Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.

kkyh dk
egRo ,oa vkSfpR;

dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk dks

ih,p-Mh- mikf/k gsrq izLrqr
'kks/k&izcU/k
laxhr&foHkkx

'kks/kdrkZ
r:.kk 'kekZ

'kks/k funsZf'kdk
MkW- (Jherh) fuf'k ekFkqj
foHkkxk/;{k&laxhr
jktdh; egkfo|ky; cwUnh (jkt-)
dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk
o"kZ & 2015

(1)
 CERTIFICATE TO ACCOMPANY THE THESIS

It is certified that the

(i) Thesis entitled - ^^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk

iz.kkyh dk egRo ,oa vkSfpR;**

Submitted by r:.kk 'kekZ

is an original piece of research work carried out by

the candidate under my supervison.

(ii) Literary presentation is satisfactory and the thesis is

in a form suitable for publication.

(iii) Work evinces the capacity of the candidate for

critical examination and independent judgement.

(iv) Candidate has put in at least 200 days of attendance

every year.

Signature of supervisor with date

(2)
 vuqØef.kdk

izkDdFku i`"B la-

izFke v/;k; 1&22

^^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk**

1- izkphu dky
2- e/; dky
3- vk/kqfud dky

f}rh; v/;k; 23&43

^^laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;ke**

1- ?kjkuk vk;ke
2- vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr
3- 'kSf{kd rduhdh esa vk|ru fodkl
4- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh

(3)
 i`"B la-

r`rh; v/;k; 44&80

^^nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh**

1- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh

2- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds dk;Z
3- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e
4- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mn~ns';
5- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,sa
6- nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh leL;k,sa

prqFkZ v/;k; 81&110

^^orZeku ifjizs{; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh

izklafxdrk**

iape v/;k; 111&153

^^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo ,oa

vkSfpR;**

(4)
milagkj 154&164

ifjf'k"V (1) 165&177

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr Nk;k fp=] lh-Mh- ,oa ohfM;ks

ifjf'k"V (2) 178&185

lanHkZ xzUFk&fgUnh] laLd`r] laxhr if=dk,s]a ,ulkbDyksihfM;k]

vaxzsth iqLrdsa] osclkbV~l] ys[k] lk{kkRdkj] 'kCndks"k

(5)
 izkDdFku
^^laxhr** ,d f=iqVh gS xhr]ok| ,oa u`R; dhA bu rhuksa dk
^lekos'k* gh laxhr dh laiw.kZrk fl¼ djrk gSA lkeosn esa Hkh laxhr
dk mRd`"V o.kZu ik;k tkrk gSA ^lkeosn* esa gh mnkÙk] vuqnkÙk ,oa
Lofjr rhuksa Lojksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ftuls lkr Lojksa dk fuekZ.k
gqvk gSA izkphu dky esa lkexku ds ea=ksa }kjk nsorkvksa dk vkgoku~
fd;s tkus dh dFkk,¡ izpfyr gSaA vr% mu ij fo'okl u fd;k tk,] ;g
vlaHko ckr gksxhA

laxhr dk vk/kkjHkwr rRo ukn gS tks laiw.kZ txr esa O;kIr gS o

l`f"V dk dkj.k gSA bl izdkj izd`fr rFkk pjkpj txr ds izR;sd rRo
ds vkarfjd vo;oksa esa laxhr dh lw{ekfrlw{e v{kq..k ,oa v[k.M
/kkjk fujUrj izokfgr gksrh jgh gS] vr% laiw.kZ txr gh laxhre; gS rFkk
vR;Ur :i ls Lojygfj;ksa dh y;kRed xRFkkRedrk ls ijhiw.kZ gSA
^f'k{kk* ekuo ds lE;d~ fodkl dk vk/kkj gSA lk/kkj.k f'k{kk ekufld
fodkl ,oa yfyr dykvksa dh f'k{kk ekufld ,oa vkfRed nksuksa 'kfDr;ksa
ds fodkl dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSaA yfyr dykvksa esa vxzx.; gksus ds
dkj.k laxhr f'k{kk ekuo ds eu & efLr"d dks vkd`"V djrh gS ,oa
jlkuqHkwfr dh pjeksRd"kZ voLFkk esa mldk uSfrd mRFkku djrh gSA
laxhr dh f'k{kk dsoy Loj rky ;qDr /kquksa ;k jkxksa rd gh lhfer ugha
gS vfirq laxhr dh lk/kuk }kjk fo|kFkhZ dh J¼k o jl rRo ds izfr
lpsr jguk rFkk laxhr ds mfpr fodkl ds fy;s iz;Ru'khy jguk

(6)
oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh ;qx esa rduhdh;ksa dk vkJ; ysrs gq, mlds
lkaLd`frd egRp dks cuk, j[kuk vkfn vR;Ur vko';d gSA

ftl izdkj ;ksxh dks xq: ds ekxZn'kZu dh vko';drk gksrh gS

mlh izdkj laxhr dk Kku izkIr djus ds fy, ;ksX; xq: ds ekxZ funs'Z ku
o vH;kl dh vko';drk gksrh gS pkgs oks xq: ijaijkxr rjhds
(lhuk&c&lhuk) ls f'k{kk iznku djsa vFkok ^^nwjLFk f'k{kk** ds ek/;e
ls ,d vPNs xq: dk m¼s'; lnSo f'k"; dks f'k{kk iznku djuk gksrk gS
rFkk f'k"; dk Hkh lnSo ;gh drZO; gksrk gS fd xq: }kjk crkbZ xbZ ckrkas
dk iwjh J¼k ds lkFk vuqdj.k djsaA

Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ tula[;k yxHkx lok lkS djksM+ gks xbZ
gSa ogka fuf'pr :i ls lHkh dks f'kf{kr djuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gSA ogha
Hkou dh vuqiyC/krk dgha f'k{kd dk vHkko] dgh lalk/kuksa dk vkHkko]
lkeus vkrk gSA bu lHkh leL;kvksa dk gy <w¡<us ds m¼s'; ls eSusa
^Hkkjrh; laxhr esas VwjLFk f'k{kk dk egÙo ,oa vkSfpR;* fo"k; ij viuk
'kks/k dk;Z djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA

nwjLFk f'k{kk fof/k gaS ds ek/;e ls ge vU; oSdfYid lk/kuksa ;k

;w¡ dgsa fd uohu rduhfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls nqxe
Z LFkyksa rd igqp¡ ldrs
gSaA nwjLFk f'k{kk] f'k{kk iznku djus dh oks fof/k gS ftlesa f'k{kkFkhZ ;k
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk lewg ijaijkxr f'k{kk& fof/k (vFkkZr O;fDrxr :i ls
d{kk esa mifLFkr jgdj f'k{kk xzg.k djuk) ls gVdj f'k{kk xzg.k djrk

(7)
gSA ;g f'k{kk rHkh laHko gksrh gS tc f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ nksukas le;
;k LFkku ;k nwjh ds dkj.k ,d nwljs ls vyx & vyx gksrs gSaA

f'k{kk dh bl fof/k dk izkjEHk 18oha lnh ds izkjfEHkd fnuksa esa

;wjksi esa gqvk ,oa bl fof/k dk izFke ikB~;Øe 1840 esa lj blkd
fiVeSu }kjk izzLrqr fd;k x;kA bl f'k{kk eas ,sls vusd ek/;eksa dh
lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gS ftlls le; ,oa /ku dh cpr gksrh gSA lkFk
uohu rduhfd;ksa dk Kku izkIr gksrk gS tSls%& jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu]
vkdk'kok.kh] fizUV esVfs j;y] dEI;wVj] baVjusV] bZ&esy] pSfVax] ohfM;ks
dkWuÝsaflaxA

bl nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us f'k{kk ds uohu vk;ke nqfu;k ds

le{k izLrqr fd;s gSaA ftudks tulk/kkj.k dks [kqye
s u ls Lohdkj djuk
gksxk] ftlls laxhr dks ubZ&ubZ ,oa mRd`"V Å¡pkbZ;ksa rd ys tk;k tk
ldsA fo'o esa dEI;wVj ,oa baVjusV ds iz;ksx ls nwjLFk f'k{kk Rofjr ,oa
loZlqyHk gks xbZ gSA laxhr ds ,sls dbZ Ldwy] dkWyst ,oa ;wfuoflZfVT+k
fo'o esa O;kIr gSa] tks vkWuykbu laxhr f'k{kk iznku djrs gSaA tgk¡ dksbZ
Hkou] v/;kid] d{k vFkok deZpkjh ugha gksrs mUgsa ojP;qvy Ldwy
vFkok ojP;qvy ;wfuoflZVh dgk tkrk gSA

vr% bl iz.kkyh dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa izHkko ls izHkkfor gksdj eSaus

^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo ,oa vkSfpR;* fo"k;
ij viuk 'kks/k dk;Z djus dk n`<+ fu'p; fd;kA esjh ;g vR;f/kd

(8)
gkfnZd bPNk Fkh fd eSa bl 'kks/k dk;Z ds ek/;e ls nwjLFk f'k{kk ds
lkaxhfrd egRo dks tulk/kkj.k ds le{k izLrqr dj ldwaA ftlls vkus
okyh ihf<+;k¡ bl uohure iz.kkyh dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa Js"Brk dh ifjikVh
dks igpku ldsa ,oa mldk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr mi;ksx dj ldsas vkSj ,slk gks Hkh
jgk gSA

bl bysDVªkfs ud ;qx esa tgk¡ gj O;fDr bruk O;Lr gks pqdk gS fd

viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ cM+h gh lqyHkrk ds lkFk djuk pkgrk gS
ogk¡ vkWuykbu fof/k vFkok nwjLFk f'k{kk] f'k{kk ds oks lHkh vk;ke
miyC/k djokrk gS] ftulss fcuk fdlh ck/;rk ds ,oa ljyrk ds lkFk
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldrh gSA bl 'kks/k dk;Z ds ek/;e ls
eSaus mu lHkh fof/k;ksa] rduhfd;ksa ,oa fopkjksa dks izLrqr fd;k gS ftuls
Hkkoh laxhr dykdkj izfs jr gks ldsaxs vkSj vU; dykdkjksa ds fy, izjs .kk
cusaxAs

loZizFke eSa esjs bZ"V nso ^Hkxoku~ Jh d`".k*] ekrk&firk ,oa

xq:tuksa ds pj.kksa esa lknj ueu djrh gw¡ ftuds vk'khokZn Lo:i eq>s
;g lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk fd eSa bl fo"k;&^^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo ,oa vkSfpR;** ij 'kks/k dk;Z izkjEHk dj ldh
vkSj bl izdkj esjh ,d 'kSf{kd ;k=k izkjEHk gqbZA eSaus vius 'kks/k dk;Z
dks ik¡p v/;k;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k gS ftuesa eSaus bl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr
lHkh tkudkjh lfEefyr djus dk iw.kZ iz;kl fd;k gSA esjs bl 'kks/k
dk;Z esa dqy laxhr fl[kkus okyksa dh la[;k ds ik¡p izfr'kr ij

(9)
fu;ekuqlkj dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA

izFke v/;k; ^Hkkjrh; laxhr f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk* esa lkaxhfrd

fodkl dks rhuksa dkyksa (izkphu&dky] e/;&dky ,oa vk/kqfud&dky)
ds ek/;e ls n'kkZus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bl izdkj eSaus Hkkjrh; laxhr
dh f'k{kk dks Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ ubZ fn'kk iznku djus okys nks egku~
laxhrK ia- fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj ,oa ia- fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds
lkaxhfrd izksRlkgu dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA

f}rh; v/;k; ^laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;ke* ds

vUrxZr eSaus laxhr f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr vk;keksa tSls ?kjkuk vk;ke]
vkSipkfjd i¼fr] laxhr f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd rduhdh esa vk|ru fodkl
,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

r`rh; v/;k; ^nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh* ds vUrxZr eSaus nwjLFk

f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS vkSj lkFk gh ;g
dSls dk;Z djrh gS bldk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA bl iz.kkyh ds ek/;eksa
tSl%s & fizUV] jsfM;ks] vkdk'kok.kh] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] baVjusV] bZ&esy]
pSfVax] vkWfM;ks ohfM;ks dkWUkÝsaflax vkfn] mís';ksa] fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa
leL;kvksa ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

prqFkZ v/;k; ^orZeku ifjisz{; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh

izklafxdrk* esa eSaus orZeku le; esa bl iz.kkyh dh mikns;rk ls

(10)
lacaf/kr lHkh tkudkfj;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSA bl v/;k; esa eSaus
,slh dbZ osclkbV~l dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS tks nwjLFk f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr
lHkh tkudkfj;k¡ miyC/k djkrh gSaA bl v/;k; ds ek/;e ls eSaus bl
iz.kkyh dh vkSj vf/kd foLr`r :i eas O;k[;k dh gSA

iape v/;k; ^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo

,oa vkSfpR;* ds vUrxZr esjs }kjk mu lHkh tkudkfj;ksa dks lfEefyr
djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds egRo ,oa vkSfpR;
dks lkaxhfrd {ks= ds fy, mi;ksxh crkrh gSaA ,sls dbZ fo|ky; ,oa
fo'ofo|ky; orZeku le; esa fo|eku~ gS tks Online Teaching ds
ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSaA

,sls dbZ laxhr dykdkjksa ,oa fo}kuksa ds bl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr

fopkjksa dks Hkh eSaus bl v/;k; esa lfEefyr fd;k gS ftUgksaus esjs bl
'kks/k dk;Z dks ewrZ :i iznku djus esa vR;kf/kd lgk;rk iznku dhA

bl izdkj bu ik¡p v/;k;ksa ds ek/;e ls eSaus ;g iz;kl fd;k

gS fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fy, mi;ksxh crkus
okys lHkh rF;ksa] i{kksa] fof/k;ksa ,oa rduhfd;ksa dks cM+h dq'kyrk ls
lekfgr dj ldwaA

esjh bl 'kSf{kd ,oa vn~Hkqr ;k=k esa dbZ iwTkuh; xq.khtuksa us

esjh lgk;rk dj eq>s vk'khokZn iznku fd;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i eSa

(11)
vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks Js"B :i iznku dj ldhA eSa vki lHkh dk ân; ds
xgury ls vkHkkj izdV djrh gw¡A ;g vki lHkh ds ekxZn'kZu dk gh
ifj.kke gS fd eSa vius 'kks/k izca/k dks iw.kZ :i iznku dj ldhA

eSa loZizFke vkHkkjh gw]¡ vius izHkq ^Hkxoku~ Jh d`".k th* dh ,oa
vius ije~ iwT; firkth ia- Jh y[ku yky 'kekZ th ,oa ekrkth Jherh
yhyk 'kekZ th dk] ftuds vk'khokZn Lo:i eaS Hkkjr dh bl ikou Hkwfe
ij tUe ys ldhA lkFk&lkFk eaSa vius Hkzkrk Jh nhid 'kekZ] Jh fxjh'k
'kekZ] cfgu Jherh t;k 'kekZ dk Hkh ân; ls vkHkkj izdV djrh gw¡]
ftUgksaus viuk vk'khokZn ,oa Lusg eq> ij lnSo cuk, j[kkA

eSa vR;Ur vkHkkjh gw¡] esjh lklq ek¡ Jherh ljkst nsoh th ,oa
esjs ifr Jh jkgqy th dk ftUgksaus fookg ds i'pkr~ Hkh eq>s vius
v/;;u dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, lnSo vfHkizsfjr fd;kA esjs
llqj Lo- Jh jktsUnz th dk vk'kh"k Hkh eq>s lnk vxzlj gksus dks iszfjr
djrk jgkA esjs lqiq= fp- jk?ko us Hkh eq>s vius uUgsa&eqUusa fopkjksa ls
lnk izsj.kk iznku dhA bu lHkh ds vk'khokZn ,oa Lusg dk gh ifj.kke gS
fd eSa vkt vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ dj ik;hA

eSa vR;f/kd vkHkkj izdV djuk pkgw¡xh viuh 'kks/k funsZf'kdk

laxhr fonq"kh MkW- (Jherh) fuf'k ekFkqj th (foHkkxk/;{k&laxhr foHkkx]
jktdh; egkfo|ky;] cwUnh] jktLFkku) dk] ftUgksaus eq>s ^^Hkkjrh;
laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo ,oa vkSfpR;** tSls vR;Ur

(12)
egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ij v/;;u djk;k] lkFk gh lnSo ekxZn'kZu fd;kA
vkids vk'khokZn Lo:i gh eSa vius v/;;u dh xw<+rk ,oa ewrZrk fl¼
djus esa l{ke gks ldhA Hkxoku dh vlhe vuqdEik ls vki tSlk
vueksy jRu eq>s izkIr gqvk] ftuds izksRlkgu] lg;ksx ,oa ekxZn'kZu
ds ifj.kke Lo:i gh eSa vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ dj ik;hA eSa Lo;a dks
vR;f/kd d`rkFkZ eglwl djrh gw¡ fd vkidk Lusg eq>s izkIr gqvk vkSj
bZ'oj ls lnSo ;gh izkFkZuk gS fd vkidk vk'khokZn eq> ij ges'kk cuk
jgsA
eSa mu lHkh laxhr dh egku~ foHkwfr;ksa dks Hkh ueu djuk
pkgw¡xh ftuds lg;ksx ls eSa bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus esa leFkZ gqbZ
lkFk gh bls mRd`"V :i iznku djus esa ykHkkfUor gqbZA eSa vkHkkj izdV
djuk pkgwx
¡ h fo'o fo[;kr ck¡lqjhoknd ^in~efoHkw"k.k* ia- Jh gfjizlkn
pkSjfl;k th] ia- Jh vkuUn Hkhelsu tks'kh th ('kkL=h; xk;d)] xzseh
vokMZM ia- fo'o eksgu HkV~V th (eksgu eh.kk oknd)] Jherh laxhrk
ca/kksik/;k; ('kkL=h; laxhr xkf;dk)] ^in~eHkw"k.k* ia- Jh NUuw yky
th feJ (izfl¼ Bqejh xk;d)] ia-Jh jtuh'k th feJ ('kkL=h; xk;d)
ia- Jh jktu th feJ ds lqiq=] MkW- Jh fodkl Hkkj}kt (flrkj oknd)
,oa ,sls vU; dbZ dykdkjksa dk] ftUgksaus vius lq>koksa vkSj fopkjksa ls
eq>s ykHkkfUor fd;k ,oa viuk vewY; le; nsdj eq>s vuqx`ghr
fd;kA eSa lnSo d`rK jgwx
¡ h fd vki tSls O;fDrRoksa us esjs 'kks/k dk;Z dks
fo'kq¼rk ,oa Js"Brk iznku djus esa esjh lgk;rk dhA

eSa mu lHkh dykdkjksa (Jherh fuosfnrk] dukZVdh 'kkL=h; laxhr

(13)
xkf;dk] U;w;kWd]Z ;w-,l-,-)] Jh v'khe pkS/kjh (Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; xk;d]
dksydkrk] osLV caxky)] fnO; laxhr ,dsMeh] Jh eksgEen vLlkuh
(flrkj] rcyk oknd] dukMk)] Jherh gsey{eh iysVh (laxhr f'k{kd
vkU/kzizns'k)] Jh ,u-lh,p- ikFkkZlkjFkh (Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; ,oa lqxe
laxhr xk;d] gSnjkckn Hkkjr)] Jh cdqy ?kjiqjs ('kadj egknsou ,dsMeh)]
Jh g"kZ [khaph (flrkj oknd ;w-,l-,-)] lqJh oh-fot; y{eh (nf{k.k
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr] dukZVd)] Jh b[+ykd gqlu
S (flrkj ijQksjej
,oa f'k{kd] bLykfed vkVZ)] lqJh xfjek HkkxZo ('kkL=h; dRFkd
u`R;kaxuk] jktLFkku) dk Hkh ân; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gw¡] ftUgksaus
esjs }kjk] bl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr] bZ&esy ds ek/;e ls iwNs x, iz'uksa dk]
viuk vewY; le; nsdj mÙkj fn;k ,oa esjs 'kks/k izca/k dh izxk<+rk dks
vkSj c<+k;k vkSj bls l'kDr rFkk etcwr vk/kkj iznku fd;kA

vkt esjh 'kSf{kd vn~Hkqr ;k=k ,oa lk/kuk dks iw.kZrk izkIr gqbZ gS
vkSj eSa ml iy dks thus ds fy, ykykf;r gw]¡ tks eq>s esjh euksdkeuk]
izHkq Jh d`".k] ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cfgu ,oa xq:tuksa ds vk'khokZn] lg;ksx
,oa dBksj ifjJe Lo:i izkIr gqvk gSA

bruh lkjh lko/kkfu;ksa ds i'pkr~ Hkh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh =qfV

jg tk;s rks bl ckr dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vr% eSa vki lHkh ls
{kek ek¡xuk pkgw¡xh] esjh NksVh&cM+h =qfV ds fy, tks bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks
iwjk djrs gq, gqbZA

(14)
 vUr% esa] eSa vki lHkh dk ân; dh xgure lhek ls leLr
'kqHkdkeukvksa ds lkFk] d`rKrk lfgr vkHkkj izdV djrh gw¡] lkFk gh
e/kq xzkfQDl ftUgksaus esjs 'kks/k dk;Z ds Vad.k esa esjk iw.kZ lg;ksx fd;k]
dk Hkh vkHkkj izdV djrh gw¡A

fnukad% -------------

(r:.kk 'kekZ)
^tkudh lnu*
g"kZ LVs'kulZ ds lkeus]
xa/kh th dh iqy] Jhiqjk] dksVk (jkt-)
fiu dksM&324006

(15)
 izFke v/;k;
ßHkkjrh; laxhr f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kkÞ

(16)
 izFke v/;k;
ßHkkjrh; laxhr f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kkÞ
dykvksa esa loZJs"B dyk laxhr gh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk og
txexkrk gqvk nhid gS tks vukfndky ls vfojy tyrk gqvk vk jgk
gSA ;g dyk izkphu ,oa ijEijkxr gksrs gq, viuk ,d vyx xkSjokfUor
:i j[krh gSA

laxhr esa euq"; ds ân; dks Nw ysus dh og vikj 'kfDr fo|eku

gS tks eu esa mBus okyh rjg&rjg dh Hkkoukvksa dks o'k esa djds
izHkq&HkfDr dh vksj izsfjr djrh gS vkSj mfpr ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA
laxhr 'kCn nks 'kCnksa (lE;d~$xhra) vFkok vo/kku esa yk;k x;k xhrA

'kkjaxnso th us laxhr jRukdj esa laxhr dh rhuksa fo/kkvksa

(xk;u oknu ,oa u`R;) dks ikjLifjd :i ls ,d nwljs ds v/khu crk;k
gSA1

^^u`ra ok|kuqxa izksDra ok| xhrkuqofrZ pA**

vrks xhra iz/kkuRokn=knkofHk/kh;rsAA2

vFkkZr~ xhr ds v/khu oknu vkSj oknu ds v/khu urZu~A vr% bu

rhuksa gh dykvksa esa xku dks gh iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA laxhr ls dsoy vkuan
dh gh vuqHkwfr ugha gksrh lkFk gh ;s gekjs euks Hkkoksa dks Hkh izHkkfor
1- ^xhra ok|a rFkk u`R;a =;ea laxhr eqP;rs*& 'kkjaxnso] laxhr jRukdj] i`-la-&2] (1@1@21)
2- 'kkjaxnso] laxhr jRukdj] (1124&25)

(17)
djrh gS vkSj gekjh vkRek esa HkfDre; vuqHkwfr;ka iSnk dj nsrk gSA1

Hkkjrh; laxhr dk vkjEHk izkphu ;qx ls gh pyk vk jgk gS]

vkSj 'kuS%'kuS% ;g izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gqvk laxhr fodflr :i
dks izkIr gqvk ftldk ifj"d`r ,oa ifjofrZr :i vk/kqfud le; esa gesa
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

vkpk;Z c`gLifr us laxhr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd

^^xhr]Loj]Hkk"kk]rky vkSj ekxZ dk vkJ; ysdj euq"; dh Hkkouk dks
O;Dr djrk gS] oknu xhr dk lgk;d gksrk gS vkSj u`R; mls ewrZ :i
iznku djrk gS blfy, xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; ;s rhuksa feydj laxhr
dgykrs gSaA**2

laxhr dk tUe bZlk ls yxHkx 8&9 gt+kj o"kZ iwoZ ekuk x;k
gSA fgUnw erkoyafc;ksa ds vuqlkj laxhr ds tud czãk th ekus x, gSaA
czãk th us f'ko th dks] f'ko th us ljLorh th dks rFkk ljLorh th us
egf"kZ ukjn dks laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dh rRi'pkr~ ukjn th ds }kjk
izkIr laxhr dk izpkj Hkjrkfn eqfu;ksa us Hkwyksd esa fd;kA

blls Kkr gksrk gS fd czãek.M ds tud }kjk vfr izkphu le;

esa Hkh laxhr dks f'k{kk ds :i esa iznku fd;k tkrk Fkk pkgsa oks czãk th
gks ;k f'ko th ;k ljLorh lHkh us ,d nwljs dks laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku
dhA
1- clar] laxhr fo'kkjn] i`-la-&34
2- vk-c`g` Lifr] fucU/k laxhr] i`-la-&12] 1989

(18)
 blh izdkj f'k{kk nsus dk tks Lo:i gS oks ,d Øec} :i ls
gekjs nsoh&nsorkvksa ds le; ls gh pyrk jgk gSA

eqfLye erkoyafc;ksa us ekuk fd ewlhdkj uked i{kh dh pkSap

esa lkr fNnz gksrs gSa ftuesa ls Øe'k%lk]js]x]e]i]/k vkSj fu esa lkr Loj
fudyrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; laxhr dk vkjEHk izkphu ;qx ls gh pyk vk jgk gSA

vkSj 'kuS%'kuS% ;g izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gqvk laxhr fodflr :i
dks izkIr gqvk ftldk ifj"d`r ,oa ifjofrZr :i vk/kqfud le; esa gesa
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ik'pkR; fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj laxhr dyk dk
tUe LokHkkfor :i ls mlh le; gqvk tc euq"; us cksyuk lh[kkA

fgUnqvksa dks vkerkSj ij iafMr vkSj eqlyekuksa dks mLrkn :i ls

lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk vk jgk gSA 12oha lnh ds vkl&ikl fgUnqLrkuh
'kkL=h; laxhr ds dukZVd 'kkL=h; laxhr vyx :i ls igpkuk tkus
yxkA bu nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa esa dsfUnz; fopkj ;g gS fd nksuksa iz.kkfy;ka
esyksfMd eksM ;k jkx rFkk ,d rkyc¼ pØ rky ij vk/kkfjr gSA1

"Sangeet is a technical term used for vocal and

Instrumental along with the art doming. All three fine arts are
connected with each other which is almost impossible to
separate."
1- xqIr] Hkjr] ukV~;'kkL=] i`-la-&28] 1996

(19)
 Hkkjrh; laxhr f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk dks blds bfrgkl ds
foHkktu ds vk/kkj ij ge vkSj vPNh rjg le> ldrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; laxhr ds bfrgkl dk foHkktu rhu dkyksa esa fd;k x;k gS%&
1- izkphu dky
2- e/; dky
3- vk/kqfud dky

"The history of the early music of India esa 'Gulf il mil'

us crk;k fd iwoZ ik"kk.k dky ds yksx okLro esa Hkkjr ds ewy fuoklh
Fks vkSj iRFkj dk ,d laxhr ok| ftls ^vXlk* dgrs gS blh ;qx esa ik;k
tkrk FkkA1

izkphu dky%& ^^izkphu le; esa laxhr f'k{kk gsrq laLFkk, Hkh fo|eku
Hkh ftUgsa ifj"kn~ dgk tkrk FkkA** bl le; dks laxhr dk /kkfeZd dky
Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjro"kZ vk/;kRe iz/kku ns'k gSA geus lnSo ;gh
ekuk gS fd ^laxhr gh l`f"V dk vkfn rRo gSA*

vksme~ 'kCn czã ds :i eas vFkok laxhr ds ukn rRo ds :i esa

vHkh rd ekuk x;k gSA2 Å¡ gh vFkkZr~ lk{kkr~ vksadkj gh laxhr dk
tud gSA ,slk ekuk x;k gS fd tks Å¡ dh lk/kuk djus esa lQy gks tkrk
gS oks laxhr dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa xzg.k esa Hkh lQy gks tkrs gSaA

1- xqYQ&by&fey&n fgLVªh vkWQ n vyhZ E;wft+d vkWQ bf.M;k] i`-la-&111

2- MkW0 iadt ckyk lDlsuk] ^laxhr*] i`-la-&3] viSy
z 2005

(20)
 ,l0,e0 VSxksj ds vuqlkj& ^^vk;ksZa ds vkfn osÙkk czãk] fo".kq
vkSj egs'k gSA blesa fo".kq Hkxoku ds gkFk esa 'ka[k (iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj
;g 'ka[k leqnz eaFku ds le; izkIr gqvk Fkk) ekuk x;k gSA egknso th
us ^fiukd* dk vfo"dkj fd;k ftlesa ra= laxhr dk izkphu bfrgkl
bZ0iw0 3500 ds yxHkx vkjEHk gksrk gS tc oSfnd ;qx dk izpkj FkkA
bl le; vk;Z Hkkjr vk, FksA vkj.;d lafgrk] iwokZpd] mÙkjkZfpd]
xzke] xs;xku] vj.;xs;xku] LrksHk] izHk`fr laxhrksa dk gh izpyu FkkA
osnksa esa dsoy lkeosn ds vUnj gh xku vkSj laxhr ds midj.k izkIr gksrs
gSaA ;Kksa esa lke ea=ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA tkfr xk;u dk izpkj
FkkA

oSfnd ;qx dks gh ge vius lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dk izkphurd

