycongr
egat
ional
pray
er(
Jumatpr
ayer
)waspubl
i
clyhel
donaspotknownas
Ani
mashaunl
ane.

 Thet
wogr
oupsofr
epat
ri
ateswhoconsol
i
dat
edt
heMusl
i
m’swer
etheSar
osandt
heAgudas.

 TheSar
oswer
erepat
ri
atesf
rom Si
err
aLeonet
hatset
tl
edatOl
owogbowoandI
sal
e-Ekoar
easofLagos.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheSar
osbui
l
tthei
rfi
rstbi
gmosquei
n1861atOl edJami
owogbowocal
l uMubar
aq(
ini
ti
all
y)andwas
l
aterknownasHor
obayMosque.

 Amongt
heSar
osar
efami
l
iesl
i
keAbdal
l
ahCol
e,MuhammedSav
age,
UmarandWi
l
li
ams.

 TheAgudaswer
efr
om Br
azi
lasYor
ubapr
imar
il
yref
erst
oBr
azi
l
ians.

 TheAgudasar
ri
vedi
nLagosar
ound1840,
set
tl
edatBamgboseSt
reeti
nLagosandbui
l
tmosquesl
i
ke
t
heOl
osun,
Alagbay
un,
Tai
ruandEj
omosques.

 Not
abl
efami
l
iesamongt
heAgudagr
oupar
ePedr
o,Mar
ti
n,Da-
Sil
va,
Gomeze.
t.
c.

 At
tendanceatmostmosquesi
nLagosst
atei
spoordur
ingt
hedai
l
ypr
ayer
swhi
chcanbeat
tri
but
edt
o
t
hehust
leandbust
leoft
heci
ty.

 I
slami
ceducat
ionwast
hef
ir
stf
orm ofeducat
ionknowni
nLagos

 Henr
yCar
rin1892er
roneousl
yref
err
edt
oMusl
i
msandTr
adi
ti
onal
i
stas“
heat
hensandadr
agt
oour
pr
ogr
ess”
.

 Fr
om 1862t
o1886,
thegov
ernorhadi
nst
ruct
ions“
tomakesuchmeasur
esi
nthecount
ry(
Niger
ia)as
hemi
ghtconsi
dernecessar
yfort
heconv
ersi
onoft
hepeopl
etot
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
h”.

 I
slam i
sindeepr
omancewi
theducat
ionast
hef
ir
stf
ivev
erseoft
heGl
ori
ousQur
’anr
eveal
edt
o
pr
ophetMuhammedemphasi
zedt
heneedf
oreducat
ion.

 TheQur
’anal
sost
atest
hatamanwi
thknowl
edgei
sbet
tert
hanonewi
thouti
tandi
tal
sour
gesmant
o
acqui
reknowl
edge.

 Agai
nstHenr
yCar
r’
sst
atementt
hatMusl
i
m wer
e‘dr
ags’
,Numer
ical
syst
em nowusedal
lov
ert
he
wor
ldwer
eint
roducedbyi
ntr
oducedbyMusl
i
m schol
ars.

 MuhammedI
bnMusawast
hef
ir
stt
ousedeci
mal
not
ati
on.

 Sur
ger
yandphar
macol
ogywer
eint
roducedbyI
bnZohr
.

 Thedi
ssuasi
onofMusl
i
m andI
slami
ceducat
ioni
ngov
ernmentownedschool
scont
ri
but
edt
othe
decl
i
nei
nspi
ri
tual
inv
olv
ementamongl
ear
nedMusl
i
ms.

 Thewor
d‘I
slam’
meanssubmi
ssi
onorent
eri
ngi
ntopeace.

 Ther
eli
gionofI
slam i
mpl
i
essubmi
ssi
ont
owi
l
lofAl
might
yAl
l
ahi
nrecogni
ti
onofhi
simmor
ali
ty,
omni
pot
enceandomni
presence.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
slam i
sthenat
urei
nwhi
chAl
l
ahcr
eat
edt
hewor
ld.

 Al
lcr
eat
uressubmi
ttoAl
l
ahandal
lthi
ngsf
oll
owanat
ural
cour
se.

 Any
onewhobel
i
evesi
nlawofnat
ureorl
awofAl
l
ahi
saMusl
i
m oronewhosubmi
tst
othel
awofAl
l
ah.

 Thet
woMusl
i
mfest
ival eI
sar dAl
-kabi
randI
dAl
-f
it
ri
.

 I
dAl
-kabi
rcommemor
atespr
ophetI
braheem’
sful
fi
ll
mentofhi
sgr
eatpr
omi
set
oAl
l eI
ahwhi
l dAl
-f
it
ri
mar
kst
heendofRamadanf
ast
.

 Mohammedani
sm,
whi
chi
sanameof
tenusedbyor
ient
ali
stswhenr
efer
ri
ngt
oIsl
am Iami
snomer
.

 I
slam doesnotbr
ookgl
ori
fi
cat
ionofanysuper
-humanbei
ngorher
o-wor
shi
ppi
ngordei
fi
cat
ionof
pr
ophet
s.

 ThenameI
slam wasgi
vent
othi
srel
i
gioni
nQur
’ 3“
an5: IhavechosenI
slam f
oryouasar
eli
gion”and
18“
3: cer
tai
nlyt
het
ruer
eli
gionwi
thAl
l
ahi
sIsl
am”
.

 Fol
l
ower
soft
heI
slami
cfai
thar
eknownasMusl
i
ms.

 Yor
ubaMusl
i
msar
eof
t ed‘
encal
l I
mal
e’whi
chmayi yI
mpl mol
i
leorI
mot
iol
ei.
e.ani
ntol
erabl
erel
i
gion.

 Theor
igi
noft
heer
r I
or“mal
e”hasbeent
racedt
otheol
dMal
iEmpi
re(
whi
chcol
l
apsedi
n1464)f
rom
wher
eIsl
ami
cinr
oadswer
emadei
ntoNi
ger
i heendof14thcent
aatt ury
.

 Yor
ubapeopl
ecal
l
edI
slam t
her
eli
gionoft ans(
heMal
i esi
nawonar
amal
i
),t
her
eli
gionofMal
i(esi
n
Mal
i
)unt
ili
tbecamet
her
eli
gionofI
mal
e(esi
nimal
e).

 I
slam i
sbasedonf
ivepi
l
lar
snamel
y;I
man(
fai
th)
,Sol
at,
Zakat
,Sawn(
fast
ing)andHaj
j
.

 Ther
ear
esi
xar
ti
clesoff
ait
hinI
slam whi
char
e;Bel
i
efi
nAl
l
ah,
Bel
i
efi
nrev
eal
edbooks,
Bel
i
efi
n
pr
ophet
s,Bel
i
evei
nQadar
,Bel
i
evei
nlastDayofJudgment
.

 TheQur
’ani
sdi
vi
dedi
nto30equal
par
ts,
eachofwhi sknownasJuz(
chi par
t)andeachJuzi
s
subdi
vi
dedi
nt hi
o60equal zb.

 Eachchapt
erorsur
ahi
sar
rangedi
nv sesknownasAy
er ah(
signorcommuni
cat
ionf
rom Al
l
ah)
.

 Ther
evel
ati
onoft
heQur
’anst
art
edi
nthey
ear610C. nCav
E.i eHi
rahi
nMakkah.

 Muhammad,
towhom t
heQur
’anwasr
eveal
ed,
wast
hen40y
ear
sol
d.

 Ther
evel
ati
onofQur
’anspanned23y
ear
sendi
ngi
nFebr
uar
y632C.
E.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thecl
aimt
hatMuhammedbr
andi
shedt
heswor
dinhi
sri
ghthandwhi
l
etheQur
’anwasi
nhi
slef
t,
f
orci
ngpeopl
etoacceptI
slam i
stot
all
ybasel
esssi
ncet
heQur
’anwasnoty
eti
nbookf
ormi
n
Muhammad’
sli
fet
ime.

 Bor
swor
thSmi
thcal
l
eddQur
’anami
racl
e.

 Hi
rschf
eldr
egar
dst
heQur
’anel
oquenceandconv
i ngpowerasnul
nci l
isecundus.

 25pr
ophet
sar
ement
ionedi
ntheGl
ori
ousQur
’anbutt
her
ear
easmanyas124,
000.

 I
tisbel
i
evedt
hatev
erynat
ionhasapr
ophete.
gMusat
oEgy
pt,
Luqmant
oEt
hopi
a,Sal
i
htoAr
abi
ae.
t.
c.

 Whi
l
eot
herpr
ophet
shav
ejur
isdi
cti
onal
li
mit
ati
ons,
iti
sonl
ypr
ophetMuhammadwhowassentt
othe
whol
euni
ver
se.

 Qadari
sof
tenmi
sint
erpr
etedt
omeanpr
edest
inat
ion(
e.g.Al
l
ahpr
edest
ine‘
A’t
obeami
l
li
onai
re,
‘D’
to
mam)butQadar
beani ’sr
eal
meani
ngi
sdi
vi
nemeasur
ementoft
hingse.
g.Al
l sQadarofanor
ah’ ange
i
sthati
tpr
oducesor
angesnotcoconut
sorbanana.

 Qadari
slawofnat
ureandbel
i nQadarshoul
efi dmeanbel
i
efi
nAl
l
ah’
slawofnat
ureorAl
l
ah’
sdi
vi
ne
measur
e.

 “
Kal
i
matAl
-Shahadah”
:‘Lai
l
ahai
l
alah,
Muhammadur
asul
ulah’
admi
tsaper
soni
ntoI
slam.

 Thedoct
ri
neofuni
tyofAl
l
ahorHi
sonenessi
scent
ral
toI
slam.

 Sol
at,
thesecondpi
l
larofI
slam meansr
it
ual
pray
erwhi
chMusl
i
msar
etoobser
ve5t
imesdai
l
y.

 Thef
ivedai
l
ypr
ayer eknownasSubh,
sar Zuhr
,Asr
,Maghr
ibandI
sha’
l
.

 Ther
it
ual
pray
erenhanceshumanpi
etyandpr
omot
esascet
ici
sm.

 Zakatmeanspoorr
atedesi
gnedt
obr
idget
hegapbet
weent
her
ichandt
hepoor
.

 Zakati
spai
dannual
l
yincashorki
nd.2½%ofone’
smoney
,onet
ent
hofcr
ops,
2½%ofmer
chandi
se
andt
hatofani
mal
sdependsont
hesi
zeofone’
sher
d.

 Sawnmeansobl
i
gat
oryf
ast
ingobser
vedbyMusl
i
msdur
ingt
hemont
hofRamadan.

 Sawni
sobser
vedf
orei
ther29or30day
stoenhancehumanpi
ety
.

 Haj
ji
spi
l
gri oMakkahembar
maget kedupont
oobser
vepr
escr
iber
it
ual
int
heHol
yland.

 Haj
ji
scompul
sor
yforev
eryMusl
i
m mal
eorf
emal
ewhohast
hemeansaswel
last
heheal
th.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
slam educat
ionusual
l
yfol
l
owst
heest
abl
i
shmentofI
slam i
nanygi
venar
eaandLagoswasno
except
ion.

 Thest
udyoft
heQur
’anbegani
nLagosassoonast
her
eli
gionwasi
ntr
oduced.

 Musl
i
msofLagosusedt
hemosquesasschool
.

 Despi
tet
heent
husi
asm andt
hir
stf
orknowl
edgeofMusl
i
ms,
theyshowedapat
hyt
othemi
ssi
onar
y
school
.

 Pr
of.Faf
unwacont
endt
hatMusl
i
m educat
ioni
nNi
ger
iawasr
etar
dednotbecauset
heMusl
i
mswer
e
unpr
ogr
essi
veort
hei
rrel
i
gionwasopposedt
ofor
mal
educat
ionbutbecausef
ormal
educat
ioni
nthose
day
swasbi
asedi
nfav
orofChr
ist
iani
ty.

 Al
-Haj
jHar
unAl
-Rashi
d,adi
sti
ngui
shedMusl
i
m schol
ar,
arr
ivedi
nLagosonApr
il20,
1894t
oper
suade
f
ell
owMusl
i
mst
oembr
acewest
erneducat
ion.

 TheSul
tanofTur
keyal
sowr
otei
nJul
y1894ur
gingLagosMusl
i
mst
opr
ovi
dewest
erneducat
ionf
or
t
her
isi
ngMusl
i
m gener
ati
on.

 I
nJul
y1894,
aMusl
i
mlawy
erbasedi
nBr
it
ain,
Abdal
l
ahQui
l
lam ur
gedMusl
i
mst
oacceptwest
ern
educat
ioni
nanaddr
esshedel
i
ver
edatt
heopeni
ngoff
amousShi
tt
aBeyMosquei
nLagos.

 Thef
ir
stgov
ernmentmusl
i
m school
inLagosst
atewassi
tuat
edatBankol
est
reetwi
thi
tsheadmast
er
Mr
.Idr
isAni
mashaunwasopenedonJune15,
1896wi
th40boy
sand46y
oungmen.

 Theschool
sweek-
daywasSat
urday–Wednesday
.

 Epehadt
hei
rMusl
i
m school
in1898whi
l
eBadagr
ygoti
tsowni
n1899.

 Today
,Isl
ami
ceducat
ioni
nLagosst
atei
sbei
ngpur
suedi
n4di
ff
erentschool
s

 Tr
adi
ti
onal
Qur
ani
cschool
soper
ati
ngi
nmosques,
int
hecool
shadeoft
reese.
t.
c.

 Moder
nQur
ani
cschool
s(madr
asah)whi
chadoptsev
eral
impr
ovedmet
hodandar
ebet
ter
or
gani
zed.

 Gov
ernmentownedsecondar
yschool
swher
eIRKi
staughtasasubj
ect
.

 I
slami
ccour
set
aughti
n3pr
omi
nenti
nst
it
uti
onsofhi
gherl
ear
ningi
nLagosnamel
y;UNI
LAG,
LASU&AOCOED.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 LagosSt
ateUni
ver
sit
yrunsaBachel
orofAr
tscour
sei
nIsl
ami
cst
udi
esi
nDepar
tmentofRel
i
gious
st
udi
esi
nwhi
chst
udent
sal
sot
akescour
sesi
nChr
ist
ianst espar
udi ipassuandvi
cev
ersa.

 I
tisbel
i
evedt
hatadher
entsofbot
hrel
i
giousneedt
oknowmor
eabouteachot
hert
oenhancesel
f-
r
espectandt
oler
ance

CHAPTER14

I
SLAMI
CMORALI
TYANDLAGOSENVI
RONMENT

 Mor
ali
tyi
sdef
inedast
hesi
mpl
eet
iquet
teofbehav
iouraccept
edasnor
m bysoci
ety
.

 Mor
ali
tyi
sthepowerofdi
sti
ngui
shi
nggoodf
rom bad.

 D.
FAsaj
useesmor
ali
tyast
henor
m,codeorr
ulesandpr
inci
plesofhumanconductatper
sonal
,
i
nter
per
sonal
andsoci
etal
lev
els.

 TheAr
abi
cter
m whi
chcor
respondswi
thmor
ali
tyi
s‘KHULQ'
meani
ngi
nnat
edi
sposi
ti
on,
char
act
er,
et
hicsormor
ali
ty.

 Accor
dingt
oIsl
am,
what
everl
eadst
othewel
far
eofi
ndi
vi
dual
ort
hesoci
etyi
smor
all
ygoodand
what
everi
sinj
uri
ousi
smor
all
ybad.

 Mor
ali
tyi
sinconf
ormi
tywi
tht
her
ightr
ulesofconduct
.

 I
MMANUELKANTsawr
eli
gionast
her
ecogni
ti
onofdut
iesar
isi
ngf
rom di
vi
necommands.

 F.
HBr
adl
eydef
inesr
eli
gionas:
theat
temptt
oexpr
esst
hecompl
eter
eal
i
tyofgoodnesst
hroughev
ery
aspectofourbei
ng.

 KantandBr
adl
eydef
ini
ti
onsabov
ear
ever
yrel
aventbecausef
rom t
hem weseewher
emor
ali
tycomes
i
ntor
eli
gion.

 Rel
i
gionser
vesasgui
dest
omor
al.

