The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2020) 106:4093–4103

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04898-2

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Frequency coupling design of ultrasonic horn with spiral

slots and performance analysis of longitudinal-torsional machining
characteristics
Yu Pang 1 & Pingfa Feng 1,2 & Jianfu Zhang 2 & Yuan Ma 1 & Qiaoli Zhang 2

Received: 16 April 2019 / Accepted: 23 December 2019 / Published online: 11 January 2020
# Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
Longitudinal-torsional (L-T) vibration in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) can further reduce the cutting force and
improve the machining efficiency compared with the single longitudinal vibration in RUM. In this study, an ultra-
sonic step horn with spiral slots using the principle of mode conversion was designed to realize L-T vibration. The
torsional amplitude to longitudinal amplitude (AT/AL) ratio is proposed to quantify the efficiency of mode conversion.
Moreover, a simulation method was used to carry out the frequency coupling design of the ultrasonic horn with
spiral slots. The influence of the step position and slot position with a spiral angle of 52° on the resonant frequency
and amplitude of the ultrasonic horn were analyzed, respectively. Based on the simulation results, ultrasonic horns
with different AT/AL were designed and fabricated. Finally, the results obtained through experiments with milling
glass plane revealed that the cutting force was reduced by 48–73%, while the surface quality improved compared
with single longitudinal vibration when the torsional vibration is coupled with the longitudinal vibration in RUM.
The reasonable AT/AL ratio could effectively reduce the cutting force when the synthetic amplitude was the same.
This indicates that the L-T vibration changes the trajectories of the diamond abrasives, which improves the machin-
ing performance.

Keywords Longitudinal-torsional vibration . Rotary ultrasonic machining . Mode conversion frequency coupling design . Face
milling . Cutting force