;qx eku ldrs gSaA oSfnd ;qx esa pkjksa osnksa (½Xosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn]
vFkoZosn) ds vykok czkã.k vkj.;dksa rFkk mifu"knksa dh lwpuk Hkh dh
xbZA oSfnd lkfgR; esa vU; dykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr dyk ds Hkh
izpqj mYys[k miyC/k gSaA1

oSfnd lkfgR; esa xk;u]oknu vkSj u`R; laca/kh dbZ mYys[k gesa
izkIr gksrs gSaA ^lkexku* dks rRdkyhu laxhr dk i;kZ; ekuk tk, rks
dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA lke dk Nanksa c} xhrksa ls xk;u fd;k
tkrk Fkk] lke dks Lrks=ksa }kjk xk;k tkrk FkkA bu Lrk=ksa dks tSfeuh;
czkã.k esa oSfnd xk;u dk vyadkj dgk tkrk gSA2

1- MkW- /kekZofr JhokLro] izkphu Hkkjr esa laxhr] i`-la-&1] 1961- xqYQ&by&fey&n fgLVªh vkWQ n vyhZ E;wft+d
vkWQ bf.M;k] i`-la-&111
2- MkW- iadt ckyk lDlsuk] laxhr ekfld] i`-la-&3] viSy z 20057
2- LrksHkkgok vklke vYkadkj%Ùkk vyadq.kZfUuo] 'kksHk;fUuo xk;rs&tSfeuh; czkã.k

(21)
 bl dky esa lk/kkj.kr;k mnkr] vuqnkr] Lofjr rhu Lojksa dk
izpyu Fkk ftudk iz;ksx Øe'k% Åaph] uhpha o e/;e /ofu ds mPpkj.k
gsrq fd;k tkrk FkkA Lojksa ds le; izn'kZu ds fy, 1]2]3 bl izdkj ds
fpUgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA blds i'pkr~ lkfed laxhr ^Lojkarj*
vFkkZr~ pkj Lojksa ds laxhr esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA blds i'pkr~ ikap Lojksa
dk vkS<+o laxhr] N% Lojksa dk "kk<+o laxhr vkSj fQj var esa lkr Lojksa
ls 'kksHkk;eku laxhr ds :i dk vkfoHkkZo gekjs lEeq[k gqvkA mi;qZDr
rhuksa Loj (mnkr] vuqnkr] Lofjr) ls gh lkrksa Lojksa dh mRifÙk gqbZA

^^mPpkS fu"kkn xka/kkjkS uhpk ½"kHk /kSorkSA

'ks"kkLrq Lofjr Ks;k% "kM~t e/;e iapek%AA**1

^lkeosn* ls gh Hkkjrh; laxhr dh vo/kkj.kk dk vkjEHk gks

tkrk gSA lk$ve=lkeA ;gka ^lk* ls rkRi;Z ½pkvksa ls gS rFkk ^ve~*
vkyki ls lacaf/kr gSaA vr% ½Xosn dh ½pkvksa dk rRdkyhu /kquksa ds
lgkjs xk;u ^lkexku* dgykrk FkkA lkexk;u esa L=ksrksa ds ek/;e ls
nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr dh tkrh gSA buesa vfXu] lw;Z] bUnz] fe=] iou vkfn
izeq[k vkjk/; nso FksA2

izkjfEHkd oSfnd dky esa tks lkexku ½pkvksa ds Åij izpfyr

Fkk] og ea=n`"Vk xk;d ½f"k dh izfrek dk izfrQyu FkkA ;s ½f"k bu
½pkvksa dk xk;u LokUr% lq[kk; rFkk ;K esa vius lke ds }kjk
nsorkvksa dks izlUu djus ds fy, djrs FksA bu lkexk;dksa dks mn~xkrk]
1- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr fuca/kkoyh] i`-la-&12] 1997
2- MkW- iquhrk JhokLro] Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkeosn dh ijEijk] 'kks/k xzUFk] i`-la-&21] 2006

(22)
xk;f=u] lkex] lkefoiz NUnksx vkfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk FkkA

^mnxkrk* 'kCn tgka izkjEHk esa dsoy lkexku djus okys ds fy,
iz;qDr gksrk Fkk] /khjs&/khjs ,d ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn cu x;kA mn~xkrk ds
lgk;d ds :i esa rhu ½fRotksa&izLrkark] izfrgrkZ vkSj lqczge.;e~ dh
fu;qfDr dh tkus yxhA bl izdkj oSfnd dky esa ;Kksa esa lkexku djus
ds fy, mn~xkroxZ uked laLFkk ds vfrfjDr Lora= :i ls lkexku
izf'k{k.k gsrq laLFkk,a Fkh bUgsa ifj"kn~ Hkh dgrs FksA jkek;.k ds ckydk.M
esa Hkh laxhr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSaA

xk;Urk u`R;eku'p; okn;UrLrq jk?koA

vkeksnea ijee~ ;UewoZjkHkj.k Hkwf"krkAA1

tSls& ;gka u`R;] xhr vkSj ok| dk mYys[k gqvk gSaA u`R;] xhr
vkSj ok| dk lfEeJ.k gh laxhr gSaA jkek;.k esa tgka jkepUnz th ds
fookg vkSj /kquqHkZx dk o.kZu gS ogha ^xhrokfnr uuzrq* vkfn 'kCnksa ds
vykok ^nsonqUNqfHk* vkfn 'kCnksa dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSaA2

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa egkHkkjr dk Hkh ,d fof'k"V LFkku jgk gSaA

bl fo'kkydk; egkdkO; esa izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk lok±xh.k fp=
miyC/k gSA egkHkkjr dky esa ftu xkFkkvksa dk xku] ;K rFkk vU;
yksd mRloksa ij fd;k tkrk Fkk] og ns'kh laxhr ds vUrxZr gksrk FkkA
egkHkkjr dky esa lke~ rFkk xkU/koZ nksuksa dk vR;f/kd izpkj gS ;K
1- ^xk;Urk----Hkwf"krk*] ckydk.M] jkek;.k
2- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr fucU/kkoyh] i`-la-&17] 1997

(23)
izlaxksa ij lkexku ds vfrfjDr ijEijkxr xkFkk&xhrksa dks xkus dk
izpkj Hkh FkkA laxhr dyk ds fy, ^xka/koZ* dh laKk nh FkhA ok|ksa esa
iBg] Hksfj] e`nax nqanqfHk 'ka[k] oh.kk] vkfn dk mYys[k Hkh bl dkO; esa
feyrk gSA1

bl ;qx esa ewPNZuk i¼fr ls xk;u gksrk FkkA bls ekxhZ laxhr
Hkh dgrs FksA tkfr xk;u ds i'pkr~ jkx dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA egkHkkjr
esa lIr Lojksa ,oa xka/kkj xzke ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA fo}kuksa ds
vuqlkj bl dky esa laxhr dh /kkfeZdrk] ifo=rk rFkk mÙkerk mPp
f'k[kj rd igqap xbZ FkhA laxhr loZFkk fodflr o leqUur fLFkfr esa
FkkA egkHkkjr ds nks izeq[k uk;d Jhd`".k vkSj vtqZu Hkh laxhrkjkxh
FksA Jhd`".k dks oa'kh ok| dk izorZd ekuk tkrk gSaA

/khjs&/khjs izca/k] /kqzoin vkfn x;ku 'kSfy;ka izpkj esa vkbZ lkeosn
rFkk Hkjr ds ukV~;'kkL= dks vk/kkjxzUFk ekudj laxhr ds cM+&s cM+s xzaFkksa
dh jpuk dh xbZA laxhr ds {ks= esa vusd erksa f'koer] lkses'oj er]
d`".ker guqeUrkfn dk Hkh izpkj gqvkA2

e/;dky %& laxhr ,d ,slh dyk gSa tks Lojksa ds midj.kksa dk vkJ;
ysdj ,d lEiw.kZ vkd`fr cukrh gS ftl izdkj fp=dyk dh jaxksa }kjk]
f'kYidyk /kkrqvksa vFkok iRFkjksa }kjk vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS mlh izdkj
laxhr dyk Lojksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr dh tkrh gSA

1- MkW- vk'kq xkSre (ys[k)] laxhr] tqykbZ 2011

2- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr 'kkL=] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] i`-la-&7

(24)
 ^^Hkkld`r oklonÙkk** ukVd ls irk pyrk gS fd jktk mn;u
jkuh dks oh.kk fl[kkrs FksA rRi'pkr~ laxhr dk mi;ksx ;q¼&dky esa
lSfudksa dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq fd;k tkus yxkA eqfLye jktkvksa us
laxhr dyk dks jktkJ; fn;kA

e/;dky ds vUrxZr laxhr dyk dh i;kZIr mUufr gqbZA dyk

dh tkudkjh ,oa izoh.krk lqlaLd`r gksus dk y{k.k cu x;kA fgUnq
jktkvksa us Hkh laxhr dks jktkJ; fn;kA mÙkj Hkkjr ij eqx+y lkezkT;
dk vkxeu gqvkA jkts&jtokM+ksa rnuUrj ckn'kkgksa] uokcksa ds egyksa esa
igqap dj bl ifo= dyk dks foykl dk ifj/kku /kkj.k djuk gh iM+kA

xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; ds {ks= esa vusd iz;ksx fd;s x;sA
u,&u, jkxksa us tUe fy;k ftudh la[;k gt+kjksa rd igqpa xbZA fofHkUu
ok|ksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA u`R; ds {ks= esa Hkh dkQ+h mUufr gqbZ gSaA

bl dky es a iz H kko'kkyh la x hrdkj vehj [kq l jks a

(1253&1325) dk vkxeu gqvk ftUgsa dHkh vk/kqfud fgUnqrkuh
'kkL=h; laxhr dk firk dgk tkrk FkkA bUgksaus fgUnqLrkuh laxhr ds dbZ
igyqvksa dks Øec¼ Lo:i fn;k vkSj ;eu dY;k.k tSls dbZ jkxksa dh
'kq:vkr dhA bUgksaus dOokyh 'kSyh dks Hkh viuk;k vkSj ,d /kzqin ij
Qkjlh Hkk"kk esa ek/kq;Z dj ,d ¶;wtu cuk;k rFkk dbZ lkafxfrd
midj.kksa tSls&flrkj] rcyk vkfn dk vkjEHk fd;kA1

1- fofdihfM;k&n Ýh ,UklkbDyksihfM;k] i`-la-&4

(25)
 bl dky esa lH; lekt ls ;g ije ikou dyk frjLd`r gksus
yxh vkSj gksrh pyh xbZA cM+&s cM+s ckn'kkgks]a uokcksa vkSj jktk&egkjktkvksa
us laxhr ds cM+&s cM+s dykdkjksa dks viuk vkJ; iznku fd;kA laxhr dh
ifo=rk] lqUnjrk vkSj 'kkL=h;rk mu pan jktegyksa esa gh dSn gksdj jg
xbZA fdUrq bl dky esa Hkh dqN ,slh egku~ gfLr;ka ns'k esa ;gk¡&ogk¡
fo|eku Fkh] ftUgksaus vius iz;klksa ds }kjk laxhr dyk dh 'kq¼rk o
lkfRodrk dks cjdjkj j[kkA laxhr dyk dk ;g lkSHkkX; Fkk fd oks bl
izHkko dks cuk;s j[kus esa l{ke jghA ,sls le; esa mÙkj&Hkkjr esa Lokeh
gfjnkl] lwjnkl] rqylhnkl] ehjkckbZ rFkk nf{k.k Hkkjr esa feFkqLokeh
fnf{krkj] ';ke'kkL=h] R;kxjkt] iqjanjnkl vkfn HkDr xk;dksa us
laxhr dks vkRe'kqf¼ vkSj eks{k dk lacy cuk, j[kkA1

ia- 'kkjaxnso th }kjk lu~ 1247 esa ^laxhr jRukdj* dh jpuk

dh xbZA laxhr jRukdj esa Lojk/;k;] ok|k/;k; rFkk u`R;k/;k; bu
rhu [k.Mksa esa dqy lkr v/;k;ksa ds vUrxZr xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; bu
rhuksa fo/kkvkas dh tkudkjh nh xbZA ftl izdkj orZeku esa /kzqin xk;dh
nqyZHk gksrh jgh gS vkSj [;ky xk;dh dk izpkj&izlkj gksrk tk jgk gSA
mlh izdkj tkfr xk;u dk izpkj de gks x;k vkSj jkx xk;u dk izpkj
vf/kd gks x;kA bl ;qx esa dbZ fons'kh vkØe.k Hkh gq, gSA ia- 'kkajxnso
th ds i'pkr~ vykmíhu f[kyth us nsofxjh ij vkØe.k fd;k] f[kyth
xksiky uk;d th ds lkFk 600 xk;dksa dks fnYyh ys x,A vr% rqdksZa
dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA2

1- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr 'kkL=] i`-la-&8

2- ia- lqyHkk Bkdqj (ys[k)] laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la-&33

(26)
 bl ;qx esa dbZ larksa us fons'kh vkØe.k ds dkj.k gqbZ foink dks
nwj djus ds fy, rqjUr ljy ,oa eu dks vf/kdkf/kd lgkuqHkwfr nsus
okyk izHkkoh ekxZ ^HkfDr laxhr* }kjk ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls iznku fd;kA
bl le; tc e/;;qxhu lekt ladV xzLr gqvk rks yksx lgh /keZ
NksM+dj nwljs /keZ dks viukus yxsA bu lc ij larksa us HkfDr ekxZ
viukrs gq, fo'o ds lkeus ^jk"Vªh; ,drk* (National Integration)
dks izLrqr fd;kA1

eqxydky dk vkjEHk e/;dky esa gks pqdk FkkA bl dky esa

xt+y dOokyh vkfn xk;u 'kSfy;ka izpyu esa FkhA J`axkfjd jpukvksa ds
vykok vk/;kfRed jpuk,a Hkh izpfyr gqbZA ;g e/;dky 1525 ls
1556 dk FkkA bl dky esa laxhr jRukdj dh Vhdk ia- dfYYkukFk us
fy[khA tkSuiqj ds ckn'kkg lqYrku gqlu
S 'kdhZ us [;ky xk;dh izpfyr
dh rFkk dbZ u, jkx cuk, tSls tkSuiqjh] flanwjk vkfnA Xokfy;j ds
jktk ekuflag us ^eku&dqrqgy* uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA oStw ckojk
uked laxhrK us ^xqtZjh&rksM+h* rFkk ^eaxy&xqtZjh* jkxksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;kA2

ckcj] gqek;wa] vdcj] 'kkgtgka vkfn eqxy lezkVksa us tks fd

laxhr iszeh Fks] us xt+y xk;dh dks [kwc iuik;kA vdcj ds njckj esa
lS;n [kk¡ ukSgkj rFkk nkSyr gkQtw ekus gq, xt+y xk;d FksA3 1658
bZ- esa vkSjaxtsc xíh ij cSBk vkSj mlus [kq'kgky [kk¡ vkSj g;kr ljluSu
tSls laxhrdkjksa ij viuh d`ik j[khA ^fdjik* uked ,d i[kkoth dks
1- izk-s MkW- lkS- fot;ky{eh cts]Z laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la-&127] viSy
z 1973
2- MkW- e`R;qat; 'kekZ ,oa jkeukjk;.k f=ikBh] laxhr eSuqvy] i`-la-&164] 2002
3- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr] i`-la-&8] twu 2011

(27)
vkSjaxtsc us ^e`naxjk;* dh mikf/k iznku dhA1

1719&40 bZ- esa eqgEen'kkg jaxhys bl oa'k ds vafre ckn'kkg

FksA os Lo;a laxhr esa fuiq.krk j[krs FksA buds njckj esa ^lnkjax*]
vnkjax vkSj egkjax uked mÙke laxhrK FksA bl dky esa VIis Bqejh dk
izpyu gqvkA2 blls Kkr gqvk fd ml le; izksRlkgu Lo:i jkf'k ds
vfrfjDr mikf/k ls Hkh vyad`r fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

lkjka'k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi e/; ;qx esa fons'kh

laxhr dk Hkkjrh; laxhr ds lkFk laca/k vk;k fdUrq fons'kh laxhr
ik'pkR; vFkkZr~ ;wjksih; laxhr ugha FkkA og e/; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk Fkk]
og esyksMh ij vk/kkfjr FkkA mldk Hkkjrh; laxhr ls ;ksX; jhfr ls
vUrHkkZo gqvkA Qyr% Hkkjrh; laxhr le`¼ cukA ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds
laxhr dk izHkko Hkkjrh; laxhr ij iM+k tks iw.kZr;k esyksMh ij
vk/kkfjr Fkk vkSj bldh f'k{kk Hkh xq: f'k"; ijEijk ds vk/kkj ij nh
tkrh FkhA laxhr 'kkL= esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu Hkh gqvkA igys dh
xzke ewPNZuk i¼fr dk âkl gqvk rFkk vjch laxhr i¼fr ds ^edke*
ls jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k gqvkA blh dks dukZVd laxhr esa esy vkSj vkxs
pydj ia- fo".kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms th us ^FkkV* ;g uke fn;kA bl
oxhZdj.k dk izk;ksfxd i{k ij dksbZ ifj.kke ugha gqvkA ?kjkuksa dk
vkfoHkkZo e/; ;qx esa gqvkA rkulsu dk lsfu;k ?kjkuk izfl¼ gqvkA
orZeku esa Mkxj cU/kq dh 17oha ih<+h gS bl izdkj ls dgk tkrk gS fd
vFkkZr~ e/;;qqx esa gh ;g ?kjkuk fufeZr gqvk FkkA3
1- izHkwyky xxZ ^olar*] laxhr fo'kkjn] i`-la-&28&29] fnlEcj 1991
2- ogh
3- ia- lqyHkk Bkdqj] laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la-&34

(28)
 bl izdkj e/;dky esa ?kjkuk iz.kkyh dk izkjEHk nks :iksa eas gks
pqdk Fkk ,d rks ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa dk laxhr f'k{kk ds :i esa vkSj nwljk
xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds :i esa mHkj dj vk, ftlds vURkxZr f'k"; xq:
ds ?kj ij jgdj gh laxhr dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk Fkk] ftls lhuk&c&lhuk
rkyhe Hkh dgk x;kA laLFkk,sa vkSj ifjlj rks iqjkuh pyrh jgha gSa]
ysfdu f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ?kjkuksa dk viuk ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA
blh dky esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ xzUFk tSls laxhr] ^ifjtkr*] ^ân;&izdk'k*]
^ân;&dkSrqd* xzUFk fy[ks x,A nf{k.k ds vusd fo}kuksa us laxhr dh
mUufr ij dk;Z fd;kA blh dky esa nf{k.k ds izfl¼ ia- O;adVeq[kh us
prqnZ.Mh izdkf'kr uked xzUFk fy[kkA1

nf{k.k ds nks egku~ fo}ku~ ^JhukFk* vkSj ^iksruk* us laxhre;

dkO; dh jpuk,a dhA blds vfrfjDr dbZ vusd fo}ku~ {kk=K] osadV
d`".k uk;d vkfn vusd laxhrK vkSj dfo gq,A {kk=K oh.kk oknu esa
izoh.k FksA bl dky esa ^dYo dksok* uked u`R; dk fuekZ.k gqvk] ;g
fL=;ksa ds fy, FkkA bl dky esa yko.kh] ifjtkr] ukVd] Hkkxor]
esyk] ;{kxku vkfn izfl¼ FksA bl izdkj e/; dky esa laxhr lkekU;
:i ls pyrk jgkA laxhr dh 'kq¼rk] ifo=rk] lqUnjrk vkSj fnO;rk
vkSj 'kkyhurk bl dky esa cuh jghA

vk/kqfud dky %& ;g dky lu~1850 ls lu~ 1947 rd dk gSA bl

100 lky ds le; esa vusd egku~ foHkwfr;ksa us tUe fy;k] ftUgksaus
laxhr dks vk/kqfud :i nsus ds fy, lc&dqN viZ.k dj fn;kA
1- MkW- e`R;aqt; 'kekZ] laxhr eSuqvy] i`-la-&165] 2002

(29)
 19oha 'krkCnh rd fgUnqLrkuh 'kkL=h; laxhr dh ijEijk
xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ijEijk ds ek/;e ls f'k"; vius
xq: dh lsok djus ds fy, lnSo rRij jgrk FkkA fgUnqLrkuh laxhr dk
iqutkZxj.k fQj ls 'kq: gqvkA

19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ lkaxhfrd xzaFk fy,

x,A caxky ds lj ,l-,e- VSxksj us "The University History of
Music" uked xzUFk fy[kkA blh le; johUnzukFk VSxksj us johUnz
laxhr ds :i esa caxky ds laxhr dks ,d u;k vkdkj fn;kA blh le;
dSIVu ,u-,-foyMZ uked fo}ku us "A Treatise on the Music of
Hindustan" uked iqLrd fy[khA buds iz;klksa ls Hkkjrh; laxhr dk
izpkj&izlkj fons'kksa esa Hkh gqvkA

^^laxhr ,d vkjk/kuk gSa blls rUe;rk dh voLFkk miyC/k

gksrh gS vkSj bZ'oj dh oanuk HkhA vk/kqfud dky rd efUnjksa esas Hktu]
dhrZu] vkjrh] xku }kjk bZ'ojksikluk bZlkb;ksa }kjk fxjtk?kjksa esa
vkt Hkh d:.kjkxksa rFkk laxhr ok|ksa dk iz;ksx djuk vkfn laxhr dh
egÙkk dks izekf.kr djrs gSAa vkt ijekuan rd igqp
a kus dk Js"Bre ekxZ
laxhr gSA**1

bl lnh ds eksM+ ij nks egku~ flrkjs f{kfrt ij mrjs%& ia- fo".kq

fnxEcj iyqLdj ,oa ia- fo".kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.MsA bu nksuksa egku~ foHkwfr;ksa
us laxhr dyk ds HkXukos"kksa dk iqu% fuekZ.k fd;kA bu laxhrKksa ds
1- MkW- Lora= 'kekZ] Hkkjrh; laxhr ,d oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k] i`-la-&3] 1989

(30)
fofHkUUk {ks=ksa ds laxhr fo}kuksa] uokcksa] mLrknksa] dykdkjksa ls lEidZ
djs ns'k esa ;gk¡&ogk¡ fc[kjh gqbZ laxhr dyk dks ,df=r djus dk iz;kl
fd;kA laxhr dh [kksbZ gqbZ izfr"Bk dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;kA

ia- fnxEcj ,oa Hkkr[k.Ms th us vius HkkxhjFk iz;Ruksa ls Hkkjrh;

laxhr dk iqu:¼kj fd;k ,oa bl nSoh; dyk dks lekt o f'k{kk ds
{ks= esa lEekutud LFkku ij LFkkfir fd;kA ;s mUgha dh dfBu riL;k
dk Qy gSa fd orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; laxhr dks vU; fo"k;ksa ds leku
gh] fo|ky;ksa ls ysdj fo'ofo|ky; rd ekU;rk izkIr gSA1

fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj th 12 o"kZ dh mez esa va/ks gks x, Fks

mlds ckotwn Hkh oks ,d izfrHkk'kkyh laxhrdkj vkSj ,d vk;kstd ds
:i esa mHkjsA mUgksaus laxhr dh dbZ iqLrdsa Øfed iqLrd ekfydk
1]2]3 fy[kh vkSj xa/koZ laxhr egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ykgkSj esa lu~
1901 esa dhA

bu nksuksa fo}kuksa us laxhr dks fgUnh] ejkBh] xqtjkrh Hkk"kkvksa

ds ek/;e ls iqLrd :i fn;kA vkt laxhr dyk dk ftruk Hkh
izpkj&izlkj fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS oks mUgha nks egku~ foHkwfr;ksa ds lrr~ iz;klksa
dk ifj.kke gSaA2

bu laxhrKksa dk y{; ;g Fkk fd Hkkjrh; laxhr dh lqj&lfjrk

dks tu&lkekU; ds ?kjksa rd igqapk;k tk,A ia- Hkkr[k.Ms th us LoIu dk
1- iyhZ lscLs Vh;u] laxhr] i`-la-&16] vxLr 2010
2- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr 'kkL=] i`-la-&8

(31)
mYys[k dqN bl izdkj fd;k gSa%& "The mighty mansion of music
should become accessible to all rich and poor, high and low,
girls and boys, irrespective of age and social status."1

;g lkspus okyh ckr gSa fd ml le; gekjk ns'k vaxzstksa ds

v/khu FkkA ,slh izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ;s nksuksa fo}ku~ vius iFk
ls foeq[k ugha gq,A

izks-jkukMs us ia- Hkkr[k.Ms ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gSa%& "He was a

gigantic task and it is hard to concieve how one man could
ever have executed it so successfully"

ykgkSj esa xa/koZ egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn bUgksaus eqEcbZ eas

xa/koZ egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA bUgksaus (ia- fnxEcj) Loj i¼fr
fyfi dk fuekZ.k fd;kA yxHkx 250 iqLrdsa bUgksaus fy[khA tSls&
^laxhr cky cks/k*] ^jkx&izos'k*] ^Hktuke`r ygjh*] laxhr rRo n'kZd
vkfnA

1911 ds i'pkr~ nksuksa (ia- Hkkr[k.Ms ,oa ia- fnxEcj) us laxhr

lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu dj Hkkjrh; laxhr dks izfrf"Br fd;kA bu nksuksa
ds gh vuojr iz;klksa ls laxhr dyk dks izfr"Bk feyhA mldk
eku&lEeku c<+kA bl dky esa gh dbZ egku~ laxhrK tSls jktk HkS;k
iw¡N okys] u`R;dkj mn;'kadj] ia- vkSadkjukFk Bkdqj] m0 vCnqy djhe
1- iyhZ lscLs Vh;u] laxhr] i`-la-&17] vxLr 2010

(32)
[kk¡] m0 buk;r [kk¡] m0 foyk;r [kk¡] Jherh bUnzkuh jgeku
(HkjrukV~;e)] dqekjh vuqjk/kk xqgk (dRFkd)] m0 vyh vdcj (ljksn)]
m0 fcfLeYykg [kk¡ ('kgukbZ)] m0 cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡ (xk;d) vkfn
dykdkjksa dk bl ikou Hkwfe ij vorj.k gqvkA

blh dky esa [;ky xk;u ds i'pkr~ Bqejh] xt+y] dOokyh rFkk
Hktu vkfn mi'kkL=h; laxhr dh xku 'kSfy;ka izpkj esa vkbZA lqxe
laxhr ds vUrxZr xhr] laxhr] fQYe laxhr vkSj yksd laxhr izpkj esa
vk;kA ,sls le; esa egku~ flrkjoknd ia- jfo'kadj dk tUe gqvkA
bUgha ds egku~ iz;klksa ls u`R;] xk;u] flrkj vkfn dks vUrjkZ"Vªh;
[;kfr izkIr gqbZA vkius gh vkWdsZLVk dks Hkkjrh; rFkk ik'pkR; ok|ksa ls
foHkwf"kr fd;kA1

ia- fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms th us laxhr dks tu&tu ds fy,

miyC/k djkrs gq, laxhr f'k{kk esa yksdra= dh LFkkiuk mlh izdkj dh
ftl izdkj fons'kh 'kklu ls ns'k dks eqDr djkds egkRek xka/kh us
yksdra= dh LFkkiuk dhA bUgksaus tu&ekul esa Hkkjrh; laxhr&dyk ds
izfr vkReh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;kA budk ;g ekuuk Fkk ftl
izdkj fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lHkh fo"k;ksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh
tSls&foKku] xf.kr] lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd 'kkL= vkfn
nh tkrh gSA mlh izdkj Hkkjrh; dyk dh tkudkjh Hkh lfEefyr dh
tk,A blh chp ykgkSj ds laxhr fo}ku~ jktk uokc vyh Hkkr[k.Ms th
ds lEidZ essa vk, vkSj mnwZ esa laxhr dh ,d lqUnj iqLrd
1- MkW- e`R;qat; 'kekZ] laxhr eSuqvy] i`-la-&167] 2002

(33)
^eqvkfjQqUuxekr~* fy[khA bl iqLrd dk cgqr vknj gqvkA1

ia- Hkkr[k.Ms th dk y{; Fkk laxhr fo|ky;ksa ,oa laxhr

egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dj le>nkj Jksrkvksa] dykdkjksa o f'k{kdksa
dk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj bUgksaus ,slk fd;k HkhA ia- Hkkr[k.Ms th us cukjl
fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk fnol ij Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, laxhr dh vk/
;kfRedrk] lkekftd vko';drk rFkk 'kS{kf.kd egÙkk dk izfriknu
djrs gq, dgk Fkk&