 Mor
alsar
ecent
ral
tor
eli
gioust
eachi
ngs.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thewor
dRELI
GIONi
sor
igi
nal
l
yder
ivedf
rom t
heLat
inwor
d‘RELI
GIO’
meani
ng‘
TOBI
ND'
or‘
TOTI
E'.

 Thenobl
epr
ophetofI
slam (
S.A.
W)i
sdescr
ibedasonewhopossessedt
hehi
ghestmor
alst
andar
d.

 Thef
oremostandf
undament
ali
nst
it
uti
onoft
hehumansoci
etyi
sthef
ami
l
yuni
t.

 Thecor
rectf
orm ofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenmanandwomani
smar
ri
age.

 I
slam hol
dst
hatanyf
orm ofext
ramat
ri
moni
alsexr
elat
ionshi
passi
nful
,for
bidden(
HARAM)and
puni
shabl
eundercr
imi
nal
lawofI
slam.

 Dut
iesofpar
ent
sincl
udes;
upbr
ingi
ng,
breastf
eedi
ng,
gui
dance,
disci
pli
ne.

 Dut
iesofchi
l
dreni
ncl
ude;
respectf
orpar
ent
s,goodnesst
opar
ent
s,goodnesst
orel
ati
vesand
nei
ghbour
s.

 TheconceptI
HSANdenot
eswhati
sri
ght
,goodandbeaut
if
ul.

 Nei
ghbour
saccor
dingt
otheQur
’anar
eint
hreest
ages:

o Anei
ghbourwhoi
sal
soar
elat
ion.

o Anal
i
ennei
ghbour
.

o Casual
ort
empor
arynei
ghbour
.

 Anat
ioni
srequi
redt
o.basei
tspol
i
ticsonj
ust
ice,
trut
handhonest
y.

 Aheadofst
atei
nIsl
am i
sei
thercal
l
edKHALI
ForAMI
RorI
MAM.

 Thepeopl
eresponsi
bil
i
tyt
oconst
it
utedaut
hor
it
yist
orespectl
awsandobeyi
tsor
der
s.

 Ci
ti
zensowel
eader
scooper
ati
onbyobey
ingr
ulesandpay
ingt
axespr
ompt
ly.(
Q21:
107)

 I
slam makest
heeconomi
csat
isf
act
ionofeconomi
cneedsapr
e-r
equi
sit
efort
hemor
alandspi
ri
tual
upl
i
ftmentofman.

 TheNobel
ProphetMuhammad(
S.A.
W)descr
ibedt
hosewhobet
rayt
rustashy
pocr
it
es.

 Somev
irt
uesaccor
dingt
oIsl
am i
ncl
udes:
piet
y,j
ust
ice,
sincer
it
y,humi
l
ity
,pat
ience,
sel
fdi
sci
pli
ne,
peacef
ulcoexi
stence,
dressi
nget
iquet
tes,
ful
fi
lmentofpr
omi
sesandt
rust
.

 Somev
icesaccor
dingt
oIsl
am i
ncl
udes:
hypocr
isy
,anger
,ly
ing,
pri
de,
env
y,sel
fdesi
re.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER15

ORI
GINANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECATHOLI
CCHURCHI
NLAGOSANDBADAGRY

 TheAwor
iswer
etheear
li
esti
nhabi
tantofLagos.

 About1700,
TheBeni
nCol
onybecamet
hei
nhabi
tant
sofLagos.

 TheBeni
nCol
onypai
dtr
ibut
etoBeni
nunt
il1830.

 I
nfi
ft
eent
hCent
ury
,Lagoscamei
ncont
actwi
thChr
ist
ianEur
opeespeci
all
ythePor
tuguese.

 Ther
ewasnoev
idenceofanyef
for
tmadet
oChr
ist
iani
zet
hear
eaunt
ilt
heNi
net
eenCent
ury
.

 Apar
tfr
om t
hewor
hshi
pofOl
orun,
Oluwa,
TheLagosi
answor
shi
ppedt
heseagodol
okun,
sincet
hey
wer
eaf
ishi
ngcommuni
ty.

 Lagost
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionpr
act
icedal
soi
nvol
vedancest
orswor
shi
p.

 Thesoci
orel
i
giousev
ent
sast
heI
gunnuorI
gunnukoandAdamuOr
isha(
EyoMasquer
ade)
.

 By1829,
ther
ecept
ivesl
avesbegant
ofi
ndt
hei
rwayback.

 Kosokoi
sthesl
avet
radi
ngofLagos.

 Kosokocont
inuedt
odef
ytheBr
it
ishappeal
tost
opt
het
rade.

 TheBr
it
ishdeci
dedt
otakeact
ionagai
nstki
ngKosokoi
nLagos.

 I
n1851,
ABr
it
ishNav
alSquadr
onBombar
dedLagosdeposedKosokoandRei
nst
atedAki
ntoy
e.

 Aki
toy
ewasmadet
osi
gnat
reat
ypr
omi
singt
oendsl
avet
rade.

 Ont
heor
deroft
heCMS,
Rev
.C.
AEol
l
ermov
edi
nfr
om Badagr
y.

 Fr
eemansentJohnMar
ti
n,aGol
dCoastFant
i,t
ogoandbegi
nwor
kinLagos.

 Fr
om Li
ber
ia,
AnAmer
icaNegr
o,Mr
.Har
dencameandopenedaBapt
istMi
ssi
on.

 Theexi
tofKosokoal
sobr
oughti
ntoLagosl
argenumber
sofBr
azi
l
ians,
CubansandSi
err
aLeoneans.

 I
nLagos,
theBr
azi
l
iansset
tl
edi
nthear
eaknownt
odayasCamposSquar
e.

 TheSi
err
aLeoneanswer
efoundmost
lyi
ntheOl
owogbowoar
eai
nLagos.

 Thepr
esenceofI
mmi
grant
sinLagosi
ncr
easedt
heChr
ist
ianpopul
ati
oni
nLagos.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheMusl
i
msf
eltt
hreat
enedbecauseoft
hepr
esenceofBr
azi
l
ians,
CubansandSi
err
aLeoneans.

 Of
fi
cial
RomanCat
hol
i
cism st
art
ed1862i
nLagos.

 Rev
.Fr
.Fr
anci
scoBor
gher
owast
hef
ounderoft
heCat
hol
i
cMi
ssi
oni
nLagosf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imei
n
Yor
ubal
and.

 “
Padr
eAnt
honi
oBane”i
sthef
ir
stNegr
oapost
leofNi
ger
ia.

 Bor
gher
ometabout1200al
readybapt
izedCat
hol
i
cinLagos.

 Bor
gher
ofi
rstv
isi
tedLagosi
n1962.

 Lagosbecameasepar
atecat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
oni
n1968,
sixy
ear
saf
terBor
gher
o’sv
isi
t.

 Fat
herPi
err
eBouchwast
hef
ir
stPar
ishPr
iestaf
terLagosbecomesasepar
atemi
ssi
on.

 By1891,
Lagosbecomesaf
ull
fledgedi
ocese.

 Mgr
.J.
B.Chaussewasconsecr
atedi
nLy
onast
hef
ir
stbi
shopofLagos.

 (
S.A.
M)meansSoci
etyf
orAf
ri
canMi
ssi
on.

 I
n1856,
S.A.
M wasbor
ninLy
on.

 S.
A.M wascr
edi
tedt
heOr
igi
nofof
fi
cial
Cat
hol
i
cChr
ist
iani
tyi
nYor
ubal
and.

 S.
A.M wast
hef
ir
stMi
ssi
onar
yat
tempti
nAf
ri
canbyBr
esi
l
lac.

 Bi
shopBr
essi
l
lacdi
edi
n1859.

 Fat
herEast
herPl
anqueassumedt
hel
eader
shi
paf
terBi
shopBr
esi
l
lacdi
ed.

 Fat
herBor
gher
owasbor
nin1820atRoncoSei
ri
a,Genoaandor
dai
nedpr
iesti
n1855.

 Fat
herBor
gher
obecamet
hef
ir
stI
tal
i
anpr
iestt
ojoi
ntheS.
A.M.

 Cat
hol
i
cChr
ist
iani
tywascar
ri
edt
oot
herYor
ubat
owns–Abeokut
ain1889andI
badani
n1895.

 Fat
herBor
gher
ovi
sit
edLagosatl
eastt
wice.

 Fat
herBor
gher
ofi
rstv
isi
twasi
n1863onhi
swayf
rom Lagost
oPor
tNov
o.

 Thef
ir
stmi
ssi
ont
hatcoul
dbecal
l
edaBadagr
yMi
ssi
onwassi
tedatTopo,
Chr
ist
ianCommuni
ty.

 Thet
woaspect
sofnat
urecul
tur
ewhi
cht
heChr
ist
iansoci
etyj
udgedi
nkeepi
ngt
henat
iveofTopof
rom

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

embr
aci
ngaChr
ist
ianst
yleofl
i
fear
e.

 Pol
ygamy

 Fet
ishr
it
es

 Topowasi
nit
ial
l
yconcei
vedasagr
icul
tur
alschool
forOr
phansandSl
aves.

 Fat
herBor
gher
oSecondv
isi
twasi
n1863.

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
heconst
ruct
ionofashed,
far
mingbegani
n1879.

 I
n1892,
aConv
entwasest
abl
i
shed.

 TheConst
ruct
ionoft
heMi
ssi
onhousebegani
n1990.

 TheConst
ruct
ionoft
heMi
ssi
onhousewascompl
etedbyRev
.Fr
.Pr
ovencher
e

 Li
fei
nTopowasst
ri
ckandhi
ghl
yregi
ment
ed.

 Thedayi
nTopobegi
nspr
ompt
lyat5:
30am wi
thMor
ningPr
ayerandmass.

 Ther
esi
dentoft
roopwor
kti
l
l11:
00am i
nthef
arm.

 Br
eakf
asti
stakeni
nTopof
arm at9:
00am.

 School
inTopobegi
nsat1:
00pm.

 AtTopo,
all
resi
dentgot
obedat9:
00pm andal
ll
ightmustbeputof
ftenmi
nut
esl
ater
.

 Fat
herJukesPoi
ri
erwast
hef
ir
stsuper
iorofTopo.

 Thei
nit
ial
att
emptt
omakeTopoaCat
hol
i
cCommuni
tyf
ail
ed.

 Rev
.Fr
.Bel
becamet
hef
ir
str
esi
dentpr
iesti
nBadagr
yin1901.

 Badagr
yisonev
astpar
ishwi
tht
went
ysev
enout
stat
ions(
27)
.

 Thef
ir
stschool
inBadagr
ywasbui
l
tin1936atI
ragbo.

 Bet
ween1951and1955,
fourot
herpr
imar
yschool
swer
ebui
l
t.

 Badagr
yGr
ammarSchool
wasf
oundi
n1957wi
thf
atherMoorast
hef
ir
stpr
inci
pal
.

 Thegr
ammarschool
wast
ransf
err
edt
oMar
ylandaf
terwhi
cht
heWomanTeacherTr
aini
ngCol
l
ege
cameaf
ter
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Ourl
adyofApost
leswasf
oundedbyFat
herPl
anquei
n1875.

 Twopr
act
icesf
oundi
ntr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionar
eani
mal
sacr
if
iceandr
it
ual
washi
ngoft
hebody
.

 AI
CmeansAf
ri
canI
ndi
genousChur
ch

 Cher
ubi
m andSer
aphi
m Chur
ch,
TheCel
est
ial
Chur
chofChr
ist
anandTheChur
chofYahwehar
eal
l
exampl
esofAI
C.

 TheEv
angel
i
cal
Chur
chesar
efoundedbyAf
ri
cans.

 ThePent
ecost
alChur
chi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntoAI
CandEv
angel
i
cal
Chur
ch.

 Thegr
eat
esti
mpactwhi
chChr
ist
iani
tymadei
nLagoswaseducat
ion.

 Thef
ir
stnon-
missi
ongr
ammarschool
inLagoscal
l
edKi
ng’
sSchool
(Ki
ngCol
l
egenow)wasbui
l
tby
Col
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ioni
n1909.

 Thewest
erneducat
ionr
esul
tedi
nthecul
tur
alal
i
enat
ion.

 ThePeopl
e’
sUni
onor“
ThePeopl
e’
sCommi
tt
ee”f
oundedbyDr
.S.
OObasaandJ.
KRandl
ewast
he
f
ir
stnon-
rel
i
giouspol
i
tical
associ
ati
oni
nLagos.

 Ni
ger
ianNat
ional
i
sm begani
n1873.

 Li
tt
leat
tent
ionwaspai
dbyt
heear
lyVi
ctor
ianLagost
oTr
adi
ti
onal
Rel
i
gion.

 TheCat
hol
i
cChur
chwast
hel
astChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
iont
obebr
oughtt
oBadagr
y.

CHAPTER16

BADAGRYCHRI
STAI
NMONUMENTS

 Monumentcont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentofChr
ist
iani
tyi
nBadagr
y.

 I
nIsr
ael
,tour
ism i
samaj
orsour
ceofr
evenue.

 I
nfl
uxoft
our
ist
swasi
nther
egi
onof200,
000(
TwoHundr
edThousand)i
n1960;
1,100,
000(
OneMi
l
li
on
andOneHundr
edThousand)i
n1990;
and2,
000,
000(
TwoMi
l
li
on)i
n1993.

 Gber
efuwasasl
avecoasti
nthe14thcent
urywhi
cht
heanci
entpeopl
eear
li
erl
i
vedi
n.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Agbadhewast
hesuccessf
ulf
armerandBadagr
yher
owhochoseGber
efuasaf
arml
and.

 AgbadheGr
emei
nEgunt
ransl
atest
oAgbadhe’
sfar
m.

 Af
rui
t-
produci
ngt
reeknownasAgi
atr
eei
ssai
dtobel
ocat
ednearAgbadhe’
sfar
m.

 TheAgi
atr
eest
oodf
orabout350y
ear
s

 Agi
afr
uiti
sbl
ackcol
our
ed.

 TheAgi
atr
eewasabout160f
eethi
ghand30f
eeti
nci
rcumf
erence.

 ObaAdel
e1ofLagoswast
heexi
l
edki
ngwhot
ookhi
smot
her
’shomel
and,
Badagr
yasapl
aceof
r
efuge.

 ObaAdel
e1wasappoi
ntedt
hef
ir
stLi
eut
enantofBadagr
ybyt
het
hencapt
ain,
Chi
efPosuAwhenpa.

 Adel
e’
smi
l
itar
ypr
owessdev
elopedt
heBadagr
ymi
l
itar
y.

 Agi
atr
eespot
,av
enueofsoci
alent
ert
ainmentdoubl
edast
hebaseofNi
ghtGuar
ds(
theZangbet
o)i
n
1892.

 MrJ.
W.Rowl
and,
aDi
str
ictOf
fi
ceror
der
edamar
ketbesi
tedonAgi
atr
eespott
ogi
vei
t
commer
cial
/economi
cval
uei
n1887.

 TheAgi
atr
eear
eawasanat
urechoi
cef
orI
slami
cadher
ent
sofBadagr
yasasi
tef
orCent
ral
Mosque
i
n1877

 Chr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iesf
ormal
l
ycamet
oBadagr
yinSept
ember1842.

 Pr
iort
o1842,
Chr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iesl
i
keSamuel
Ajay
iCr
otherpr
eachedatI
dahi
n1841.

 I
dahi
sthepl
acewher
eAr
abi
ctr
ansl
ati
onoft
hebi
blewaspr
esent
edt
otheAt
ta,
thet
henKi
ng.

 ThomasBi
rchFr
eemanoft
heMet
hodi
stmi
ssi
oncamet
ofor
mal
l
ypr
ocl
aimt
hef
ait
hinSept
ember
1842.

 Af
ri
caSl
avesl
i
keJamesFer
gussont
ri
edt
opr
eacht
hegospel
bef
oret
hecomi
ngoft
hewhi
te
mi
ssi
onar
ies.

 Chr
ist
iani
tywasf
ir
stf
ormal
l
ypr
ocl
aimedi
nNi
ger
iai
nSept
ember1842undert
heAgi
atr
ee.