1 Introduction amount of processing defects (cracks, chipping), severe tool

New composite materials (e.g., C/SiC composites and SiC/Al
composites) and high-performance brittle materials (e.g., op-
tical glass, engineered ceramics) have been widely used in
medical equipment, aerospace, and other fields, owing to their
outstanding physical, optical, and mechanical properties
[1–4]. However, owing to the high hardness and low fracture
toughness of these materials, traditional machining methods
have the shortcomings of poor processing quality, high
* Jianfu Zhang
zhjf@tsinghua.edu.cn
1
Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University,
Shenzhen 518055, China
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University,
Beijing 100084, China
wear, and low processing efficiency. Therefore, the applica-
tion of brittle materials and composite materials is greatly
limited owing to their difficult-to-machine characteristic
[5–7].
Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) has many benefits
with regard to the machining of hard and brittle materials,
owing to its high efficiency and low cutting force [8, 9].
Nath et al. [10] investigated the influence of material removal
mechanisms and found that RUM reduced the entrance
chipping and wall roughness. Gong et al. [11] reported that
RUM causes less tool wear compared with grinding under the
same conditions in the milling of alumina ceramics. Shen at al.
[12] investigated the effects of ultrasonic vibration on the sur-
face roughness in micro-end-milling and discovered that there
is an obvious improvement of surface roughness when ultra-
sonic vibration is applied.
In recent years, studies have found that the machining char-
acteristics of longitudinal-torsion (L-T) vibration are better
4094
Fig. 1 Principle of mode conversion for spiral slots
than those of single longitudinal vibration in RUM. Andrea
et al. [13] investigated the ultrasonic rock sampling using L-T
vibrations and concluded that L-T vibration was four times
more efficient compared with single longitudinal vibration in
the ultrasonic drilling of rocks. Xiang et al. [14] reported that
the cutting force generated by the L-T vibration was signifi-
cantly lower than the longitudinal vibration in the ultrasonic
assisted grinding of SiCp/Al composites. Takuya et al. [15]
compared the characteristics of the abovementioned two ultra-
sonic drilling processes and discovered that the cutting force
was smaller, while the cutting efficiency was significantly
improved in L-T vibration, compared with that in the longitu-
dinal vibration of ultrasonic drilling.
To realize the L-T ultrasonic vibration, three methods are
generally used: the piezoelectric ceramic excitation method
[16, 17], magnetic torsion method [18, 19], and L-T mode
conversion method [20, 21]. The limitation of the L-T mode
conversion method is that there is no mature frequency-
targeted design theory, and it is also difficult to achieve L-T
recombination [22]. Moreover, the L-T conversion efficiency
is low and the output torsional vibration amplitude is small.
In this study, the mode conversion principle of the spiral
slots was first analyzed based on Snell’s law. Then, a simula-
tion method was used to investigate the frequency coupling
design of an ultrasonic horn, and the ratio of the torsional
amplitude to the longitudinal amplitude (AT/AL) is proposed
to quantify the conversion efficiency. Based on the optimiza-
tion results, the step horns were designed and the L-T cutting
performance was analyzed.
Fig. 2 Structure and parameters
of step horn
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103
Table 1 Parameter range of L1 and L2
Structural parameters Range of values
Slots position L1 (mm) 10–50
Step position L2 (mm) 10–70
2 Design method and performance analysis
of ultrasonic horn with spiral slots
2.1 Mode conversion principle of spiral slots
In the process of ultrasonic conduction, a part of the longitu-
dinal waves is converted to transverse waves, and thus mode
conversion is realized. Then, the normal stress is converted to
shear stress, which results in torsional vibration [23]. The
mode conversion principle can be explained by the ultrasonic
oblique incidence theory. A reflected transverse wave, a
reflected longitudinal wave, and a refracted longitudinal wave
are generated when a plane wave is incident with angle θ onto
the solid-gas/liquid interface. The angles αL and αT exist for
the reflected longitudinal and transverse waves, respectively.
Additionally, the refracted waves have the angle βL. The
reflected and refracted angles are calculated according to
Snell’s law [24], as follows:
sinθ sinαL sinαT sinβ L
¼ ¼ ¼ ð1Þ
cN c1L c1T c2L
where c1L and c1T are the reflected longitudinal and reflected
transverse wave speeds in the materials, c2L is the refracted
longitudinal wave speed in the materials, and cN is the wave
speed of the incident wave.
As shown in Fig. 1, the waves at the end of the spiral slots
generate vertical reflection, while the waves on the surface of
the spiral slots generate back reflection. The waves on the
spiral slot area generate multiple reflections, which results in
mode conversion. If the gap between the spiral slots is too
large, some longitudinal waves will not be reflected and will
instead be directly transmitted to the output end. Additionally,
the vertical reflection, back reflection, and non-reflection re-
duce the mode conversion efficiency. Therefore, in the design
of spiral slots, these reflections should be minimized. For the
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103
spiral slots, there exist an optimal angle, length, width, and
depth maximizing the conversion efficiency. Zhang [25] has
found that there exits the optimum spiral angle 52° for the
spiral slots. Moreover, the conversion efficiency increased
with the depth or length of the spiral slots, and finally became
steady. In the design, the depth of the spiral slots should be
0.6–0.8 times equal to the rod radius, while the length of spiral
slots should be 1.5–2 times equal to the rod radius. Notably,
the width and number effects are small.
2.2 Frequency coupling design of ultrasonic horn
In the ultrasonic horn design, the shape and position of the spiral
slots, and the horn structure, must be considered to achieve
proper L-T vibration characteristics. Existing studies have
shown that a larger torsional vibration output, and thus a higher
conversion efficiency can be achieved when the longitudinal