^^lxq.k czã dh HkfDr ls gesa bl yksd vkSj ijyksd esa lq[k

fey ldrk gS vkSj fuxqZ.k czã dh HkfDr ls vafre lq[k fey ldrk gSaA
fgUn ds laxhr dh e/kqjrk bruh c<+ xbZ gS fd mls fdlh Hkh nwljs ns'k
ls lh[kus dh vko';drk ugha gSaA-------------gekjk laxhr ihNs jg x;k
gSa D;ksafd f'k{kk foHkkx esa mls ;ksX; LFkku izkIr ugha gSaA------------- tc
geus viuk fo'o fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;k gS rks vU; fo/kkvksa ds lkFk
laxhr fo|k dks Hkh LFkku nsuk pkfg,A------------- ;fn ge bl laxhr dh
okLrfod mUufr pkgrs gSa rks vius fo|ky;ksa esa bls LFkku nsuk gksxkA
blh laxhr dh mUufr ds lkFk iztk dh mUufr Hkh gSaA------------- blhfy,
xaxk th ds ikl rV ij gtkjksa izkphu egf"kZ Hktu xkrs FksA vr% bl
ifo= laxhr dh gekjh jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa esa Hkh iz/kku :i ls LFkku
feyuk pkfg,A**2

1- izHkwyky xxZ (clar)] laxhr fo'kkjn] i`-la-&30] 1991

2- rqylhjke nsokaxt] laxhr] i`-la-&20] tuojh&Qjojh 1987

(34)
 ia- Hkkr[k.Ms th dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr ds gj ?kj ls laxhr dh
vkokt+ vkuh pkfg,A

f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk %& 1947 esa Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds ckn laxhr dks
,d ubZ fn'kk izkIr gqbZA fj;klrksa dk foy; gqvk vkSj laxhr dks ljdkj
}kjk laj{k.k izkIr gqvkA vko';drk bl ckr dh Fkh fd fo|ky;ksa esa
Hkkjrh; laxhr dh lkekU; f'k{kk nh tk, ftlls ckydksa ds uSlfxZd
fØ;kdykiksa o laLdkjksa dks iqf"ir o iYyfor gksus dk volj feysA
laxhr ds nksuksa egku~ (ia- Hkkr[k.Ms ,oa ia- fnxEcj) laxhrKksa us rRdkyhu
izkphu laxhr dks O;oLFkk iznku dhA ;s nksuksa ^fo".kq};* okLro esa
iwtuh; gSa] oUnuh; gSaA

laxhr ds izksRlkgu ds fy, 1952 esa ^jk"Vªifr ind* 'kq:

fd;k x;kA 1953 esa ^laxhr ukVd vdkneh* vkSj 1954 esa ^yfyr
dyk vdkneh* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA vkdk'kok.kh }kjk laxhr ds
dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd, tkus yxs ftlds }kjk laxhr dks loZlk/kkj.k
rd igqapk;k x;kA1

f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa ch-,-] ,e-ih- ls ysdj ih,p-Mh- rd ds

lgL=ksa fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr~ gSaA bu laLFkkvksa ls dbZ f'k{kd viuh
jkst+h&jksVh dek jgs gSaA jsfM;ks] Vsfyfot+u fMLd] fjdkMZl] dSlsV~l ds
ek/;e ls laxhr dk izlkj gqvk gSaA2 bu lHkh ek/;eksa ds }kjk laxhr
dh f'k{kk iznku dh xbZ ,oa f'k{kk xzg.k Hkh dh tk jgh gSA
1- MkW- e`R;qat; 'kekZ] laxhr eSuv
q y] i`-la-&168] 2002
2- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] i`-la-&9

(35)
 Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ laxhr dyk dh loZJs"B mUufr gqbZA
laxhr dk mi;ksx dsoy jk"Vªh; ioks± rFkk okf"kZd mRloksa rd gh lhfer
ugha gSa cfYd lEiw.kZ l= esa laxhr f'k{k.k gksrk gS ftlls Hkkoh ukxfjd
gekjh laLd`fr ds bl i{k dks tku ldsxsaA

vusd izfrHkkoku dykdkjksa us Hkkjr ds vykok vesfjdk] dukMk]

:l] ;wjksi vkfn esa laxhr dks xqtk;eku fd;k gS u,&u, ok|ksa dk
fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tSls& eksgu oh.kk] bysfDVªd fxVkj] lqj
flaxkj] flrkj] LykbM fxVkj] rcyk] i[kkot] flrkj] ljksn vkfn
Lora= ok| ds :i esa mHkjs gSaA laxhr dh loksZPprk bl dky esa f'k[kj
rd igqap xbZ FkhA

" Music is the highest art which gives us abandon,

where the will to live is silenced. It ia a vehicle of religious
mistrical experience.:"

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd laxhr dh vo/kkj.kk rhuksa gh dky esa

Js"B o 'kksHkk;eku jgh gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr fo'o dk lcls egku~ o
izkphure~ laxhr jgk gSA bldh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh ckg~; vkSj
vkUrfjd nksuksa izdkj ds lkSUn;Z leku :i ls fodflr gq, gSaA

Hkkjrh; laxhr dk laca/k lnSo ekuo ds /keZ] pfj= lkfgR;]

laLd`fr] dyk o thou ds leLr igyqvksa ls jgk gS laxhr dyk us

(36)
euq"; tkfr dks dHkh Hkh vius deZ ls foeq[k ugha fd;k cfYd mls lgh
fn'kk iznku dh gSA ftl izdkj ewfrZdyk esa fo"k;:i lkSSUn;Z gksrk gS]
fp=dyk eas pk{kqd lkSUn;Z] dkO; esa dYiuk] mlh izdkj laxhr esa
iz"s k.kh;rk gksrh gSA laxhr ,d ân; dks nwljs ân; ls Nwrk gSA laxhr ,d
mRd`"Vre~ dyk gS vr% Hkkjrh; laxhr dyk Js"B gS ,oa mldk bfrgkl
vusd fofo/krkvksa ,oa lkSUn;Z ls Hkjiwj gSA
bl dky esa laxhr dh f'k{kk fuEu izdkj ls nh tkrh Fkh%&
1- Lora= :i ls nh tkus okyh f'k{kk %& bl izdkj dh f'k{kk i¼fr esa
f'k{kdksa dk foHkktu pkj izdkj ls gqvkA

❖ ?kjkus nkj laxhr f'k{kd %& tks viuh ikjEifjd xk;u iz.kkyh
dks j[kus gsrq ?kjkusnkj xk;dh dh f'k{kk nsrs gSaA

❖ izpkjd laxhr f'k{kd %& tks lekt esa laxhr dks fo'ks"k LFkku
izkIr djkus dh n`f"V ls laxhr dk izpkj djrs gSaA

❖ fo|ky;h rFkk fo'ofo|ky;h; f'k{kd %& tks v/;kid ukSdjh

,oa O;olk; gsrq mikf/k;ka izkIr dj fo|ky; ;k fo'ofo|ky;
esa f'k{kk nsrs gSaA

❖ Lora= O;olk;h laxhr f'k{kd %& tks dykdkj cuus dh

euksdkeuk ls ?kjkusnkj f'k{kk izkIr dj fdUrq Lora=:i ls
f'k{kk iznku djrs gSaA

(37)
2- vU; NksVh&NksVh O;olkf;d laxhr laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh
laxhr f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSA1

laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa laxhr f'k{kk u,&u, oSKkfud midj.kksa

}kjk Hkh iznku dh tkrh gS tSl&s xzkeksQksu] VsifjdkWMZj] dSlVs ~l] dkWEisDV
fMLd] vkdk'kok.kh] dEI;wVlZ] Vh0oh0 flusek vkfn ftlls fd fo|kFkhZZ
Lo;a lqudj ds ;k vuqlj.k djds lh[krk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr dh f'k{kk
dh nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls lh[kk tk jgk gS ftlesa fofM;ks
dkaUÝsaflax izeq[k gS ftlls ge nwj cSBs vius xq: ls f'k{kk izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fofHkUu ek/;eksa }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSaA

lu~ 1994 esa vesfjdk ds LiSfu'k fxVkj&oknu jkbdwMj ds

lkFk tqxycanh djrs gq, ^, ehfVax ckbZ b fjoj* uked jpuk ,d
dkWEisDV fMLd ds fy, cukbZ FkhA bl fMLd ls yxkrkj pkyhl lIrkg
rd lalkj ds nl loZJ"s B fMLdksa esa txg cuk, j[kh ftlds ek/;e ls
laxhr f'k{kk ds fo|kFkhZ bldks lqudj ds ;k vuqlj.k ls f'k{kk xzg.k
djus esa lQy jgs gSaA

bl izdkj laxhr dks nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls Hkh lqyHk

cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

1- MkW- lqjs'k xksiky Jh[k.Ms] fgUnqLrkuh 'kkL=h; xk;u dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh] i`-la-&268

(38)
 f}rh; v/;k;
ßlaxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;keÞ

(39)
 f}rh; v/;k;
ßlaxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;keÞ
laxhr ,d mPp dksfV dh izkphure yfyr dyk gSA ;g ,d ,slk
l'kDr ek/;e gSa tks vewrZ Hkkoukvksa dks ewrZ :i iznku djrk gSaA ;g
,d ,slh dyk gSa ftlesa dykdkj vkSj Jksrk nksuksa dk thou ijekuUn
dks izkIr djrk gSA blhfy, bls ^czãkuUn&lgksnje~* dgrs gSaA

bl laxhr dh ijEijk esa lnSo gh fofo/krk] fujUrjrk vkSj lg

vfLrRo dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA laxhr dk lkoZHkkSfed :i ns'k] dky]
tkfr] /keZ lHkh ls ijs gSa vkSj Åij gSA laxhr loZ= gSa] loZO;kih gSa]
lukru gSa] 'kk'or~ gSa vkSj ;g Li"V djrk gS fd bldk vk/kkjHkwr rRo
Loj rFkk y; gh gSaA

^^laxhr ,d vkn'kZe;h 'kCnghu Hkk"kk gSa ftlds }kjk Hkkoksa dh

lqUnj vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gSAa blh uSlfxZd xq.kksa ds dkj.k bls fnO;dyk
ekuk x;k gS vkSj laxhr dk nsoKA**1

Jherh lq/kk JhokLro ds vuqlkj laxhr dh 'kkL=h; ijEijk

bl izdkj fodflr gqbZ gSa fd Kku] vH;kl] dYiuk vkSj l`tukRed
dkS'ky lHkh dk lefUor ;ksxnku gh dykRed vfHkO;fDr dks ,d
1- MkW- fdju frokjh] laxhr ,oa euksfoKku] i`-la-&43

(40)
O;ofLFkr :i ns ikrk gSA gekjh bl ijEijk dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd ;g
fujarjrk cuk, gq, gSaA bl vewrZ dyk dh fujarjrk dks lqjf{kr j[kus
esa xq:&f'k"; ijEijk us viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA1

pwafd lHkh dykvksa esa izf'k{k.k vkSj fof/kor f'k{kk dk viuk

,d egRo gS rks laxhr esa rks bldk vkSj Hkh vf/kd egRo gS vkSj blh
dkj.k ;g fo|k fcuk xq:eq[kh f'k{kk ls izkIr djuk vlaHko gSA bUgha
Øeksa eas bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk tUe gqvkA

Hkkjrh; laxhr dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;ke bl izdkj gS%a &

?kjkuk %& ^?kjkuk* 'kCn ^?kj* ls izkIr gksrk gS vkSj ?kj 'kCn dk rkRi;Z
ifjokj ls gksrk gSa tgka lHkh lnL; feytqy dj dgrs gSaA laxhr {ks=
esa laxhrK xq: ls f'k{kk izkIr djds xk;u dk fodkl djrk gS o
uohurk ykrk gS vkSj mlh izdkj vius f'k";ksa dks fl[kkrk gSaA ckn esa
mlds f'k"; vius f'k";ksa dks fl[kkrs gSaA ;gh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk
^?kjkuk* dgykrh gSA2

vFkkZr~ ?kj 'kCn dk vFkZ ^oa'k* vkSj ?kjkuk 'kCn dk vFkZ lkaxhfrd
oa'k oSf'k"V~; dguk Hkwy ugha gksxhA fdlh Hkh laxhrK }kjk viuh
}kjk izfrHkk ds cy ij uohu i¼fr dk iz;ksx dj mlh i¼fr dk muds
f'k";ksa }kjk izpkj djus ls ,d ?kjkuk cu tkrk gSA3

1- lq/kk JhokLro] Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ewyk/kkj] i`-la-&10] 167

2- ckcw HkkbZ] laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la-&250] twu 1957
3- MkW- fuf'k ekFkqj] Hkkjrh; laxhr dykdkj (oa'kkuqØe ,oa i;kZoj.k)] i`-la-&25] 2001

(41)
 xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds ek/;e ls laxhr ds f'k"; lcls igys ;g
tkuus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd okLro esa xq:&f'k"; ijEijk gS D;k\
^xq:* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ^f'k";* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ^ijEijk* dk D;k vFkZ
gSa\ vkSj bl ijEijk dk fuokZg djus ds fy, xq: vkSj f'k"; ds D;k
dÙkZO; gSa\1
xq: rFkk f'k"; ds dÙkZO;ksa ds laca/k esa dgk x;k gSa fd%&
1- iq=fHkoSueuqdkM-{kr~ losZ /kes"Z oui«Nkn;eku%A
lq;Dq rksfo|ka xzkg;srA~ A2

2- xks·Jks"Vª;kuizklknL=Lrjsrq dVsiq p vklhr~A

xq:.kklkFkZ f'kykQydukS"kq pAA3 ½-
vFkkZr~ xq: dks f'k"; dks iq= dh rjg ekuuk pkfg, vkSj mldh mUufr
dh bPNk djrs gq, lHkh /keksZa esa dqN Hkh xqIr u j[krs gq, mls fo|k iznku
djuh pkfg,A4

f'k"; dks xq: ds lkFk ,d gh vklu ij ugha cSBuk pkfg, ijUrq

og cSyxkM+h] Å¡VxkM+h] egy dh Nr ij xq: ds lkFk (leku vklu
ij) cSB ldrk gSA5

?kjkus ds dk;ns] vH;kl dk rjhdk] xq: ds }kjk izkIr Kku]

ijEijkxr cafn'kksa dh fo'ks"k izLrqfr dYiuk vkSj dyk dkS'ky ds mfpr
iz;ksx us jkxnkjh laxhr dh ijEijk dks fodflr djus esa viuh Hkwfedk
dks cgqr izHkko'kkyh cuk;kA

1- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr] i`-la-&3] twu 2011

2- vkiLrac /keZl=w &1@2@8@25
3- euqLe`fr&2@2004
4- lkSHkkX;o/kZu c`gLifr (ys[k) xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds ek/;e ls laxhr f'k{k.k] laxhr] i`-la-&5
5- ogh

(42)
 laxhr esa ?kjkuk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA laxhr ds lHkh
{ks= esas ?kjkus dh izFkk ikbZ tkrh gSaA ?kjkus rhuksa gh fo/kkvksa esa gksrs gSa&
xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R;A mÙkj esa ftls ^?kjkuk* dgrs gSa nf{k.k esa mls
^lEiznk;* dgk tkrk gSaA

xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ls feydj gh ,d ?kjkuk curk gSa fdlh Hkh

dyk dks lQy cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gSa fd f'k{kd Hkh ;ksX; gks
vkSj f'k"; Hkh ;ksX; gksA izR;sd ?kjkus dh viuh ,d fo'ks"krk vFkok
oSf'k"V~; gksrk gS vkSj og viuh ijEijk ;k 'kSyh dks ekuus okyk gksrk
gSA
;ksX; xq: ds }kjk ges'kk izfrHkk'kkyh f'k"; dks bl izdkj dk
f'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS ftlls ?kjkus dh Nki cuh jgrh gS vkSj laxhr
ijEijk fodflr gksrh tkrh gSA

xq:&f'k"; ijEijk esa vFkkZr~ ?kjkuksa esa vuqdj.k dk egRoiw.kZ

jgrk gSa ftl dkj.k xq: dh vPNkbZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk f'k"; xq: dh
detksfj;ksa dk Hkh vuqdj.k dj ysrk gS fdUrq ?kjkuksa esa vuqdj.k dk
viuk ,d egRo gSA vuqdj.k ds }kjk gh oks ckjhfd;ka vuwHkwfr cu
tkrh gSa vkSj ekSfydrk rFkk l`tukRedrk ls xk;dh dks ltk;k rFkk
le`¼ fd;k tkrk gSaA

izR;sd ?kjkus dh f'k{kk nsus dk viuk rjhdk Fkk vkSj izk;% lHkh
esa vuqdj.k ij cgqr egRo fn;k x;k gSA ?kjkus ds izfr lefiZr lHkh

(43)
f'k";ksa us Hkh uohurk] ijEijk] dyk&dkS'ky vkSj l`tu] vH;kl izsfjr
xk;dh vkSj dyk l`ftr xk;dh esa iwjk larqyu cuk, j[kkA1

oSKkfud midj.k ds vHkko esa laxhrKksa dh lrr~ vkSj ltho

lk/kuk rFkk mfpr iz;klksa us gh bl dyk dks f'k";&ijf'k"; LFkkukUrfjr
dj vejRo iznku fd;k gSA 'krkfCn;ksa ls gh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds :i
esa laxhr f'k{k.k pyrk vk jgk gS ijUrq ^?kjkuksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
e/;dky esa eqfLye lH;rk ds izHkko dk ifj.kke gSA2

lkexku esa fuiq.k O;fDr ;K deZ ds fy, fo'ks"k :i esa cqyk;s

tkrs FksA QyLo:i mn~xkr oxZ esa lfEefyr gksus okys vius vki gh
bu vkpk;ksZa ds ikl izf'k{k.k gsrq igqaprs FksA laHkor% ;gh xq:&f'k";
ijEijk dk izknqHkkZo FkkA3

iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj ewy 'kk[kkvksa ds izorZd eqfu osn&O;kl gSa]

ftUgksaus vius pkj f'k";ksa dks pkj Lora= lafgrkvksa dh f'k{kk nh ftlesa
tSfeuh dks gh tulafgrk dk v/;;u djk;k] vr% tSfeuh dks gh vkfn
vkpk;Z dgk tkrk gSA

tSfeuh us vius iq= lqeUrq dks] lqeUrq us vius iq= lqUokuq dks
vkSj lqUokuq us vius iq= lqdekZ dks lkexku dh f'k{kk nhA rRi'pkr~
lqdekZ us lkeKku dh f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa f'k";&ijEijk izokfgr dhA4
bl izdkj ckn ds xzUFkksa esa Hkh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk dh izxk<+rk ds ladsr
1- lq/kk JhokLro] Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ewyk/kkj] i`-la-&168] 2002
2- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] laxhr] i`-la-&3] twu 2011
3- lkfjdk] laxhr] i`-la-&6] ebZ 2011
4- MkW- 'kjrpUnz ijkatis] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&65

(44)
feyrs gSA bl ijEijk dks /khjs&/khjs fofHkUUk jktkvksa dk vkJ; feyk
vkSj laxhr dh bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh us [kwc fodkl fd;kA

^^;fn iwPNsR; dkdqRl;ks ;qoka dL;sfr }kjdkSA

okYehfdL; f'k";kS }kS czqresoa ujkf/kire~**AA1

yo vkSj dq'k nksuksa us okYehdh ls dgk Fkk fd vxj Jhjke iwNs

fd rqe fduds iq= gks rks bruk dguk Fkk fd ge ½f"k okYehdh ds
f'k"; gSaA jkepfjrekul ds ckydk.M dh izFke pkSikbZ esa xq: dh
efgek bl izdkj crkbZ gS%&

^^cankS xq: in in~e ijkxk lq:fp lqokl ljl vuqjkxkA

vfHk; ewfj;e pwj.k pk: 'keu ldy Hko :t ifjok:AA2

vFkkZr~ xq: ds pj.kksa dh jtz dks eSa iz.kke djrk gw¡ tks lqUnj
izdk'koku] lqxfU/kr] jl;qDr vkSj HkfDr dks mRiUu djus okyh gSA

egkHkkjr esa Hkh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk gj fo|k ds {ks= esa fo|eku

FkhA tc ,d o"kZ rd ikaMo vKkrokl esa jgs Fks rc jktk fojkV ds
njckj esa vtqZu us o`gUukM+k dk :i /kkj.k djds jktk fojkV dh iq=h
nsoh mÙkjk dks laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dh FkhA3

ukV~; 'kkL= us Hkh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk dk mYys[k gS%&

1- ^mÙkjk[k.M* lxZ 93] 'yksd&4 o 12
2- ^jkepfjrekul*] ckydk.M] pkSikbZ&1
3- mes'k tks'kh] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&98

(45)
 ^^vkpk;Z Hkjr us vius lkS f'k";ksa dks ukV~; f'k{kk iznku dh Fkh]
buesa dksgy] Hkjr dk izeq[k f'k"; FkkA**1

xq: ds lkfu/; esa jgdj f'k"; lk/kuke; rstLoh thou fcrkrs

FksA mldk 'kjhj riksosf"Br gksus ds dkj.k Lo.kZ tSlk nSfnI;eku gksrk
FkkA lalkj dh fofHkUu dfBukb;ksa ls la?k"kZ djus dh muesa 'kfDr gksrh
FkhA f'k";ksa esa okrkZyki] foospu] fo'ys"k.k vkSj fopkj&fofu;e ds
}kjk xEHkhj fparu dh izo`fr tkxrh FkhA f'k";ksa esa vkRe&Kku dh
vuqHkwfr gks tkrh FkhA f'k"; dsoy jktiqat gh ugha cfYd 'kfDriqat gksdj
fudyrs FksA ,sls f'k";ksa dks HkkSfrd lq[k&lqf/k/kk dh dksbZ vkdka{kk ugha
gksrh FkhA

xq:&f'k"; ijEijk dk fofHkUu 'kkL=ksa] osn&osnkxksa esa Hkh o.kZu

feyrk gSA f'k"; x.k] xq:vksa dh J¼k Hkko ls lsok djrs o ;Fkk'kfDr
mlds vfHkHkkod nf{k.kk iznku djrsA

?kjkus dk O;fDrxr lEifÙk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

dkykUrj esa ?kjkuksa dh LFkkiuk O;fDrxr igpku] 'kSyhxr fof'k"Vrk
vkfn dks n'kkZus ds fy, Hkh gksrh jgh gSA orZeku le; esa laxhr f'k{kk
dh ?kjkuk i¼fr mlh izdkj fØ;k'khy gSaA

izkphu f'k{kk i¼fr esa f'k{kkFkhZ dh izfrHkk] vuqla/kku {kerk]

lsok] /kS;Z o mnkjrk vkfn xq.kksa ij fopkj djus ds ckn gh ;ksX; fo|kFkhZ
1- 'kjrpUnz ijktai]s Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&323] 462

(46)
 dks vkpk;Z ;k xq: ds }kjk f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA

xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ls gh vkxs pydj ?kjkuk&i¼fr vfLrRo

esa vkbZ tks xq:&f'k"; ijEijk dk gh ,d lqO;ofLFkr ,oa laxfBr :i
FkkA

lar dfo rqylhnkl th us jkepfjrekul esa xq: dh oanuk

djrs gq, fy[kk gS %&

^^canš xq: in dat d`ik fla/kq uj :igfjA

egkeksg re iqat tklq cpu jfodj fudjAA**1

?kjkuk i¼fr dh bl ijEijk ls cgqr ykHk izkIr gqvk tSls&

1- laxhr dyk dks Hkfo"; ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kus esa ?kjkuk i¼fr
dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSaA
2- bl ijEijk }kjk lhuk&nj&lhuk rkyhe gkrh Fkh vkSj
xq:&f'k"; dks rjk'kus esa iwjh rjg ls /;ku nsrk FkkA
3- ?kjkuk 'kSyh esa ,d f'k"; vius xq: ds izfr iw.kZr% lefiZr
gksrk Fkk vkSj xq:&f'k"; dks dBksj lk/kuk djkdj fu[kkj nsrk
FkkA

laxhr {ks= ds dbZ ?kjkus gSa tSls fnYyh] y[kuÅ] fdjkuk]

jkeiqj] ifV;kyk] Xokfy;j] vkxjk] t;iqj] esokrh] fHkaMh ckt+kj]
1- lar dfo rqylhnkl] jkepfjrekul

(47)
 Mkxj] lgloku] rkulsu] mn;iqj] fo".kqiqj] okjk.klh] ';ke pkSjklh]
lsfu;k] benkn[kkuh ?kjkuk vkfnA laxhr {ks= esa dYiukxr
fofHkUurkvksa ds dkj.k gh dbZ ?kjkuksa us tUe fy;kA

?kjkuksa dh viuh fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa fdjkuk ?kjkus esa Loj dks
izeq[krk nsrs gSa rks Xokfy;j vkxjk ?kjkus esa y; dksA Xokfy;j ?kjkus
esa [kqyh vkokt+ yxkus dk viuk rjhdk gSA rkusa nkusnkj yh tkrh gSa
tcfd fdjkus ?kjkus esa uDdhnkj vkokt+ ,oa js'ke ls eqyk;e Lojksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj ?kjkuk vk;ke Hkkjrh; laxhr dh
ijEijkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh gSaA

vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr %& f'k{kk dk vaxzsth vuqokn

"Education" gSaA ;g 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk dk gS ftldk vFkZ gS fodflr
djuk vFkok fudkyukA ^f'k{;rs mifn';rs ;= lk f'k{kk* vFkkZr~
ftl ek/;e vFkok iz.kkyh ds }kjk mins'k fn;k tkrk gSa ogh f'k{kk gSA

Hkk"kk 'kCndks"k ds vuqlkj&fdlh fo|kFkhZ ds lh[kus] fl[kkus

dh fØ;k] i<+kbZ] mins'k] lh[k] rkyhe] xq: ds lehi fo|kH;kl] Ng
osnkaxksa ls osnksa ds Loj ek=k dk fu:id ,oa fo/kku] ncko] 'kklu]
lcd1 Hkk"kk 'kCn ds vusd vFkZ gaSA

blh izdkj izks- gjuke flag ds 'kCnksa esa&^euq"; dks lgh vFkkZsa
esa euq"; cukus okyh f'k{kk gh f'k{kk dgykrh gSaA*2 Lokeh foosdkuUn
1- jke'kadj 'kqDy ^jlky*] Hkk"kk 'kCndks"k] i`-la-&146
2- izks- gjuke flag] flf[k;k ns fl¼kar] i`-la-&5

(48)
 ds vuqlkj&^euq"; dh vUrfuZfgr iw.kZrk dks vfHkO;Dr djuk gh
f'k{kk gSaA*1

bl izdkj f'k{kk ,d ,slh vk;ksftr izfØ;k gSa tks fdlh O;fDr

ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk mls lH;] lq;ksX;] lqlaLd`r]
l`ân; O;fDr cukdj lok±xh.k fodkl djrh gSaA

laxhr f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z%& fofHkUu izdkj dh HkkSfrd] vkfFkZd]

lkekftd] ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk ds leku gh laxhr dks Hkh
,d loZJ"s B dyk dk ntkZ izkIr gks pqdk gSA ;g ,d ekSf[kd ,oa izn'kZu
iz/kku dyk gksrs gq, Hkh vU; fo"k;ksa dh Hkkafr v/;;u] vuqla/kku ,oa
v/;kiu dk fo"k; cu pqdk gSA laxhr dh f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd] lkaLd`frd
,oa vk/;kfRed egRo gSA

laxhr dh f'k{kk dk vFkZ Loj] rky ;qDr /kquksa ,oa jksxksa dks
fl[kkus ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr lk/kuk esa fo|kFkhZ dh vkLFkk o J¼k dks
mRiUu djuk gSA xys ,oa ok| esa 'kq¼ Lojksa&dk mPpkj.k vFkok 'kq¼
Lojksa dk fudkl] vklu dk fu;e] u`R; dh Hkko&Hkafxekvksa dk
fodkl djuk gSaA laxhr dh Hkk"kk ls fo'o ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk djkuk
gSA2
laxhr dh f'k{kk Hkkjr esa nks izdkj ls nh tkrh gS%&
1- O;fDrxr :i esa vFkok xq:&f'k"; ijEijk
2- vkSipkfjd vFkok laLFkkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh
1- gfj'pUnz JhokLro] laxhr fucU/k laxgz ] i`-la-&96
2- vfer dqekj csuthZ] fgUnqLrkuh laxhr% ifjorZu'khyrk] i`-la-&123]124

(49)
xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds ckjs esa ge igys fopkj dj pqds gSaA vc ge
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ckjs esa fopkj foe'kZ djasxsA 18oha 'krkCnh
esa fczfV'k lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ /khjs&/khjs dykvksa vkSj dykokjksa
dks jktkJ; iznku djus okyh fj;klrksa dk iru gksus yxkA laxhrKksa
dks igys tSlk lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk izkIr ugah FkhA1 ,sls le; esa
la;ksxo'k ,sls nks egku~ laxhr m¼kjd vkSj ;qx izorZd ia- fo".kqukjk;.k
Hkkr[k.Ms ,oa ia- fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj us bl pqukSrh dk lkeuk djrs
gq, ;g n`<+ fu'p; fd;k fd laxhr f'k{kk ds ifjofrZr :i }kjk lekt
esa laxhr dh izfr"Bk vkSj lEeku dks iqu% LFkkfir djsaxsA2

bu nksuksa egku~ foHkwfr;ksa us gh laxhr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk

vfLrRo tu lk/kkj.k ds le{k izLrqr fd;kA okLro esa laxhr laLFkk,a
rks oSfnd le; ls gh vfLrRo esa vk pqdh FkhA /khjs&/khjs fof'k"V
izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls xq:dqy vkSj xq: vkJe dk fuekZ.k
gqvkA