 Ther
eput
edAgi
atr
eef
ell 45pm on20thJune1959af
at11: teri
thassuf
fer
edf
rom weat
herandi
nsect
assaul
t.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thef
all
enAgi
atr
eewascl
ear fon21stJune1959.
edof

 Abef
it
ti
ngst
atuswi
thapl
aquewascr
eat
edont
hesi
teoft
hef
all
enAgi
atr
ee.

 Thesi
teoft
hef
all
enAgi
atr
eepr
esent
lyser
vesast
our
istat
tract
ion.

 Thef
ir
stdemar
cat
edChr
ist
iancemet
eryi
nNi
ger
iai
slocat
edi
nBadagr
y.

 Ar
ound1840sChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onwer
edanger
ousf
orEur
opeansi
npar
ti
cul
ar.

 Qui
ninewasdi
scov
eredasant
i-
mal
ari
a.

 Mr
s.Gol
l
meri
sthewi
feofRev
.C.
AGol
l
mer
,theAngl
i
canmi
ssi
onar
ywhot
ooki
l
landdi
ed.

 Mr
sGol
l
merdeat
hwasnat
ural
.

 Mr
s.Gol
l
merwasbur
iedonademar
cat
edpi
eceofuni
nhabi
tedl
and,
notf
arf
rom t
heChur
ch
Mi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
.

 TheChur
chMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
etypar
sonagei
sthef
ir
stst
oreybui
l
dingi
nNi
ger
ia.

 Thi
spi
eceofl
andwhi
chMr
s.Gol
l
merwasbur
iedbecamet
hef
ir
stChr
ist
iancemet
eryi
nNi
ger
ia.

 Anagr
eementwassi
gnedbyt
heChi
efsofBadagr
yandJamesNewbi
rt
hSt
range(
Esq)t
omaket
he
bur
ial
sit
eofMr
s.Gol
l
mer
,aper
manentbur
ial
sieon18thMar
t ch1852

 TheMet
hodi
standAngl
i
canmi
ssi
onar
iesl
eftBadagr
yin1872.

 TheMet
hodi
stcamebacki
n1926.

 TheFi
rstChur
chPar
sonage(
Fir
stSt
oreyBui
l
ding)wasl
ocat
edonasi
tef
aci
ngt
hel
agooni
nBadagr
y.

 TheFi
rstChur
chPar
sonagei
sthest
ruct
ural
rel
i
cpopul
arl
yknownast
heFi
rstSt
oreyBui
l
dingi
n
Ni
ger
ia.

 Rev
.Gol
l
merandhi
spar
tyar
ri
vedi
nBadagr
yaf
terHenr
yTownsend’
spi
oneer
i kon17thJanuar
ngwor y
1845.

 Chi
efMawuandhi
sli
eut
enant
,Chi
efPodowuMobeehel
pedRev
.Gol
l
mermi
ssi
onar
ypar
tyt
olocat
ea
pi
eceofl
andexcl
usi
vet
othemi
ssi
onar
ypar
tyuse.

 Ki
ngSodekei
sthebenef
act
orofAj
ayi
Crowt
herandHenr
yTownsend.

 Ki
ngSodekedi
edatAbeokut
a.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheFi
rstChur
chpar
sonagebui
l
dingwas44f
tinl hand26thi
engt nbr
eat
h.

 Thenewpar
sonage(
Fir
stChur
ch)waser
ect
edatt
hecostof£325(
Thr
eehundr
edandTwent
yFi
ve
Pounds)
.

 Bot
hTownsendandAj
ayi
Crowt
herl
eftf
orAbeokut
ain1847f
orev
angel
i
zat
ion.

 Rev
.Samuel
Ajay
iCr
owt
hert
ransl
atedt
heEngl
i
shbi
blei
ntoYor
uba.

CHAPTER17

AFRI
CANHI
STORY,
CULTUREANDCI
VILI
ZATI
ONS

 UNESCO’
sGener
alHi
stor
yofAf
ri
caser
iesgav
efeat
ureofAf
ri
canci
vi
li
zat
ionsf
rom t
heear
li
estt
imes
 Ri
verNi
l
ehasi
tsor
igi
nfr
om LakeVi
ctor
iai
nEastAf
ri
ca
 Ri
verNi
l
eent
erst
heMedi
ter
raneansea
 Ri
verNi
l
eofEgy
pti
sthel
ongestr
iveri
nAf
ri
ca
 Ri
verNi
l
egi
vesEgy
pti
tsuni
queposi
ti
onasananci
entcent
reofci
vi
li
zat
ion
 Att
heendofNeol
i
thi
cage,
Egy
pti
anst
axpay
mentt
ocent
ralaut
hor
it
ywasbasedmor
eoncat
tl
ethan
onf
arm pr
oduct
s
 Thesur
viv
aloft
hepeopl
eint
heNi
l
eVal
l
eydependedoncat
tl
erear
ingandf
armi
ng
 Thef
loodf
rom Ri
verNi
l
ewascont
rol
l
edbyt
hebui
l
dingofdi
kesanddams
 Ri
verNi
l
efl
oodcont
rol
benef
it
tedEgy
pt’
sagr
icul
tur
ethr
oughi
rr
igat
ion
 Ast
atut
eofOsi
ri
swasf
oundi
nZai
re/DRCongoont
hebankofLual
aba
 Theneedt
ocat
erf
orr
iverNi
l
eembankment
saf
tereachf
loodwast
henat
uralor
dert
hatdi
ctat
ed
Egy
pt’
spol
i
tical
order
 Ast
atut mose|
eofThut ||(
thr
ee)wasf
oundi
nthesout
hoft
heZambezi
 TheEgy
pti
anscul
tur
esi
nfl
uencedt
hatoft
heAkansofGhana
 Egy
ptat
tract
ednei
ghbour
ingcount
ri
esbecauseofi
tsneedsf
oragr
icul
tur
all
abour
ersandmi
l
itar
ymen
andr
esour
cest
hatar
eobt
ainabl
efr
om t
hem
 Egy
ptwasi
nter
est
edbyt
hel
owerNubi
agol
dpr
oduct
ion.LowerNubi
aisnot
abl
eforGol
d.
 Egy
ptr
easonf
orpr
eser
vingt
heSout
her
nrout
est
hatl
eadt
othei
nter
iorofAf
ri
cawast
oobt
ainhuman

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

r
esour
ces,
li
vest
ock,
Archer
yandmi
ner
alsf
rom Sudan
 TheNubi
answer
efamousf
orAr
cher
y
 Egy
pti
ani
nter
act
ionwi
tht
hesout
hbr
oughtaboutt
heappoi
ntmentofGov
ernoroft
heSout
h
 Thedut
iesofGov
ernoroft
heSout
hist
oguar
dthesout
her
ngat
e;or
gani
zecommer
cialexchanges;
andf
aci
l
itat
etheci
rcul
ati
onoft
radi
ngexpedi
ti
ons
 Nubi
aisst
ati
onedbet
weent
heCent
ral
Afr
icaandt
heMedi
ter
ranean
 Nubi
aser
veasal
i
nkbet
weent
heanci
entci
vi
li
zat
ionofEgy
pt,
theMedi
ter
raneanandbl
ackAf
ri
ca
 Nubi
aisAf
ri
cacent
reofci
vi
li
zat
ioni
.e.Af
ri
cancr
ossr
oad
 Nubi
awasabl
etoacqui
reSoni
cpeopl
es’
cul
tur
ethr
ought
radeorwar
far
eorv
isi
ts
 TheEgy
pti
anst
ransf
err
edt
hei
rcul
tur
etoNubi
athr
ought
hei
rtr
oops
 Met
all
urgy
/Smel
ti
ng t
echni
quei
soneoft
hecul
tur
ethatwasi
ntr
oduced t
otheNubi
ansbyt
he
Egy
pti
ans
 By2000BC,
theNubi
answer
eabl
etomakecopperobj
ect
sandhandl
egol
d
 TheEgy
pti
answer
eabl
etor
eachAf
ri
caSout
hofSahar
athr
ought
heNubi
ancor
ri
dor
 Adwar
fwasf
oundi
nEgy
pti
ntheSout
hdy
nast
y
 I
ncense,
gum,
ivor
y,ebonyandpant
her
swer
ethei
tem Egy
ptobt
ainedt
hrought
heNubi
apassage
 Theki
ngwast
heheadoft
hemonar
chi
cal
pol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionofNapat
aandMer
oe
 Pol
i
ticalof
fi
cei
nNapat
aandMer
oei
sal
way
soccupi
edbyappoi
ntmentandel
ect
ionasor
der
edbyt
he
or
acl
e
 Fat
her
-Sonher
edi
tar
ypat
ter
nwaspr
act
icedi
nEgy
pt
 Cust
omar
ylawandt
aboosar
ewhatpl
acel
i
mit
ati
onofaki
ng’
spoweri
nNapat
aandMer
oe
 I
nOy
oempi
re,
pri
est
scoul
dor
deranunpopul
arki
ngt
ocommi
tsui
cide
 Aki
ngwhohadGr
eekeducat
ionst
oppedt
hepr
act
iceofunpopul
arki
ngsui
cidecommi
ssi
oni
n250BC
 Kushwaspr
edomi
nat
edbypet
alhusbandr
yandagr
icul
tur
e
 Cat
tl
ebr
eedi
ngl
edt
othemov
ementoft
hecapi
talofKushki
ngdom f
rom Napat
atoMer
oei
nthe4th
cent
ury
 Mer
oei
sabet
tergr
azi
ngar
eawher
erai
nfal
lwasbet
ter
 Napat
aandMer
oemaj
oredi
nAgr
icul
tur
e
 Cot
ton,
bar
ley
,wheat
,sor
ghum andl
ent
il
swer
emaj
orcr
opst
hatwascul
ti
vat
edi
nMer
oe
 Kushi
sagol
dpr
oduci
ngar
eat
hati
nfl
uencedf
orei
gnr
elat
ionswi
thRomeandEgy
pt
 Kushpr
oducedabout1,
600000kgofgol
d
 I
nthe4thcent
ury
,thecul
ti
vat
ionofcot
ton,
itsspi
nni
ngandweav
ingi
nMer
oer
eachedav
eryhi
ghl
evel
 Oneoft
hemaj
orsour
cesofweal
thofMer
oei
stheexpor
toft
ext
il
es

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Mer
oewast
hecr
ossr
oadofKush
 Mer
oewasnamedt
he“
Bir
mingham ofananci
entAf
ri
ca”becauseoft
heabundanceofi
ronst
agst
hat
wasf
oundt
her
e.
 Mer
oewasgi
vent
hename“Bi
rmi
ngham ofananci
entAf
ri
ca”bySchol
arA.
HSay
rei
n1911
 Thepeopl
eofMer
oef
reedt
hemsel
vesoff
orei
gni
nfl
uencesi
nthei
rar
ti
sti
cwor
k
 Pot
ter
ywast
hemostf
amouspr
oductoft
heMer
oti
cci
vi
li
zat
ion
 Ther
ear
etwo(
2)t
ypesofMer
oti
cpot
ter
y:Handmadepot
ter
y(donebywomen)andpot
ter
ymadeby
wheel
(donebymen)
 Theempi
reofKushi
slocat
edbet
weent
heRedsea,
upperNi
l
eandt
heNi
l
e-Chadsav
annah
 Theempi
reofKushwasanent
repotf
ort
rade
 Whi
l
eMer
oti
cjewel
l
eri
eshadEgy
pti
ani
nfl
uences,
Ivor
ycar
vinghadnoi
nfl
uence
 Car
avanr
out
est
oEgy
pti
ndi
cat
edt
hemagni
tudeandant
iqui
tyoff
orei
gnt
rade
 Maj
orexpor
tsf
rom Nubi
aar
egol
d,i
ncense,
ebony
,oi
l
s,ost
ri
chf
eat
her
sandl
eopar
dski
ns
 TheMedi
ter
raneanf
orei
gnt
radedecl
i
nedasar
esul
toft
hemov
ementoft
her
out
efr
om Ni
l
etot
he
Redsea
 Aksum ar
osef
rom t
heNor
ther
nEt
hiopi
a
 Thecr
isi
sofRomanempi
rel
edt
othedecl
i
neandi
nter
rupt
ionoft
rader
elat
ionsbet
weenMer
oeand
Egy
pt
 TheAksumi
tesar
eNor
ther
nEt
hiopi
answhoseci
vi
li
zat
ionwasi
nfl
uencedbyt
heAr
absi
nthe5th
cent
ury
 Theempi
reofKushhasi
tshi
stor
yroot
edonant
iqui
ty
 Cl
audi
usPt
olemywr
it
ingf
ir
stment
ionedt
heAksumi
tesaspeopl
esofEt
hiopi
aar
oundt
hemi
ddl
eof
secondcent
ury
 Aksumi
teswagedwarandoccupi
edYement
err
it
ori
esatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
het
hir
dcent
ury
 Ki
ngAzbahofAksum wagedwar
sinSout
hAr
abi
a
 Thef
ameofAksum r
eachedPer
siai
nabout270AD
 Aksum wasr
egar
dedasoneoft
hef
ourgr
eat
estempi
res(
Aksum,
Kush,
Napat
a&Mer
oe)oft
hewor
ld
 Aksum’
ssuccessdependedont
hei
rki
ng’
sst
rengt
handi
tssuper
ior
it
yov
ert
hatofot
herpr
incesof
anci
entEt
hiopi
a
 Ki
ngEzanawast
hepopul
arr
ulerwhoasser
tedhi
saut
hor
it
ybyembar
kingonacount
rywi
decampai
gn
 Mer
oeKi
ngdom wasl
aterconquer
edbyAksum i
nthef
our
thcent
ury
 Aksum engagedi
ndi
plomat
icst
ruggl
esamongt
hest
atesofSout
her
nAr
abi
abet
weent
heendof
secondcent
uryandt
hebegi
nni
ngoff
our
thcent
ury

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Aksum pr
act
icedmi
l
itar
ysy
stem ofgov
ernment
 Pr
ovi
nci
alki
ngdom r
uler
ssubj
ect
edandpai
dtr
ibut
est
oAksum al
might
yki
ng
 Theaf
fai
rsoft
hest
ateofAksum ar
eal
way
sdi
rect
edbyt
heki
ng’
srel
ati
onsappoi
ntedbyhi
m
 I
nwart
ime,
Aksum cour
tof
fi
cial
sser
veasar
my;
whi
l
einpeacet
ime,
theyser
veasenv
oysandguar
ds
 Thecour
tof
fi
cial
sar
ecal
l
edki
ngofki
ngs
 TheAksumi
tesengagedi
nAgr
icul
tur
eandSt
ockbr
eedi
ng
 Thet
echni
cali
nnov
ati
ont
hatbecamepopul
ari
nthef
ir
stmi
l
lenni
um wast
heuseofi
ront
ool
sin
Aksum
 I
ront
ool
sinf
luencedt
hedev
elopmentofagr
icul
tur
e,t
radeandmi
l
itar
ysci
ence
 Aksum i
sthef
ir
stst
atei
ntr
opi
cal
Afr
icat
oint
roducecoi
ns
 Aksum engagedi
nthemi
nti
ngofgol
d,si
l
verandcoppercoi
nage
 Aksum ki
ngdom pr
act
icedJewi
shf
ait
hbef
oreChr
ist
iani
ty
 Fr
oment
iusi
ntr
oducedChr
ist
iani
tyandbecamet
hef
ir
stbi
shopofAksum i
n315AD
 Ki
ngEzanawasamongt
hef
ir
str
uler
stoacceptChr
ist
iani
tyi
nAksum
 Aksum ki
ngswer
etheonest
hatsaw t
hemsel
vesasal
might
yandf
oundt
radi
ti
onalgodsdi
ff
icul
tto
di
vor
ce
 Ki
ngEzanawasbapt
izedbet
ween350A.
Dand360A.
D
 TheNi
l
eor
igi
nat
esandendsi
nAf
ri
ca
 Ar
chaeol
ogypr
opagat
edt
heMer
oit
icci
vi
li
zat
ion
 Noki
snot
edf
ori
ronsmel
ti
ngandt
err
acot
tascul
ptur
es
 Nokpeopl
ear
elocat
edatt
hesout
hwestofJospl
ateaui
nNi
ger
ia
 Nokcul
tur
esspr
eadt
oIf
eandBeni
n
 Themostf
amousoft
heI
gbobl
acksmi
thsar
efr
om Akwai
ntheeastofOni
tsha
 Thei
ronor
eusedbyt
heAkwabl
acksmi
thsar
eobt
ainedf
rom t
he100shel
ter
sofUdi
 I
ronsmel
ti
ngl
edt
othedev
elopmentofagr
icul
tur
einAf
ri
ca
 Ghanat
ookadv
ant
ageofI
ronsmel
ti
ngt
ocont
rol
weakernei
ghbour
ingset
tl
ement
s
 I
ronwasr
egar
dedasanempi
redest
roy
erandempi
rebui
l
der