vibration and torsional vibration resonant frequencies are closer
to each other. In this paper, the finite element simulation method
was used to investigate the influence of the spiral slot position
and step position on the frequency coupling characteristics of the
horn and conversion efficiency of the L-T mode.
The step horn was designed as shown in Fig. 2, and various
structural parameters of the spiral slots were initialized based
on previous results for the L-T characteristics of spiral slots.
Here, L is the step horn length, D1 is the input end diameter,
D2 is the output end diameter, R is the fillet radius, LS is the
slot length, and A is the spiral angle. The slot width B was set
to 2 mm, the slot depth T was set to 6 mm, and the slot number
N was equal to 6. The structural parameter ranges of L1 and L2
were initially set as presented in Table 1.
The material properties of the horn are as follows. The horn
material is 45# steel, its material elastic modulus E is 210 GPa,
Fig. 3 Resonance mode of step horn with spiral slots
4095
the material density ρ is 7.85 g/cm3, and Poisson’s ratio ν is
0.27. The target frequency is 20 ± 0.5 kHz; therefore, the mod-
al analysis and harmonic response analysis of the horn was
carried out from 10 to 30 kHz.
To investigate the influence of step position L2 on the fre-
quency coupling characteristics of the horn and mode conver-
sion efficiency, L1 was initially set to 25 mm. Figure 3 shows
the velocity modal analysis of the L-T coupled vibration.
Figure 4a shows the effect of the step position on the reso-
nance frequency of the ultrasonic horn. The resonance fre-
quencies f1, f2, and f3 correspond to the first-order, second-
order, and third-order L-T mode, respectively. The modal
analysis indicates that the L-T vibration at f2 and f3 achieved
a considerable amplitude output because they were close to
the targeted frequency. Hence, this study focused on the L-T
vibration at f2 and f3. Additionally, the difference between f2
and f3 exited a minimum value. Therefore, changing the posi-
tion of the step changed the coupling degree of the L-T vibra-
tion resonant frequency and obtained a considerable torsional
vibration output.
To investigate the influence of the L-T vibration coupling
degree on the conversion efficiency, the longitudinal ampli-
tude AL, torsional amplitude AT, and AT/AL ratio were simulat-
ed as shown in Fig. 4b, c. Here, AL2 and AT2 correspond to the
amplitude at f2; AL3 and AT3 correspond to the amplitude at f3,
respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 4a–c, the difference be-
tween the resonant frequency f2 and f3 is minimum when L2 is
41 mm. Moreover, the AT2 and AT3 values are maximum, and
AT2/AL2 and AT3/AL3 are similar.
In the same manner, the influence of the position of the
spiral slots on the frequency coupling characteristics was sim-
ulated and analyzed. We set L2 = 41 mm and changed position
L1. The simulation results are presented in Fig. 5a–c. As can
4096
Fig. 4 Influences of step position on a resonant frequency, b horn
amplitude, and c AT/AL of horn
be seen in Fig. 5a, b, there exists an optimal position of spiral
slots where the difference between f2 and f3 is the smallest and
the torsional amplitude is the largest when L1 is 20 mm.
However, the difference between f2 and f3 only varies mini-
mally with the position change of the spiral slots. Therefore,
compared with the step position, the position of the spiral slots
exerts less influence on the frequency coupling characteristics
of the horn.
The further analysis of the two abovementioned sets of
simulation parameters revealed that the resonant frequency f2
and f3 corresponds to the first-order longitudinal vibration and
second-order torsional vibration mode of the horn with non-
spiral slots, respectively. The torsional mode is more likely to
be stimulated when the longitudinal vibration mode and tor-
sional vibration mode are in close proximity. Therefore, the
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103
torsional vibration amplitude is maximized when the differ-
ence between the resonant frequency f2 and f3 is minimized.
However, when the longitudinal mode and torsional mode are
in close proximity, the longitudinal vibration amplitude is not
minimum; therefore, at this time, AT/AL is not the maximum
value.
Based on above analysis, the horn can be designed with
different L-T amplitude ratios by changing the step position or
the spiral slots. The maximum torsional amplitude, which is
0–13 times the amplitude of the longitudinal vibration, can be
achieved at the output end of the horn. Compared with the step
position, the position of the spiral slots has less influence on
the frequency coupling characteristics. The design and testing
of horns with different step positions is described in the next
chapter.
3 Testing of ultrasonic horn L-T vibration
characteristics
3.1 Design of step horn parameters
To verify the effectiveness of the simulation analysis and
structural design, three types of step horns with spiral slots
were designed according to the abovementioned results. The
L2 of each step was different, while the other structural param-
eters were the same, as presented in Table 2.
3.2 Experimental system
The horn was installed in a threaded connection with a self-
developed giant magnetostrictive transducer that can achieve
a large amplitude output [26]. Subsequently, the integrated
ultrasonic vibration part shown in Fig. 6 was assembled into
a vertical machining center.
In the experiment, an impedance analyzer (PV80A,
Bandera, China) was used to measure the resonant frequency
and compensation capacitance of the ultrasonic vibration sys-
tem. Then, the frequency sweep function of the ultrasonic
power supply (BP4610, NF, Japan) was used to determine
the resonant frequency under a certain voltage excitation.
The ultrasonic power supply achieved a signal output of 0–
150 kHz, and the output voltage peak-to-peak value was
120 V. The amplitude-measuring device was a laser displace-
ment sensor (LK-H008, Keyence, Japan) with a test accuracy
of 0.01 μm. The test system is shown in Fig. 7.
3.3 Method of testing torsional vibration
The longitudinal amplitude of ultrasonic vibration was mea-
sured by the end face of the horn. To measure the torsional
amplitude, a side plane was milled at the output end of the
horn, as shown in Fig. 6; its test principle is shown in Fig. 8
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103 4097