;kfKd lanHkZ esa lkexku cgqr gn rd rduhdh gks pqdk FkkA

osnkax lkfgR; dks i<+us ls irk pyrk gSa fd ml dky esa vU; osnksa dh
Hkkafr gh lkeosn dh rduhd ,oa mlds fl¼karksa dk v/;;u djus ds
fy, dbZ lke ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA bu ifj"knksa ds lke
Loj oSf'k"V~; vkSj mPpkj.k oSf'k"V~; dk fo'ks"k :i ls v/;;u fd;k
tkrk FkkA3 oSfnd ;qx dh lkeifj"kn~ ,d izdkj ls laxhr f'k{k.k
laLFkk,a gh FkhA /khjs&/khjs oS".ko efUnjksa esa Hkh f'k{kk dk dk;Z fd;k
1- lkfjdk (ys[k)] fo'ofo|ky; laxhr dk ikB~;Øe&n'kk ,oa fn'kk] laxhr] i`-la-&6] ebZ 2011
2- lq/kk JhokLro] Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ewyk/kkj] i`-la-&171] 2002
3- MkW- iadtekyk 'kekZ] oSfnd laxhr vad] i`-la-&82

(50)
tkus yxkA r{kf'kyk] dk'kh] ukyank (5oha 'krkCnh) ,oa foØe f'kyk
(11oha&12oha 'krkCnh) Hkh izeq[k fo|k dsUnz cusa tgka 18 f'kYiksa lfgr
lxhr ,oa u`R; dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA1

Xokfy;j ds jktk ekuflag rksej us laxhr ds f'k{k.k ds fy,

laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh ftls Xokfy;j fo|kihB dgk x;kA2
vaxzsth lkezkT; dh QyLo:i laxhr dks lekt esa izfrf"Br djus ds
fy, laxhr fo}kuksa us ljkguh; iz;Ru fd, ,oa vusd fo|ky;ksa dh
LFkkiuk dhA

vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr ds ek/;e ls laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq

nksuksa fo}kuksa (ia- Hkkr[k.Ms o ia- iyqLdj) us vius&vius <ax ls Lojfyih
dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlds dkj.k f'k{kk dks ,d lefUor :i feykA nksuksa
fo}kuksa us xq:dqy f'k{kk dh lkjh [kwfc;ksa dks le;kuqlkj vko';drkvksa
ds lkFk tksM+dj f'k{kk dks izLrqr fd;kA

egkfo|ky; f'k{kk nsus vkSj ysus ds dsUnz cu x,A izfrHkk'kkyh

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,oa fu"Bkoku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh {kerk ds vuqdwy
f'k{kk nsus dk izko/kku FkkA bl izdkj ?kj&?kj esa laxhr dks lEeku
feyk vkSj tu lk/kkj.k eas laxhr dk izpyu gqvkA laxhr dks can dksBjh
ls fudkydj [kqys eSnku esa yk;k x;kA

1- MkW- eqd's k xxZ] Hkkjrh; laxhr esa laxhr laLFkk,sa] i`-la-&5

2- 'kjrpUnz ijkatis] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&27

(51)
 vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr dk ;g mís'; Fkk fd laxhr ds fØ;kRed]
dykRed i{k ds lHkh igyvksa dks le`¼ fd;k tk,A

jke'kadj HkV~Vkpk;Z ds f'k"; {ks=eksgu xksLokeh us 1871 esa

dksydÙkk esa laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj laxhr dks tu
lk/kkj.k esa izpfyr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA1

1874 esa HkkLdj jko c[kys }kjk iwuk esa xk;u lekt laLFkk
dh ,oa 1887 esa cEcbZ esa ikjfl;ksa }kjk ^xkbuksrstd* e.My uked
laxhr laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1857 esa iUukyky xkslkbZ us
fnYyh esa flrkj laLFkk izkjEHk dh ,oa caxky esa laxhr f'k{k.k dh ,d
NksVh laLFkk LFkkfir dhA2

lu~ 1886 esa cM+kSnk ujs'k fl;kth jko ds lg;ksx ls

m- eksykc['k us ckyd xk;u lekt uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh ftls
ckn esa cM+kSnk LVsV E;wft;e dgk x;kA3

ia- Hkkr[k.Ms }kjk 1918 esa ek/ko laxhr fo|ky;] 1920 esa
cM+kSnk laxhr fo|ky;] 1925&26 esa y[kuÅ esa eSfjl dkWyst vkWQ
E;wft+d dh LFkkiuk ia- fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj }kjk 1901 esa ykgkSj
esa xa/koZ egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA4

bu nksuksa egku~ foHkwfr;ksa ds iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:i dkykUrj esa

1- vejs'kpUnz pkScs] laxhr dh laLFkkxr f'k{k.k iz.kkyh] i`-la-&22
2- eat"w kh pkS/kjh] bafM;u E;wft+d bu izkQ
s 's kuy ,oa vdsMfed bULVhV~;'w kUl] i`-la-&8
3- lqjs'k xksiky Jh[k.Ms] fgUnqLrkuh 'kkL=h; xk;u dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh] i`-la-&170
4- lkfjdk] laxhr] i`-l-a&8

(52)
fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa laxhr dk v/;;u]
v/;kiu ,oa vuqla/kku fd;k tkus yxkA bl izdkj vkSipkfjd f'k{kk
iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; laxhr dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh vius mPpre
f'k[kj ij igqap xbZ gSaA

vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr ls dykdkjksa dk fuekZ.k dj bu nksuksa

foHkwfr;ksa u bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ekU;rk iznku djokbZA ek/ko laxhr
egkfo|ky; Xokfy;j ds izFke lewg ds Nk= Jh jkepUnz vfXugks=h us
Hkkr[k.Ms th ds laca/k esa fy[kk gS fd ^^ia- Hkkr[k.Ms th ds ikl ,d lIr
Loj lhVh Fkh ftls ctkdj os mldh vkokt+ ls Nk= dks viuh vkokt+
feykus ds fy, dgrs FksA tks Nk= viuh vkokt+ ml lhVh dh vkokt+
ls feyk ysrs Fks mldh cqf¼erk dk ijh{k.k dj mUgsa izos'k ns fn;k tkrk
FkkA**1

bl vkSipkfjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls lkaxhfrd vuqdwyrk

dk ijh{k.k dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa izos'k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ml
ikB~;Øe dk iwjk vH;kl djk;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k dk;Z dk fujh{k.k o
mfpr ekxZn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA laxhr fo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa dk
y{; dsoy laxhr izpkj gh ugha vfirq ,d vPNs xk;d&fpard]
fo}ku~&f'k{kd dk fuekZ.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,A2

'kSf{kd rduhdh esa v|ru fodkl %& Hkkjrh; laxhr iz.kkyh

,d egRoiw.kZ ,oa izHkkoh i¼fr gS tks vusd ifjoZruksa ds ckotwn Hkh
1- Jh jkepUnz vfXugks=h] Hkkr[k.Ms Le`fr xzUFk] i`-la-&318
2- MkW- vyduUnk ikyuhVdj] 'kkL=h laxhr f'k{kk] i`-la-&16]171

(53)
xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds pyrs vkt ,d l'kDr :i esa fo|eku gSA vkt
ds cnyrs ifjizs{; esa laxhr dks tu&tu rd igqapkus esa nks egku~
foHkwfr;ksa ia- fo".kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms vkSj ia- fnxEcj iyqLdj th dk
;ksxnku vfoLej.kh; gSA bUgksaus laxhr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk
dj laxhr dks O;kid f'k{kk dk :i iznku fd;k gSA

vkt laxhr us viuh ,d vyx igpku cukbZ gSa vkt dh

laxhr egfQyksa dks fofHkUu izk;kstdksa ls Hkh enn~ feyh gSA vusd xq.kh
fo|kFkhZ 'kkL=h; laxhr esa vkpk;Z dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr gks jgs gSaA
laxhr fo"k; esa dkQh lkfgR; Hkh vkt miyC/k gSA1 orZeku le; esa
xka/koZ egkfo|ky; oV&o`{k dh Hkkafr ns'k&fons'k esa QSy pqdk gS tks
ijh{kk] izdk'ku o =Sekfld laxhr f'k{kd lEesyu dk vk;kstu dj
laxhr dh f'k{kk ds Lrj dks c<+kus ds lgk;d ?kVds ds :i esa dk;Z dj
jgk gSA2

vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr iz.kkyh dh rduhdh esa Hkh fodkl

gqvk gS vkSj blls lacaf/kr iz'kklu dh uhfr;ksa ,oa ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k
esa ekuo&lalk/ku&fodkl ea=ky;] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ,oa
jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ vkfn laLFkkvksa dh
Hkwfedk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA

vU; egRoiw.kZ f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vk-Vh-lh- dh laxhr fjlpZ

vdkneh] dydÙkk*] 18 viSzy 1979 dks e/;izns'k ljdkj }kjk
1- Jh fdj.k QkVd HkkLdj (ys[k)&^'kkL=h; laxhr dy vkt vkSj dy*] laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la-&5
2- MkW- fu'kk ikBd (ys[k)] laxhr] i`-la-&4

(54)
LFkkfir ^mLrkn vykmíhu [kk¡ laxhr vdkneh*1] 14 vDVwcj 1956
dks LFkkfir ^bfUnjk dyk laxhr fo'ofo|ky;] [kSjkx<+*2] cacbZ dh
us'kuy lsUVj QkWj fn ijQkWfeaZx vkVZ (1&1&1966)3 vkfn izeq[k gSaA

laxhr dh f'k{kk ,d ,slh f'k{kk gSa tks tu ekul ds ekufld

iVy ij vafdr gks tkrh gS vkSj lkFk gh dbZ jksxksa ds lek/kku esa Hkh
lgk;d gSaA tSls&ekufld vlarqyu] Øks/k] vkosx tSls euksjksxksa dk
'keu laxhr dh e/kqj Loj ygfj;ksa }kjk rks gksrk gh gS lkFk gh ekbxzu
s ]
fljnnZ] mPp jDrpki] vfUknzk tSls jksxksa ls Hkh lgt NqVdkjk ik;k dk
ldrk gSA4

Hkkjr dh ;qok ih<+h dks Hkkjrh; laxhr dyk ls voxr djkus

ds mís'; ls 1977 esa ^fLid eSd*s uked laLFkk dk xBu fd;k x;kA
^ladYi* uked laLFkk,a u dsoy dykdkj dks eap iznku djrh gSa cfYd
mUgsa dbZ info;ksa ls lq'kksfHkr dj izksRlkfgr Hkh djrh gSa tks okLro esa
'kkL=h; laxhr ds fy, cgqewY; ;ksxnku gSA5

oSadV;k us bUgsa fuEu 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr crk;k gS%&

1- Mk;y igqap (Dial Access) %& bldk rkRi;Z VsyhQksu
usVofdZax ls gSaA bldh lgk;rk ls fo|kFkhZ vksfM;ks fMyhoj O;oLFkk
,oa viuh ilan dk fuosnu djrs gSaA blls VsyhQksu djus okys dks
laxhr f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr vksfM;ks dSlsV~l dk;ZØe dh lqfo/kk fey
tkrh gSaA
1- laxhr if=dk] i`-la-&54] 1992
2- vejs'kpUnz pkScs] laxhr dh laLFkkxr f'k{k.k iz.kkyh] i`-la-&52
3- MkW- gqdqepUn] vk/kqfud dky esa 'kkL=h; laxhr] i`-la-&90
4- laxhr if=dk] i`-la-&41]42] 2001
5- MkW- gqdqepUn] vk/kqfud dky esa 'kkL=h; laxhr] i`-la-&128

(55)
 2- 'kS{kf.kd Vsyhfotu (ETV) %& Hkkjr esa 'kS{kf.kd Vsyhfotu
f'k{kk dh yksdfiz; iz.kkyh gSaA blds ek/;e ls ge dbZ Lrjksa ij
fof'k"V Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA tSls UGC
(fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx)] IGNOU (bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr
fo'ofo|ky;) }kjk nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe vkfn ls lacaf/kr 'kSf{kd
Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls ge lkaxhfrd f'k{kk xzg.k djus esa
Hkh dkQh gn rd lQy gks ldrs gSaA

3- fofM;ks (Video) %& blds vUrxZr laxhr fo"k; ls lacaf/

kr Nk= viuh vko';drk ,oa lqfo/kk;qDr fofM;ks dSlsVksa dk iz;ksx
dj ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh fdlh egku~ laxhrK dh vkokt+ dks fofM;ks
dSlsV~l fjdkWMZjksa ij fjdkWMZ dj mls lqjf{kr j[k mldk vuqdj.k dj
laxhr dh f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA

4- bUVj,fDVo fofM;ks (Interactive Video) %& bl fofM;ks

ds ek/;e ls ge nwj cSBs gekjs f'k{kd ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj iwN ldrs gSa vkSj
vUr% fØ;k dj ldrs gSaA

5- fofM;ksVsfDLV (Videotext) %& fo|kFkhZ blds ek/;e ls

Hkh iz'u iwN ldrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ,d nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls
laxhr dk fo|kFkhZ [kqys fo'ofo|ky; }kjk izLrqr ikB~;Øe] dkmUlfyax
le;] ifj{kk;sa vkfn ds ckjs esa vxj dqN tkuuk pkgrk gSa rks mls bl
rjg dh lwpuk;sa fofM;ksVsDLV ds ek/;e ls izkIRk gks ldrh gSaA

(56)
 6- VsfydkWUÝsfUlax (Teleconferencing) %& VsfydkWUÝsflax
ds ek/;e ls nwjLFk ,T;wds'kuy Vsyhfotu dk;ZØe ns[k dj VsfyQksu
ds ek/;e ls tks dykdkj viuk dk;ZØe izLrqr dj jgs gksrs gSa muls
iz'u iwN ldrk gSa ;k vU; fdlh laxhr laca/kh tkudkjh izkIr dj
ldrk gS rFkk oks dykdkj Vsyhfotu iVy ds ek/;e ls mldk mÙkj ns
ldrk gSaA bls ,drjQk fofM;ksa vkSj nksrjQk vksfM;ksa VsfydkWUÝsflax
dgrs gSaA

7- bZ&esy (E-mail) %& bZ&esy dh lgk;rk ls laxhr ls

lacaf/kr f'k{kd] fo|kFkhZ] 'kks/kdrkZ vkfn viuh lwpuk,a rhozrk ls Hkst
ldrs gSa vkSj izkIr Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

8- dEI;wVj (Computer) %& bl ;qx dh ;g mÙke ,oa mUur

rduhd gSa tks thou ds gj {ks= esa mUur fl¼ gks jgh gSA dEI;wVj dh
lgk;rk ls ,d laxhr f'k{kkFkhZ viuh ;k fdlh vU; dykdkj dh
jpuk (dksbZ Hkh cafn'k ;k xhr] Hktu vkfn) dks laxzfgr rFkk yacs le;
ds fy, lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA

9- d`f=e cqf¼eÙkk (Artificial Intelligence) %& blds }kjk

fo|kFkhZ viuh fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lek/kku [kkst ldrk gSaA bu
leL;kvksa ds lek/kkuksa dks [kkstus esa dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS
rFkk fofHkUu lkarhfrd {ks=ksa dh O;kid tkudkjh dk irk yxkrkj
leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

(57)
 10- dEI;wVj lgk;frr vuqns'ku (CAI) %& dEI;wVj
lgk;frr vuqns'ku ds ek/;e ls f'k{kkFkhZ viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj
laxhr fo"k; ls laacaf/kr lkexzh izkIr dj ldrk gSa] mldk p;u dj
ldrk gS vkSj ewY;kadu Hkh dj ldrk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa
dEI;wVj lgk;frr vuqns'ku us ,d f'k{kd dk LFkku ys fy;k gSaA

11- LFkkuh; {ks= usVodZ (Local Network):- ekbØks

dEI;wVj ij dke djus okys Nk= ,oa f'k{kd LFkkuh; {ks= usVodZ ds
ek/;e }kjk ,d nwljs ls lEidZ j[krs gSa vkSj viuk fjdkWMZ j[k ldrs
gSaA fdlh Hkh izdkj dh tkudkjh ftldh vko';drk gks izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA

12- lh&Mh jkse (C.D. Rom)- (Compact Disk Read

Only Memory) %& lh-Mh- jkse vius esa 10 o"kksaZ ds fofHkUu if=dkvksa
ds fiNys vadksa dks laxzfgr dj ldrk gSaA bl lh-Mh- jkse dks fofM;ks
rduhd ls Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSaA

13- fMthVy fofM;ks vUr%fØ;k (Digital Video Interac-

tion)%& fMthVy fofM;ks vUr%fØ;k ds ek/;e ls cgq&vk;keh]
vksfM;ks&fofM;ks izLrqrhdj.k dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj
ge dg ldrs gSa fd fofHkUu 'kSf{kd rduhdksa us v/;;u ds lHkh {ks=ksa
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djus esa enn~
dh gSa vkSj lkFk gh vius {ks= dk foLrkj fd;k gSaA(1&13)1
1- oSadVSfg;k] ,u ,tqds'kuy VsDuksykWth] 1996

(58)
fofHkUu 'kSf{kd rduhdksa dk nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa Hkh dkQh lg;ksx
gS ftlds ek/;e ls lkaxhfrd f'k{kk Hkh xzg.k dh tk jgh gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh%& nwjLFk f'k{kk i¼fr og i¼fr gSa ftlesa

fo|kFkhZ nwj cSBs vius f'k{kd ls f'k{kk xzg.k djrk gSA ,slh f'k{kk ftlesa
tu&lk/kkj.k fo'oLrjh; ?kVukvksa ls rhoz xfr ls voxr gks tkrk gSaA
ge nwj cSBs vius f'k{kd ls dEI;wVj o vU; lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls u
dsoy ckr dj ldrs gSa cfYd lwpukvksa dk vknku iznku Hkh dj ldrs
gSa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh dk loksZÙke mi;ksx gqvk gSA

laxhr Hkh bl oSKkfud i¼fr ls vNwrk ugha gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk Hkh
laxhr ds {ks= eas viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cukrh tk jgh gSaA izks0 vkj0
lh0 esgrk us 82 o"kZZ dh mez esa viuh iqLrd "Doyen of Indian
Musicology" esa fy[kk gSa fd 10000 ls gh vf/kd fo"k; bl f'k{kk
(nwjLFk) ds ek/;e ls i<+kus tk pqds gSa vkSj ;fn 'kh?kz gh Hkkjrh; laxhr
dks bl f'k{kk }kjk xzg.k ugha fd;k x;k rks gekjs fy, ?kkrd gksxk
D;ksafd ge igys gh blesa foyEc dj pqdsaA blfy, og le; vc vk
x;k gSa fd tc Hkkjrh; bl dFku dh lR;rk dks tku ys fd "Music
is for everyone and everyone is for Music."1

nwjLFk f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks rc funsZ'k ;k f'k{kk iznku

djrh gS tc fo|kFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd 'kkjhfjd :i ls rks nwj gksrs gSa fdUrq
ekufld fopkj/kkjk cuh jgrh gSA bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa fo|kFkhZ vius
1- izks- vkj-lh- esgrk] MkW;u vkWQ E;wft+dksykWth (lsfeukj] 29 uoEcj 2000] Hkksiky)

(59)
f'k{kd ls lhuk&c&lhuk cSBdj f'k{kk rks ugha ys ldrk ijUrq og
lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh ds midj.k ds ek/;e ls nwj cSBs vius xq: ls ckr Hkh
dj ldrk gS vkSj mls ns[k Hkh ldrk gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk (Distance Education) f'k{kk dh og iz.kkyh gSa

ftlesa f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kq dks LFkku&fo'ks"k vFkok le;&fo'ks"k ij
ekStwn gksus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

;g iz.kkyh v/;kiu vkSj fo'ks"k rkSj rjhds rFkk le; fu/kkZj.k

ds lkFk&lkFk xq.koÙkk laca/kh vis{kkvksa ds laca/k esa Hkh cM+h mnkj gSA1 ;g
iz.kkyh lrr~ f'k{kk rFkk ekSfyd :i ls oafpr {ks=ksa esa jgus okys f'k{kdksa
ds izfr xq.koÙkkewyd f'k{kk ds izfr vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA

laxhr ds {ks= esa Hkh ubZ&ubZ rduhfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls nwjLFk

f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA ftUgsa
ge vkSj foLrkfjr :i esa izLrqr djssaxsA

1- nwjLFk f'k{kk&fofdihfM;k eqDrdks"k

(60)
r`rh; v/;k;
ßnwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyhÞ

(61)
 r`rh; v/;k;
ßnwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyhÞ

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us lekt ds nwj njkt {ks=ksa esa jgus okys
oxksZa rd igqapkus esa cgqr lgk;rk dh gSA Hkkjr ns'k vc lHkh lwpuk
rduhfd;ksa esa fot; ik pqdk gSA laxhr ds lHkh laxhrKksa ,oa tkudkjksa
dks Hkh ;s le> ysuk pkfg, fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls laxhr
dks vklkuh ls lh[kk tk ldrk gSA

laxhr bruk le`¼ gS fd dksbZ Hkh bls lqyHkrk ls izkIr dj

ldrk gS vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk rks gesa [kqys fny ls Lokxr djuk
pkfg, vkSj Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk gesa ,d ubZ
igpku feyh gSA nwj&njkt {sk=ksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks laxhr dh f'k{kk
bl iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls vklkuh ls izkIr gks ldrh gSA bl iz.kkyh us
c<+rh gqbZ nwjh dks de fd;k gSA

laxhr dk vuqikr 1%1 gSA ;g vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h ckr
gSa fd blesa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fdlh dks Hkh /kks[kk ugha ns ldrkA u Lo;a
dks vkSj u gh fdlh vkSj dksA gekjk 'kkL=h; laxhr gtkjksa o"kZ iqjkuk
gS vkSj 'kkL=h; laxhr fl[kkus ds izfr geus ,d mRlkg ns[kk gSA
'kkL=h; laxhr f'k{kk us viuh Nfo dks cjdjkj j[kk gSA

(62)
 nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh D;k gS\ bl iz.kkyh dk dksbZ ,d vFkZ ugha
gS cfYd ;s fHkUu&fHkUu ukeksa ds }kjk Hkh tkuh tkrh gSa tSls%&
Correspondence education (i=kpkj f'k{kk), Home study,
Independent study, External study, Off campus study,
Open learning, Open education vkfnA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS ;wa dgs fd ,d ,slh

lh[kus vkSj fl[kkus dh izfØ;k gS tks fd f'k{kk dh ikjEifjd iz.kkyh
ls cgqr izHkko'kkyh gSA ;g okLro esa ,d ,slh i¼fr gS tks mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks 'kSf{kd volj ij miyC/k djokrh gS tks fdUgha dkj.kksa ls ijEijkxr
rjhds (lhuk&c&lhuk) ls f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ikrsA

izkphu dky dh dFkkuqlkj ,dy.; uked ,d f'k"; vius xq:

nzks.kkpk;Z ftls ge lHkh tkurs gSa] ls /kuq"k fo|k lh[kuk pkgrk Fkk]
fdUrq nzks.kkpk;Z th us mls viuk f'k"; cukus ls euk dj fn;k Fkk
D;ksafd u rks oks czkã.k Fkk vkSj uk gh {kf=; fdUrq ,dyO; vius xq:
ds izfr iwjh rjg lefiZr FkkA mlus vius xq: nzks.kkpk;Z dh Nfo ds
vUnj ,d vkd`fr cukbZ vkSj viuh /kuq"k fo|k dks lh[kuk vFkok
vH;kl djuk vkjEHk fd;k vkSj blh Øe esa mldh /kuq"k dyk dks ns[k
ml le; ds lHkh yksx vk'p;Z pfdr jg x,A

vr% izeq[k ckr ;g gS fd orZeku le; esa fdlh Hkh fo|k dks
lh[kus okyk bPNqd fo|kFkhZ u rks fdlh dkj.ko'k vuns[kk fd;k tk

(63)
ldrk gS vkSj u gh ,slk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 1

vkt bl iztkrkaf=d ;qx esa u rks ,dyO; tSls f'k";ksa dks

vuns[kk fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh nzks.kkpk;Z tSls f'k{kd uk dg
ldrs gSaA2

vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk us bl izdkj dh leL;k dks nwj dj fn;k gS

vkSj fdlh Hkh fo|k ;k f'k{kk dks lh[kuk vklku dj fn;k gSA fofHkUu
izdkj dh lapkj rduhfd;ksa us bls vkSj lqyHk cuk fn;k gSA dgk x;k
gS fd oks le; Fkk tc fo|kFkhZ lh[kuk pkgrk Fkk rks mls vjLrw ds ikl
tkuk iM+rk FkkA vkt gekjs ikl oks lHkh ek/;e gS tks vjLrw dks
fo|kFkhZ ds ikl ys tkrs gSaA

vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh mu lHkh miyC/k ehfM;k vkSj

rduhfd;ksa dk mi;ksx djrh gS ftuds }kjk 'kSf{kd foLrkj fd;k tk
ldsA3

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fu;fer d{kkvksa ls fcYdqy vyx gksrh gS

D;ksafd blds }kjk ge d{kk esa fcuk mifLFkr gq, og lc tkudkfj;ka
ik ldrs gSa tks fu;fer d{kkvksa esa gksrh gSA vr% bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk
ge dHkha Hkh jgsa pkgs ?kj ;k ckgj ge vius ne ij] vkRefo'okl ij
vko';drkuqlkj viuh f'k{kk dHkh Hkh] dgha Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] mls
iwjk dj ldrs gSaA
1. www.mu.ac.in/myweb-test/ma edu/M.A. Edu. O.D.L. Pdf
2- ogh
3- ogh

(64)
 fdlh Hkh okafNr ikB~;Øe ds fy, gesa dsoy ukekadu djuk gksrk
gS pkgs oks dksbZ vkSj fo"k; gks ;k fMxzh gks ;k fMIyksek gks ;k fQj laxhr dh
f'k{kkA1

Hkkjr vc lHkh lwpuk rduhfd;ksa esa rks fot; ik pqdk gS vc

oDr vk x;k gS fd laxhr ds laxhrK ;s le> ysa fd laxhr dks nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls lh[kk tk ldrk gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks vkSj lqyHk cukrh gS

vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSa fd oks dgha Hkh vkSj dHkh
Hkh f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA

"The Distance education make the learning

process more easier and allow student to learn where
they are not physically 'On site'"2

;g f'k{kk dh oks iz.kkyh gS tks f'k{kkFkhZ dks ml le; f'k{kk

iznku djokrh gS tc f'k{kkFkhZ o muds f'k{kd ,d gh txg ij ,d gh
le; ij mifLFkr ugha jgrsA3

vkt ls 6 o"kZ igys rd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fiazV esVsfj;y vkSj

i=kpkj ds ek/;e ls iznku dh tkrh Fkh fdUrq vk/kqfud le; esa
fofHkUu izdkj dh lkexzh o mRikn tSls ohfM;ks dkWUkÝsfa lax] izLrqfrdj.k
1- ,FkkckLdk ;wfuoflZVh (dukMk) (fjdkWXukbt+M)
www.athabascau.ca/about au/distance education php
2. www.slideshare.net/mobile/uo
3. www.alaasadik.net

(65)
dk le; vfkn ds }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA1

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa fo"k; oLrq dks rduhfd;ksa ds ek/;e ls

tSls baVjusV ;k izh&fjdkWMZM izkx
s zke ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fo|kFkhZ
vkSj f'k{kd ,d nwljs ls vkWuykbZu vkSj vU; dbZ rduhfd;ksa dh
lgk;rk ls lEidZ LFkkfir djrs gSaA2

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh f'k{kk dk og {ks= gS tks isMkykWth] VsDuksykWth

ij dsfUnzr gksrk gS ,oa lwpuk rduhdh bl izdkj ls cukbZ tkrh gS
ftldk mís'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku djuk gksrk gS tc ok 'kkjhfjd
lkbV ij "On site" u gksA3

"Distance education is a mode of delivering

education and instruction often on an individual basis,
to students who are not physically present in a
traditional setting such as a classroom."4

"Distance education is a method of education in

which the learner is physically separated from the
teacher by space and time."5
(Rumble 1989)

1. www.alaasadik.net
2. www.slideshare.net (Fikri Gunes, 1807130)
3. www.slideshare.net (Report by Annabele E. Day. Roxas)
4. www.slideshare.net (Ikaf Tuocea-Assesment Presentation)
5. www.slideshare.net (Murtadha Alazmi, Suliman Alsubihi, Hussain Alazmi,6869)

(66)
 bl izdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ge i=kpkj f'k{kk fu;fer]
f'k{kk] x`g v/;;u] vkRefuHkZj v/;;u] eqDr f'k{kk] yphyh f'k{kk
vkfn ukeksa ls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks dbZ ukeksa esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Distance Education