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER18
AFRI
CANPOLI
TICALSYSTEM:ANI
NTRODUCTI
ON

 Af
ri
cahasat
otal
landar
eaof29,
952,
000sqki
l
omet
erswhi
chi
sappr
oxi
mat
ely22.
4per
centoft
heear
th.
 Af
ri
cai
srankedt
hesecondl
argestcont
inenti
nsi
ze
 Asi
aist
hel
argestcont
inenti
nsi
ze
 Af
ri
cai
snear
ly8,
050km f
rom nor
tht
osout
haswel
lasf
rom eastt
owest
.
 Deut
sh(
1970)def
inedapol
i
ticalsy
stem asacol
l
ect
ionofr
ecogni
zabl
euni
tchar
act
eri
zedbycohesi
on
andcov
ari
ance.
 Deut
shpr
esent
edt
en(
10)l
evel
ofpol
i
tical
syst
em.
 Thef
ir
stwor
kint
hest
udyofAf
ri
capol
i
ticalsy
stem wasj
oint
lycar
ri
edoutbyMey
erFor
tesandE.
E
Ev
ansPr
it
char
d.
 T.
O.El
i
as,i
nhi
sbookgov
ernmentandpol
i
ticsi
nWestAf
ri
ca,cameupwi
tht
hreecl
assi
fi
cat
ionsof
pol
i
tical
syst
ems:
thesear
eChi
efl
y,Chi
efl
essandt
heI
slami
ctheocr
aci
es.
 S.
N,Ei
senst
aedtpr
esent
edt
wot
ypesofpol
i
ticalsy
stems,whi
char
eSegment
aryTr
ibesandt
he
Cent
ral
i
zedChi
efdoms.
 Basi
lDav
idsonr
eveal
edt
hatt
heki
ngoft
heJukunpossessedadi
vi
nepowerwhi
chcamef
rom God.
 Ki
ngoft
heJukunper
for
mst
hree(
3)f
unct
ions,
namel
y;per
for
manceofdai
l
yri
tes,
dir
ect
ionofr
elat
ions
andact
ivi
ti
esofot
hercul
ts,
toget
herwi
thsust
ainanceandcont
rol
ofhi
sownspi
ri
tual
pot
ency
.
 Ghanawast
hef
ir
stempi
rei
nAf
ri
ca,
camei
ntoexi
stencei
n900ADandexi
stedf
orov
erf
ourcent
uri
es.
 TheGhanaEmpi
rewasat
tackedandconquer
edbyAl
mor
avi
ds.
 Mal
iEmpi
rewasest
abl
i
shedi
n1235ADandl
ast
edf
or100y
ear
s.
 Mal
iEmpi
rewasconquer
edbySonghai
Empi
re.
 Songhai
wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1335ADandexi
stedf
or350y
ear
s.
 I
n1788,
Afr
icanAssoci
ati
onwasf
ormedi
nEngl
andt
oencour
aget
heexpl
orat
ionoft
hecont
inent
.
 I
n 1876,Ki
ng Leopol
d 11 ofBel
gium made t
he mov
efort
he f
ormat
ion ofAf
ri
ca I
nter
nat
ional
Associ
ati
on.
 TheBer
li
nconf
erencewasi
n1884-
1885.
 Spai
nandPor
tugalwer
ethef
ir
stEur
opeant
ocol
oni
seNor
thAf
ri
ca,Fr
ancej
oinedt
her
acei
n1830
whi
l
eIt
alyj
oinedi
n1939.
 Por
tugal
andSpai
nmadet
hei
rfi
rstappear
ancei
nGol
dCoast(
NewGhana)i
n1471.
 Thepi
oneer
sofEur
opeancol
oni
zat
ioni
nEastAf
ri
cawer
ethePor
tuguesei
n1498.
 TheBr
it
aini
ntr
oducedt
hecr
owncol
onyandpr
otect
orat
esy
stem ofgov
ernment
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thecr
owncol
onysy
stem hast
hree(
3)i
mpor
tantf
eat
ures-t
heGov
ernor
,theexecut
iveandt
he
l
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
.
 Thepr
otect
orat
esy
stem ent
ail
edt
wogov
ernment
alst
ruct
ures:
Asuper
str
uct
ureandI
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.
 TheBr
it
ishpol
i
cywasi
ndi
rectr
ule.
 Fr
enchsy
stem combi
nedbot
hdi
rectandi
ndi
rectsy
stem.
 Thei
ndi
rectsy
stem exi
stedi
npl
acesl
i
keUpperVol
taandNot
her
npr
ovi
ncesofCamer
oon.
 I
nthei
ndi
rectsy
stem,
eachcol
onywasdi
vi
dedi
ntocer
cles.
 Acer
clewasmannedbyapol
i
ticalof
fi edCommandantDeCer
cercal
l cle,andeachcer
clewasdi
vi
ded
i
ntosubdi
vi
sionsheadedbyachefdesubdi
vi
sion.
 Af
tert
hei
ndi
rectsy
stem,
theFr
enchl
ateradopt
edt
hepol
i
ciesofAssi
mil
ati
onandAssoci
ati
on.
 Por
tugal
ist
heol
destAf
ri
cacol
oni
st.
 Por
tugal
oper
atespol
i
ciesofAssi
mil
ati
onandPat
ernal
i
sm.
 Spai
ncol
oni
alpol
i
cywassi
mil
art
othoseofPor
tugal
.
 Bel
gium adopt
edpol
i
cyofpat
ernal
i
sm andhi
ghdegr
eeofadmi
nist
rat
ivecent
ral
i
zat
ionbasedon
Br
ussel
s.
 Ger
manyhadt
hel
argestpossessi
onofAf
ri
cancol
oni
es.
 TheBer
li
nconf
erenceer
acoi
nci
dedwi
thGer
many
'sent
ryi
ntoAf
ri
ca.
 I
nNi
ger
iaandGhana,
themi
l
itar
ysy
stem ofgov
ernmenthasst
ayedl
ongert
hant
hedemocr
ati
csy
stem
ofgov
ernment
.

CHAPTER19
THETRI
PLEHERI
TAGE
 TheBr
it
ishcul
tur
eev
olv
edf
rom sev
ereGr
eco-
RomanI
nfl
uence.
 TheAf
ri
cancul
tur
eisanosci
l
lat
ionbet
weenWest
ern(
Chr
ist
ian)andEast
ern(
Isl
am)cul
tur
e.
 Pr
of.Al
iMasur
iref
err
edt
heoper
ati
onsofal
lAf
ri
cancul
tur
east
ri
pleHer
it
age.
 TheTr
ipl
eHer
it
agecompr
isesChr
ist
iani
ty,
Isl
am andTr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icancul
tur
es.
 JomoKeny
att
a(f
ormerPr
esi
dentofKeny
a)cast
igat
edEur
opeanCul
tur
eonadai
s.
 Samuel
Johnsonwast
heaut
horof“
TheHi
stor
yoft
heYor
uba”
.
 Samuel
Johnsonwast
heaut
horwhowr
oteYor
ubahi
stor
ywi
thChr
ist
ianpr
inci
pleofj
ust
ice.
 Af
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
pol
i
tical
syst
em i
sMonar
chi
cal
.
 TheYor
ubacal
lthei
rKi
ngOl
orunEl
edumar
e-whoseaut
hor
it
yisSupr
emeandcannotbequest
ioned
 Thesuccessi
ont
othr
onei
nAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
pol
i
tical
syst
em i
sher
edi
tar
y.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
nsomeAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es,
thef
ir
stsonsucceedsasaKi
ng.
 I
slami
cpol
i
tical
syst
em i
sMonar
chi
cal
.
 TheThi
rt
y(30)y
earwarr
uinedFeudal
Syst
em pr
iort
odemocr
acyi
nEur
ope.
 Thet
reat
yofWest
phal
i
anpeacet
ookpl
ace1648.
 TheWest
phal
i
anpeaceendedpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
yoft
hePopeandt
heRomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch.
 Fr
enchr
evol
uti
ont
ookpl
acei
n1789.
 Fr
enchr
evol
uti
onr
eject
edt
heLegi
ti
macyofKi
ngLoui
sXVI
.
 Thi
rt
eenNor
thAmer
icancol
oni
esdecl
aredi
ndependencei
n1776i
nrej
ect
ionofKi
ngGeor
ge’
sri
ghtt
o
r
ulet
hem.
 Theadv
ent
ureofNapol
eonBanapar
teendedi
n1815atWat
erl
ooWar
saw.
 Eur
opeandemocr
acywasi
ntr
oducedt
oAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esar
ound1945.
 Af
ri
canpol
i
tical
syst
em i
sbui
l
tont
radi
ti
onal
foundat
ionwi
thaWest
ernst
ruct
ure.
 Thef
amouspat
ronsnakesofDaur
aTownoccupi
edawel
l
.
 TheI
slam penet
rat
edwel
li
ntoAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esbecausei
trecogni
zest
heexi
stenceofspi
ri
t.
 Thespi
ri
tsr
ecogni
sedbyI
slam ar
eAngel
,Ji
nnandDev
il
s(Shai
tan)
.
 I
slam t
aughtAf
ri
cansi
tsmagi
cei
theri
nnumer
ology
,ast
rol
ogyorsci
ence.
 TheI
slam di
dnotr
epl
acet
hepaganmagi
cofchar
msandr
it
ual
prot
ect
ion.
 Themet
hodsofpr
ophecyofI
slam i
ncl
ude;
 Thest
udyoft
hest
ars.
 Thewr
it
ingi
nthesand.
 Cont
act
swi
thspi
ri
t.
 Obser
vingt
hecal
l
s.
 Fl
i
ghtofbi
rds.
 Theshoot
ingofar
rowsatr
andom.
 Thei
nit
ial
fai
l
ureofChr
ist
iani
tyi
nAf
ri
cai
sther
eject
ionofAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gioussy
stem.
 Chr
ist
iani
tyi
sassoci
atedwi
tht
heci
vi
li
zat
ionofEur
ope.
 Educat
ioncamet
oAf
ri
cav
iawest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ion.
 Vocat
ionsl
i
keheal
i
ng,
weav
ing,
far
ming,
tradi
nget
c.wer
etaughti
nappr
ent
iceshi
psy
stem.
 YoungMusl
i
mswer
esentt
oPi
azzaschool
managedbyMal
l
ams
 Dav
idBeckham’
swi
fer
efer
redt
oamosqueasaMusl
i
m chur
chbecauseshehadnotseenaMosque
bef
ore.
 Bi
l
lCl
i
nton,
thef
ormerpr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
ateswasgi
venAgbadat
owearwhenhev
isi
tedNi
ger
ia.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER20
DEMOCRACYANDI
TSUNENVI
SAGEDPROBLEM I
NAFRI
CANCOUNTRI
ES
 Cl
eist
henesi
sthef
oundi
ngf
atherofDemocr
acy
.
 Democr
acywasf
ir
stpr
act
icedi
nAnci
entGr
eece.
 Democr
acyr
e-emer
gedi
nmoder
ner
athr
oughAmer
icanandFr
enchRev
olut
ionsi
ntheei
ght
eent
h
cent
ury
.
 Br
it
ainandUni
tedSt
atesar
ethecount
ri
eswi
tht
hel
ongestsur
viv
ingdemocr
ati
cgov
ernment
.
 Macpher
soni
dent
if
iedt
hreet
ypesofDemocr
acy
;
 Li
ber
alDemocr
acy
 Communi
stVar
iant
 NonLi
ber
alSt
rai
nDemocr
acy
 Non-
Liber
alDemocr
acywaspr
act
icedi
nsomet
hir
dwor
ldcount
ri
es.
 Ther
ewasr
api
ddev
elopmentofDemocr
acyi
nEastAsi
a.
 I
ndependentNat
ional
Elect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
INEC)i
smadeupofaChai
rmanandei
ghtot
hermember
s.
 I
NECi
sresponsi
blef
orconduct
ingel
ect
ionsi
nNi
ger
ia.

CHAPTER21
ECONOMI
CINTEGRATI
ONANDDEVELOPMENTI
NWESTAFRI
CA
 WestAf
ri
cacur
rencyBoar
d(WACB)wascr
eat
edi
n1912byt
heBr
it
ishCol
oni
es
 I
nthe1970’
s,t
hreeeconomi
cgr
oupi
ngemer
ged;
 Af
ri
canEconomi
cCommuni
ty(
AEC)
 Economi
cCommuni
tyofWestAf
ri
canSt
ates(
ECOWAS)
 ManoRi
ver
 AECgr
oupbr
oughtt
oget
hert
hef
rancophonest
atesofWestAf
ri
ca.
 Af
ri
canEconomi
cCommuni
tywascr
eat
edi
n1972.
 ECOWASbr
oughtt
oget
hert
he16st
atesofWestAf
ri
ca(
Angl
ophoneandFr
ancophone)whi
chwas
cr
eat
edi
n1975.
 ManoRi
verUni
onbr
oughtt
oget
hert
hreeSt
ateswhi
chwer
efoundedi
n1976:
 Gui
nea
 Li
ber
ia
 Si
err
aLeone
 Economi
cInt
egr
ati
oni
stheassi
gnmentofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyoff
ormul
ati
ngr
egi
onalpol
i
ciesandappl
yi
ng

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

t
hesepol
i
ciest
oal
lmar
ket
s.
 Economi
cInt
egr
ati
oni
sfocusedoni
ntegr
ati
ngt
heMar
ket
.
 Ther
ear
efi
vel
evel
sundert
hemar
keti
ntegr
ati
onappr
oach(
Arr
angedf
rom t
hel
owestt
othehi
ghest
);
 Pr
efer
ent
ial
tradear
ea
 Fr
eet
radear
ea
 Cust
om uni
on
 Commonmar
ket
 Economi
cUni
on
 Pr
efer
ent
ial
tradear
eameansl
owert
ari
ff
sar
eappl
i
edt
oint
er-
regi
onal
trade.
 Fr
eet
radear
eameansnot
ari
ff
sar
elev
iedongoodsandser
vicesf
rom ot
hermember
s.
 Cust
om uni
onmeansf
reet
radeamongt
hemember
s,butappl
yi
ngacommonext
ernal
tar
if
f.
 Commonmar
ketmeansf
reemov
ementofal
lfact
orsofpr
oduct
ioni
nthear
ea.
 Economi
cUni
oncombi
nest
her
emov
aloft
rader
est
ri
cti
onsandf
reef
lowoff
act
orsofpr
oduct
.
 Monet
aryI
ntegr
ati
on,
Sect
oral
cooper
ati
on,
Mar
keti
ntegr
ati
onar
epar
tofeconomi
cint
egr
ati
on
 Monet
aryI
ntegr
ati
oni
sthepr
ocesswher
epar
ti
cipat
ingmember
sagr
eet
oadoptsi
ngl
emonet
ary
pol
i
cy
 Sect
oral
cooper
ati
oni
sthei
mpl
ement
ati
onofpr
ogr
ammesi
nspeci
fi
edsect
orsoft
heeconomy
 Regi
onal
economi
cint
egr
ati
onconf
li
ctswi
tht
hegl
obal
i
zat
iont
endenci
esoft
hewor
ldeconomy
 Tr
adecr
eat
ioni
sther
emov
alofpr
otect
ivet
ari
ff
s
 Tr
adedi
ver
sioni
sther
emov
alofpr
otect
ivet
ari
ff
sbyi
mposi
ti
onofcommonext
ernal
tar
if
f