Fig. 5 Influence of position of

slots on a resonant frequency, b
amplitude, and c AT/AL of horn

[25]. The side plane amplitude X measured by the side plane small, cosθ ≈ 1, tan θ ≈ θ, and Eq. (2) can be simplified
satisfies Eq. (2), as follows: as follows:
H X
−H X θ¼ ð3Þ
cosθ þ ¼Y ð2Þ Y
tanθ tanθ
Thus, AT can be expressed as follows:
where R2 is the output end radius and equal to 5 mm;
H is the height of the side plane; Y is the distance of R2 X
AT ¼ R2 θ ¼ ð4Þ
the measuring point. Because the torsional radian θ is Y
4098 Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103

Table 2 Structural parameters of designed step horn 3.4 Testing results

Structural parameters Value
The AL and AT values increased with the output voltage.
Step horn length L (mm) 127 However, the L-T output characteristics of AT/AL did not
Input end diameter D1 (mm) 20 change with the voltage. Therefore, we first set the out-
Output end diameter D2 (mm) 10 put voltage to 80 V to test the output characteristics of
Fillet radius R (mm) 4 the ultrasonic horns. The testing results are presented in
Slots length LS (mm) 17 Table 3.
Spiral angle A (°) 52 The testing results demonstrate that a reasonable exper-
Slots width B (mm) 2 imental design can not only achieve a large AT/AL but also
Slots depth T (mm) 6 achieve large torsional amplitude (38.6 μm). Then, the
Slots number N 6 resonant frequencies f2 and f3 decreased as the step length
Slots position L1 (mm) 20 increased, and the simulation data also slightly decreased.
Step position L2 (mm) 41, 46, 51 Next, with regard to the longitudinal amplitude and tor-
sional amplitude, the experimental variation trend was the
same as that in the simulation data. Finally, for AT/AL, the
By adjusting the machine tool, Y = 2 mm was set. experimental results were lower than the simulation data,
According to Eq. (4), the torsional amplitude of the output but the trend was consistent. In summary, the simulation
end was AT = 2.5X, which means that the torsional amplitude was effective, and the output amplitude was considerable,
was 2.5 times equal to the amplitude of the side plane which mitigates the current system’s problem of the L-T
measurement. amplitude being too small.

Fig. 6 Ultrasonic vibration part

Fig. 7 Test system

Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103 4099

modulus of 76.7 GPa, Vickers hardness of 9.5 GPa, density

of 2.2 g/cm3, and Poisson’s ratio of 0.17. The sample dimen-
sions were 30 × 30 × 6 mm.
The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 9. A Kistler 9257B
dynamometer (Kistler Instrument Corp, Switzerland) was
used to record the cutting forces. The sampling frequency
was 5 kHz and the average value of the entire cutting force
was chosen to represent the cutting force. The roughness of
the machined surface was measured using a JB-4C precision
roughness tester.