Self
External Instruction
Study

Distance
Correspondence Learning
Education
Open
Learning
Flexible
Learning
Continuing
Education
Distributed
Learning Home Independent
Study Study

lwpuk dh fof/k;ksa dk og lewg ftlesa f'k{kk iznku djus dh

izfØ;k f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh izfØ;k ls fHkUu gksrh gSA blfy, f'k{kd
o fo|kFkhZ ds e/; lEidZ fizaV] bysDVªksfuDl ,oa vU; rduhfd;ksa ds
}kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA1

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa nks izdkj dh rduhfd;ksa dks iz;ksx esa
fy;k tkrk gSA
1. Synchronous (la;ksftr)
2. Asynchronous (vla;ksftr)
1. www.slideshare.net (Moore & Krisley, 1996)

(67)
 la;ksftr VsDuksykWth vkWuykbZu f'k{kk dh oks rduhdh ftlesa
lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ,d gh le; ij mifLFkr jguk gksrk gS blesa ,d
O;ofLFkr Vkbe& Vscy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vla;ksftr VsDuksykWth vkWuykbZu f'k{kk dh oks rduhdh gS ftlesa

izfrHkkxh fo|kFkhZ vius le;kuqlkj fo"k; lkexzh dk p;u djrk gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d lkFk ,d gh le; ij ,df=r gksus dh vko';drk
ugha gSA

1- la;ksftr rduhfd;k¡%&Vs y hQks u ] fofM;ks dkW U Ýs f la x ]

oscdkWUÝsflax] vksfM;ks dkWUÝsflax] baVjusV psV vkfnA

2- vla;ksftr rduhfd;k¡%& vksfM;ks dSlsV~l] bZ&esy] eslst

eksM Qksje~l] fizaV esVsfj;y] oksbl
esy@QSDl]fofM;ks dSlsV~l vkfnA

yxHkx 90 vkWiu ;wfuoflZVhl iwjs fo'o esa LFkkfir gS ftuesa

15 Hkkjr esa gh gSaA igyk [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjr esa lu~ 1982 esa
izkjEHk gqvk Fkk vkSj Hkkjr esa us'kuy vkWiu ;wfuoflZVh dh LFkkiuk lu~
1985 esa dh xbZA1

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds lkfgfR;d ifjiz{s ; dks vxj ns[ksa rks irk
pyrk gS fd%&
1. www.slideshare.net (IGNOU-STRIDE-PPT on Distance Learning)

(68)
1- igyk nwjLFk f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky; ^;wfuoflZVh vkWQ lkmFk
vÝhdk* 15 Qjojh 1946] dks izkjEHk gqvkA1
2- 1962 & ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ fnYyhA
3- 1964 & dksBkjh deh'ku
3- 1975 & ikFkkZ lkjFkh dehVh
4- 1978 & lhch,lbZ- izkstsDV vkWiu Ldwy
5- 1982 & Dr. BRAOU
6- 1985 & IGNOU
7- 1989 & NOS (Now NIOS)

igys DE (nwjLFk f'k{kk) dh VsDuksykWth esa iksLVy lfoZl] vkWfM;ks

VsIl] jsfM;ks] iqLrdsa vkSj izkphu fizaVlZ] 'kSf{kd Vsyhfotu 'kkfey FksA
vk/kqfud DE rduhfd;ksa esa fofM;ksa dkWUÝsflax] LMS, eksckby yfuZx
a ]
bZ&esy (psV) 'kkfey gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds dk;Z%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh Hkfo"; dh

vko';drk gS ftls ge udkj ugha ldrsA ;g iz.kkyh laxhr dyk dk
fo'ys"k.k] bfrgkl] leh{kk] laxhr ds rRoksa dh vkeQge tkudkjh
vkfn ds {ks= esa dYiukuhr ;ksxnku ns ldrh gSA tc rd fdlh rduhd
dks ij[kk ugha tk,xk rc rd mldk mi;ksx l'ka;iw.kZ cuk jgsxkA
laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj ds u, vk;ke dks <wa<us ds fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk dh
rduhfd;ksa dh vko';drk gSA

1. www.slideshare.net (IGNOU-STRIDE-PPT on Distance Learning)

(69)
 1- O;fDrxr v/;;u%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh Nk=ksa dks vFkok
f'k";ksa dks O;fDrxr v/;;u ds volj iznku djrh gS izR;sd Nk=
viuh ckr dks ;k viuh leL;k dks bZ&esy (E-mail) ;k vkWuykbZu
ds }kjk vius V~;wVj dks Hkst ldrs gSaA blds }kjk Lora=:i ls f'k{kk
izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA1

2- lewghd`r v/;;u%& bl izdkj ds v/;;u esa Nk= ,d lewg

ds :i esa f'k{kd }kjk f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrs gS bl izdkj ds v/;;u
esa ikB~;Øe esa ,d NksVh la[;k lewg v/;;u gh laHko gSA

3- fo|kFkhZ lgk;rk%& ftu fo|kFkhZ dks viuh :fp ds vuq:i

f'k{kdksa ls f'k{kk xzg.k djuh gksrh gS vkSj fdUgha dkj.ko'k oks muds
ikl tkus esa l{ke ugha gks ikrs rks os vkWuykbZu Vhfpax d{kkvksa ds ek/
;e ls f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA

eku yhft, fd dksbZ fo|kFkhZ laxhr dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk

pkgrk gS oks Lo;a jktLFkku esa jgrk gS fdUrq muds xq: ;k f'k{kd
egkjk"Vª essa jgrs gSa rks muls mudh eqykdkr cgqr eqf'dy gks tkrh gSA
mldk dkj.k gS fd vkokxeu dh leL;k bruh nwj tkus ds fy, igys
gh fjtosZ'ku djkuk vko';d gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g laHko Hkh ugha gS fd
oks gesa vHkh dk feys ;k 15 fnu ckn dk] bl fLFkfr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh gesa ,sls volj miyC/k djokrh gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fo|kFkhZ
vkWuykbZu Vhafpax ds }kjk vius xq: ls f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA vkSj
1- lat; feJk (ys[k) ^vksiu fMLVsUl ,.M b&yfu±x bu bf.M;k*] 22] flrEcj 2013 (baVjusV ij)

(70)
fcuk fdlh vkus tkus dh vlqfo/kk ls fu;fer :i ls f'k{kk izkIr dj
ldrk gSA1

4- igaqp%& ge dgha Hkh jgsa pkgsa ns'k esa ;k fons'k esa rc Hkh ehyksa
dh nwjh ds ckotwn Hkh viuh f'k{kk dks izkIr djus esa ugha pwd ldrsA
nwjLFk f'k{kk gesa ,sls volj iznku djrh gSA2

tSlk fd ,FkkckLdk fo'ofo|ky; (Athabasca University)

tks fd dukM+k esa fLFkr gS vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk iznku djrh gS vkSj orZeku
esa ,slk dj jgh gSA

,FkkckLdk fo'ofo|ky; (AU) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d O;kid usVodZ

miyC/k djkrk gS lkFk gh 'kSf{kd lykgdkj] ijke'kZnkrk] V~;wVlZ] MsLd
dehZ] vU; lg;ksxh LVkQ dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, miyC/k djokrk gS
vkSj tks vkWuykbZu lnSo miyC/k jgrs gSaA fo|kFkhZ tc pkgs rc muls
lEidZ dj ldrs gS vkSj lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gaSA3

5- ykHk%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fu;af=r dj ykHk

iznku djkrh gSA vc Nk=ksa dk viuh bPNkvks]a vko';drkvksa ;k vius
dSfj;j dks R;kxus dh vko';drk ugha] oks vius vius ds lkFk jgdj
Hkh oks lc f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrs gSa ftUgsa ikus dh dYiuk djus ek= ls
gh mUgsa Hk; dk vuqHko gksus yxrk FkkA vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk] ykHk ds oks

1- ppkZ] MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt] dksVk (jkt-)] fnukad 17&3&2013] izkr% 11 cts
2- ogh
3. www.athabasca.ca/about au/distance education php, updated July, 2012

(71)
lHkh volj iznku djkrh gS ftudh ,d tkx:d fo|kFkhZ dks vko';rk
gksrh gSA
6- yphykiu%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh Lo;a yphyh gksrh gqbZ Hkh
Nk=ksa dks yphykiu iznku djrh gSA blesa viuk ukekadu djus ds fy,
fdlh Hkh txg ij tkus dh t:jr ugha gSA fo|kFkhZ fdlh d{k esa ;k
gokbZ vM~Ms ij vFkok fdlh Hkh dk;ZLFky ij cSBdj vkWuykbZu }kjk
iathdj.k djok ldrs gSaA o"kZ ds fdlh Hkh le; ij dksbZ Hkh ikB~;Øe
'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g iz.kkyh yphykiu iznku djrh gSA

7- lkeF;Z@{kerk%& bl iz.kkyh dk ;g Hkh dk;Z gS fd ;g Nk=

;k fo|kFkhZ dh {kerk] le; ds vuqdwy gh f'k{kk iznku djrh gSA vr%
bl iz.kkyh esa Nk= fdlh Hkh ikB~;Øe dh Qhl tek djkus ls ysdj
iqLrdksa ,oa vU; f'k{k.k lkexzh dks ,d gh LFkku ij cSBs gq, izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA1

8- le; dh cpr%& ;g iz.kkyh le; dh cpr djkrh gSA tks

le; vkus&tkus esa] O;FkZ dh fparkvksa esa vuk;kl gh O;rhr gks tkrk gS
tSls%& fdlh Nk=k ds fy, ;g fpark dk fo"k; gks tkrk gS tc mls fdlh
f'k{kd ;k xq: ds ikl tkuk gS vkSj oks dbZ ehyksa nwj jgrk gS rks muds
ikl tkus dh bl t:jr dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZ jgrh gSA D;wafd mls
vius ifjokj ekrk firk lHkh dh fparkvksa dk Kku gS fdUrq nwjLFk f'k{kk
}kjk u dsoy mls fparkvksa dh eqfDr feyrh gS vfirq le; dh Hkh cpr
gksrh gSA2
1. www.athabasca.ca/about au/distance education php, updated July, 2012
2- ppkZ] MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt] dksVk (jkt-)] fnukad 17&3&2013] izkr% 11 cts

(72)
 9- O;olk; ds :i esa%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh u dsoy f'k{kk dks
lcds le{k igqapkrh gS cfYd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, O;olk; ds volj Hkh
miyC/k djokrh gSA bl iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls ,d f'kf{kr O;fDr nwj cSBs
vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk mfpr ikfjJfed
Hkh izkIr dj ldrk gSA

bl izdkj ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh gesa oks

lc 'kSf{kd y{; miyC/k djkrh gS ftudh ltx Nk=ksa dks vko';drk
gksrh gSA bl lalkj esa dbZ ,sls yksx gS tks iwjh rjg ls lefiZr gksus ds
ckotwn Hkh fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa o'k (tSls nwjh] /ku] le;) f'k{kk izkIr
ugha dj ikrs mUgsa ;g iz.kkyh mfpr ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA

bZ&yfuZx
a ds fy;s vU; inksa dk tSl%s & vkWuykbZu yfuZx
a ] ojpqvy
yfuZax] osc osLV yfuZax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bZ&yfuaZx esa bZ 'kCn
bysDVªksfud dks lacksf/kr djrk gSA blesa O;fDr;ksa ,oa lewgksa }kjk dh
tkus okyh 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lekosf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA tks vkWu
ykbZu ;k vkWQ ykbZu ,d le; esa vFkok vU; bysDVªksfuDl ek/;eksa
}kjk laikfnr dh tkrh gSA

,Mhlu ds vfo"dkj ds dbZ n'kdksa ds mijkUr ek'kZy eSDyqgkuq

(Marshall Mcluhan 1964) us dgk Fkk "Medium is the
Message" vFkkZr~ ek/;e gh lans'k gSA ek'kZy dk vfHkizk; Fkk fd
izR;sd ek/;e viuh fo'ks"krkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa ds }kjk gekjh ;ksX;rkvksa

(73)
dks vkdkj fn'kk ,oa o`f¼ djus dh {kerk iznku djrs gSaA1

vr% ek/;e fp=ksa] /ofu;ksa ,oa thoUrrk ds lgh iz;ksx ls

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djrs gSaA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e%& tSlk fd uke ls fofnr gksrk gS

fd nwjLFk f'k{kk vFkkZr~ nwj jgdj xzg.k vkSj iznku dh tkus okyh f'k{kkA
tc ge gekjs f'k{kd ;k xq: ls nwj jgdj f'k{kk xzg.k djuk pkgsaxs rks
fuf'pr :i ls fdUgha ek/;eksa dh vko';drk gksxhA bUgsa gh nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e dgk x;k gSA

;g gesa irk py gh pqdk gS fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fy,

fofHkUu rduhfd;ka vkSj ehfM;k miyC/k gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh ehfM;k
ds mi;ksx }kjk dbZ izdkj dh lwpuk,a bl izdkj dh iz.kkyh esa izkIr dh
tk ldrh gSA izR;sd ek/;e vkSj izR;sd rduhdh dh viuh ,d rkdr
gksrh gS vkSj viuh ,d detksjh HkhA dbZ dkjd bu ehfM;k rduhfd;ksa
dks fu;af=r djrs gSaA bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx djuk
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] ouLir~ rduhfd;ksa dk p;u djus lsA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, WWW. (World

wide websites ) us ,sls dbZ L=ksr miyC/k djok,a gSa ftuds ek/;e
ls fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dks Hkyh Hkkafr le>k tk ldrk gSA

1- MkW- jhrk vjksM+k] 'kSf{kd rduhdh% o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo-fo-] dksVk] tuojh 2008

(74)
 1- fizaV ek/;e vFkok eqnz.k ij vk/kkfjr ek/;e%& nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh esa fizaV ehfM;k lcls izeq[k ek/;e gSA fiazV ds izdkjksa esa iqLrdsa
esuqvyl ikB~;Øe uksV~l vkSj LVMh xkbM~l gSA fiazV dk iz;ksx izk;%
lHkh nwjLFk 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øeksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA1

Hkkjr rFkk nwljs ns'kksa esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa yxHkx 20
ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g ek/;e vf/kd yksdfiz;
blfy, gS D;ksfa d blds vUrxZr ikB~;iqLrds]a funs'Z k iqfLrdk,s]a 'k=kpkj
ikB ,oa vU; lkexzh lfEefyr gSA

I ikB~;iqLrds%a & ikB~;iqLrdksa ls ge lc Hkyh Hkakfr ikB~; iqLrdsas

fo"k; oLrq dsfUnzr gksrh gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dks Lo;a dh izxfr ds ckjs esa QhM
csd izkIr djus gsrq fo'ks"k iz;kl ugha fd;s tkrsA blesa ikB~;Øe ls
lacaf/kr leLr vf/kxr fcUnq ,d lkFk eqfnzr ikB~;iqLrdksa esa vk tkrs
gSaA ,d f'k{kkFkhZ ikB~;iqLrd dk mi;ksx d{kk esa dkyka'k esa] dkyka'k ls
iwoZ vFkok ckn esa rFkk fo|ky; le; ds vfrfjDr le; esa Hkh dj
ldrk gSA

II funs'Z k iqfLrdk (Manuals) ,oa ekxZn'kZu%& funsZ'k iqfLrdk

v/;kidksa ds izfrLFkkid ds :i esa dke djrh gS D;ksafd buesa izR;sd
ikB ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gksrh gSA buesa fp=] vH;kl rFkk funsZ'k Hkh fn,
gq, gksrs gSa pwafd nwjLFk f'k{kk esa f'k{kkFkhZ f'k{kd ls nwj jgrs gSa] rks ;s
funsZ'k iqfLrdk,sa ekxZn'kZu ds :i esa fo|kFkhZ dh lgk;rk djrh gSA2
1- MkW- jhrk vjksM+k] 'kSf{kd rduhdh% o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo-fo-] dksVk] i`-la-&336
2- MkW- jhrk vjksM+k] 'kSf{kd rduhdh% o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo-fo-] dksVk] i`-la-&338]339

(75)
 III i=kpkj ikB (Corsepondence lesson)%& pwafd dbZ
ckj fo|kFkhZ f'k{kd ls nwj jgrk gS rks f'k{kd NksV&s NksVs ekWM~;wYl cukdj
ftuesa vko';d rF;ksa dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA fo|kFkhZ dks miyC/k djkrk
gS rkfd mldk ykHk fo|kFkhZ dks izkIr gks ldsA1

laxhr ds {ks= esa dbZ izdkj dh i=&if=dk,sa tSls dyk le;]

laxhr dyk fogkj] Nk;kuV] laxhr ekfld vkfn izpfyr gSA ftuls
fo|kfFkZ;ksZa dks cgqr lgk;rk feyrh gSA vius fo"k; dks le>us dhA

2- JO; &n`'; vk/kkfjr ek/;e (Audio-Visual-Media)%&

bl ek/;e ds vUrxZr 'kSf{kd vkdk'kok.kh] 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu] VsfyQksu]
jsfM;ks ohtu] vkWfM;ks dSlVs ~l] fofM;ksa dSlVs ~l] 'kSf{kd fofM;ksa vuqn's ku
vkfn vkrs gSaA

I 'kSf{kd vkdk'kok.kh%& nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ds :i esa

vkdk'kok.kh ,d vPNk ,oa mi;ksxh ek/;e gSA lwpukvksa ds izlkj.k]
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksZa esa dqN jgL;ksa ds ckjs
esa ftKklk iSnk djuk vkfn esa bldk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS jsfM;ks vkSj
Vsfyohtu dk mi;ksx 'kSf{kd mi;ksx ds fy, cgqr o"kksZa ls fd;k tk jgk
gSA2

II jsfM;ks ohtu%& bl ek/;e esa JO; ds lkFk n`'; lk/kuksa dk

Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g cgqr gh
1- MkW- jhrk vjksM+k] 'kSf{kd rduhdh% o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo-fo-]dksVk] i`-la-&338]339
2- ewj]s 85

(76)
vPNk ek/;e gSA blesa dHkh&dHkh fjdkWMZ fd;s gq, vkdk'kok.kh dk;ZØe
n`'; lkexzh ds lkFk esa jsfM;ks ohtu ds LFkku ij dke esa fy, tkrs gSa]
ftuls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dkQh lgk;rk feyrh gSA

vkdk'kok.kh dh yksdfiz;rk ,oa lgt miyC/krk ds dkj.k

bldk mi;ksx nwjLFk f'k{kk esa ,d izHkko'kkyh ek/;e ds :i esa gksrk
gSA

III nwjn'kZu%& nwjn'kZu ds nwjLFk f'k{kk esa ,d l'kDr ek/;e

ekuk x;k gSA lkFk gh ;s cgqr yksdfiz; Hkh gS pwafd blesa n`'; ,oa JO;
nksuksa vuqHkoksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh :i esa izLrqr djus dh lkeF;rkZ gSA

IV vkWfM;ks fofM;ksa dSlsV~l%& vkWfM;ks dSlsV~l vkdk'kok.kh

ikB izlkj.kksa ds izfrLFkkid ds :i esa rFkk fofM;ksa dSlVs ~l nwjn'kZu ikB
izlkj.kksa ds izfrLFkkid ds :i eas ekus tkrs gSaA

laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fofM;ks dSlsV~l ,d izeq[k ek/;e

gSa fdlh Hkh lwpuk dks laxzfgr djus ds fy,A Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa
yxHkx lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vkWfM;ksa ,oa fofM;ks dSlsV~l dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA bu ek/;eksa esa u dsoy vkokt dks cfYd vkokt ds
lkFk&lkFk fp=ksa dks Hkh laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(77)
 V VsfydkWuÝsflax (Teleconferencing)%& ewjs vkSj fØlys
us VsfydkWuÝsflax dks bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS fd VsfydkWuÝsflax
,d ,slk ek/;e gSa tks f'k{kkFkhZ ,oa f'k{kd ds e/; dqN VsfydE;qfuds'kUl
VsDuksykWth ds }kjk lwpuk,sa iznku djrk gSA1

VsfydkWuÝsflax pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSa%&

(v) vkWfM;ks
(c) vkWfM;ks xzkfQDl
(l) ohfM;ks
(n) dEI;wVj2

"http://www.distlearn.pp.asu.edu/dlt.info/tele-
text.html"
bl lkbV ds }kjk ;g irk pyrk gSa fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa
VsfydkWuÝsflax VsDyksykWth dSls dke djrh gSA vkWfM;ks dkWUkÝsflax]
VsyhdkWuÝsflax dh lcls lkekU; ,oa de [kphZyh iz.kkyh gS tks fd
vkWfM;ks lSEiy ds lkFk izLrqr dh tkrh gSA

"http://www.utexas.edu/ce/cit/de/deprimar/
tech.audio.html."3

vkWfM;ksxzkfQDl VsfydkWuÝsflax iz.kkyh esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA
1- ewj]s fØLys & v/;k; & 5 ^VsDuksyksth ,.M ehfM;k Qksj fMLVsUl ,Mwd's ku (vkfVZdy)] ,fjtksu LVsV
;wfuoflZVh lej&1998*
2- ogh
3- ogh

(78)
 (I) ,d rjQk fofM;ks&nks rjQk vkWfM;ks varfØ;k%& bl iz.kkyh
esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa jgus okys fo|kFkhZ nwjn'kZu dsUnz ds izL=ksrkvksa ls
varfØ;k dj ldrs gSaA mixzg (Satelite) vk/kkfjr lEizs"k.k (Com-
munication) ls fo|kFkhZ vkSj izL=ksrk ds e/; nwjHkk"k lEizs"k.k ljy
gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa ,d rjQk fofM;ksa o nks rjQk vkWfM;ks lEizs"k.k
gksrk gSA

(II) nks rjQk vkWfM;ks&nks rjQk fofM;ks varfØ;k%& bl izdkj

dh dkWuÝsaflax esa fofHkUu dsUnzks ij fo|kFkhZ o f'k{kd ,d nwljs dh u
dsoy vkokt lqu ldrs gSa vfirq mUgsa ns[k Hkh ldrs gSaA

bl iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls laxhr ds dbZ f'k{kd vius nwj cSBs

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku djrs gSa vkSj dj jgs gSaA dbZ dykdkj bl
ek/;e ls laxhr f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSaA

(III) fp= nwjHkk"k VsyhdkWuÝsflax%& bl iz.kkyh esa ,d rjQk

vxfr'khy fp=ksa ds izlkj.k }kjk lefiZr /ofu vk/kkfjr varfØ;k
lfEefyr gSA vxfr'khy fp=] lw{e rjaxksa dsoy ykbZu ,oa vU; JO;
ladsrksa }kjk nwjHkk"kksa ds ek/;e ls Hksts tkrs gSaA bl iz.kkyh esa nwjHkk"k
rFkk mixzg dk usVodZ laisz"k.k gksrk gS tks {ks= fo'ks"k esa dke djrk gSA1

(IV) dEI;wVj dkWuÝsflax%& bl iz.kkyh esa nwjLFk f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa

dh dqN ftKklk,sa gksrh gSa ftuds mÙkj dsfUnz; dEI;wVj ls izkIr fd;s
1- MkW- jhrk vjksMk+ ] 'kSf{kd rduhdh] i`-la-& 349 ,e-,M-

(79)
tkrs gSaA pwafd dsfUnz; dEI;wVj iz.kkyh esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds cM+s iSekus
ij vkadM+s lfEefyr gksrs gSaA vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k laLFkk,sa] f'k{kk izlkj
dsUnz ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds {ks=h; v/;;u dsUnzksa ij lwpuk dh mUur
izkS|ksfxdh }kjk bl izdkj dh dkWUÝsUlksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A1

(VI) dEI;wj ,oa baVjusV%& dEI;wVj] usVodZ lans'k 'kh?kz Hkstus

dk vR;ar mi;ksxh lk/ku gSA ;g dEI;wVj rFkk f'k{kkFkhZ] f'k{kd rFkk
f'k{kkFkhZ ,oa f'k{kkFkhZ rFkk f'k{kkFkhZ ds e/; varfØ;k dh lqfo/kk iznku
djrk gSA

baVjusV vusd vyx&vyx dEI;wVlZ usVodZl~ dk ,d la;qDr

usVodZ gS ftlesa izR;sd usVodZ ,d ,sls ek/;e ls tqM+k gksrk gS] ftlesa
og vU; usVodZ ls lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku ljyrk ls de le; esa
dj ldrk gSA

ftu dk;ksZa dh dsoy dYiuk gh dh tk ldrh gS os lHkh dk;Z

vkt baVjusV ds ek/;e ls vklkuh ls lEiUu fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
fofHkUu vko';d lwpukvksa dks vklkuh ls gtkjksa fdyksehVj nwj baVjusV
}kjk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA www (worldwideweb.) }kjk baVjusV ij
laxzfgr Kku rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA2

1- MkW- jhrk vjksMk+ ] 'kSf{kd rduhdh] i`-la-& 349] ,e- ,M-

2- MkW- uhyw 'kekZ (ys[k)] laxhr dyk fogkj] i` -la- &25]26

(80)
 laxhr ds {ks= esa baVjusV%& orZeku ;qx esa lwpuk rduhdh ds
u;s vk;ke vFkkZr~ baVjusV }kjk laxhr dyk ds lS¼kafrd ,oa fØ;kRed
i{k dks fo'o ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ij vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
laxhr dh izeq[k tkudkfj;ka%& laLFkk,sa] ikB~;Øe] dykdkjksa laca/kh
tkudkjh] fofM;ks] vkWfM;ks ,oa lh-Mh- lwph] iqLrdsa] laxhr lEesyu]
fjdkWfMax LVqfM;ks] ok| foØsrk lwph vkfn baVjusV ij miyC/k gSA blds
vfrfjDr fo"k; laca/kh vU; tkudjh dks Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA1

laxhr f'k{kk dks fo'o O;kih cukus ds fy, baVjusV dh izeq[k

lsok,sa tSls%& bZesy] vkWuykbZu psfVax] fofM;ks dkWUÝsflax] ltwlsV ,oa
O;olk; gsrq bZ&dkelZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA2

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn nwjLFk f'k{kk esa baVjusV tSls

dsUnzksa dk tky lk QSyk fn;k tk, rks laxhr ds {ks= esa Hkh tura=
LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS ml rduhdh iz;ksx ls jfldrk dk Hkh
foLrkj gksxk vkSj lkFk gh laxhr mRiknu esa bldk mi;ksx ykHkizn
fl¼ gksxkA

;gka ge ,slh dbZ lkbV~l (sites) ds ckjs esa crk jgs gSa tks nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;eksa dks le>us esa cgqr enn~ djrh gS%&
http://www-test.asdl.peachnet.edu/dlearn/
dlvideobased.html.
;g lkbV ohfM;ks vk/kkfjr funsZ'k nsrh gSA
1- MkW- uhyw 'kekZ (ys[k)] laxhr dyk fogkj] i` -la- &25]26
2- ogh

(81)
http://www.uzevakfi.org.tr/tec/html.
;g lkbV Vsyhfotu czksMdkLV tSls%&
One-way Asynchronous communication medium
dks izLrqr djrh gSA

http://www-distlearn.pp.asu.edu/dlt info/text/dlt
info/tele text.html.
;g lkbV VsyhdkWUkÝsflax VsDuksykWth dks funsZf'kr djrh gS tSl%s &
lsVsykbZV] ekbØksoso vkSj bULVªd'kuy VsyhfotuA

http://www.utexas.edu/cc/cit/de/deprimar/
techaudio.html.
;g lkbV vkWfM;ksxzkfQDl flLVe ds ckjs esa funsZf'kr djrh gSA

http://media.ucsc.edu/videoconf/distedinfo.html.
;g lkbV ohfM;ks dkWUkÝsflax ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dks iznf'kZr djrh
gSA

http://www.cs/uwyo.edu/---rex/virtualu/
sld003.htm.
;g lkbV dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr funs'Z kksa dks eYVhehfM;k (CD Rom)
vkSj baVjusV vk/kkfjr tSls bZ&esy vkSj www esa foHkkftr
djrh gSA

(82)
 http://www.uzevakfi.org.tr/tec.html.
;g lkbV VsDuhdy ifjHkk"kkvksa tSls (Telnet, E-mail, DVD)
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA

http://www.utexas.edu/cc/cit/de/deprimar/
techweb.html.
;g lkbV VsDuksykWth dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa
crkrh gSA

http://elmo.scu.edu.au/sponsored/ausweb/
ausweb95/papers/education2alexander/.
;g lkbV rduhdh fodkl vkSj mlds mnxe~ dks (world wide
web) dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA

http://www.pit.ktu.1t/HP/coper/kiev.new/cit/
apch4/act25.htm.
;g lkbV Hkh cgqr lwpukvksa ds lkFk fofHkUu ehfM;k vkSj
rduhfd;ksa dks tks nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fy, vko';d gS
ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mís';%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mís';

laxhr ds {ks= esa laxhr vkSj u`R; dh ikjEifjd ijEijk dks izpfyr dj
mls vkxs c<+kuk gSA

(83)
 ubZ i¼fr;ksa vkSj vk/kqfud rduhfd;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls
vkd"kZd cukrs gq, laxhr dh dyk dks ÅapkbZ ij nSnhI;eku dj LFkkfir
djuk gSA bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mís';] mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tks fdlh
dkj.ko'k nwj cSBs vuqHkoh f'k{kd ls f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ikrs gSa] mUgsa
mfpr volj iznku djrh gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh laxhr ,oa u`R; dh bl ijEijkxr 'kSyh dks