CHAPTER22
I
MAGESOFEDUCATI
ONALTRANSFORMATI
ONSI
NAFRI
CA:1960-
2000A.
D
 Dav
idsonwasquot
edassay
ing;
“Li
ber
ati
onl
edt
oal
i
enat
ion”
.
 Col
oni
all
yimpor
tedski
l
lswer
ethoseofcommuni
cat
ionandexper
ti
se.
 Whatcol
oni
ali
sm f
ail
edt
otr
ansf
eref
fect
ivel
ywer
eski
l
lsofpr
oduct
ion.
 Thecommonestcol
oni
alest
abl
i
shment
swer
emai
ntenanceofr
ail
way
,tel
egr
aphs,r
adi
ost
ati
onsand
sur
veyequi
pment
s.
 Jul
i
usNy
erewr
oteabookEDUCATI
ONFORSELFRELI
ANCE.
 Af
ri
caent
er he21stCent
edt urywi
th5mi
l
li
ongr
ossenr
oll
menti
near
lychi
l
dhoodeducat
ion;15mi
l
li
on
gr
ossenr
oll
menti
npr
imar
yeducat
ion(
46%ofgi
rl
s);Agr
ossenr
oll
mentr
ati
onof75%att
hepr
imar
y

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

l
evel
s;andanetenr
oll
mentr
ati
oof60%,
outofschool
chi
l
drenar
e42%andagenderpar
it
yof0.
82.
 Thehumancapi
taldev
elopmenti
ndexmeasur
eeducat
ionall
evell
i
feexpect
ancy
,percapi
taGDPand
i
ncomedi
str
ibut
ion.
 Ont
heev he21stcent
eoft urynoAf
ri
cancount
ryqual
i
fiedasadev
elopedcount
ry.
 Leastdev
elopedcount
ri
esi
ncl
udeEquat
ori
al-
Gui
nea,Gambi
a,Gui
nea,Gui
nea-
Bissau,Mal
iMaur
it
ani
a,
Ser
ia-
Leone,
Somal
i
aandTogo.
 Thehi
ghestpossi
bleHDIscor
eis1.
000whi
l
ethel
owesti
s.000.
 Theexpect
edy
earofschool
i
ngf
ort
heAf
ri
canchi
l
disanav
erageof7.
5year
s.
 Sout
hAf
ri
canhast
hehi
ghestexpect
edy
earofschool
i
ngwhi
chi
s13y
ear
s.
 Lowi
ncomeAf
ri
cansspendsanav
erageof3.
2and3.
9GNPoneducat
ioni
n1980and1996,
whi
l
eThe
Mi
ddl
eEastandNor
thAf
ri
caspend5.
0and5.
3respect
ivel
y.
 35Af
ri
cancount
ri
esmett
orev
iewt
hei
rsy
stem ofeducat
ioni
nMay1961.
 Conf
erencesofAf
ri
canmi
nist
ersofeducat
ionhel
dinNai
robi
1968,
Lagosi
n1976andHar
arei
n1982.
 Fr
om 1961t
o1980,
enr
oll
mentatt
hepr
imar
ylev
eli
ncr
easedby6.
2%perannum.
 Att
hesecondar
yschool
lev
elt
heov
eral
lenr
oll
menti
n1980was20%.
 I
n1970,
Afr
icaspent2,
377bi
l
li
onaspubl
i
cex
pendi
tur
eoneducat
ionand11,
144bi
l
li
oni
n1976.
 Theexpect
edy
ear
sforschool
i
ngf
orboy
sincr
easedf
rom 6.
29i
n1980t
o7.
78i
n2000.

CHAPTER23
AFRI
CANLI
TERATURE:ANI
NTRODUCTI
ON
 TheWestAf
ri
canst
ate,
Liber
iabecameabasef
orr
epat
ri
atedex-
Amer
icanf
orov
eracent
ury
.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
emaybedescr
ibedast
hev
erbal
artoft
heAf
ri
cancont
inenti
nei
thert
heor
alorwr
it
ten
mode.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
ewi
l
lincl
udeal
ltheor
all
i
ter
atur
esofAf
ri
ca,
alli
tswr
it
tenl
i
ter
atur
esi
nAf
ri
canandnon
-
Afr
icanl
anguages.
 Thepr
imal
for
m ofAf
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
eisor
all
i
ter
atur
eandi
tdat
esbackt
osev
eral
cent
uri
es
 Var
iousf
ormsofor
all
i
ter
atur
emani
fest
edasmy
ths,l
egends,f
olkt
ales,f
est
ival
sdancedr
amas,r
it
ual
dr
amas,
songpoems,
sat
ir
ical
poems,
panegy
rics/
prai
sepoems,
incant
ati
on,
lul
l
abi
es,
elegi
eset
c.
 Amongt
heYor
ubasar
eekunI
yawo,
Ofo,
Esa,
Ij
alaEwi
,I
remoj
e.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
ecanbebr
oadl
yper
iodi
zedal
ongahi
stor
ical
cent
inum i
nto3phase.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
eof
mthepr
ecol
oni
aler
a.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
ataur
eoft
hecol
oni
aler
a.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
eoft
hepostcol
oni
aler
a.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
eoft
hepr
ecol
onal
eraexi
stedmai
nlyi
nor
alandwr
it
tenf
orms.
 NonEur
opeanl
anguageswer
eusedi
nthewr
it
tenf
ormt
oexpr
essAf
ri
cansensi
bil
i
ties.
 Schol
arGer
ald[
1981]hi
ghl
i
ght
stheemer
genceofGe`
ezwr
it
ingi
nEt
hiopi
alongbef
oret
heear
li
est
l
i
ter
atur
esofWest
ernEur
ope.
 Fr
om Ger
ald`
saccount
,anewmodeofwr
it
ingl
ateremer
gedi
nEt
hiopi he14thcent
abyt ury
.
 Thenewmodeofwr
it
ingwasusedt
opr
act
icewhati
scal
l
ed‘
ver
nacul
arl
i
ter
atur
e’i
nol
dAmhar
ic.
 Thei
nspi
rat
ionf
orol
dAmhar
icwassecul
arwi
thi
tscomposi
ti
onsbei
ngani
mper
ialsongoft
her
uler
s
ofEt
hiopi
a.
 Al
ber
tGer
aldchar
act
eri
ster
izedSwahi
l
ias‘
anonAr
abi
clanguage.
 Swahi
l
iwascr
eat
edbyhy
bri
dcul
tur
eofi
mmi
grantAr
absandt
hecoast
alpeopl
eofeastAf
ri
ca.
 Ani
ndi
genouscoast
alpeopl
e,t
heBant
u,r
educedt
hei
rlanguaget
othewr
it
tenf
orm usi
ngt
heAr
abi
c
scr
ipt
.
 Theear
li
estf
orm ofwr
it
tenAf
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
eini
ndi
genousl
anguagesal
ongt
hewestcoastoccur
redi
n
t
heei
ght
eet
hcent
uryamongt
hef
ulf
ude,
HausaandWol
of.
 ManyHausapoet heaj
susedt amiscr
iptf
ort
hei
rpoet
ry.
 Danf
odi
owr
otehi
str
eat
iesi
npur
eAr
abi
c.
 Danf
odi
o`ssont
ransl
atedhi
swor
ksi
ntoaj
ami
.
 Ot
herpoet
soft
hecol
oni
aler
a,l
i
kesa`
aduzungurf
rom Bauchi
,woul
dlat
err
esur
rectt
heaj
ami
scr
iptt
o
wr
it
eant
icol
oni
alpoems.
 Thepr
ecol
oni
aler
aal
sosaw t
heemer
genceofAf
ri
cansl
aveswhowr
otet
reat
iesessay
s,poems,
ant
obi
ogr
aphi
es,
diar
ies,
let
ter
set
c.i
nEngl
i
sh.
 Sl
avenar
rat
ivesmaybesai
dtohav
eini
ti
atedt
hel
i
ber
ati
oni
stst
andofmoder
nAf
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
e.
 Ber
li
nconf
erenceof1884/
5par
ti
ti
onedAf
ri
canat
ionsandpeopl
esexceptLi
ber
iaandEt
hiopi
aamong
Eur
opeanpower
s.
 1914,t
heEur
opeanpower
swoul
dwageagl
obalwaroneachot
heri
nthei
rquestt
oexpl
oitand
domi
nat
ethewor
ld`
sresour
ces.
 Thecol
oni
alst
atehadbeenf
ull
yst
ampedont
hecont
inent
.
 Thechanai
anschol
arcasel
yHay
for
dbl
azedt
het
rai
lwi
thhi
squasi
;
nov
el,
Ethi
opi
aunbound[
1911]
.
 Et
hiopi
aunboundwasundoubt
edl
ypanAf
ri
cani
sti
nor
ient
ati
onandwasnotwr
it
tenf
rom ar
omant
ic
poi
ntofv
iew.
 Ot
hercr
eat
iveAf
ri
canar
ti
stsoft
hecol
oni
aler
aadopt
edi
ndi
genousAf
ri
canl
anguagest
ocr
aftt
hei
r
‘
nar
rat
ives’
aboutcont
empor
aryexper
iencear
oundt
hem.
 Ont
heWestAf
ri
cancoast
,indi
genouswr
it
ingspr
out
edi
nNi
ger
iawi
thD.
OFagunwa’
s“Ogboj
uode

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

ni
nui
gboi
rumol
e”(
1938)
.
 Radi
cal
trai
nissy
mbol
i
zedi
nAi
meCesai
reandDav
idDi
op.
 ThepoemsofDav
idDi
opr
eveal
edt
hev
iol
entnot
esofcol
oni
ali
sm.
 Casai
rei
sDav
idDi
op’
sment
orwhoi
dent
if
iedt
hev
iol
entnot
eofcol
oni
ali
sm.
 Chi
nuaAchebe`
sThi
ngsFal
lApar
t[1958]mar
ksat
urni
ngpoi
nti
nthehi
stor
yofAf
ri
canl
i
ter
atur
e.
 GhanaandNi
ger
iagai
nedi
ndependencei
n1957,
1960r
espect
ivel
y.
 Thr
eest
randsofwr
it
erscanbei
dent
if
iedi
nposti
ndependenceAf
ri
canst
ates.
 Thet
hreest
randsofwr
it
ersar
edi
sil
l
usi
oned,
theopt
imi
sti
candt
hei
deol
ogi
cal
l
yconf
usedwr
it
ers.
 Achebe`
sgener
ati
onofwr
it
ersr
epr
esentt
hest
randofdi
sil
l
usi
onedar
ti
sts.
 Thest
randhadhopedt
hatt
henewr
uler
s,f
ell
owAf
ri
cans,
woul
dsal
vaget
hei
rnat
ions.
 Wol
eSoy
inka`
sApl
ayofGi
ant
swoul
drev
eal
thenakednessofdi
ctat
ors.
 Byt
hel
ate1970s,
Afr
icanwr
it
erswoul
dbegener
all
yconv
incedt
hatt
hei
rear
li
erhopeswer
emi
spl
aced.
 Ay
oungergener
ati
onofAf
ri
canwr
it
ersi
ntheear
ly1980swoul
dhowev
erposi
tamor
eopt
imi
sti
c
v
isi
onoft
hei
rsoci
ety
.
 Thepastcol
dwarwoul
daf
tert
he1990sandbey
ond.
 TheAf
ri
cancont
inenti
stodayt
hepoor
estonear
th.
 Af
ri
canl
i
ter
aryhi
stor
yisr
epl
etewi
thcr
eat
iveconst
ri
ctsofwomenar
ti
sts.
 I
tisev
identt
hatwomenwr
it
ershav
epr
ovi
dedv
ibr
antv
ist
asont
heexper
iencesofAf
ri
canwomenon
t
hecont
inent
.
 Li
ter
atur
eabhor
sencasement
swhat
evert
hemasksadopt
ed.

CHAPTER24

PEOPLEOFNI
GERI
A

 Thebi
ggestcount
ryi
nter
m ofl
andar
eai
nAf
ri
cai
sAl
ger
ia.
 Thel
argestr
iveri
nAf
ri
cai
sNi
l
e(Egy
pt)
.
 Thehi
ghestpoi
nt/
mount
aini
nAf
ri
cai
sKI
LIMAJARO(
5,898M)
 TheSav
annahv
eget
atei
sdescr
ibedasagr
assl
andwi
thscat
ter
edt
ress.
 KushandAksum t
ri
besi
nmoder
nSudanandEt
hopi
adev
elopf
rom Egy
pt.
 Theev
olut
ioni
stagr
eedt
hatmanev
olv
edf
rm di
ff
erentpl
aces.
 Mi
grat
ioni
sthemov
ementofpeopl
efr
om t
hei
ror
dinar
ypl
aceofr
esi
dencet
oanot
herl
ocat
ionf
or

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

mor
ethansi
xmont
hs(
Uni
tedNat
ion)
.

 Rav
est
'ai
nandBacon(
1983)bel
i
vesmi
grat
ioni
sev
enl
ongert
hansi
xmont
hs.

 Accor
dingt
oDar
lyFor
de(
1968)
,Di
ff
usi
onsi
mpl
ymeanst
hespr
eadofknowl
edgeandcust
omsf
rom
oneper
sont
oanot
her
.

 Thef
ourf
ormsofmi
grat
ioni
ncl
ude:
 Bar
bar
ianI
nvasi
on:Peopl
eofi
nfer
oircul
tur
eov
err
unpeopl
eofsuper
oir
 Col
oni
zat
ion:Mov
ementofpower
ful
peopl
etoar
egi
onofpeopl
ewi
thl
esspower
.
 Conquest
:Acqui
sti
onoft
err
it
oryt
hroughf
orce(
war
).
 Peacef
ulMi
grat
ion:Peopl
emov
efr
om oner
egi
ont
oanot
herwi
thoutof
fendi
ngsensi
bil
i
ty.
 Ni
ger
iai
sri
chwi
thav
ari
etyofgeomor
phol
ogi
cal
,cl
i
mat
ologi
cal
andbi
ogr
aphi
cal
resour
ces.

 Ni
ger
iai
slocat
edwhol
l
yint
ropi
csbet
weenl
ati
tude4degr
eesNor
thand14degr
eesNor
th.

 TheRepubl
i
cofBeni
nisNi
ger
iawest
ernnei
ghbor
;Camer
oonRepubl
i
cont
heeast
ernsi
de;t
heSahar
a
deser
tist
henor
ther
nboundar
y;andt
heGul
fofGui
nea(
Anar
m At
lant
icOcean)atsout
her
nboundar
y.

 Thesout
her
nboundar
y(TheAt
lant
icOcean)i
sthemedi
um t
hroughwhi
chEur
opeancol
oni
zer
scame
t
othecount
ry.

 TheEur
opeanschanget
hedi
rect
ionoft
hepeopl
eofNi
ger
iaf
rom i
ntr
a-et
hni
cmobi
l
ityt
oint
er-
ent
thni
c
mobi
l
ity
.

 Thear
eascl
oset
othecoasti
nNi
ger
iahashi
ghr
ainf
all
.Thesear
easi
ncl
udeLagos,Cal
abar
,Akasa
andBonny
.

 TheGui
neaSav
annahst
art
sfr
om Kanoandext
endt
oLakeChadwher
eSahel
Sav
annahpr
edomi
nat
e.

 Theheav
yrai
nfal
li
nthesout
her
npar
tgi
vesr
iset
ohi
ghf
orestofmangr
ovet
ype.

 Thepr
act
iceofmov
ingl
i
vest
ockf
rom onegr
azi
nggr
oundt
oanot
heri edTRANSHUMANCE.
scal
l

 Ni
ger
iacanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo(
2)br
oadr
eli
efpat
ter
n-Thel
owl
andandt
hehi
ghl
and.

 Thel
owl
andi
sbel
ow300m whi
l
ethehi
ghl
andi
sabov
e300m.

 Thel
owl
andcov
ersmai
nlysout
erncent
ral
par
toft
hecour
try
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thecoast
landi
sex
tensi
vei
nthesout
h-east
ernpar
treachi
ngov
er300km i
ntheDel
tar
egi
on.

 Thecoast
all
owl
andi
snotmor
ethan5met
resabov
etheseal
evel
.

 Thenat
ureoft
hel
owl
andi
nthecoast
alar
easi
smar
shy
.