4.2 Experimental procedure and results

4.2.1 Experiments on L-T machining characteristics

First, an experiment using a milling glass plane was conducted

under different AT/AL ratios and with the same AL to investi-
gate the effect of AT on the machining process. Before the
experiments, the AL of the three abovementioned testing horns
Fig. 8 Principle of torsional vibration test
was set to 5 μm by adjusting the output voltage to an appro-
priate value and keeping their AT/AL unchanged. The achieved
4 Machining experiment and results cutting forces and roughness Ra under specific cutting param-
eters and L-T characteristic parameters are presented in
4.1 Experimental setup Table 4.
Figure 10a shows the cutting force for the milling glass
To reduce the impact of the junction surface on the vibration plane under different L-T output characteristics. As can be
transmission, a rotating tool with a metal-bonded diamond seen, when the torsional vibration was added to the longitudi-
abrasive was designed and fabricated. The diamond particle nal vibration, the cutting force was reduced by 48–73% com-
size was 140/170, and the thickness of the tool was 1 mm. The pared with the longitudinal vibration machining. The variation
tests were conducted using quartz glass with a Young’s amplitude of the cutting force was relatively small when AT/AL
was further increased, which indicates that L-T vibration ma-
Table 3 Testing results chining does not require a large torsional amplitude.
Horn Horn 1 Horn 2 Horn 3
(L2 = 41 (L2 = 46 (L2 = 51
mm) mm) mm)

Vibration of Resonant frequency 19,760 18,820 17,726

second-order f2 (Hz)
Longitudinal 19.3 5.4 4.0
amplitude AL2
(μm)
Amplitude of side 15.4 13.1 11.4
plane X2 (μm)
Torsional amplitude 38.6 32.8 28.4
AT2 (μm)
AT2/AL2 2.0 6.1 7.2
Vibration of Resonant frequency 22,220 21,980 21,790
third-order f3 (Hz)
Longitudinal 4.2 5.8 10.9
amplitude AL3
(μm)
Amplitude of side 10.2 7.6 5.2
plane X3 (μm)
Torsional amplitude 25.5 19.0 13.0
AT3 (μm)
AT3/AL3 6.1 3.3 1.3
Fig. 9 Experimental setup
 4100 Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103

Table 4 Processing parameters and experimental results Table 5 Processing parameters and experimental results

Cutting parameters L-T characteristics Results Cutting parameters L-T characteristics Results

Spindle Feed Depth AL AT AT/AL Cutting Ra Spindle Feed Depth AL AT AT/AL S Cutting
speed speed of cut (μm) (μm) force speed speed of cut (μm) (μm) (μm) force
(r/min) (mm/ (mm) (N) (r/min) (mm/ (mm) (N)
min) min)

1 2000 80 0.6 5 0 0 13.0 7.3 1 4000 80 0.6 0 0 0 0 9.0

2 2000 80 0.6 5 6.5 1.3 5.3 3.8 2 4000 80 0.6 11.0 0 0 11 6.7
3 2000 80 0.6 5 10.0 2.0 3.5 2.4 3 4000 80 0.6 17.0 0 0 17 5.2
4 2000 80 0.6 5 16.5 3.3 3.6 3.2 4 4000 80 0.6 5.0 10.0 2.0 11 2.4
5 2000 80 0.6 5 30.5 6.1 6.5 3.8 5 4000 80 0.6 5.0 16.5 3.3 17 3.2
6 4000 80 0.6 5 0 0 7.3 2.3 6 4000 80 0.6 3.2 10.6 3.3 11 4.6
7 4000 80 0.6 5 6.5 1.3 3.8 2.0 7 4000 80 0.6 1.8 11.0 6.1 11 6.4
8 4000 80 0.6 5 10.0 2.0 2.4 1.8
9 4000 80 0.6 5 16.5 3.3 3.2 1.6
10 4000 80 0.6 5 30.5 6.1 3.8 1.2 cutting force and improved the surface quality of the glass
plane, compared with the longitudinal vibration machining.

Additionally, there existed an optimal AT/AL value that was
approximately equal to two; this would be theoretically and
experimentally investigated in future work.
Figure 10b shows the corresponding surface roughness
value. The L-T vibration machining further reduced the
4.2.2 Influence of amplitude on processing
Additional experiments were conducted to further investigate
the influence of amplitude on the processing performance un-
der different AT/AL, and the influence of different AT/AL on

14
12
Cutting force Fz[N]

2000r/min
10
4000r/min
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AT/AL

(a)
3
Roughness value Ra[µm]

2.5 4000r/min
2000r/min
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AT/AL