,d u;k :i iznku djrh gS vkSj mls foLrkfjr djus dk iz;kl djrh
gSA dykbZ dkfofj dkWyst vkWQ Qkbu vkVZ~l (fr:fpjkiYyh) nwjLFk
f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls laxhr dyk dks ns'k&fons'k esa foLrkfjr djrh gS ,oa
izfl¼ djrh gSA1

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh vk/kqfud rduhfd;ksa dk mi;ksx djrh gqbZ

f'k{kk dks izHkko'kkyh cukrh gS rFkk laxhr f'k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkjrh gSA

^lkL=* ;wfuoflZVh (rfeyukMw) ds vuqlkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh

ds fuEufyf[kr mís'; gS%&
(1) ,d vlkekU; pSuy (Alternative) iznku djuk mUgsa tks mPp
f'k{kk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA

(2) mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nwljk volj iznku djkuk tks igys fdlh
ifjfLFkfro'k mPp f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ik,A

1. www.Kalaikaviri_dep.com/aims and objectives

(84)
(3) tks igys gh fdlh ljdkjh ukSdjh esa ;k jkstxkjjr gSaA mUgsa
vk/kqfud Kku vkSj fuiq.krk miyC/k djokukA

(4) bl iz.kkyh ds yphysiu dks viukrs gq, lHkh tu leqnk; ds

fy, bls miyC/k djokukA

(5) bl iz.kkyh ds mís'; lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vius Lrj ij

f'k{kk miyC/k djkuk] bleas LFkku] le; varjky vkfn ds Lrj
ij yphykiu gSA1

;wfuVh ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst ds vuqlkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh%&

(1) mUgsa ,d ,slk volj iznku djrh gS tks f'k{kk ds volj dks izkIr
djuk [kks pqds gSa] mUgsa fQj ls u;s vk;ke miyC/k djokrh gSA

(2) lHkh ukxfjdksa dks pkgs oks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa gks ;k u gks]
efgyk,sa pkgs xzfg.kh gks ;k u gks vkSj lHkh O;Ldksa dks muds {ks=
esa leku f'k{kk ds volj miyC/k djokrh gSA vk/kqfud vkSj
vkus okys Kku ds ckjs esa vko';d tkudkjh iznku djkrh gSA

(3) bl iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kkFkhZ cM+h gh lqxerk ls vius

vuqlkj fo"k; dk p;u dj ldrs gSa] blesa u rks fdlh izdkj
dh mez dk ca/ku gS vkSj u gh fdlh izdkj dh fu;ec¼rkA
f'k{kkFkhZ viuh bPNkuqlkj lh[kus dh fof/k] mi;qZDr f'k{kd pqu
1. www.sastrauniversity.com

(85)
 ldrs gSa tSls%& fdlh Hkh izdkj dh lkexzh] iqLrdsa] lekpkj
i=] iqfLrdk,sa] vkWfM;ks] ohfM;ks vkfnA

(4) bl iz.kkyh esa f'k{kk dk ekud Lrj Hkh vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ;k

fu;fer fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gSA

(5) nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds }kjk lHkh esa ns'kksa esa ,drk vkSj lnHkkouk
cuh jgs bl ckr dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA1

(6) tks yksx viuh dyk vFkok gquj dks vkSj c<+kuk pkgrs gSa mu
yksxksa ds fy, ;g ,d vPNk ,oa mi;qDZ r rjhdk gSA viuh ukSdjh
ds lkFk&lkFk vius Kku lap; esa o`f¼ djuk bldk mís'; gSA

(7) bl iz.kkyh esa mu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks tks vius fo"k; esa 'kks/k dj jgs
gSa xgurk ls fparu vkSj euu djus dk volj iznku fd;k tkrk
gSA

(8) bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk vius lafpr Kku vkSj vftZr Kku dks
fu;fer fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(9) f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g iz.kkyh de [kpZ esa vf/kd volj iznku

djrh gS rkfd vf/kd ls vf/kd fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk izkIr dj ldsA2

1. www.uuc.edu.et/distance/objectives.html
2- ogh

(86)
 f'k{k.k dh bl fo/kk dks O;kid :i ls Nk= n'kZdksa rd igqapk;k
tk ldrk gS vkSj mudh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk Nk=ksa dh fofHkUu ekaxksa dks iwjk djus dk ,d
lek/kku fl¼ gks ldrk gSA blds vk/kkj ij ubZ rduhfd;ksa dk iz;ksx
djrs gq, (tSls lh-Mh- jkse] bysDVªksfuDl xzUFkksa] eYVhehfM;k) 'kSf{kd
vfHko`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA1

nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk lh[kus fl[kkus dh ,d izHkkoh fof/k gS tks

rsth ls c<+ jgh gSa 'kSf{kd 'kks/kdrkZvksa us mu mís';ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
Hkh [kksst fudkyk gS ftuesa nwjLFk f'k{kk vR;f/kd egRo jgrh gSA2

laxhrfonks us ges'kk xq:&f'k"; ijEijk dk gh laxhr f'k{kk ds

fy, mi;ksxh ekuk gS lLFkkxr laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks fdlh Hkh rjg
ls Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fy, bruk izHkkoh ugha ekukA fdUrq HkkX;o'k dqN
,slh laLFkk,as tSl%s & laxhr fjlpZ ,dsMeh] dydÙkk] /kqzin dSUnz] Hkksiky
vkfn us fl¼ dj fn;k gS fd laxhr dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh
cgqr izHkkoh gks ldrh gSA3 vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk dks laxhr esa viuk LFkku
cukus ds fy, izHkkoh'kkyh :i ls vkuk iM+sxkA blds igys dqN izeq[k
{ks=ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ikB~;Øe cukuk iM+sxk tSls%&

(1) vius i<+kus dh fof/k ds mís'; lkQ ,oa Li"V cukus gksaxsA
(2) vius mís'; (ikB~;Øe lacaf/kr) dks dsfUnzr djuk gksxkA
(3) vius Kku dh fof/k dh Li"Vrk ls O;k[;k djuh gksxhA
1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn laxks"Bh] Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky 27&29 uoEcj 2000
2. www.uidaho.edu/evo/dist/o-html>
3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn laxks"Bh] Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky 27&29 uoEcj 2000

(87)
(4) D;k vkSj dSls i<+k;k tk jgk gS ml ij le;&le; ls /;ku
j[kuk gksxkA oSKkfudksa ds iz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g izekf.kr gks
pqdk gSa fd gekjk egku~ laxhfrd Kku izd`fr ds cgqr utnhd
gSA1

Ekaf Tnuocca ds vuqlkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh eq[;

fo'ks"krk, gSa%&

1- vR;f/kd yphykiu
2- le; o /ku dh cpr
3- de [kphZyh

leL;k;sa%&

1- lkekftd lEidZ dk vHkko

2- lHkh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, QksZesaV vkn'kZ ugha gSA
3- dqN jkstxkjr yksx vkWuykbZu fMxzh dh ugha LohdkjrsA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,sa%&ftUnxh ds gj igyw esa

nwjLFk f'k{kk dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA dEI;wVj vkSj baVjusV dk
izHkko tYn gh vkSj xgjk,xk ,slk esjk fo'okl gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
bldh mi;ksfxrk Li"V :i ls fl¼ gks pqdh gSA

1- czsufMV] tksf'ku ÝkaLV %& ukn czã% n oYMZ bt lkm.M % MsfLVuh cqDl jkspsLVj % 79 %1987

(88)
 nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk Hkfo"; dh vko';drk gSA bls ge vLohdkj
ugha ldrsA ;g lwpuk izks|ksfxdh ds vk/kqfud ;qx esa laxhr txr ds
fy, ubZ laHkkouk gSA blh lanHkZ esa bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gS%&

❖ bl iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls ge Hkkjrh; laxhr dks ns'k ds lkFk&lkFk

fo'o ds gj dksus rd yksdfiz; cuk ldrs gSaA1

❖ dksVk (jkt-) dh lqJh fuf'k tSu us dgk fd nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk

ls ge vius laxhr dks fo'oO;kih cuk ldrs gSaA2

❖ bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g iz.kkyh lewph nqfu;k dks

,d d{kk esa cny nsxhA

❖ iqLrdsa] jsfM;ks] dSlsV~l] Vsyhfotu] fofM;ks vkfn cgqr igys ls

nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk esa lgk;d jgs gSa fdUrq vc mlesa baVjusV
Økafr us ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

❖ Hkksiky ds Hkkjr Hkou esa vk;ksftr varjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn esa iq.ks

ds izks- ,p-oh-lgL=cq¼S us dgk fd nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk esa
lhuk&c&lhuk f'k{kk dh ijEijk [kRe ugha gksxh cfYd ;g
xq:vksa ds fy, vkus okys le; esa ,d ,sls midj.k ds :i esa
lkfcr gksxh ftlds ek/;e ls os viuh igqap dks cgqr vkxs rd
c<+k ldrs gSa vkSj tks vkus okys le; esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds
1- laxhr if=dk] i`-la- &16]17] vDVwcj 2002
2- ogh

(89)
 vuq:i gksxh ftldk iwjk&iwjk ykHk fo|kFkhZ ys ldsaxsA1

❖ baVjusV ds tfj;s fo|kFkhZ Hkkjr ds fofHkUUk laxhrdkjksa dh jpukvksa

dk jlkLoknu dj ldrs gSaA

❖ bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh eas fo|kFkhZ dks Js"B ,oa eu ilanhnk xq:vksa

dk p;u djus esa Hkh lgk;rk feysxhA og ,d gh ugha cfYd
vusd xq:vksa ,oa laxhrfonksa ls ekxZn'kZu izkIr dj ldsaxsA

❖ bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk ?kjkuksa dh :f<okfnrk de gks ik,xh muesa

,d [kqykiu vk,xkA xq:vksa esa izfrLi/kkZ c<+sxh tks vUrr%
laxhr dh le`f¼ ds fy, fgrdj gks tk,xhA

❖ nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk esa le; vkSj LFkku dh dksbZ ck/;rk ugha
gksrhA viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj fo|kFkhZ le; dk p;u dj f'k{kk
xzg.k dj ldrk gSA orZeku ;qx dEI;wVj vFkok baVjusV dk ;qx
gS tks fo|ky;ksa rFkk iqLrdksa ds vfrfjDr Kku o/kZu ;k f'k{kk
izkIr djokus esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA2

❖ nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk viuh igqap dgha Hkh cuk ldrh gS pkgs vki
fudVre 'kgj esa gks ;k ehyksa nwj] dgha Hkh jgdj fo|kkFkhZ
viuk ikB~;Øe vkSj fMxzh iwjh dj ldrs gSaA3

1- izks- ,-ch- lgL=cq¼s] (Hkk"k.k&mEehn dh ubZ fdj.k%nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk) uoEcj 2002
2- MkW- 'kehZyk Vsxksj](ys[k&nwjLFk f'k{kk laxhr f'k{k.k ijEijk esa ,d ifjoZru) laxhr dyk fogkj] i`-la- 14
3. www.distance learning net.com

(90)
❖ nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ,d izdkj dk yphykiu gSA fdlh
Hkh le; ij] vius d{kk esa] vius dk;ZLFky ij ;k vU; dgha
Hkh cSBdj viuk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo|kFkhZ fdlh O;olk;
;k ukSdjh esa dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk f'k{kk xzg.k
dj ldrs gSaA1

❖ baVjusV ij [kkst djds ns[kk x;k gS fd laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dks
izkjEHk djus dks ysdj izks- vkj-lh-esgrk dgrs gSa fd nqfu;k esa
10 gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd fo"k; nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls i<+k;s
tk pqds gSaA ;fn laxhr ds fy, ;g rduhd ugha viukbZ xbZ rks
laxhr ds fy, cgqr gh [krjukd (Fetel) ckr gksxhA2

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh f'k{kk iznku djus dh ,d ,slh fof/k gS tks

fo|kFkhZ f'k{kd ds ikjLifjd O;ogkj ds vHkko esa dk;Z djrh gSA nwjLFk
laxhr f'k{kk dh vkSj Hkh dbZ fo'ks"krk,a gS tSls%&

Lora=rk ,oa vuqdwyu'khyrk%& nwjLFk f'k{kk dh ,d lcls cM+h

fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd ;g izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vklkuh ls igqap esa gSA
;g fo|kFkhZ dks vuqdwyrk iznku djrh gS ftlls oks vius ikB~;Øe
lkexzh ds lkFk vklkuh ls lkeatL; fcBk ldrk gSA ;g vuqdy
w u'khyrk
mls Lora=rk iznku djrh gS fd oks dkQh vPNk ds vuq:i lh[kus dh
izfØ;k dk p;u dj ldrk gSA3
vkRe iszj.kk%& ikjEifjd :i ls f'k{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lo;a
1. www.distance learning net.com
2. www.artindia.net (Article by Rajive Trivedi)
3. www.prokerala.com

(91)
dks vkRe izsfjr djrh gS rkfd oks vius mi;qZDr okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k
dj ldsA ,d fo|kFkhZ ds fy, vkRe izsj.kk Lo;a dh o`f¼ ds fy, cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gSA1

Lo;a lh[kdj Lo;a dekuk%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh muds fy,

cgqr ykHkdkjh gS ftuds ikl mi;qZDr fMxzh gS oks viuh i<+kbZ ds
lkFk&lkFk ukSdjh ;k O;olk; Hkh dj ldrs gSaA ;s Lo;a lh[kdj Lo;a
dekus dh Hkh fof/k gSA2

le; o /ku dh cpr%& fo|kFkhZ dks dgha Hkh ;k=k djus dh

vko';drk ugha gS u ns'k esa u fons'k esa bl vkWuykbZu fof/k ds }kjk
fo|kFkhZ fcuk fdlh ;k=k [kpZ ds ?kj ij gh izkIr dj ldrk gS ;s u
dsoy le; dh cpr djrk gS vfirq /ku dh Hkh cpr djrk gSA3

;g iz.kkyh mu yksxksa ds fy, gS tks 'kkjhfjd :i ls detksj gS

tSls (viax] ?kk;y] cqtqxZ) miyC/krk iznku djrh gS lkFk gh oks yksx
ftuds Åij ikfjokfjd ftEesnkfj;ka gS tSls (ekrk&firk&?kj ij ukStoku
ckyd&ckfydk,a) muds fy, esa Hkh f'k{kk dks lqyHkrk iznku djrh gSA4

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa dkQh gn rd lQyrk

izkIr dh gS ftuesa nskuksa (fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kd) gh ubZ rduhdh ds
vk/kkj ij vkjkenk;d fLFkfr eglwl dj jgs gSaA5

1. www.prokerala.com
2- ogh
3- ogh
4. www.USjournal.com
5. ogh

(92)
 nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds dk;ZØe thou esa vkxs c<+us ,oa lh[kus
dh izfØ;k dks yEcs le; rd ds fy, isfz jr djrs gSAa bl iz.kkyh ds ek/
;e ls vfrfjDr Kku izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ekufld ruko dks
de djrh gS vkSj larks"k vFkok larqf"V dks c<+krh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g
volj izkIr gksrk gS fd os vkWuykbZu LVMh ds ek/;e ls iwjs fo'o esa
vU; fdlh Hkh fo|kFkhZ] xq.kh tu ;k f'k{kdksa ls fopkj fufue; dj
ldrs gSa vkSj vius Kku lap; esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSaA1

vkWuykZbu yfuZax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,Mokal VsDuksykWth ls ;qDr

IysVQkeZ miyC/k djokrh gSA ;g iz.kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk varjkZ"Vªh;
usVofdZax ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds csgrj volj miyC/k djokrh gSA2

nwjLFk f'k{kk (,d ,sls vk'khZokn ds :i esa) fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus

vkbZ gS tks ukSdjh djrs gq, vFkok tks fdlh dkj.ko'k fulfer d{kk;sa
xzg.k ugha dj ikrs gSaA3

Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgka vk/kkjHkwr ch-,- fMxzh fdlh Hkh vPNh
ukSdjh ds fy, vko';d gS] nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe ,sls dbZ volj
fo|kFkhZ ds lEeq[k j[krk gS ftlds }kjk oks viuh leL;k nwj dj
ldrk gS vkSj vklkuh ls vius fo"k;] xq:] v/;;u lkexzh vkfn dk
p;u dj ldrk gS fdUrq fo'ks"krkvkas ds lkFk&lkFk dqN leL;k,sa Hkh gS
tks nwj nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk ls xzg.k djrs le; gekjs le{k vkrh gS%&

1. http://in answers.yahoo.com
2. @wash u Law Blog., 4 March, 2013
3. www.htcampus.com

(93)
 nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh leL;k,a%s & ftUnxh ds gj igyw ij tgka
dEI;wVj vkSj baVjusV dk O;kid izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ogha nwljh
vkSj ;g ckr Hkh lkeus vkrh gS fd Hkkjrh; laxhr [kkl rkSj ij
'kkL=h; laxhr ds laca/k esa baVjusV ;k dEI;wVj D;k izHkkoh gks ik,xk\

D;k ;g nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds izHkqRo dks

cuk, j[kus esa l{ke jgsxh\ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds }kjk ikjEifjd
lkaxhfrd ijEijk dk gkl gksxk ;k ugha\ blh laca/k esa nwjLFk laxhr
f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh dbZ leL;k,sa le{k vkbZ%&

❖ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa xq: f'k"; iz.kkyh dh ikjEifjdrk]

'kq¼rk] lw{erk ,oa dyk&lkSUn;Z izHkkoh :i ls dk;Z ugha dj
ikrsA

❖ laxhr dk bfrgkl bruk ekSf[kd vkSj ikjEifjd gS fd bls dksbZ

vk/kqfud rduhd ugha cny ldrhA nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa
xq:&f'k"; dh lhuk&c&lhuk i¼fr dk vHkko bls v/kwjk cuk,
j[krk gS D;ksafd ftrus gko&Hkko eq[kkd`fr vkSj Lojksa dk izHkko
lk{kkr~ :i ls izHkkfor djrk gS mruk nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa
xq: ls f'k"; izHkkfor ugha gks ikrk gSA

❖ Hkksiky esa gq, ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn esa ,d jfld Jksrk Jh

';ke eqa'kh th us dgk gS fd 'kkL=h; laxhr dh ckjhfd;ka

(94)
 xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds t+fj, gh f'k"; rd igqap ldrh gS] mUgksaus
;g 'kadk O;Dr dh fd ehyksa nwj cSBk xq: baVjusV ij vius f'k";
dh xyrh dks dSls Bhd dj ik,xk\1

❖ ia- NUuwyky th feJ tks fd Bqejh xk;u 'kSyh ds izfl¼ xk;d

gS ds vuqlkj ^^laxhr dksbZ ,slh pht+ ugha gS ftls VsDuksykWth ds
ek/;e ls lh[kk tk,A ;g rks lEeq[k jgdj lh[kus dh dyk gS]
vuqHko djus dh fo|k gS tks lhuk&c&lhuk gh laHko gSA**2

❖ MkW- ,l-,l- nqxkZ us dgk gS fd ^^nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh 'kkL=h;

laxhr ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gS vkSj ,d lqugjk ekSdk Hkh gSA**3

❖ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd D;k dEI;wVj

[kjhnus dk [kpZ fo|kFkhZ ogu dj ik;sxs ;k ugha\ vkSj nwljk
mleas baVjusV dusD'ku djokuk D;k lHkh ds fy, vklku gksxk\
;g lcls cM+h leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA4

❖ pwafd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa xq:&f'k"; ds chp lk{kkr~ lEidZ

ugha gks ikrk ftruk fd d{kkxr f'k{kd iz.kkyh esa gksrk gSA
blfy, ;g iz.kkyh vusd leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrh gSA

vuq'kklughurk%& tSlk fd bl iz.kkyh esa f'k{kd dh 'kkjhfjd

vuqmifLFkfr jgrh gS] tks fo|kFkhZ ls le;&le; ij vko';d iz'u
1- laxhr if=dk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn] uoEcj 2000
2- ppkZ] ia- NUuw yky th feJ] 21 Qjojh 2013] dksVk (jkt-)] jkf= 8%30 cts
3- laxhr if=dk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn] uoEcj 2000
4- ppkZ] ia- Jh y[kuyky 'kekZ] laxhrK] dksVk (jkt-)] 11 Qjojh 2014 jkf= 9%00 cts

(95)
iwNrs gS dk;Z {ks= ds laca/k esa tkudkjh ysrs gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fo|kFkhZ
ds fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh vuq'kklughu lkfcr gks ldrh gS D;ksafd
mlesa mfpr fu;a=.k dk vHkko jgrk gSA1

f'k{kd ls lk{kkr~dkj dk vkHkko%& f'k{kd ls O;fDrxr:i ls

lk{kkr~dkj dk vHkko fo|kFkhZ ds fy, ,d cM+h leL;k gS fcuk f'k{kd
ds funsZ'k dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>us esa Hkh ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS rks ;g iz.kkyh dh cM+h leL;k gSA2

v/;;u ,oa ukSdjh ds chp vlarqyu%& nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh

rHkh mi;qZDr gS tc ukSdjh ,oa v/;;u ds chp larqyu fcBk;k tk lds
vU;Fkk ;g ,d cM+h leL;k cu ldrh gSA3

rqjUr izfriqf"V dk vHkko%& ijEijkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa viuh

izLrqfr ds vk/kkj ij rqjUr izfriqf"V izkIr gks tkrh gS fdUrq nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh esa izfriqf"V ds fy, bartkj djuk iM+rk gS tc rd fd f'k{kd
us muds dk;Z dks vPNh rjg ls le>k u gksA

vdsykiu%& vf/kdka'kr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vdsys v/;;u djuk

iM+rk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kkFkhZ ml vdsysiu ds dkj.k lkekftd lk{kkr~dkj
ugha dj ikrk gS tks fd d{kkxr okrkoj.k esa vf/kd laHko gSA4

1- fu'kkFkk vczkge fczth'k (vkfVZdy vkWu baVjusV)] ,MokuVst+ ,.M fML,MokUVst+ vkWQ fMLVsUl yfu±x
2- ogh
3- ch-fnO;k (vkfVZdy vkWu baVjusV)] nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh&,MokuVst+ ,.M fML,MokUVst+ 25] flrEcj 2008
4- ogh

(96)
❖ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh ;g ,d leL;k gS fd bls lh[kus dk
mi;qZDr okrkoj.k ugha fey ikrk gSA xq:&f'k"; ds chp fdlh
izdkj dk esy&feyki ugha gks ikrk tks fd laxhr f'k{kk ds fy,
vko';d gSA1

❖ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh ;g Hkh ,d izeq[k leL;k gSa fd fo|kFkhZ

dks Lo;a dks izksRlkfgr djuk iM+rk gS dksbZ bls izksRlkfgr djus
okyk mlds fudV ugha gksrkA

❖ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh pwafd vk/kqfud rduhdh {kerk o fodkl

ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vr% ;g yxkrkj f'k{kk iznku djrh jgs ;g
laHko ugha gS D;ksafd dHkh Hkh fdlh rjg dh rduhdh [kjkch dk
lkeuk bls djuk iM+ ldrk gSA ftlds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh
blls feyus okyh vlqfo/kk dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA

dbZ ckj f'k{kkFkhZ v/;;u djuk vko';d ugha le>rs D;ksafd

;k rks oks ?kj ij ;k fQj dgha vkWfQl esa O;Lr gksrs gSaA dbZ ckj le;
dh vuqdwyrk mUgsa ugha fey ikrh ftl dkj.k oks eSustesaV vkSj vius
dke dks vuns[kk ugha dj ikrs] ftl dkj.k cgqr lk igys dk dk;Z
v/kwjk jg tkrk gS vkSj dbZ fo|kFkhZ v/;;u ds le; viuk izksRlkgu
[kks nsrs gSa tks fd bl iz.kkyh ds fy, vPNh ckr ugha gSA2

1. www.prorkerala.com
2. www.selfgrowth.com

(97)
 nwljh rjQ fo|kFkhZ dks dbZ izk;ksfxd d{kkvkssa ds laca/k esa
leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj dsoy iqLrd ls i<+dj
gh ugha le>k tk ldrk tc rd fd ml izk;ksfxd :i ls u le>k
tk, vkSj laxhr esa rks ;g vfr vko';d gSA1

bl izdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh dbZ [kwfc;ka gS rks dbZ leL;k,sa

HkhA vr% blds vraj dks le>uk vR;Ur vko';d gks tkrk gSA bl
iz.kkyh us ,d rjQ f'k{kk ds uohu vk;ke miyC/k djok;s gSa rks nwljh
vksj dbZ leL;kvksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k gSA vr% bl iz.kkyh dh mi;ksfxrk
dks ge vxys v/;k;ksa esa Li"V djus dk iz;Ru djasxsA

1. www.selfgrowth.com

(98)
 prqFkZ v/;k;
ßorZeku ifjizs{; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh
izklafxdrkÞ
nwjLFk f'k{kk] f'k{kk dk og Lo:i gS ftlesa f'k{kkFkhZ dks nwj
jgdj f'k{kk iznku djus dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA vkt ds bl rduhdh
;qx esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dk viuk ,d egRo gSA ;g iz.kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
og O;oLFkk miyC/k djokrh gS ftlesa mUgsa fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fo|ky;ks]a
egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k djus ugha tkuk iM+rk
gS] vfirq og vius&vius LFkkuksa ij jgdj Hkh nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ks]
vdk'kok.kh] Vsi&fjdkMZj] vkWfM;ks&ohfM;ks dSlsV~l ;k ;ksa dgsa baVjusV]
dEI;wVj ,oa ohfM;ks dkWuÝasflax ds ek/;e ls Hkh Kku izkIr dj ldrs
gSaA

;g iz.kkyh orZeku ;qx dh vko';drk gSA fo|kFkhZ vius LFkku

ij gh jgdj izxfr dj ldrs gSaA vius vkWfM;ks ysDplZ] vkSj ohfM;ks
fDyIl dks fjIys Hkh dj ldrs gSaA ;g iz.kkyh f'k{kk ds O;olkf;d
fodkl ds laca/k esa Hkh cM+h mi;ksxh gSA1

laxhr f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa ;fn ge ckr djsa rks laxhr f'k{kk dks
nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lh[ks tkus ds fy;s fo|kFkhZ dks fdlh izdkj
dh ck/;rk ds] lqxerk ds lkFk izHkkoh :i ls lh[kk tk ldrk gSA
1. E-leader, slovakia-2006 (How Distance Education has Changed Teaching and
Role of Instructor)

(99)
 laxhr vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk ds chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVrs gq, ik'pkR;
txr ds fo}ku 'kku Qsfuax us dgk gS fd ^^;fn fo|kFkhZ xq.kh gS rks
laxhr esa lhuk&c&lhuk rkyhe dh vko';drk ugha gSA Music for
everyone and everyone for Music dk mn~?kks"k djuk gh gksxk
vkSj blds fy, mPp rduhdh dh enn dh vko';drk gksxh**A1

orZeku ifjizs{; esa vxj ns[ksa rks laxhr }kjk nwjLFk f'k{kk dh
vko';drk mu yksxksa ds fy, vf/kd izHkkoh gS tks HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ls
nwj gSa] fo'ofo|ky;] f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ls nwj gSaA bu yksxksa ds fy, gh
bUQkseZy dkslZ 'kq: fd;s x;s gSaA laxhr dh lHkh fo/kkvksa (xk;u] oknu
,oa u`R;) dk Kkku vk/kqfud rduhdh ls nwj cSBs Nk=ksa dks feys rks ;g
f'k{kk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh fl¼ gksxhA2

vk/kqfud ;qx dEI;wVj] foKku ,oa rduhdh {ks= dh n`f"V ls

cgqr gh izHkkoh ;qx gSA vk/kqfud rduhfd;ksa us u dsoy nSfud thou
dks lg;ksx fn;k gS] cfYd ;g lkalkfjd lkoZHkkSfedrk dk vk/kkjHkwr
dkjd Hkh gSA

laxhr jpukRedrk dh dqath gSA laxhr f'k{kk dks vkSj [kq'kuqek

cukrh gSA ;g fo'oO;kih Hkk"kk gSA ftuds Hkko Lo:i esa ,drk ikBZ
tkrh gS vkSj Lojksa ds ek/;e ls gh ge Hkko dks le> ldrs gSaA Lojksa
dh Hkk"kk ,d gS] Hkko ,d gS blhfy, bl Hkk"kk dks ;wfuolZy Hkk"kk dgk
x;k gSA laxhr ds ikl oks lHkh vk/;kfRed 'kfDr;ka ekStwn gaS tks fdlh
1- MkW- uferk ;kno (ys[k)] laxhr] i`-la-&20&22
2- ogh