 Theoccupantoft
hel
owl
andar
eaar
emai
nlyf
isher
men

 Thechadbasi
nisl
owl
andi
ntheext
remenor
th-
east
ernpar
tofNi
ger
ia.

 Thef
loodedar
eai
nSokot
o,Ri
maandZamf
araar edFADAMAS.
ecal
l

 Sokot
opl
ainhav
eanav
erageel
evat
ionof150met
res.

 I
nthenor
theastt
her
eisanel
ongat
ed,
bow-
shapedl
owl
andcal
l
edNi
ger
-Benuet
rough.

 TheNi
ger
-Benuet
hroughst
artf
rom Sokot
oandt
heendi
nyol
a

 Thenor
th-
cent
alpl
eat
eaui
sonebi
gbl
ocki
nthecent
reofNor
ther
nNi
ger
iawhi
chhasanel
evat
ionof
760met
res

 Thel
owl
andar
easar
ethef
ir
stchoi
ceofmostset
tl
ers.

 TheYor
ubahi
ghl
andsl
i
eatt
henor
th-
cent
ral
par
tofwest
ernNi
ger
ia.

 TheUdihi
ghl
andseastoft
hecount
rywhi
char
elocat
edatt
heext
remesout
heast
ernendoft
he
count
ry,
thehi
ghl
andsi
ncl
ude:

 Sahebi
nshi
mount
ainsy
stem

 Mandr
amount
ainsy
stem

 Bamendamount
ainsy
stem

 Al
lthemount
ainsar
emadeupofbasementcompl
exr
ockoft
hepr
e-cambr
ainer
a.

 Ther
eisav
olcani
crocki
nJospl
ateau.

 Thehi
ghestpoi
nti
sfoundi
nJosPl
eteauwi
thanel
evat
ionof1830m

 Ri
ver
sthatr
isef
rom t
henor
th-
cent
alpl
ateaui
ncl
udet
heHadei
j
a,Gongol
a,Sokot
oandKaduna.

 TheYor
ubahi
ghl
andsl
i
ebet
ween300and500met
resabov
ethesea.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thenor
theast
ernhi
ghl
andsf
orm abr
idgebet
weent
henor
thandeasti
nNi
ger
ia.

 Nohi
ghl
andconnect
snor
thandwest
.

 Thehi
ghl
andi
smadeupofbasementcompl
exr
ocks.

 Madar
amount
ainhasabout1525met
resofel
evat
ion

 Bi
uPl
ateauMount
ainhasabout914met
reshei
ghtabov
etheseal
evel
.

 ObuduPl
ateauMount
ainhasahei
ghtof1220met
resandObanhi
l
lswi
tht
hesameel
evat
ion.

 Ther
iverf
rom Sokot
o,Ri
ma,
Gongal
aandKast
inadr
ainedi
ntot
heRi
verNi
ger
.

 Osun,
Ogun,
Owena,
Ethi
opi
a,Anambr
a,I
mo,
CrossRi
verandt
heent
ir
eri
verr
isi
ngf
rom t
hehi
ghl
andsi
n
t
hesout
hdr
aini
ntot
heAt
lant
icOcean.

 TheNor
thwar
dfl
owi
ngr
iver
sdr
aini
ngi
ntot
hei
nlandl
akear
eHadei
j
a,Yobe,Gana,Ngoadaand
Yedser
am.

 Fi
ve(
5)basi
nsar
erecogni
zedi
nNi
ger
ia-Ni
ger
,Benue,
Chad,
Crossr
iverandSout
hAt
lant
icbasi
n.

 Peopl
eofNi
ger
iacanbet
racedf
rom t
heEar
lySt
oneAge,
Middl
eSt
oneAgeandLat
eSt
oneAge.

 Thecol
oni
alaut
hor
it
ycent
ral
i
sedt
heNor
ther
nNi
ger
ia.

 Thecol
oni
alpol
i
ciesl
edt
othedev
elopmentofhi
ghr
ateofmi
grat
ioni
nthecount
ry.

 TheRi
verNi
gerandBenuedi
vi
det
hecount
ryi
ntot
hreenat
ural
sregi
ons-Nor
th,
EastandWest
.

 TheNor
ther
npar
thast
womai
net
hni
cgr
oup-Ful
ani
andHausa.

 TheFul
ani
aremost
lyf
oundi
nSokot
o,Tar
abaandAdamawa.

 I
n1963,
thepopul
ati
onoft
heHausaswas11.
7mi
l
li
on.

 TheKanur
ipeopl
ear
eal
sof
oundi
nthenor
ther
npar
t.

 Themi
ddl
ebel
tsar
ethehomeofmanyet
hni
cgr
oups.

 TheI
doma,
theI
gal
a,Gwar
i,Angas,
Bir
om andEbi
raar
efoundbet
weent
henor
thandsout
h.

 Ti
vspopul
ati
onwas1.
4mi
l
li
oni
n1963.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Themai
net
hni
cgr
oupi
nwesti
stheYor
ubas.

 TheYor
ubashav
ethehi
ghestdegr
eeofur
bani
zat
ioni
nthecount
ry.

 Kwar
a,Oy
o,Osun,
Ondo,
OgunandLagosar
etheYor
ubas.

 SomeYor
ubasar
eal
sof
oundi
nEdoandKogi
stat
e.

 I
ntheeast
,theI
bospeaki
ngpeopl
ear
ethel
argest
.

 TheI
bosar
etheEnugu,
Anamabr
a,I
moandAbi
ast
ate.

 Thepopul
ati
onofr
ural
set
tl
ementi
sabount60per
centoft
hecount
ry.

 Theconceptofenv
ironment
ali
sm i
sdi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourpar
t:
 Det
ermi
nism:Thi
sconceptexpl
ainst
hatmani
susual
l
yundert
hecont
rol
ofnat
ure.
 Possi
bil
ism:Thi
sconceptbel
i
evest
hatmani
scapabl
eofbr
ingi
ngnat
ureunderhi
scommand.
 Pr
obabi
li
sm:Thi
sconcepthol
dst
hev
iewt
hatasl
ongasmani
scapabl
eofmodi
fyi
ngnat
ure
accor
dingt
ohi
s wi
sh,
nat
ureal
sohassomemoder
ati
ngi
nfl
uenceonhi
m.
 Cogni
ti
vebehav
iour
ism:Thecogni
ti
vebehav
ior
istbel
i
evest
hatonl
yther
ecogni
zabl
eact
ionof
mani
swhatshoul
dbeanal
yzed.
 TheGui
neaSav
annahzonei
sthef
oodbasketoft
henat
ion.
 Kaduna,
Minna,
Enugu,
Umuabi
a,Abi
a,Ower
riandPor
t-
har
cour
tdev
elopdur
ingt
hecol
oni
alper
iod.

 Thel
astcount
ryt
obecol
oni
sedi
nAf
ri
cawasCapeVer
de-
Spani
sht
err
it
ory
.

 TheBar
bar
iansi
nvadedandconquer
edt
heRomanEmpi
rei
nthe6t
hcent
ury
.

 Thef
all
oft
hesuper
iorofRomanci
vi
li
sat
ionl
edt
othet
heDar
kAges.

CHAPTER25

NI
GERI
ASTATEI
NINDUSTRI
ALDEVELOPMENT:POLI
CYANDLI
MITATI
ONS

 Ni
ger
iast
atear
ti
cul
atedi
tsowni
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cyi
n1980.
 Twodecadesofi
ndust
ri
alpr
act
icesdev
oidofest
abl
i
shedst
ate`
sindust
ri
alpol
i
cycr
eat
edt
hegap
bet
weeni
ndust
ri
alt
echnol
ogyanddev
elopment
.
 TheFeder
alMi
nist
ryofI
ndust
ryar
ti
cul
atedt
hef
ir
stev
eri
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cyofNi
ger
iai
n1980.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thei
ndust
rypol
i
cywasupdat
edi
n1989t
oaccommodat
evar
iousmeasur
esoft
heNi
ger
ianst
ate
undert
hest
ruct
ural
adj
ust
mentpr
ogr
amme.
 Thef
eder
almi
nist
ryofi
ndust
ryi
nit
iat
edy
etanot
herr
evi
ewoft
hei
nit
ial
pol
i
cyar
ti
cul
atedi
n1980.
 Af
terNi
ger
ia’
sindependencei
n1960,
Niger
ianst
atewasatt
hecent
reofi
ndust
ri
alact
ivi
ti
es.
 Ni
ger
ianst
atedi
dnotespouseanexpl
i
citordet
ail
edi
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cyunt
il1980.
 I
nAugust1988,
gov
ernmentest
abl
i
shedt
heNat
ional
commi
tt
eeoni
ndust
ri
aldev
elopment
.
 I
nAugust1988,
gov
ernmental
sosetupst
rat
egi
cmanagementofi
ndust
ri
aldev
elopment
.
 Thest
rat
egi
cmanagementofi
ndust
ri
aldev
elopmentwascal
l
edI
ndust
ri
alMast
erPl
an[
IMP]
.
 I
n1990’
s,t
hemanuf
act
uri
ngsect
ordecl
i
nedi
nter
msofout
putandshar
eint
heGr
ossDomest
ic
Pr
oduct[
GDP]
.
 Thecur
renti
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cywasf
ormul
atedi
n2003
 Ther
evi
ewedi
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cyof2003r
emai
nedt
hepol
i
cymeasur
esf
oreconomi
csandi
ndust
ri
al
t
ransf
ormat
ionofNi
ger
ia.
 Ther
evi
ewedi
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cywasexpect
edt
ost
imul
atebot
hmedi
um smal
landl
argescal
eindust
ri
es
sect
ors.
 Ther
evi
ewedi
ndust
ri
alpol
i
cywasal
soexpect
edt
oenabl
eaneconomygui
dedbyt
heneol
i
ber
al
i
ndust
ri
alandmar
ketpr
inci
ples.
 I
ndust
ri
aldev
elopmentcent
rear
etobecr
eat
edbyt
heNi
ger
ianst
ate.
 Sout
hKor
ea,Tai
wanandSi
ngapor
eappr
oachedt
hepr
obl
emsofi
ndust
ri
aldev
elopmentf
rom di
ver
se
st
andpoi
nts.
 TheSout
hKor
eanexper
imentwasagov
ernmentl
edi
ndust
ri
alandt
echnol
ogi
cal
pol
i
cy.

CHAPTER26
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOLAW:NI
GERI
ANLEGALSYSTEM
 TheNi
ger
ianl
egal
syst
em i
sbasedonEngl
i
shcommonl
aw.
 Engl
i
shl
awf
orm asubst
ant
ial
par
tofNi
ger
ianl
aw.
 Thesour
cesofNi
ger
ianl
awar
e:
 Theconst
it
uti
on
 Legi
slat
ion
 Recei
vedEngl
i
shl
aw
 Cust
omar
ylaw

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 I
slami
claw
 Judi
cial
precedent
s
 I
nter
nat
ional
law
 Thecur
rentconst
it
uti
oni
nNi
ger
iai
sthe1999const
it
uti
on.
 The1999const
it
uti
onwasenact
edbyAbubakarAbdul
sal
ami
mil
i
tar
yadmi
nist
rat
ion.
 The1979const
it
uti
onwasenact
edbyt
heObasanj
omi
l
itar
yadmi
nist
rat
ion.
 TheNat
ional
Assembl
yhaspowert
omakel
awsf
ort
hef
eder
ati
on
 TheHouseofAssembl
yhaspowert
omakel
awsf
oreachst
ateoft
hef
eder
ati
on.
 Democr
ati
cgov
ernmentwasel
ect
edi
nMay1999.
 Thel
egi
slat
uremakesl
aws.
 TheRecei
vedEngl
i
shl
awconsi
stsof
:
 Thecommonl
aw
 Thedoct
ri
neofequi
ty
 St
atut
esofgener
alappl
i
cat
ioni
nfor
cei
nEngl
andonJanuar
y1,
1900.
 St
atuesandsubsi
diar
ylegi
slat
iononspeci
fi
edmat
ter
s.
 TheNi
ger
ial
egal
syst
em i
sver
ycompl
exbecauseofl
egal
plur
ali
sm.
 Cust
omar
ylawi
scl
assi
fi
edi
nto:
 Et
hni
c/Non-
Musl
i
m.
 Mosl
em l
aw/
Shar
ia.
 Si
nce1956,
Isl
ami
clawhasbeenadmi
nist
eredi
nthenor
ther
nst
ates.
 Theet
hni
ccust
omar
ylawi
sthei
ndi
genousl
awt
hatappl
i
est
othemember
sofdi
ff
erentet
hni
cgr
oup.
 Cust
omar
ylawi
sasy
stem ofl
awt
hatr
efl
ect
sthecul
tur
e,cust
oms,
val
uesandhabi
ts.
 Et
hni
ccust
omar
ylawsar
eunwr
it
ten,
uncer
tai
nandf
lexi
ble.
 Cust
omar
ylawi
susual
l
yenf
orcedi
ncust
omar
ycour
ts.
 I
slami
clawi
swr
it
tenandr
igi
d.
 TheSupr
emeCour
trepl
acedt
hej
udi
cial
commi
tt
eeoft
hepr
ivycounci
li
n1963
 TheSupr
emeCour
tist
heapexcour
tinNi
ger
ia.
 Thef
eder
alcour
tofAppeal
wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1976.
 Thecour
tofAppeal
sit
sin10j
udi
cial
div
isi
onsscat
ter
edt
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.
 TheHi
erar
chyofcour
tsi
nNi
ger
ia:
 Supr
emecour
t
 Cour
tofAppeal
 Hi
ghcour
t

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Magi
str
ates/
Dist
ri
ctcour
t
 Cust
omar
ycour
ts/
Areacour
ts/
Shar
iacour
t
 TheAr
ms/
Branches/
OrgansofGov
ernmenti
nNi
ger
iaar
e:
 TheLegi
slat
ure.
 TheExecut
ive.
 TheJudi
ciar
y.
 Thel
egi
slat
urei
sbi
camer
alandmadeupoft
he:
 HouseofSenat
e
 HouseofRepr
esent
ati
ve.
 Thel
awmaki
ngpr
ocedur
esi
sspeci
fi
edi
nsect
ion58and59oft
he1999const
it
uti
on.
 Thesenat
eismadeupof109el
ect
edmember
srepr
esent
ing3senat
orsperst
ate.

 TheHouseofRepr
esent
ati
vehas360member
s

 Al
ll
egi
slat
orsar
eel
ect
edf
ora4y
eart
erm.

 Theexecut
ivepoweroft
hef
eder
ati
oni
svest
edi
nthepr
esi
dentbyv
irt
ueofsect
ion5oft
he1999
const
it
uti
on.

 TheCour
tofAppeal
ent
ert
ainsappeal
sfr
om t
hedeci
sionoft
heHi
ghCour
t.

 Cour
tofAppeal
ist
hef
inal
cour
twheni
tcomest
oel
ect
ionpet
it
ions.

 Legal
li
ter
atur
eoft
heNi
ger
iai
smadeupofpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
ces.

 Thecounci
lofl
egaleducat
ioni
sthesuper
visor
ybodyr
esponsi
blef
oraccr
edi
tat
ioncont
roland
managementofl
egal
educat
ioni
nNi
ger
ia.

 TheNi
ger
ial
aw school
'
sheadquar
ter
sisl
ocat
edi
nAbuj
aandt
hreeot
hercampusesi
nEnugu,Kano
andLagos.

 TheNi
ger
ianBarAssoci
ati
on(
N.B.
A)i
sthef
oremostpr
ofessi
onal
associ
ati
oni
nthel
egal
prof
essi
on.

 TheNi
ger
iaBarAssoci
ati
onhas86br
anchesi
nthecount
ry.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER27

HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFNI
GERI
A’SLEGALSYSTEM FROM COLONI
ALI
SM TOPRESENT

 Al
egal
pract
it
ionermustdonhi
swi
gandgownbef
oreappear
ingi
nanycour
tofr
ecor
dinNi
ger
ia

 Commonl
awwasi
ntr
oducedundert
hepar
li
ament
arysy
stem.

 TheObashi
pandt
heEmi
rshi
pst
yleofgov
ernancet
ookf
ir
mroot
samongt
heHausasandYor
ubas.