(b)
Fig. 10 Effect of different AT/AL on a cutting force Fz and b roughness Fig. 11 Effect of different a synthetic amplitude and b AT/AL on cutting
value Ra force Fz
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103
processing when the synthetic amplitude was the same. The
proposed synthetic amplitude S is expressed as follows:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
S ¼ AT 2 þ AL 2 ð5Þ
The processing parameters and experimental results are
presented in Table 5.
Figure 11a shows that the cutting force decreased with the
increase of the synthetic amplitude and exhibited the same
trend as the single longitudinal vibration machining.
Additionally, when the synthetic amplitude was the same,
the addition of torsional amplitude to processing effectively
reduced the cutting force.
Fig. 12 Trajectory of grains at
different AT/AL. a Spindle speed
of 4000 r/min. b Spindle speed of
2000 r/min
4101
As can be seen in Fig. 11b, when S was the same, the
cutting force increased with the ratio. Moreover, in experiment
nos. 2 and 4, the cutting force was 6.7 N (AL = 11 μm), which
is obviously higher than 2.4 N (S = 11 μm). Therefore, this
reasonable AT/AL ratio effectively reduced the cutting force
with respect to the longitudinal vibration machining when
the synthetic amplitude was the same.
5 Discussion
According to previous studies on RUM, the motions of the
cutting tool’s diamond abrasives are generally considered as
(a) Spindle speed of 4000 r/min.
(b) Spindle speed of 2000 r/min.
4102
sinusoidal. The trajectory of the diamond abrasives in the
circumferential direction is shown in Fig. 12a, b. Owing to
the interrupted cutting characteristics of RUM, the effective
cutting time Δt of the diamond abrasive can be expressed as
follows [9]:
 
1 δ
Δt ¼ arccos 1− ð6Þ
πf A may exist an optimal AT/AL ratio for minimizing the cut-
where A is the ultrasonic vibration amplitude, f is the ultrason-
ic vibration frequency, and δ is the maximum penetration
depth.
To carry out a qualitative analysis, Eq. (6) can be simplified
as follows [9, 27]:
δ
Δt ≈ ð7Þ
2Af
As expressed by Eq. (7), the contact time Δt decreased as
amplitude A increased. When the contact time Δt increased in
one cutting cycle, the cutting force decreased as a result.
Hence, increasing the longitudinal amplitude or the synthetic
amplitude reduced the cutting force. Additionally, as the tra-
jectory on the machined surface became longer during the
same period, the instantaneous vibration speed and impact
force increased, which resulted in the increase of the cutting
force with the increase of the output ratio.
Moreover, the trajectory of the abrasives on the sample’s
surface became longer when the torsional amplitude increased
and the longitudinal amplitude remained constant. This means
that the trajectories on the machined surface became denser,
and thus the surface quality improved.
6 Conclusion
In this study, ultrasonic horns with different AT/AL ratios were
designed and fabricated based on the analysis of the frequency
coupling characteristics of ultrasonic horns with spiral slots.
Subsequently, testing and experiments were conducted with
milling glass plane, and the effects of L-T vibration on the
cutting force and surface quality were investigated and com-
pared with those of the single longitudinal vibration. The fol-
lowing conclusions were drawn from this study:
& The reasonable structural and frequency coupling design
of an ultrasonic horn with spiral slots can achieve consid-
erable torsional amplitude output (maximum of 38.6 μm)
and large AT/AL (0–7.2). The simulation and experimental
results for AT/AL are very consistent.
& L-T vibration machining could further reduce the cutting
force and improve the surface quality compared with sin-
gle longitudinal vibration machining. Increasing the tor-
sional amplitude while maintaining the amplitude of the
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2020) 106:4093–4103
longitudinal vibration reduced the cutting force and im-
proved the surface quality of the machined glass plane.
& The cutting force of the L-T vibration machining was
smaller than that of the longitudinal vibration when the
synthetic amplitude was the same. It is concluded that
reasonable AT/AL ratios can effectively reduce the cutting
force when the synthetic amplitude is the same, and there
ting force.
Funding information The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
support provided to this study by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51761145103 and 51875311) and the
Shenzhen Fundamental Research and Discipline Layout project (Grant
No. JCYJ2016042818191622).
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