(100)
Hkh euksn'kk dks le{k ykdj vkidks Hkkoqd dj ldrh gSA ;g laxhr
gh gS tks tu leqnk; dks fudV ykus dk mu esa] ize
s dk fuokZg djus dk
vuwBk dk;Z djrk gSA1

vk/kqfud ;qx dks bysDVªkWfud ,oa foKku dk ;qx dgk tk, rks
dksbZ langs ugha gksxkA vr% bUgha lalk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h;
laxhr dk foLrkj o QSyko izkphu dky dh vis{kk vf/kd gqvk gSA
laxhr vkt fodkl dh Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks vf/kdre :i ls Nw jgk gSA
esfMdy ,oa bathfu;fjax tSls fo"k;ksa dh Hkk¡fr gh laxhr Hkh iwjh rjg
ls O;kogkfjd fo"k; gSA2

czk;u 'ksiMZ tks fd FkksVZu Ldwy];fufoflZVh vkWQ lkmFkZu

dsfyQksfuZ;k ds dEikstj+ lgk;d izkQ
s l
s j gSAa ;g isMkyksftdy ('kS{kf.kd)
VsDuksykWth ds fo'ks"kK gS vkSj lkFk gh ubZ&ubZ rduhfd;ksa ds ek/;e ls
tSls baVjusV nks (2) ls laxhr ds {ks= esa u, vkfo"dkjksa dks tUe ns jgs
gSaA ;g dk;Zjr dEikst+j gSa tks rqjar VsDuksykWth dh en~n ls Lor% laxhr
dh /kqusa cukrs gSaA3

;gk¡ ge ckr djrs gS 21oha 'krkCnh dh VsDuksykWth dhA dbZ rjg

ds 'kkL=h laxhr] xk;u] oknu ,oa u`R; ij vk/kkfjr ohfM;ks baVjusV
ij] ;w V~;wc ij miyC/k gSa tks fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr gSaA
bu ohfM;kst+ esa dbZ fopkj] rduhfd;ksa dks dsfUnzr fd;k x;k gS] blds
lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd bu rduhfd;ksa dks ykxw dSls fd;k tk,A4
1. www.pianoaround the world.com
2- MkW- egkjkuh 'kekZ] laxhr dyk fogkj] vxLr 2010
3. www.artistshousemusic.org
4- mRd"kZ yksds'k] bUklkbV&(VsDuksykWth ,.M bV~l jksy bu V~oaVh QLV lsUpqjh ,tqds'ku) vkWu baVjusV

(101)
 ;w V~;cw ij ,d ohfM;ks miyC/k gS tks vk/kqfud rduhdh dks vkSj
Hkh lqpk: :i ls O;Dr djrk gS& "How to use Technology in
education"(21st century You tube)1 ;g lkjh vk/kqfud
rduhfd;ka iznf'kZr djrh gSa fd orZeku le; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dh
izklafxdrk gSA bl iz.kkyh dh ;g mikns;rk gS fd ;g iz.kkyh vkSj
^lks'ky ehfM;k bu ,tqds'ku* yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks vknku&iznku djus
esa lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|kFkhZ vkWuykbu fo"k;oLrq dks Hkh lqu dj
viuk leFkZu O;Dr dj ldrk gS vkSj mlds ek/;e ls dbZ izdkj ds
fyf[kr]vkWfM;ks] ohfM;ks] 2 D, 3D, fo"k; oLrq cukdj viuk laxhr
fufeZr dj ldrk gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ,d ,slk IysVQkeZ

myC/k djok;k gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj vkSj vius gh
LFkku ij f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA f'k{kk xzg.k djus ds bl cnyrs
ifjiz{s ; esa vxj vki dk;Zjr gSa vkSj ,d vPNh f'k{kk vFkok fMxzh izkIr
djuk pkgrs gSa rks nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkids dWfj;j dks c<+kus esa cgqr
mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA2

bl iz.kkyh }kjk fo|kFkhZ viuh f'k{kk rduhdh dks vkSj izHkkoh

:i esa mi;ksxh cuk ldrs gaS vkSj oks Hkh fofHkUu vk/kqfud midj.kksa dh
enn ls tSls dbZ rjg ds fp=ksa] ohfM;ks] vkWfM;ks ,oa dEI;wVj ds ek/;e
ls viuh fyf[kr 'kSyh dks izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSaA

1. www.youtube.com-How to used Technology in Education

2. www.citehr.com (Article by Smita Choudhury)

(102)
 fo|kFkhZ vius fopkjksa vkSj lq>koksa dks vkWuykbu Vhfpax ds
ek/;e ls ,d&nwljs ls ck¡V ldrs gSAa ^bZ&ykbZcjsz h* fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lwpuk,sa
,df=r djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA

^xq: osc QkselZ* ,d ,slh osclkbZV gS tks mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

iz'uksa ds mÙkj ns ldrh gS ftUgsa dqN tkuus dh tkx:drk gSA

,d vkfVZdy ds vuqlkj ^^;g nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ,oa mlls

lacaf/kr laLFkk,sa bl f'kf{kr lekt esa f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djus o mls
vk/kqfud cukus esa fofHkUu izd
z kj dh fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls ,d egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSaA**1
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds lanHkZ esa dbZ yksxksa ds fopkj bl izdkj
gS&
^^nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh mu yksxksa ds fy, fo'ks"k rkSj ij mi;ksxh
gS tks dk;Zjr gSa vkSj dke djus ds lkFk&lkFk i<+kbZ Hkh djuk
pkgrs gSaA ;g muds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks fdUgha dkj.kksa ls viuh
f'k{kk fu;fer ugha dj ik,A2

"Distance education is not value less. If it would

have been so, people would hve rejected it long
ago. It is a boon for those who could not pursue
or even start their education in general or in
particular due to some reasons."3
1. wikieducator.org
2. India study channel.com
3- ogh

(103)
 ^^dksbZ Hkh f'k{kk O;FkZ ugha gSA ;gh dFku nwjLFk f'k{kk ds fy, Hkh
ykxw gksrk gSA ;g vkidks ubZ oLrqvksas dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk
djsxh] vkids f'k{kk Lrj dks c<+k,xh vkSj ,d vPNk O;fDrRo
cuk,xhA**1

bZ&yfu±x ds laca/k esa dgk x;k gS fd

^^bZ&yfu±x f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d u;k fl¼kUr gS tks fd baVjusV
VsDuksykWth }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;g fMftVy fo"k; lwph dks
iznf'kZr djrk gS vkSj f'k{kd o f'k{kkFkhZ nksuksa ds fy, f'k{kkuqdwy
okrkoj.k fufeZr djrk gSA bZ&yfu±x 'kSf{kd lekt o fopkjksa dks rk&mez
fufeZr djrk jgrk gSA2

fczfV'k vkxeu ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa u,&u, fo|ky;ksa]

egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj muesa ls
vf/kdrj vaxzsth ek/;e dsA pw¡fd fo|ky; vkSj fo'ofo|ky; igys
de Fks vkS j cgq r nw j h ij Fks blfy, fo|kfFkZ ; ks a dks ftues a
ckyd&ckfydk,sa Fks mUgsa ehyksa nwj rd ;k=k djuh iM+rh Fkh vkSj dbZ
ckj ufn;ksa dks ikj djds tkuk iM+rk FkkA bl laca/k esa lu~ 1893 esa
Lokeh foosdkuUn th us ,afXo'k esa dgk fd ^^If our girls & boys
are unable to reach the schools, then the schools must
be brought to the door step to every home.** vkSj Lokeh
th us ;g Hkh dgk fd vkus okys lkS o"kksZa esa ,slk vo'; gksxkA3

1. India study channel.com

2. www.researchgate.net
3. Heralding- Education-to-Home (ETH), through E-learning

(104)
 nwjLFk f'k{kk ds laca/k esa dgk x;k gS fd&
"Institutional based, formal education where the
learning group is separate, and where interactive
telecommunication system are used to connect
learners, resources and instructors."1

nwjLFk f'k{kk izkFkfed :i ls esy }kjk nh tkrh Fkh ftls ge

i=kpkj dkslZ Hkh dgrs FksA funsZ'k ds ek/;e izeq[kr% iqLrdsa] isij
MksD;wesUV~l vkSj vU; fizUVsM lkexzh gksrh FkhA fdUrq vc ;g iz.kkyh
,d jaxhu dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr xzzkfQd L=ksrksa ds }kjk iwjh rjg ifjiDo
gks pqdh gSA

orZeku le; esa ,sls dbZ fo'ofo|ky; gaS tks vkWuykbu yfu±x
ds {ks= esa u,&u, fopkjksa ds lkFk vkxs vk, gSaA ehfM;k us gj txg
viuh ig¡qp cukbZ gSA ,d izeq[k egRo dh ckr ;g gS fd bl iz.kkyh esa
,d O;fDr ?kj ij vFkok dk;ZLFky ij jgdj Hkh fMxzh izkIr dj ldrk
gSA 2

tSlk ge lcdks ;g fofnr gS fd vk/kqfud le; esa ehfM;k

loZ= O;kIr gSA ;g gekjh jkst+ejkZ dh ft+Unxh dk fgLlk gSA ehfM;k]
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh ,d izeq[k Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA ehfM;k ,oa
VsDuksykWth esa oks 'kfDr gS tks O;fDrRo dks fu[kkjrh gS] lkFk gh fo'o dks
gekjs orZeku dks le>us esa enn djrh gSA
1. www.articles base.com
2-

(105)
 ge ;g ns[k vkSj le> pqds gSa fd vR;f/kd la[;k esa yksx
baVjusV vkSj rduhfd;ksa ij fuHkZj gks pqds gaSA dbZ lwpukvksa dks ,df=r
djuk] lekpkj i<+uk] laxhr lquuk]pyfp=ksa dks MkmuyksM djuk]
xsEl [ksyuk vkSj dk;Z djuk vkfn] ;s lc ehfM;k ds izeq[k Hkkx gaS
vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, cgqr egRo Hkh j[krs gaSA ehfM;k] laLdkj] [ksy]dwn]
lwpuk,sa] euksjatu ,oa rRdky Kku dks gekjs le{k izLrqr djus esa
vge~ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA1

;gka ij ge mnkgj.k ysrs gSa ^^Zee** pSuy dkA ^^Zee** pSuy

,sls fl¼kUrksa dks lkeus ysdj vk;k gS ftudks mUgksaus uke fn;k& Zee
Interactive Learning System (ZILS)A ;g flLVe u dsoy
ledkyhu vkSj vledkyhu lqfo/kk,as iznku djrk gS vfirq O;fDrxr
vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij mi;qZDr Lkzksr Hkh miyC/k djokrk gSA2

,d losZ ds vuqlkj ik;k x;k fd o"kZ 2008 rd 15 izfr'kr

fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk vkWuykbu fof/k }kjk f'k{kk xzg.k dh xbZ tks o"kZ
2012 esa c<+dj 31 izfr'kr gks xbZA yxHkx 54 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ iwjh
rjg ls mu fo"k;ksa ds vUrxZr f'k{kk izkIr djrs gq, ik, x, tks iwjh rjg
ls VsDuksykWth ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd oks fo|kFkhZ tks
vkWuykbu yfu±x }kjk lh[krs gSa oks ijEijkxr lhuk&c&lhuk iz.kkyh
dh vis{kk csgrj rjhds ls izLrqfr ns ikrs gSaA3

1- fcik'kk pkS/kjh] ehfM;k ,.M yfu±x U;w Mk;esU'ku (vkWu baVjusV)

2. www.articlebase.com
3. www.edtechreview.in

(106)
 vkWuykbu yfuZax orZeku le; esa bl n`f"V ls Hkh egRo j[krh
gS fd ,d rks blds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fMftVy flVhtuf'ki ,oa
baVjusV lqj{kk ds ckjs esa tkx:d cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljk f'k{kdksa dks
fMftVy usfVOl ds ckjs esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA vkWuykbu yfuZax ds 5
rjhds tks 'kSf{kd mRikndrk dks c<+kus dk dk;Z djrs gS%&1

5
Ways
Online learning may
improve
Educational Productivity
vksiu ,oa fMLVsUl yfu±x (nwjLFk f'k{kk) iz.kkyh vius yphysiu
,oa fe=rkiw.kZ O;ogkj ds dkj.k oks 'kfDr j[krh gS fd fo|kFkhZ dfBu ls
dfBu ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh vius vkidks rukoeqDr j[krk gSA2
Increase access to Individualize and differenciate
educational resources Make bette
instruction based on student student and te
and experiences
fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k gS fd ,d cM+h la[;k
performance by automatin
task
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa us cM+s xyr dne mBk;s
EngagetSstudents
ls vkRegR;k
in vkfnAPersonalize
budk learning by
active learning building on student interests
dkj.k gekjh pyrh vk jgh f'k{kk izwith
.kkyh ftles
materials anda fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fdlh
resources
Hkh lfVZfQdsV dks gkfly djuk vkSj ijh{kk esa ikl gksuk bu lc ckrksa
1. www.onlinedegreeprograms.com
2. www.col.org

(107)
ds fy, ck/; fd;k tkuk 'kkfey gSA ftuls vuko';d ruko fo|kFkhZ
vius Hkhrj eglwl djus yxrk gSA vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us
rukoeqDr okrkoj.k cukus esa Hkh ,d vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA1

vLrq% nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fo|kFkhZ ds fy, rukoeqDr f'k{kk dk

okrkoj.k] thou Hkj ds fy, f'k{kk izR;sd O;fDr dh bPNk ,oa vko';drk
ds vk/kkj ij de ruko] LFkku vkSj p;u dh Lora=rk] ijh{kkvksa ij
de ruko vkSj thou dks lqUnjrk ds lkFk thus dk okrkoj.k
miyC/k djkrh gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk ek/;e dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk viuk;k x;kA

vkfFkZd ck/kkvksa ds dkj.k fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus ds
fy, lk/ku dk vHkko gSA ogka Hkkjr esa /khjs&/khjs dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa us
uksV~l miyC/k djkus dh izfØ;k] i=d ewY;kadu iz.kkyh] i=kpkj
dk;ZØe 'kq: dj fn;kA

lqyHkrk ls izos'k] fudkl] fofu;eu] v/;;u dh Lo;aHkwxfr]

ikB~;Øeksa ds p;u esa yphykiu] v/;;u ,oa ijh{kk ds Lo&fu/kkZfjr
LFkku vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa us f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bl nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds
iz;ksx dks lQy cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ;g yxHkx 74
izfr'kr o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lu~ 1995 ls 1998 rd gekjs ns'k esa eqDr
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa okf"kZd ukekadu] flQZ rhu lky eas 2]00]939 ls
3]50000 rd pyk x;k gSA blh rjg lap;h ukekadu yxHkx
1. www.col.org

(108)
(1995esa 5]71983] 1998 esa 10]50]000) nksxquk gks x;k gSA1

ih<+h nj ih<+h VsDuksykWftt+ dk c<+rk Lo:i

Models of Distance
Characteristics of Delivery Technologies

Education and Associated Flexibility Highly Advanced Instructional

Refined Interactive variable Costs
Delivery Technologies Materials Delivery Approaching
Time Place Pace
Zero
FIRST GENERATION
The Correcpondence Model
Print YES YES YES YES NO NO
SECOND GENERATION
The Multi-Media Model
. Print YES YES YES YES NO NO
. Audiotape YES YES YES YES NO NO
. Videotape YES YES YES YES NO NO
. Computer-based Learning YES YES YES YES YES NO
. Interactive Video (Disk & YES YES YES YES YES NO
Tape)
THIRD GENERATION-
The Telelearning Model
. Audioteleconferencing NO NO NO NO YES NO
. Videoteleconferencing NO NO NO NO YES NO
. Audiographics communication NO NO NO YES YES NO
. Broadcast TV/Radio and NO NO NO YES YES NO
Audioteleconferencing
FOURTH GENERATION-
The Flexible Learning Model
. Interactive Multimedia (IMM)
YES YES YES YES YES YES
Online
. Internet based access to
YES YES YES YES YES YES
www resources
. Computer mediated
YES YES YES YES NO YES
communication
FIFTH GENERATION-
The Intriligent Flexible
Learning Model
. Interactive Multimedia (IMM) YES YES YES YES YES YES
Online
. Internet based access to YES YES YES YES YES YES
www resources
. Computer mediated
communication YES YES YES YES YES YES
. Campus portal access to
institutional processes & YES YES YES YES YES YES
resources

(1)
1. www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org

(109)
 bu vkadM+ksa esa vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr fo"k; Hkh
izeq[krk ls Nk=&Nk=kvksa }kjk p;fur fd;k tkrk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ikap pj.kksa esa viuk, x, ftUgsa Øe'k% izFke ih<+h]
f}rh; ih<+h] r`rh; ih<+h] prqFkZ ih<+h ,oa iape ih<+h dgk x;k ftls
Øe'k% mijhfyf[kr lkj.kh }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk pqdk gSA

;gka izLrqr fp= nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;eksa dks ih<+h&nj

ih<+h iznf'kZr djrs gSa%&
1

Print Material

Audio Tape

Video Tape

1. Image received from www.amazingexcel.com

2. Image received from www.deviantarl.com
3. Image received from www.lifetimememoriestodvd.com

(110)
 1

Computer Based
Learning

Audio
Teleconferencing

Video
Conferencing

1. Image received from www.wikispaces.com

2. Image received from www.orange.mu.blog.pgi.com
3. Image received from www.avconferencing.blog.com

(111)
Audiographic Communication 1

Interactive Multi Media Online

1. Image received from www.thesocialvoiceproject.blogspot.com
2. Image received from www.rkmvu.ac.in

(112)
Internet Based 1
Access to
www resources

Computer Mediated Communication

Communication Technologies
1. Image received from www.ourcloudcomputing.wordpress.com
2. Image received from www.blog.pentalks.com
3. Image received from www.nacada.ksu.edu

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 fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa tks laLFkkxr o`f¼ gqbZ
gSa mls ge ;gka iznf'kZr dj jgs gSaA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh laLFkkxr o`f¼

1
o"kZ vksiu nwjLFk f'k{k.k dqy nwjLFk f'k{k.k
fo'ofo|ky; laLFkk,sa laLFkk,sa

1962 & 1 1
1970&71 & 17 17
1975&76 & 22 22
1980&81 1 33 34
1985&66 2 38 40
1990&91 5 46 51
1995&96 7 50 57
2000&01 9 70 79
2005&06 13 104 117
2009&10 14 186 200

1- L=ksr nwjLFk f'k{k.k dfeVh MkVkcsl] 2007

(114)
 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ukekadu ds vk/kkj ij vksiu ;wfuoflZVht+ (OUs)
vkSj nwjLFk f'k{k.k laLFkk,asa (DEIs) dk foHkktu fuEu lkj.kh esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gS&
1
Ø-la- o"kZ SOUs DEIs Total

1 1962&63 & 1]112 1]112

2 1970&71
3 1980&81
4 1985&86
5 1990&91
6 1995&96
7 2000&01
8 2005&06
9 2009&10
& 29]500 29]500
& 1]66]428 29]500
17]009 3]38]090 3]55]090
1]02]820 4]89]994 5]92]814
2]00]939 8]02]061 10]03]000
5]22]506 8]55]494 13]78]000
9]75]844 8]57]680 18]33]524
16]29]732 20]07]012 36]36]744

bl izdkj ge ns[k jgs gSaA fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us vc rd

rhozrk ds lkFk o`f¼ dh gS] tks fd ,d lQyrk dk lwpd gSSA

Debate-Org. ,d ,slk vkWuykbu losZ IysVQkeZ gS tks fd

[kqys :i ls okn&izfrokn dh Lora=rk yksxksa dks nsrk gSA bl losZ esa
djhc 60 izfr'kr yksxksa us dgk fd vkWuykbu f'k{kk izHkko'kkyh gS
1- ek/ko eSuu dfeVh fjiksVZ] 2011

(115)
tcfd 42 izfr'kr yksx vc Hkh ;g ekurs gSa fd ;g f'k{kk iz.kkyh
bruh izHkkoh ugha gSA1

,d vkSj losZ ds vuqlkj ;g ik;k x;k fd lu~ 2002 esa dsoy

2 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ vkWuykbu f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgs Fks tcfd lu~ 2010
rd ;g la[;k 30 izfr'kr rd c<+h vkSj fuekZrkvksa dk ;g Hkh vuqeku
gS fd ;g la[;k 2016 rd 50 izfr'kr rd c<+sxh rFkk fo|kFkhZ
vkWuykbu dkslZ }kjk f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldsaxsA2

Hkys gh vkWuykbu yfu±x /kheh xfr ls py jgh gS fdUrq blesa

dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd fdlh Hkh f'k{kk dks blds ek/;e ls xzg.k fd;k
tk ldrk gSA tSlk fd ge igys gh losZ esa gqbZ o`f¼ ls ;g irk yxk pqds
gSaA laxhr ds ifjizs{; esa vxj ge ckr djsa rks gesa ;g Kkr gS fd dbZ
laxhr fo|kFkhZ izkbosV laxhr f'k{kk] xzg.k djus esa vleFkZ jgrs gSaA
muds fy, vkWuykbu dkslZ cfYd ^^;w V~;wc** ,d l'kDr ek/;e gS
laxhr dks lh[kus ,oa le>us dkA3

BaMs ns'kksa esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr igys blfy, gqbZ D;ksafd 0
ls 400 uhps rkieku ij Nk= d{kk esa cSB gh ugha ldrs FksA blh
dkj.ko'k ysDplZ dks VsDLV vkSj vkWfM;ks Qkby esa cnyk x;k rFkk
baVjusV ds ek/;e ls gj fo|kFkhZ ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA4 Hkkjr
esa Hkh fgekpy] tEewd'ehj BaMs izns'k gSa vr% bl izdkj dh f'k{kk nsuk
vkSj ysuk ykHkizn fl¼ gks jgas gSaA
1. www.opencolleges.edu.au
2- ogh
3- ogh
4- MkW- uferk ;kno] laxhr] i`-la-&22

(116)
 bu lHkh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ;g
f'k{kk iz.kkyh v/;kiu ,oa f'k{k.k ds rkSj rjhdksa rFkk le; fu/kkZj.k ds
lkFk&lkFk xq.koÙkk lac/a kh vis{kkvksa ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk izo's k ekun.Mksa
ds laca/k esa cM+h mnkj gSA1

MkW- 'kadj flag ds vuqlkj& mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= eas gekjs ns'k esa
nwjLFk f'k{kk ds mís'; ls LFkkfir fd, fo'ofo|ky; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;
gSaA ,sls fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjr] ;w-ds- rFkk vU; ns'kksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA bu
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa izos'k vFkok ukekadu ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij muds iwoZ
'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvksa dh t:jr dk ca/ku ugha yxk;k tkrk gSA bl nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh us lekt ds nwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa esa jgus okys oxksZa rd
igq¡pus esa cgqr lgk;rk dh gSA2

;gka dbZ ,slh dfM+;ka izLrqr dh tk jgh gS tks nwjLFk f'k{kk dh

uhfr;ksa ,oa mldh izklafxdrk dks vkSj foLr`r :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djrh
gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk%& dbZ volj ^vksiu* gSa vc&
http://www.livehindustan.com/news/edu/
naidishaye/article1-open-university-269-276-
173077html.

mPprj f'k{kk {ks= esa nwjLFk f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr ubZ uhfr%&

http://www.education.nic.in/hindiweb/DL/DL-
1- eqDr Kkudks"k] fofdihfM;k
2- nwjLFk f'k{kk&fofdihfM;k

(117)
 newspolicy.pdf.

jkT;iky us fd;k nwjorhZ&O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds ØkfUrdkjh

vfHk;ku dk 'kqHkkjEHk%&
http://www.electroniki.com/ARTICLE-1.html.

The International Association for K-12 Online

Learning (http://www.inacol.org)

The United States Distance Learning Association

(http://www.usdla.org)

An Instructional Media Selection Giude for

Distance Learning.
(http://www.usdla.org/html/resources/
2_USDLA)

Instructional_Media_Selection_Guide.pdf, an
official publication of the United States Distance
Learning

http://www.txdla.org/The Texas Distance

Learning Association (TxDLA)1
1. hi-wikipedia-org/wiki/nwjLFk_f'k{kk

(118)
 fLerk pkS/kjh us nwjLFk f'k{kk dh mikns;rk dks dqN bl rjg ls
O;Dr fd;k gS%&

"Distance Learning has provided An Excellent

platform to students for learning at their own
convienience and at their own place. In this rapidly
changing system of learning, if you are working and
need a good degree as well as specialized knowledge
to enhance your career then Distance Education can be
your cup of tea."1

;gka izLrqr lkj.kh esa o"kZ 2009&10 rd dh nwjLFk f'k{k.k

laLFkkvksa dh la[;k ,oa muesa ukekafdr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZ;k
x;k gSA2

1. www.citehr.com
2. www.archive.financialexpress.com

(119)
 bl lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij ;g rks Li"V gksrk gS fd nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh us gj o"kZ izxfr dh gS vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk i¼fr dks izHkkoh cuk;k
gSA Msyh iksLV uked lekpkj if=dk tks fd tkya/kj esa izdkf'kr gksrh
gS] esa v'kksd feÙky th pkalyj vkWQ yoyh izksQs'kuy ;wfuoflZVh
(,y-ih-;w-) us nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds laca/k esa dgk gS fd%&
1

1. www.Lpu.in

(120)
 (Distance Education Secenario in India)
Hkkjr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk n`'; ys[k bl izdkj gS%&1
14 (vksiu ;wfuoflZVh)
[kqys fo'ofo|ky; & 1 us'kuy ;wfuoflZVh vkSj
13 LVsV vksiu ;wfuoflZVhl~
150 Dual mode providers of higher education
120 Open School

dqN flfoy deZPkkfj;ksa us nwjLFk f'k{kk ds laca/k esa dgk gS fd

vksiu yfuZax LdwYl lQyrkvksa dks Hkh fuekZ.k Hkh djrs gSaA muds
fopkj dqN bl izdkj gS%&

fgUnh fo"k; esa ch-,- dh fMxzh iwjh djus ds i'pkr~ IGNOU

(Indira Gandhi National Open University) ls dqekj us
2007 flfoy lsok ijh{kk dks mÙkh.kZ fd;k vkSj mlds i'pkr~ Mcy
,e-,-igys fgUnh esa vkSj fQj ifCyd iksfylh esa mlh fo'ofo|ky; ls
mÙkh.kZ fd;kA
"I think it should not be generalised that distance
learning is inferior to formal education."2

Keshvendra Kumar
Distt. Collector, Wayanad
Kerala, UPSC Rank 45, 2007.
1. www.slideshare.net
2. www.hidustantimes.com

(121)
dksey xkuk=k ds 'kCnksa esa%&
"Formal education system doesn't have the Capacity
to cover each and every student, future belogs to online
& distance education."1

Komal Ganatra
Adminstrative Officer,
Defence hq, Delhi,UPSC Rank 592, 2012.

vkuUn iVsy ds 'kCnksa esa%&

"Distance learning should be promoted in the country
so that a student residing in the remotest part of coun-
try can avail it."2

Anand Patel
Distt. development officer,
Bharuch, Gujrat, UPSC Rank 32,2010

bl izdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh rhozksrj mUufr ds f'k[kj ij

igqap jgh gS vkSj thou ds gj {ks= esa gj le; gj ifjfLFkfruqlkj f'k{kk
1. www.hidustantimes.com
2- ogh

(122)
ds volj miyC/k djkrh gSA thou ds gj {ks= esa ge vkWuykbu yfuZax]
Vhfpax vkfn dk iz;ksx ns[k jgs gSaA mnkgj.k%& vkWuykbu Vhafpax]
vkWuykbu yfuZax vkSj pkgs vkWuykbu 'kksfiax gksA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fy, vko';d gS baVjusV flLVe vPNk

,oa izHkkoh gksA viuh ckr dks nwljs rd igqapkus ds fy, ,d vPNk
usVodZ gksuk cgqr vko';d gS lkFk gh VsDuksykWth dk Kku gksuk Hkh
vko';d gS dEI;wVj] baVjusV dks mi;ksx eas ysus dh tkudkjh Hkh gksuh
pkfg,A
1

VsDuksykWth dh lgk;rk ls nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks vkSj izHkkoh

cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA vr% vU; fo"k;ksa dh Hkkafr laxhr dks
Hkh nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls lh[kk tkus yxk gSA laxhr f'k{kk
dh izxfr ds fy, Hkh tgka ftldh vkSj tSlh vko';drk gks mlds
1. www.gizmag.com

(123)
vuq:i bysDVªksfud midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ,oa lg;ksx fy;k tkus yxk
gS ftlds Hkkoh ifj.kke Hkh vPNs fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA1

;gh ugha bl fo/kk dks vkSj lqyHk ,oa tufiz; cukus ds fy,
fo|kFkhZ ?kj cSBs laxhr f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA blds fy, nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh us dbZ ,sls vk;ke lqyHk djk fn, gSa tSls& dEI;wVj vkSj
fofHkUu lhMhT+k (CDs) ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh
mikns;rk fl¼ gqbZ gSA2

vk/kqfud ;qx esa laxhr dk {ks= bruk foLrkfjr gks pqdk gS fd

blesa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh vFkok vkWuykbu] Vhfpax ,oa yfuZax us
viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkWuykbu laxhr fMxzh vkSj fo"k;
(Course) vkt fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lqyHk gSA

,sls fo|kFkhZ tks laxhr dh f'k{kk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa fdUrq
fdUgha dkj.ko'k (tSls 'kkjhfjd deh] /ku dh deh vkfn) ;g f'k{kk
izkIr djuk muds fy, dfBu gks tkrk gS rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vkWuykbu
Ldwy vkSj ^i=kpkj* dkslZ muds fy, ,sls lqvolj miyC/k djokrk gS
ftldh lgk;rk ls mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh gkfnZd bPNk dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA
vkt dbZ ,sls fo'ofo|ky; gSa tks vkWuykbu dkslZ miyC/k djok jgs gSa
vkSj ftls fo|kFkhZ ?kj cSBs vkSj vius mfpr le;kuqlkj xzg.k dj
ldrk gSA mlds fy, loZizFke fo|kFkhZ dks ;g irk djuk gksrk gS fd
egkfo|ky; vFkok fo'ofo|ky; ekU;rk izkIr gks vkSj blds i'pkr~
1- MkW- egkjkuh 'kekZ] laxhr dyk fogkj] vxLr 2010
2- ogh