 TheWazi
rii
snextt
otheemi
rint
henor
th

 TheAl
kal
i(chi
efj
ust
ice)i
sinchar
geofdi
rect
ingt
headmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice.

 TheDogar
is(
pol
i
cemen)assi
stt
heal
kal
i
sint
heenf
orcementoft
hel
aw.

 Thechi
efsi
nYor
ubal
andi
ncl
udet
heOt
un,
theOsi
andt
heBal
ogunet
c.

 TheBr
it
ishGov
ernmentappoi
ntedconsul
stor
egul
atet
het
radebet
weent
heBr
it
ishmer
chant
s,andt
he
i
ndi
genoust
rader
s.

 Thef
ir
stconsul
swasappoi
ntedi
n1849

 Theconsul
sest
abl
i
shedacour
tknownasconsul
arcour
ts.

 Thecour
tthatwasest
abl
i
shedbyf
orei
gnandi
ndi
genoust
rader
sisknownasEqui
tycour
s.

 I
n1872,
theequi
tycour
twasputundert
hecont
rol
oft
heconsul
.

 TheBr
it
ishannexedLagosasatt
hecr
owncol
onyi
n1861.

 Byor
dinanceNo.
3of1863,t
heBr
it
ishi
ntr
oducedEngl
i
shl
aw i
ntot
hecol
ony
,whi
cht
akeef
fectf
rom
Mar
ch4,
1863.

 I
n1876,
thef
ir
stsupr
emecour
tswasest
abl
i
shedf
ort
hecol
ony

 I
n1874,t
heBr
it
ishAdmi
nist
rat
ionest
abl
i
shedasepar
atesi
ngl
egov
ernmentf
ort
heset
tl
ement
sof
Lagosandt
heGol
dcoast
.

 Thesupr
emecour
tfort
hecol
onywasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreear
msnamel
y:
 Thef
ull
cour
t(whi
cht
akesappeal
onl
y)
 TheDi
vi
sional
cour
ts(
hav
ingor
igi
nal
andappel
l
etej
uri
sdi
cti
on)

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 TheDi
str
ictcommi
ssi
oner
scour
ts
 Equi
tyal
way
spr
evai
l
sov
ert
her
uleofcommonl
aw.

 Asat24t
hofJul
y1874,t
hecommonl
aw ofEngl
and,t
hedoct
ri
neofequi
tyandst
atusofgener
al
appl
i
cat
ionwer
eappl
i
edi
nthecour
ts.

 TheRoy
alNi
gerCompanywasest
abl
i
shedi
n1886.

 Thechar
terundert
hecompanywasr
evokedi
n1899.

 I
n1889,
theNi
gercoastpr
otect
orat
ewasest
abl
i
shedbyt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.

 Ni
gercoastpr
otect
orat
ecompr
isesBENI
N,BRASS,
BONNY,
OLDCALABARandOPOBOR.

 Hi
ghcommi
ssi
onerwasappoi
ntedt
omakel
awf
ort
hepr
otect
orat
e.

 Nat
ivecour
tswer
eest
abl
i
shedi
n1900wher
ecust
omar
ycour
twasadmi
nist
ered.

 Twoki
ndsofNat
ivecour
tst
hatwer
eest
abl
i
shedi
nNor
ther
nNi
ger
iaar
etheAl
kal
icour
tandt
he
Judi
cial
counci
l
.

 I
n1914,
Lagoswasmadet
hecapi
tal
oft
hecol
onyandpr
otect
orat
eofNi
ger
ia

 OnJanuar
y1st
,1914;
thecol
onyandt
hepr
otect
orat
eofSout
her
nNi
ger
iamer
gedwi
tht
hepr
otect
orat
e
ofNor
ther
nNi
ger
ia.

 Theamal
gamat
ionoft
hispr
otect
orat
efor
mthr
eet
ypesofcour
ts:

 Supr
emecour
ts

 Pr
ovi
nci
alcour
ts

 Nat
ivecour
ts

 Hi
ghcour
tandMagi
str
ateswasest
abl
i
shedi
n1933.

 Ni
ger
iabecamei
ndependenti
n1960.

 OnJanuar
y15,
1966t
hemi
l
itar
yint
erv
enedi
nthepol
i
tical
syst
em ofNi
ger
ia

 Thef
eder
alhi
ghcour
twasest
abl
i
shedundert
hemi
l
itar
ygov
ernmenti
n1976aswel
lascour
tofappeal
.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Decr
eeandEdi
ctswasmadeundert
hemi
l
itar
ygov
ernment
.

 Thet
radi
ngcoast
alpost
sbef
oret
hef
ormalar
ri
valoft
heBr
it
ishar
eLagos,Beni
n,Br
ass,Newandol
d
Cal
abar
.

CHAPTER28
THEPOLI
TICALECONOMYOFLI
TERACYI
NNI
GERI
A
 Thecr
isi
sofl
i
ter
acyi
nNi
ger
iai
sanout
growt
hoft
hest
ruct
uralcont
radi
cti
onsofNi
ger
ian’
spol
i
tical
economy
.
 Ther
e(2)f
ormsofLi
ter
acy
,namel
y;Basi
cli
ter
acyandFunct
ional
li
ter
acy
.
 AFunct
ional
li
ter
ateacqui
resknowl
edgeandski
l
lsandappl
i
est
hem ef
fect
ivel
y.
 Ther
ear
etwo(
2)f
ormsofi
l
li
ter
acy
,twonamel
y;Mor
ali
l
li
ter
atesandSoci
ali
l
li
ter
ates.
 Mor
ali
l
li
ter
atesi
ncl
udecor
ruptandf
raudul
entpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
s.
 Soci
ali
l
li
ter
atesi
ncl
udet
hosewhoar
eir
responsi
bleandundi
sci
pli
ned.
 Ni
ger
iai
ssai
dtohav
eov
er35%i
l
li
ter
ates.
 Ni
ger
iai
soneoft
het
enl
eadi
ngcount
ri
eswi
thar
eser
veofi
l
li
ter
ates.
 Ni
ger
iahast
hehi
ghestpopul
ati
onofi
l
li
ter
acyi
nAf
ri
ca.
 Ni
ger
ia’
sadul
til
l
iter
atear
eov
er29mi
l
li
on.
 TheUni
ver
sal
FreePr
imar
yEducat
ionschemewasadopt
edi
n1976.
 TheUni
ver
sal
FreePr
imar
yEducat
ionschemepr
omi
sedt
oer
adi
cat
eil
l
iter
acybyt
hey
ear2000.
 MDGsmeanMi
l
leni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
s.
 UBEmeansUni
ver
sal
Basi
cpr
imar
yEducat
ion.
 TheMi
l
leni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
sar
etoer
adi
cat
echi
l
dil
l
iter
acybyhal
fin2015.
 UNESCO r
ecommendedt
hatcount
ri
escommi
tami
nimum of26% oft
hei
rbudgett
othef
undi
ngof
educat
ion
 Accor
dingt
othecol
oni
ali
st,
West
erneducat
ioncamet
hroughmi
ssi
onar
yev
angel
i
sm.
 Col
oni
aleducat
ionwasmeantt
ost
abi
l
ize“
cont
inui
tyandchange”
.
 TheFOOTCOMMI
SSI
ONi
nfl
uencedt
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
heUni
ver
sit
yCol
l
ege,
Ibadani
n1948.
 TheAshbycommi
ssi
onwasset
upi
n1959t
olooki
ntoNi
ger
ian’
smanpowerneedsbet
ween1960and
1980.
 I
n1969,aNat
ionalConf
erenceoncur
ri
cul
um dev
elopmentwashel
dwi
that
heme“
APHI
LOSOPHYFOR
NI
GERI
ANEDUCATI
ON”
.
 The6-
3-3-
4educat
ional
syst
em wasadv
ocat
edf
oratt
he1969Nat
ional
Conf
erence.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 The1973Nast
ional
Conf
erencewaschai
redbyS.
OAdebowi
th80par
ti
cipant
s.
 I
n1975,
thegov
ernmentsetupacommi
tt
eeunderMi
chael
Angul
utol
ooki
ntot
heuni
ver
sit
yadmi
ssi
on.
 By1985,t
heFG assumedr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
or60% oft
hebi
l
lofpr
imar
yeducat
ionespeci
all
yteacher
’s
sal
ari
es.
 100%oft
hepubl
i
cpr
imar
yschool
steacher
’ssal
ari
esar
ebor
nebyt
heFG.
 TheGi
ft
edchi
l
drenpr
ogr
am waspopul
ari
zedbyt
hef
ormermi
nist
erofeducat
ion,
Prof
.Jubr
ilAmi
nu
 TheNomadi
cEducat
ionPr
ogr
am waspopul
ari
zedbyJubr
ilAmi
nut
hroughaf
oodpr
ogr
am.
 Nat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orMassLi
ter
acy,Adul
tandNon-
For
malEducat
ioni
sthebodyr
esponsi
blef
ort
he
er
adi
cat
ionofi
l
li
ter
acyi
nNi
ger
ia.
 Thegov
ernmentgr
ant
edai
dtomi
ssi
onar
yandcol
oni
alschool
sthr
oughagov
ernmentor
dinancei
n1882.
 Moni
esv
otedt
otheeducat
ional
sect
orar
emost
lyusedi
nthedi
sbur
sementoft
eacher
’ssal
ari
es.
 Educat
ionoccupi
edt
hesecondi
tem ongov
ernment
’sl
i
sti
n1975.
 Educat
iondwi
ndl
edf
rom 2nd i
t o7thi
em t tem ongov
ernment
’sl
i
sti
n1981-
1985
 SAPmeansSt
ruct
ural
Adj
ust
mentPr
ogr
am.
 WTOmeansWor
ldTr
adeOr
gani
zat
ion.
 GATSmeanGener
alAgr
eementonTr
adeSer
vices.
 TheWTOwasi
naugur
atedi
n1995.
 TheNat
ionalUni
ver
sit
iesCommi
ssi
oni
sthebodyt
hati
sresponsi
blef
oraccr
edi
tat
ionexer
cisei
nNi
ger
ian
uni
ver
sit
ies.
 I
n1981,
theFGundershehushagar
isetupapanel
findal
ter
nat
ivemeansoff
undi
ngeducat
ion.
 Maj
orGener
alBuhar
iaf
tert
her
eignsofpowert
urnedt
hemassi
vewi
thdr
awal
ofsubsi
dyt
otheeducat
ional
sect
or.
 The1999const
it
uti
ondi
dnotseeeducat
ionasr
ightbutr
atherasapr
ivi
l
ege.
 Educat
ioni
ssai
dtobeani
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght
.

CHAPTER29
RELI
GIOUS,
ETHNI
C,CULTI
C,ANDPOLI
TICALVI
OLENCEI
NNI
GERI
A
 Aconf
erencewashel
dbyCat
hol
i
cbi
shopsi
nFebr
uar
y2006onr
eli
giouski
l
li
ngsov
ercar
toonsof
pr
ophetMohammed.
 Nnamdi
Azi
ki
wesuppor
tedconf
li
ctpr
event
ionwhi
l
eAhmaduBel
l
osuppor
tedconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on.
 Pol
i
ticsi
sthemanagementoft
heaf
fai
rsofmeni
nor
gani
sedsoci
ety
.
 Anci
entI
srael
beganherl
i
feast
heocr
ati
cst
ate.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thej
udgeswhopr
ecededmor
nachi
cal
eracombi
nedspi
ri
tual
andpol
i
tical
leader
shi
p.
 Dur
ingt
hemonar
chy
,itwasdi
ff
icul
ttosepar
ater
ulebet
weenki
ngsandpr
ophet
s.
 Mar
ti
nLut
herKi
ngJrofUSAl
edbl
ackst
oresi
str
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionandenabl
eAf
ri
canAmer
icans
enj
oyt
hef
reedom t
heyhav
etoday
.
 Mar
ti
nLut
herpl
ayedakeyr
olei
nthePr
otest
antr
efor
mat
ionwhi
chchangedt
heChr
ist
ianuni
ver
sal
l
andscape.
 DesmondTut
uofSout
hAf
ri
capl
ayedmaj
orr
olesi
ner
adi
cat
ionofobnoxi
ousapar
thei
d.
 Thev
oiceoft
hechur
ch’
sresi
stancedur
ingNi
ger
ia’
smi
l
itar
ydi
ctat
orshi
pcamef
rom Abi
odunAdet
il
oye.
 Educat
ionwi
thoutr
eli
gionpr
oducesabr
eedofcl
eardev
il
s.
 The f
oll
owi
ng f
orms ofoppr
essi
ons can be i
dent
if
ied:gl
obalt
err
ori
sm,i
nst
it
uti
onalv
iol
ence,
aut
hor
it
ari
anv
iol
ence,
humanr
ight
svi
olat
ion,
psy
chol
ogi
cal
viol
ence.
 I
ntheear
ly1980smai
tat
siner
iot
slef
tmanysout
her
nNi
ger
iansandChr
ist
iansdead.
 Ni
ger
iaBi
afr
aci
vi
lwarwasbet
ween1966and1970att
hweendoft
heFi
rstr
epubl
i
c.
 KadunaandKanoar
esomeoft
hest
atest
hatwi
tnessedShar
iacr
isi
sinNi
ger
ia.
 Themostor
gani
sedPeacef
ulpr
otestandcount
err
eact
ionsf
rom Chr
ist
iansagai
nstshar
ial
edt
othe
car
nagei
nKadunai
n2000.
 Thesect
ion38ofNi
ger
ia’
sFeder
alConst
it
uti
onst
atest
hat“
Ever
yper
sonshal
lbeent
it
ledt
ofr
eedom
oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion”
 Ni
ger
iawasr
egi
ster
edasoneoft
hemembercount
ri
esofOr
gani
zat
ionOfI
slami
cConf
erence(
O.I
.C)
byGener
alI
brahi
m Babangi
da.
 Thei
sl
ami
zat
ionofNi
ger
iast
art
edi
n1975undert
heGener
almur
tal
aMuhammad.
 Theper
iodofGener
alBabangi
da(
1985-
1993)r
epr
esent
edt
hebegi
nni
ngofunmi
ti
gat
edi
slami
zat
ionof
Ni
ger
ia.
 Thesul
tanofsokot
oledt
hemi
ssi
ont
ofor
mal
l
yadmi
tNi
ger
iai
ntot
heOr
gani
zat
ionofI
slami
c
Conf
erence(
O.I
.C)
.
 Gener
alAbachagotNi
ger
iai
ntot
heD8(
anor
gani
zat
ionofei
ghtI
slami
ccount
ri
es)i
n1997.
 Themember
soft
heD8 i
ncl
udes;Egy
pt,Mal
aysi
a,I
ndonesi
a,I
ran,Ni
ger
ia,Tur
key
,Paki
stanand
Bangl
adesh.
 Gener
alBabangi
dat
ookt
hef
atef
uldeci
sioni
n1986t
oor
gani
zeami
ssi
ont
ofor
mal
l
yadmi
tNi
ger
ia
i
ntoOr
gani
zat
ionOfI
slami
cConf
erence(
O.I
.C)
.
 The3rdsummi
tofD8washel
dinEgy
ptonFebr
uar
y24,
2001.
 ‘
Thebestpr
esi
dentNi
ger
ianev
erhadwasObaf
emi
Awol
owo’
sai
dOj
ukwu.
 TheNi
ger
-Bi
afr
aci
vi
lwarwasbet
ween1996and1970.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Thef
lagbear
ersofSoci
alDemocr
ati
cPar
ty(
SDP)oft
het
henabor
tedJune12,1993el
ect
ionsar
e
MoshoodAbi
olaandBabangi
daki
ngbe.
 Rwandai
scomposedof95%Chr
ist
ians.

CHAPTER30
I
NFLUENCEOFI
SLAMI
CTHOUGHTANDCULTUREONTHEAFRI
CANSOCI
ETY
 I
slam andChr
ist
iani
tyar
ethet
womaj
orr
eli
gionsoft
hewor
ld.
 I
slam wasabl
etoi
ntegr
atei
ntot
heAf
ri
cansoci
etyasar
esul
tofi
tsl
i
ber
ali
sm wi
thi
ntheAf
ri
can
cont
ext
.
 Thef
oll
ower
soft
hepr
ophet(
S.A.
W)f
ledt
oAby
ssi
niai
n615ADwhent
heyf
acedper
secut
ioni
nthe
handsoft
heQur
ayahwher
etheysoughtr
efugewi
thNegus,
aChr
ist
ianki
ng.
 I
twasdur
ingt
her
uleofkhal
i
fahUmart
hatEgy
ptandot
herpar
tsofAf
ri
cacameunderMusl
i
mrul
e.
 Af
ri
caser
vedasasav
inggr
acef
orI
slam ati
tsbi
rt
h.
 Ar
abandI
slami
cpr
esencei
nNor
thAf
ri
cacanbet
racedt
otheI
slami he7thcent
cconquestoft ury
AD
 I
slam wasabl
eto spr
ead acr
osst
heSahar
athr
ough t
heBer
ber
sand Musl
i
m Af
ri
canswho
di
ssemi
nat
edandest
abl
i
shedI
slami
cst
atesi
nWestAf
ri
ca.
 I
slami
cteachi
ngswer
eest
abl
i
shedi
ntheci
tyofGAO.
 Themov
ementofMansaMusaf
rom Egy
pt i
n1324ADwi
thsomeMusl
i
m schol
arsdur
inghi
s
pi
l
gri
maget
otheHol
yLandsawt
hem set
tl
ingatMal
iandTi
mbukt
u.
 Sankor
eUni
ver
sit
ywasknownast
hef
ir
stuni
ver
sit
yinWestAf
ri
ca.
 Ar
abi
cist
hel
anguageoft
heQur
an.
 JeneandTi
mbukt
uar
ethef
amouscent
resofl
ear
ningi
nthewhol
eofMusl
i
m wor
ld.
 Aspeci
alschool
andhost
elwasbui
l
tforst
udent
sinCai
rocal
l
edMADRASAHI
BNRASHI
Q.
 Hausal
ear
ntt
oreadandwr
it
eAr
abi
cfr
om Kanur
iimmi
grant
sdur
i he15thcent
ngt ury
.
 TheYor
ubasofwest
ernNi
ger
iaor
igi
nat
edf
rom Mi
ddl
eEastandt
hencamet
olI
e-I
fe.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER31
BELI
EFSI
NAFRI
CANRELI
GION
 Af
ri
cansar
epopul
arl
yref
err
edt
oasbei
ngnot
ori
ousl
yrel
i
gious.
 Or
alt
radi
ti
onsar
ethemi
rr
orst
hroughwhi
cht
her
eli
gioni
sknown.
 Or
alt
radi
ti
onsi
ncl
udepr
over
bs,
myt
hs,
piet
ysay
ing,
fol
ktal
esanddai
l
yspeeches.
 Themaj
orbel
i
efsar
einf
ivef
oldsnamel
y:
 SUPREMEBEI
NG.
 DI
VINI
TIES.
 SPI
RITS.
 ANCESTORS.
 MAGI
CANDMEDI
CINE.
 TheSupr
emeBei
ngi
sbel
i
evedt
obet
heal
lsuf
fi
cientonewi
thwhom t
her
eisnoequal
.
 SomeAf
ri
cannamef
orsupr
emebei
ngi
ncl
udes:
NI
GERI
A
 Yor
uba-Ol
odumar
e,Ol
orun,
Eleda,
Elemi
.
 Edo-Osanobua.
 I
gbo-Chukwu,
Chi
neke.
 Nupe-Soko.
 I
jaw–Tamear
au.
 Ti
v-Aondo.
GHANA
 Akan-ony
ame,
ony
ankopoa.
 Ewe-mawu.
 Ga-At
aaNaaNy
enme.
SI
ERRALEONE
 Mende-Ngewo.
 Kono–Mekat
a,y
ata.
 Di
vi
nit
iesser
veasani
nter
medi
arybet
weenSupr
emeBei
ngandman.
 Di
vi
nit
iesar
eknownasgodsast
heyst
andnexti
nrankt
otheSupr
emebei
ng.
 Thenumberofdi
vi
nit
iesr
angesbet
ween201and1700.
 Thegodshav
edi
ff
erentnamesi
ndi
ff
erentsoci
eti
eswhi
chi
ncl
udes:
 I
gbo–Al
usi
ndi
minuo.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Yor
ubas-Or
isa.
 Al
an–ObeseorAbosom.
 Fon–VoduorVud.
 Di
vi
nit
iesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies:
 Pr
imor
dial
div
ini
ti
es.
 Thedei
fi
edancest
ors.
 Di
vi
nit
iesassoci
ati
onwi
thnat
ural
for
cedandphenomena.
 Thepr
imor
dialar
econcei
vedt
ohav
ebeeni
nexi
stencewi
tht
heSupr
emebei
ngbef
oreanddur
ing
t
hecr
eat
ionoft
hewor
ldsuchasobat
ala.
 Thedei
fi
edar
ethosewhol
i
vedext
raor
dinar
yandmy
ster
iousl
i
vedandar
edei
fi
esaf
terdeat
hsuch
asSANGO.
 Di
vi
nit
iesassoci
atedwi
thnat
uralf
orcesandphenomenaar
edi
vi
nit
ieswhi
chf
inalexpr
essi
onsi
n
nat
uralphenomenonandar
eassoci
atedwi
thwi
thr
iver
s,r
ocks,t
rees,books,
hil
l
s,mount
ainsand
f
orest
s.Anexampl
eist
heOl
okun.
 Di
vi
nit
iesar
eregar
dedasmi
nist
ersi
nthet
heocr
ati
cgov
ernmentoft
hewor
ld.
 Di
vi
nit
iesar
ebel
i
evedt
obecapabl
eofbei
nggoodandbadsi
mul
taneousl
y.

 Di
vi
nit
iesandancest
orsar
ecl
assi
fi
edt
obespi
ri
t.
 Di
vi
nit
iesandancest
orsar
eregar
dedasdomest
icat
edspi
ri
t.
 Spi
ri
tscanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourgr
oups;
 Spi
ri
tsassoci
atedwi
thnat
ure.
 Spi
ri
toft
hedeadwhosesoul
shav
enotbeenr
eposed.
 Spi
ri
tofAbi
kuorOgbanj
e.
 Spi
ri
tofwi
tchcr
aft
.
 Ancest
orsar
eref
err
edt
oast
he‘
LIVI
NGDEAD’
.
 Thespi
ri
tual
wor
ldi
sregar
dedasext
ensi
onoft
hephy
sical
.
 Af
ri
cansbur
ythei
rdeadi
nthef
ami
l
ycompoundi
nthehopet
hatt
heywi
l
lcont
inuet
oinf
luencet
hei
r
l
i
ves.
 Themostconcr
etef
orm ofr
emember
ingandv
ener
ati
ngt
heancest
orsi
sbyf
est
ival
s.
 Amongt
heYor
ubas,
theEgungunandOr
ofest
ival
srepr
esentt
hehal
l
mar
koft
heancest
ral
cul
t.
 TheAshant
iofGhanai
saf
orm ofancest
ral
cul
twher
ewehav
etheSacr
edGol
denSt
ool
 TheSacr
edGol
denSt
ool
ist
heancest
ral
symbol
soft
heAshant
i.
 Magi
cisanat
temptonman’
spar
ttot
apandcont
rolt
hesuper
nat
uralr
esour
cesoft
heuni
ver
sef
or

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

hi
sownbenef
it
.
 Medi
cinei
sthesci
enceorar
tofpr
event
ion,
treat
mentandcur
eofdi
sease.
 Magi
cisassoci
atedwi
thel
ement
ssuchaschar
ms,
amul
ets,
juj
u.
 Magi
cisbasedont
woi
nter
wov
enpr
inci
ples;
lawofsi
mil
ari
tyandl
awofcont
act
.
 Thepr
act
iceofmedi
cinei
sregar
dedasgi
ftf
rom t
heSupr
emeBei
ng.
 Medi
cinemenar
eknownast
radi
ti
onal
doct
ors.
 Magi
candmedi
cinear
econt
r edbyOsay
ol
l ini
nYor andandAgwui
ubal nigbol
and.
 Magi
candmedi
cinenamesi
nsomet
ri
besi
nAf
ri
caar
eli
stedbel
ow
 Yor
uba–Oogun,
Egbobi
orI
segun.
 I
gbos–Ogwu.
 Nupes–Ci
gbe.
 Akans–Suman.

CHAPTER32
THEPERFORMANCEOFCI
VILRESPONSI
BILI
TIES:APANACEAFORNI
GERI
A’SPROBLEM
 Ci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tiesar
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyofaci
ti
zen[
Jenni
ferSel
f]
.
 Ci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncl
udes par
ti
cipat
ion i
n gov
ernment
,chur
ch,v
olunt
eer
s and member
shi
p of
v
olunt
aryassoci
ati
on.
 Basi
cri
ght
sar
econf
err
edonci
ti
zensbyt
hedemocr
ati
cst
ate.
 Ci
vi
lobl
i
gat
ionsi
ncl
ude:
 I
ndi
vi
dualci
ti
zensmustr
espectt
henat
ionalf
lagandst
andupwhi
l
ethenat
ionalant
hem i
sbei
ng
pl
ayed.
 Pay
mentofduer
espectt
oal
lconst
it
uti
onal
aut
hor
it
ies.
 Pr
ompt
lycastt
hei
rvot
esdur
ingel
ect
ionsandhav
eint
eresti
nwhati
sgoi
ngonatt
hest
ateandt
he
f
eder
all
evel
sofgov
ernment
.
 Par
takei
nspor
ti
ngact
ivi
ti
es.
 Democr
acyor
igi
nat
edf
rom t
heGr
eekci
tyst
ate.
 Ci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tiesst
art
edf
rom anci
entRome.
 Ci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tywasi
nvent
edbyar
owant
hatwascal
l
edLuci
ousQui
nct
insCi
nci
nnat
usi
n519BC.
 Theact
ivi
ti
esofci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tiesf
luct
uat
edov
ert
hey
ear
sint
heUni
tedSt
ateofAmer
ica.
 Ci
vi
lresponsi
bil
i
tiespr
omot
esel
frespectanddi
gni
ty.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

CHAPTER33
FOCALAREAS
 I
ntheanci
entt
imes,
Kushpr
oducedabout1,
600,
000ki
l
ogr
amsofpur
egol
d.
 Hi
stor
ywasder
ivedf
rom aGr
eekwor
d;i
otopi
a,meani
ngI
NQUI
RY.
 Theki
ngdom ofKushdependedonawi
dev
ari
etyofeconomi
csact
ivi
ti
es.
 Thecapi
tal
ofKushki
ngdom wasmov
edf
rom NAPATAt
oMEROE.
 I
nbot
hNAPATAandMEROEar
eas,
agr
icul
tur
ewasal
soi
mpor
tant
.
 Amongt
hecr
opscul
ti
vat
edwer
ebar
ley
,wheatandespeci
all
ysor
ghum andl
ent
il
s.
 TheAksumi
teskeptl
argeher
dsofcat
tl
e,sheepandgoat
swhi
l
eel
ephant
swer
ecapt
uredand
domest
icat
ed.
 Themeani
ngofI
SLAM i
sPEACE.
 Sour
cesofAf
ri
canhi
stor
yar
e;
 Or
al.
 Wr
it
ten.
 Ar
chi
eveol
ogi
cal
.
 TheAf
ri
cancul
tur
eisOsci
l
lat
ionbet
weent
wophenomenon,t
hewest
ern(
Chr
ist
ians)andeast
ern
(
Isl
am)
.
 ‘
byt
heway
'inLat
inmeans‘
PerVi
am’
.
 Theof
fi
cial
RomanCat
hol
i
cism st
art
edi
n1862.
 Rev
.Fr
.Fr
anci
scoBor
gher
owast
hef
ounderoft
heCat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
oni
nLagosf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imei
n
Yor
ubal
and.
 TheEgy
pti
anwasi
nter
est
edi
nlowerNubi
abecauseoft
hegol
dtheypr
oduced.
 I
n1876,
kingLeopol
dⅡofBel
gium l
edt
hef
ormat
ionofAf
ri
canI
nter
nat
ionalAssoci
ati
on.
 Af
ri
canassoci
ati
onwasf
ormedi
nEngl
andi
n1788.
 Cl
audi
usPt
olemy
,awr
it
erf
ir
stment
ionst
heAksumi
tesasoneoft
heEt
hiopi
ans.Thi
swasi
nthe
mi
ddl
ecent
ury
.
 Theempi
reofKushandespeci
all
ythear
eaofMEROEhadbeendescr
ibedasoneoft
her
ichest
ar
easi
nthewor
ld.
 Ther
iverNi
l
ehasi
tor
igi
nfr
om LakeVi
ctor
iai
nEastAf
ri
ca.
 Egy
ptpr
edomi
nat
ethel
owerv
all
eywhi
l
eKushpr
edomi
nat
etheupperv
all
ey.
 Thef
ir
stcapi
tal
ofKushki
ngdom i
sNAPATAandt
hesecondi
sMEROE.
 Akum conquer
edMEROEi
nthef
our
thcent
ury
.
 Themostf
amousoft
heI
gbosbl
acksmi
thar
efr
om Awkai
ntheEastofOni
tsha.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP
EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP DEVELOPI
NGPOTENTI
ALS…….

 Noki
snot
edf
ori
ronsmel
ti
ngandt
err
acot
taseul
tur
e.
 TheRedSeaandt
heI
ndi
anOceancoul
deasi
l
yber
eachedt
hrought
heBl
ueNi
l
e.
 Thel
astt
ocomet
oAf
ri
cai
sBel
gium i
n1908.
 Egy
ptpr
e-domi
nat
edt
hel
owerv
all
eyandt
heKushempi
re/
kingdom i
ntheupperpar
t.
 Thest
atut
eofOsi
ri
sdat
ing,f
rom t
hesev
ent
hcent
uryB.
Cwasf
oundi
nZai
re(
presentdayCongo
Democr
ati
cRepubl
i
c).
 St
atueofThi
etmoseⅢ(
1440-
1486)wasf
oundonZambezi
.
 Ghanai
sthef
ir
stempi
re,
hav
ingconquer
edmanyt
err
it
ori
es.
 Af
ri
cai
sman’
sbi
rt
hpl
ace.Thi
sisaccor
dingt
ovet
eranschol
arL.
S.BLeakey
.
 Af
ri
ca’
sear
lyhi
stor
ywasf
oundar
oundGhazal
.
 MansaMusawasanemper
orofanci
entAf
ri
canki
ngdom whosegener
osi
tyi
mpact
edgr
eat
lyof
I
slam.
 Ni
ger
iast
art
edpl
ayi
ngi
nthewor
ldscenei
n1960.
 I
ndi
rectsy
stem waspr
eval
enti
nUpperVol
ta(
Frenchadmi
nist
rat
ion)
.
 Rel
i
gioni
soneoft
hemosti
nst
it
uti
onal
str
uct
ures.
 Ser
pentcul
twasf
oundi
nGhanaandt
raceabl
etoEgy
pt.
 Samuel
Ajay
iCr
owt
herbr
oughtChr
ist
iant
oNi
ger
ia.
 Chr
ist
iani
tyhadcont
actf
ir
stwi
thLagosSt
ate.
 I
slam hadcont
actf
ir
stwi
thBor
nost
ate.
 I
slam sur
facedi
n1755butwasi
ntr
oducedi
n1775.
 Of
fi
cial
RomanCat
hol
i
cism i
nLagosst
art
edi
n1862.
 Aksum i
sregar
dedast
hef
ir
stst
atei
ntr
opi
cal
Afr
icat
oint
roducecoi
ns.
 LowerNubi
apr
oducesgol
d(Ghana)
.
 Nubi
aisst
rat
egi
cal
l
yposi
ti
onedbet
weencent
ral
andt
heMedi
ter
ranean.
 Thel
argestnumberofel
ephanti
sfoundi
nlowerNubi
a.
 Napat
aandMer
oeappoi
ntnewl
eader
sbyel
ect
ion.
 Egy
ptandt
heCent
ral
Afr
icahadcont
actasear
lyast
hesi
xthdy
nast
y.

GNS201COMPENDI
UM EXCELMI
NDSACADEMI
CGROUP