(124)
fdruh Qhl vFkok vfrfjDr jkf'k gS bldk Kku vko';d gSA lkFk gh
f'k{kd ds ckjs esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh ysuk Hkh vko';d gksxkA Hkyh Hkkafr
tkudkjh izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ gh ukekadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A1 vU;
fo"k;ksa dh Hkkafr gh bl iz.kkyh dks laxhr f'k{kk us Hkh viuk;k gS vkSj
bldk ykHk lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa us mBk;k gSA Hkys gh laxhr fo"k;] fo|ky;
ikB~;Øe dk gh ,d fgLlk gS fdUrq fQj Hkh fo|ky; ds ckgj Hkh ,slh
dbZ laLFkk,a gS tks fd ekU;rk izkIr gS vkSj laxhr dh f'k{kk ns jgh gSA

nwjLFk f'k{kk iwjs rjhds ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk miyC/k djok jgh
gSA fjdkWfMZax fefDlax vkSj fMftVykbZftax ds dkslZ Hkh bl iz.kkyh ds
}kjk djk, tkrs gSaA 'kks/kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd fpfdRlk
ds {ks= esa Hkh laxhr fpfdRlk ikB~;Øe miyC/k gSA lw{e ,oa fof'k"V
ikB~;Øe tSls uksV's ku flLVe] dkWUlVZ gkWy] vkfdZVDs pj dkslZ vkfn Hkh
fy, tkrs gSa] tks fd ,d izLrqrdrkZ vkSj fuekZrk dks laxhr dh
vk/kkjHkwr tkudkjh dk Kku djkrs gS ftlls vkSj izHkkoh dk;ZØe dks
turk ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA2

laxhr esa Hkh ;ksX; ,oa mfpr lkW¶Vos;j tks fd ;ksX; MkVkcsl ls
la;qDr gks] mldh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks vkWfM;ks] ohfM;ks] VsDLV ds
p;u o fuekZ.k ds lkFk& lkFk mudk laj{k.k Hkh dj ldsA tc rd
lkW¶Vos;j bu lc fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk gksrk gS tks mfpr MkVk dks lqjf{kr
j[krk gS rks og mi;qZDr lkW¶Vos;j gksrk gSA INMUSNET tks
INFLIBNET2 ds ckn fufeZr fd;k x;k og VsDLV dks o fp=ksa dks
1. www.musiced.about.com
2. www.omenad.net

(125)
lqjf{kr djus esa dkQh gn rd viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA1

bl izdkj bu lHkh rduhfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls bl iz.kkyh dh

lkFkZdrk fnuksa fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA fdlh Hkh rduhdh dks iz;ksx esa
ykus ds fy, vko';d rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vfr vko';d gS tSls
dEI;wVj] baVjusV] usVodZ] czkMs dkfLaVx flLVe] vkWfM;ks] ohfM;ks DokfyVh
vkSj Dyh;jVh vkfnA

baVjusV vPNh dEiuh dk gksuk vko';d gS rkfd fdlh Hkh izdkj

dh ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk f'k{kk xzg.k djrs oDr u djuk iM+s lkFk gh
mfpr usVodZ gksxk rks f'k{kk xzg.k djuk vkSj Hkh vklku o lqyHk o
lqUnj gksxkA lkFk gh vkWfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks DokfyVh dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk
vko';d gSA tc rd ,d ls nwljs rd vkokt+ Li"V lqukbZ u nsxh rks
v/;;u djuk O;FkZ gksxkA vr% vkWfM;ks o ohfM;ks flLVe Hkh mfpr
gksuk pkfg,A2

;g Hkh vko';d gS fd izR;sd ns'k ds czkMs dkfLVax flLVe dks ge

le>saA "The electronics communication encompasses
telecommunication, broadcasting and information
technology, leading to a global information,
infrastructura which is capable of carrying any type of
information like text data, video or vioce."3

1. www.inflibnet.uc.in
2- ppkZ] MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt] 17 ebZ 2015] dksVk (jkt-)] izkr% 11%00 cts
3- fot;uUnk ds-vkuUn lkxj ds-] bUQksjes'ku ,.M dE;wfufd'ku VsDuksykWth;,u bf.M;u ilZifs DVo
(vksu baVjusV)

(126)
 "The transmission system can be delivery media
like satelite and cable. Thus the broadcaster has become
an information provider."1

bl izdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh orZeku le; esa viuh izklafxdrk

cuk, gq, gSA "The most advantage of online distance
education is to earn a degree from one's home or work
place. we can get knowledge and information through
charts, maps, graphs, moving images, slides and video
clippings and even audio recordings via internet. It
helps to understand the entire syllabus without the help
of a teacher. The students are able to interact with their
peers through online class projects-mails and also with
the help of online conferencing and chat makes
learning easier and entertaining. The availability of
online libraries with their huge collection of books has
also made the learning process easier and worthwhile."2

;g iz.kkyh vkt ds ;qx esa izR;sd O;fDr dh vko';drkvksa dh

iwfrZ djrh gSA vkus okys Hkfo"; essa ;g u dsoy vPNs ifj.kke ysdj
izLrqr gksxh cfYd tu&tu ds fy, lqyHk gksxhA

1. www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
2. www.slideshare.net

(127)
 dHkh Hkh dksbZ Hkh viuh f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh bPNk dks tks
fdUgha ifjfLFkfro'k xzg.k iwjh ugha gks ikbZ Fkh] mls xzg.k dj ik;sxkA
laxhr dh izk;ksfxd f'k{kk xzg.k dj ik;sxk ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ds ek/
;e lsA ;g ek/;e lHkh nwjLFk f'k{kk ds izdkjksa esa lcls vf/kd l'kDr
ek/;e gS] tks orZeku le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gSaA

(128)
 iape v/;k;
^^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo
,oa vkSfpR;**

(129)
 iape v/;k;
^^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo
,oa vkSfpR;**
Hkkjrh; laxhr dyk vius izkphure Kku ds lkFk vHkh rd
uohurk lesVs gq, gSA vkt rd bl ifo= ,oa lqUnj dyk dh izxfr&tkfr]
izca/k] [;ky] /kzqoin] /kekj] VIik] Bqejh] ½rqxku] yksdxhr] HkfDr
xhr bl izdkj dbZ 'kSfy;ksa esa gqbZA lEiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjr gh dsoy ,d
ek= ,slk dykizseh ns'k gS tks lqe/kqj laxhr ds vf/kdkf/kd fofo/k
izdkjksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA

vkt jkT;ksa dh ,oa dsfUnz; ljdkjsa Hkkjrh; dykvksa ds iqu:RFkku

esa iw.kZ lg;ksx iznku dj jgh gSA xr dbZ o"kksZa esa ,sls mPp Js.kh ds
dykdkj tSls HkkLdj cqok] fe;k¡ tku] vCnqy djhc [kk¡] iyqLdj th]
QS;kt+ [kk¡] gSnj [kk¡] ot+hj [kk¡] gQht+ [kk¡] ia- vkSadkjukFk Bkdqj] cM+s
xqyke vyh [kk¡ vkfn fnoaxr gksdj gels fcNqM+ x, gSaA fdUrq buesa ls
gh dbZ xk;dksa vkSj okndksa ds fjdkWMZ vkt Hkh fo|eku gSa ftUgsa lqudj
Hkkoh ih<+h mudk vuqdj.k dj ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gSA

vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh leLr ew/kZU; dykdkjksa ds ?kjkusnkj

f'k"; vkt Hkh f'k";ksa dks f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSaA blds vfrfjDr Lo;a

(130)
dh laLFkk,sa Hkh dk;Zjr gSa tks laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj esa lfØ; :i ls
viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA bUgha ?kjkusnkj dykdkjksa esa ls dbZ dykdkj
,sls gSa tks nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ%& HkkjrjRu ia- Hkhelsu th tks'kh th ds iq= (fdjkus ?kjkus
ls lacaf/kr)] Jh vkuUn Hkhelsu tks'kh th ohfM;ks dkWUkÝsaflax ds
ek/;e ls nwj cSBs Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks laxhr dh fof/kor f'k{kk iznku dj
jgs gSaA lkFk gh Jh jktsUnz d.Myxkamdj (fdjkuk ?kjkuk)] Hkh vkWuykbu
fof/k }kjk mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSaA

blh izdkj ls mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr ds {ks= esa cgqr ls ,sls ?kjkus
ls lacaf/kr dykdkj gSa] tks ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ds ek/;e ls laxhr
fl[kk jgs gSa vkSj blh ds lkFk gh lkFk nf{k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr ds Hkh
fofHkUu dykdkj mnkgj.kkFkZ%& nf{k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr dk izfl¼ Ldwy
"Carnatic Vocal Music School, Bangalore, Karnataka"
ds ize[q k fo}ku~ dykdkj Jh ykydqMh t;jeu (izfl¼ okW;fyu oknd)
ls Jh 'kadjhd`".ku~ vkSj Jh 'kadjhd`".ku~ ls lqJh oh- fot;y{eh us
laxhr dh f'k{kk izkIr djh vkSj orZeku le; esa ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ds
ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk ;w-,l-,-] flaxkiqj vkfn LFkkuksa ds f'k";ksa
dks iznku dj jgh gSaA ;g dsoy ,d gh Ldwy ugha gS] tks ?kjkusnkj :i
ls py jgk gksA blds vykok cgqr ls ,sls LdwYl gSa tks ubZ ih<+h dks
laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSa vkSj lkFk gh nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk dks Hkh
mruk gh egRo ns jgs gSa ftruk fd iwoZ esa lhuk&c&lhu rkyhe dks nsrs
FksA

(131)
 vkdk'kok.kh ds ikl vkt Hkh dbZ fnXXkt dykdkjksa ds fjdkWMZ
izkIr gSAa blh laxgz dk Vsi ds Åij iqueZnq .z k djus ls mldks Lo;a ds vkSj
laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds dke esa Hkh yk;k tk ldrk gSA

tSlk gesa fofnr gks pqdk gSa fd thou ds gj igyw ij dEI;wVj

vkSj baVjusV dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsuk yxk gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bldh
mi;ksfxrk vkSj Hkh vPNh rjg ls fl¼ gks pqdh gSA

orZeku ;qx ØkfUr dk ;qx gSA lukru f'k{kk i¼fr esa cnyko
vR;Ur vko';d gSA nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk] xq: f'k"; ijEijk ds fy,
ykHkdkjh fl¼ gksxhA laxhr dh l`tu ,oa yksdO;kihdj.k esa nwjLFk
laxhr f'k{kk dk cgqr cM+k egRo gSA1

izk/;kid MkW- jkfxuh f=osnh us dgk gS fd ^^nwjLFk f'k{kk i¼fr

ls tc ,dyO; rS;kj gks ldrk gS rks vkt ds ;qx esa orZeku lalk/kuksa
dk mi;ksx dj dbZ ,dyO; D;ksa rS;kj ugha fd, tk ldrs\**2

jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj us Hkh dgk gS fd ^^;fn gekjs ckyd ,oa

ckfydk,a fo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; rd tkus esa vleFkZ gSa rks fo|ky;ksa
dh f'k{kk dks izR;sd ?kj rd igq¡pkuk ,d vko';d dk;Z gSA**3

laxhr dyk dh mi;ksfxrk dks le>krs gq, ¶yksfjMk E;wft+d

,tqdVs lZ ,lksfl,'ku ds vuqlkj "Music and the fine arts have
1- laxhr if=dk] i`-la-&15] vDVwcj 2002
2- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn] Hkksiky] 27 uoEcj 2000
3- MkW- foTkuuk HkVgkj& gsjfYMax ,tqd's ku&Vw&gkse (vkWu baVjusV)

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been a significant portion of every culture's educational
system for more than 3000 years. The human brain has
been shown to be 'hard wired' for music; there is a
biological basics for music being an important part of
human experience. Music and Arts surrounded daily
life in our present day culture. Most present days
artists, architechts and musicians acquired their
interests during public school fine arts classes...
Education without the fine arts in fundamentally
improverished and subsequently leads to an
impoverished society."1

fofy;e b;jgkVZ (Qksey

Z izl
s hMsUV vkWQ n E;wft+d ,tqdVs lZ bu
us'kuy dkWUÝsal) us Hkh dgk gS fd ^^laxhr] Kku ds lHkh {ks=ksa tSls
xf.kr] foKku] Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] fons'kh Hkk"kk] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj
O;olkf;d f'k{kk vkfn dks c<+krk gSA**2

lxhr Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus dh Hkk"kk gS bl dyk]

laLd`fr dks vkthou thfor j[kus ds fy, nwjLFk laxhr f'k{k.k iz.kkyh
cgqr gh izHkkoh ,oa vPNh iz.kkyh gSA

mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, tks fdUgha dkj.ko'k tSls HkkSxksfyd

ifjfLFkfr;k¡] vR;f/kd nwjh] mfpr ifjfLFkfr dk vHkko vkfn laxhr
1. www.flmusiced.org
2. Morrsison Steven J. "Music Students and Academy Growth"- EBSCO.
Web-20, Feb. 2010

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dh f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ik, fdUrq laxhr esa vR;f/kd :fp j[krs gSa]
,sls dbZ nwjLFk f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky; gSa tks laxhr dh f'k{kk nsrs gSa vkSj
izek.k i= dkslZ ,oa fMxzh miyC/k djokrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ%&

1- cdZyh vkWuykbu%&
;g laxhr dk ,d ,slk fo'ofo|ky; gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,
dbZ O;olkf;d ikB~;Øe] fMxzh izkx
s zke] Lo;a viuk izkx
s zke cukuk ,oa
dbZ ,sls eYVhdkslZ lfVZfQdsV~l ,oa O;fDrxr dkslZst+ miyC/k djokrk
gSA blds ikB~;Øe esa laxhr dk fuekZ.k] izLrqfr] laxhr O;olk;] xhr
fy[kuk] ok|o`Unhdj.k lc dqN fl[kk;k tkrk gSA cdZyh f'k{kdkas }kjk
vkSj iwjs fo'o esa ekU; gSA Lo;a ,-vkj-jgeku tks izfl¼ laxhr fuekZrk
funsZ'kd gSa us blh fo'ofo|ky; ls vkWuykbu laxhr f'k{kk xzg.k dh
vkSj orZeku le; esa vkWuykbu fof/k ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk
iznku dj jgs gSaA1

A.R. REHMAN AT BERKLEE COLLEGE OF MUSIC

1. www.musiced.about.com

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2- osyhflVh LVsV ;wfuoflZVh%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; osyhflVh esa uksFkZ MkdksVk esa fLFkr gS] ;g iwjh
rjg ls nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls laxhr fo"k; esa v.Mjxzstq,V
izksxzke miyC/k djokrk gSA vkWuykbu dkslZst+ ls laxhr dh F;ksjh]
laxhr dk bfrgkl] fi;kuks fl[kuk vkfn miyC/k djokrk gSA ;g dkslZ
lHkh ds fy, miyC/k gSaA laxhr f'k{kd Hkh Lo;a MTNA (Music
Teachers National Association) dh rS;kfj;ksa esa gSA

3- esjh isiVZ Ldwy vkWQ E;wft+d%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ekLVj fMxzh (,e- E;wt+)
miyC/k djokrk gSA

4- tqMl
~ u dkWyst%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ch-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

5- vkscuZ ;wfuoflZVh%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

6- ckWLVkWu ;wfuoflZVh%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh ,oa MkWDVj vkWQ
E;wft+dy vkVZ~l bu E;wft+d ,tqds'ku miyC/k djokrk gSA

(135)
7- LVhQu ,Q-vkfLVu LVsV ;wfuoflZVh%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

8- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ gokbZ ,V euksvk%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

9- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ uksFkZu ykssck%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; bfUMisUMsUV LVMh ,oa laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,-
fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

10- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ lkmFkuZ feflflIih%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; cgqr lkjs laxhr fo"k;d dkslt
sZ + tSls lkaxhfrd
euksfoKku] lkaxhfrd euksjatu vkfn miyC/k djokrk gSA

11- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ uksFkZ VsDlkl%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

12- osLV VsDlkl ,-,.M-,e- ;wfuoflZVh%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr f'k{kk esa ,e-,- fMxzh miyC/k djokrk gSA

13- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ lkmFkuZ eSus%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; laxhr ls lacaf/kr /kqusa cukuk fl[kkrk gSA

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14- bf.M;kuk ;wfuoflZVh%&
;g fo'ofo|ky; ,-,llh- bu E;wft+d VsDuksykWth ,oa dbZ
vkWuykbu izksxzke miyC/k djokrk gSA

15- osa/ke ,dsMeh vkWQ E;wftd%&

;g ,dsMeh fi;kuks ,tqds'ku esa VsDuhdy fMIyksek djokrh gSA

16- iksMUV Cysad E;wft+d Ldwy%&

;g fo'ofo|ky; dbZ O;olkf;d izksxzke miyC/k djokrk gS tSls
laxhr fuekZ.k] /ofu fjdkWfM±x] vkWfM;ks fuekZ.k] laxhr /kqu fuekZ.k]
/ofu fMtkbu] vkWfM;ks fefDlax ,oa xhr ys[ku vkfnA

17- T;ksftZvk isjhfeVj dkWyst%&

bl fo'o fo|ky; ds vkWuykbu izksxzke lgk;d izks- Lysok
ekby ÝwfMgsUVks }kjk fl[kk, tk jgs gSaA dbZ rjg ds F;ksjh vkWuykbu
izksxzke Hkh fl[kk, tkrs gSaA (1&17)1

laxhr dh lHkh fo/kk,sa pkgs xk;u gks oknu gks ;k fQj u`R; lHkh
esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dkjxj gSA lHkh dykvksa dks dyk izseh bl
iz.kkyh dh lgk;rk ls lh[k ldrs gSaA baVjusV ij dbZ vkWuykbu laxhr
d{kk,sa miyC/k gSa tSls%&
Online Classical Vocal Music Class.
Online Guitar Class.
1. www.musiced.about.com

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 Online Dance (Classical/Western) Class.
Online Sitar Class.
Online Piano Class etc.

bl lanHkZ esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls flrkj ok| dks

fl[kkus okys ,d vuqHkoh dykdkj MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt ls gqbZ ckrphr
esa mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd oks ;w-,l-,- (USA) esa fLFkr Jh g"kZ [khaph th
dks flrkj dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSa ftlesa mUgsa fdlh rjg dh dksbZ
ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rkA ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ds ek/;e ls
oks mUgsa ^jkx nsl* fl[kk jgs Fks os ekbØksQksu dk mi;ksx LihdlZ ds
LFkku ij djrs gSa] rkfd vkokT+k Li"V lqukbZ nsA1

muls esjs }kjk iwNs x, iz'u dqN bl izdkj ds Fks ftuds mUgksaus
cM+h gh lqyHkrk ds lkFk mÙkj fn,%&

iz'u 1& fodkl th D;k vkidks nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds }kjk laxhr
fl[kkuk lqyHk yx jgk gS\

mÙkj%& th gk¡] fcYdqyA fiNys pkj&ik¡p o"kksZa ls eSa vkWuykbu d{kk,sa ys

jgk gw¡A eq>s dksbZ ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rk gSA

iz'u 2& ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax esa vkidks dHkh dksbZ rdyhQ gqbZ\

1- ppkZ] MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt] 27 tuojh 2012] dksVk (jkt-) izkr% 11%30 cts

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mÙkj%& ;fn baVjusV dusD'ku mÙke DokfyVh dk gks rks dksbZ leL;k ugha
gksrhA

iz'u 3& D;k blesa xq: oks lc f'k{kkxr ckrsa fo|kFkhZ dks le>k ikrs
gSa tks lhuk&c&lhuk vftZr dh tkrh gSa\

mÙkj%& th] esjs fglkc ls tc fdlh fo|kFkhZ dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ

gks jgh gS ;k fdlh dkj.ko'k oks lhuk&c&lhuk rkyhe ugha ys
ik jgk gks vius ialnhnk f'k{kd ls rks ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ,d
,slk mi;qDr ek/;e gSa tks bu leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k djrk gSA
vr% eq>s blesa fdlh izdkj ls vLkgt eglwl ugha gksrkA

iz'u 4& D;k vkidks /ofu Bhd izdkj ls lqukbZ nsrh gS\

mÙkj%& ;fn f'k{kd ctk;s vkSj fo|kFkhZ lqus rFkk tc fo|kFkhZ ctk;s
vkSj f'k{kd lqus rks /ofu Li"V :i ls lqukbZ nsrh gSA ,d lkFk
ctkus ij ijs'kkuh vkrh gSA (iz'u 1&4)1

1- ppkZ] MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt] 27 tuojh 2012] dksVk (jkt-) izkr% 11%30 cts

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(140)

lk{kkRdkj&MkW- fodkl Hkkj}kt th ds lkFk] ebZ 2014

 ,sls dbZ fo|ky; ,oa fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjr esa Hkh fo|eku gSa] tks
laxhr dh f'k{kk i=kpkj ds ek/;e ls ,oa vkWuykbu fof/k }kjk iznku
djrs gSaA ftu fo|kfFkZ;ksa us dsoy 10$2 ysoy ikl fd;k gS vkSj fdlh
Hkh fo'ofo|ky; ls ch-,- dh fMxzh izkIr dj pqds gSa og Hkh ch- E;wft+d
dj ldrs gSaA muesa ls ,sls dbZ bULVhV~;w'kUl gSa%&

vUukeykbZ ;wfuoflZVh] rfeyukMw

bULVhV~;wV vkWQ dksjsLiksUMsUl ,tqds'ku
;wfuoflZVh vkWQ enzkl
dsfydj vkVZ~l dkWyst] dssjyk
HkkjFkhnlu fo'ofo|ky;] rfeyukMw
Dohu eSjh dkWyst] pSUubZ
HkkjFkh;kj ;wfuoflZVh dks;EcVwj] rfeyukMw
caxky E;wft+d dkWyst] dksydkrk vkfnA1

laxhr gekjh ftUnxh esa ,d vge Hkwfedk j[krk gS] ;g gekjh

laLd`fr dh /kjksgj gSA laxhr oks dgrk gS tks 'kCn ugha dgrsA

"Music helps us speak words

We can not always express."

ckWLVkWu ;wfuoflZVh laxhr f'k{kk ds fy, vkWuykbu Vhfpax ds

ek/;e ls ,sls volj miyC/k djokrh gS tks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh rhoz mUufr
1. www.bestindia.edu.com

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ds fy, vko';d gSA ;g fo'ofo|ky; ch-,-],e-,- ,oa MkWDVj vkWQ
E;wft+dy vkVZ~l bu E;wft+d ,tqds'ku ds dkslZst+ Hkh djokrh gSA1

bafM;u Mkal Ldwy ,d ,slh psfjVscy laLFkk gS tks xkSjh tksx

(Under IRS Section 501 (3) (C) With EIN 26-3110772)
ds }kjk pykbZ xbZ gS tks dRFkd u`R; }kjk 'kkjhfjd LoLF;rk dks c<+kok
nhft, vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ,d vuwBh dyk dks fl[kkrh gSA2

1000 ls Hkh vf/kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lu~ 1999 ls ;g fo|ky;

vk/kkjHkwr u`R; f'k{kk ns jgk gSA t:jreanks dks ;g fo|ky; eq¶r esa Hkh
u`R; dh f'k{kk iznku djrk gSA ;g fo|ky; vkWuykbu dRFkd f'k{kk Hkh
iznku djrk gSA3

uoEcj 2014 rd ;g fo|ky; yxHkx 350 Mkal 'kks uksFkZ

vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr esa dj pqdk gS] ftlesa d`".k yhyk] 'kdqUryk]
>kalh dh jkuh] dRFkd ;k=k] bZLV ehV osLV] Qk;j&n& Qs;jhVsy]
jkek;k.kk] Mkal QkWj vkSyfEid vkfn 'kkfey gSA4

Hkkjrh; laxhr us Hkh bl iz.kkyh dks dkQh gn rd viuk fy;k

gSA orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa ,sls dbZ fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;]
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa NksVh&cM+h laxhr ,dsMeht+ dk;Zjr gSa tks vkWuykbu
vFkok bZ&yfu±x ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSa vkSj mls
tu&tu rd igqp¡ kus dk Hkjld iz;Ru dj jgs gSaA muesa ls dqN ds uke
1. www.musiceducation.bu.edu
2. www.gaurijog.com
3- ogh
4- ogh

(142)
v/kksfyf[kr gSa%&
1. Heralding Education to Home through
e-learning-Vijanana Bhathar

2. Distance Education-BLSI-Alagappauniversity

3. Madhya Pradesh Bhoj University

4. ICOM-International College of Music,

Kuwallalampur, Malasia

5. International Academy of Indian Classical

Music & Art

6. Raga Academy of Indian Music

7. MLN Academy of Music and Dance, Hyderabad

8. Saraswathi Music Academy

9. Vibration Academy of Music, Ahemdabad

10. Swarbhoomi Academy of Music

(143)
11. Shankar Mahadevan Academy of Online Music

12. A.R. Rehman Academy of Online Music

13. Varanasi Academy of Indian Classical Music

14. Deobrat Mishra Academy of Indian Classical

Music

15. Divya Indian Music Academy

16. Online Classes of Indian Vocal Music byDeshpande

17. GAALC Academy of Indian Music

18. Kalpavriksha Online College of Arts

19. Carnatic Music Lessons Online by Sarali on

Skype

20. The Global School of Music and Dance

21. University of Mumbai-Open & Distance Learning

(144)
22. Carnatic University of Music

23. Soma Sarkar Online Music Classes

24. Madhuri Dixit Online Dance Classes

bl izdkj ;g vkSj ,slh dbZ laLFkk,sa gSa tks vkWuykbu Vhfpax

ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iznku dj jgh gSa tks fd
orZeku le; esa bldh egÙkk dks fl¼ djrh gSaA1

MkW- jkfxuh f=osnh ds vuqlkj ^^20oha 'krkCnh ds ckn vkS|ksfxdh

lapkj rduhdh esa rqjUr cnyko vk;k gS vr% f'k{kdksa dh fl[kkus dh
rduhdh esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k gSA**2

ia- fo|k/kj O;kl us vius vkys[k esa dgk gS fd ^^Øec¼ f'k{kk

;kstuk ds vUrxZr fofHkUu izdkj dh laxhr f'k{kk ds fy, ikjEifjd
xq: ,oa xq: f'k"; ijEijk dks ubZ O;oLFkk esa <yuk pkfg,A tks blls
cpdj jgsxk ;k cpus dh dksf'k'k djsxk gkfu mlh dh gh gksxhA gesa
vius laxhr dks fo'o Hkj esa izfrf"Br djuk gS vkSj blds fy, baVjusV
tSlh rduhd de le; esa cgqr cM+k ifj.kke ns ldrh gSA**3

baVjusV ij vkt ,slh dbZ lfoZlst+ ekStwn gSa tks Hkkjrh; laxhr
ls tqM+s dykdkjksa dks fMthVy IysVQkeZ miyC/k djok jgh gSaA blls
1. source-internet(www)
2. www.omenad.net
3- laxhr if=dk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjlaokn i`-la-&17] vDVwcj 2002

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dykdkjksa dks Hkh vk; dk uohu lk/ku izkIr gks jgk gSA

vkt baVjusV ij E;wft+d dk ekdsZV rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA ,sls esa
xkuk MkWV dkWe] vkfVZLV~l vykmM] ek; cS.M] vksds fylu MkWV dkWe
vkSj ¶ykbV tSlh baVjusV lfoZlst+ E;wft+f'k;u dks vius lkFk tksM+ jgh
gS vkSj mUgsa gj eghus vPNk Hkqxrku dj jgh gSaA xkuk MkWV dkWe ns'k dk
lcls cM+k E;wft+d MsLVhus'ku gSA blus gky esa gh 100 Lora= dykdkjksa
ds lkFk lkbu&vi fd;k gSA bl ckjs esa xkuk MkWV dkWe ds okbl
izl
s hMsUV Jh vfouk'k eqMa kfy;j dgrs gSa fd ^^'kh?kz gh ge Lora= dykdkjksa
dk ,d vyx lsD'ku ykWUp djus tk jgs gSaA**1

lkou MkWV dkWe] f/kuxkuk MkWV dkWe vkSj xkuk MkWV dkWe tSls
E;wft+d LVªhfeax IysVQkWeZ~l ij ,MojVkbftax ls feyus okys jsoU;w dk
,d fgLlk dykdkjksa ds lkFk 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gSA vkfVZLV~l vykm.M]
¶ykbV ,oa vksds fylu Jksrkvksa dks IysVQkWeZ~l ls E;wft+d MkmuyksM
djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSaA2

ek;cS.M tSls fMthVy IysVQkWeZ dks lks'ky usVodZ dh rjg rS;kj

fd;k x;k gSA bl ij Lora= dykdkj vius laxhr dks IysVQkWeZ ij csp
ldrs gSaA E;wft+d cS.M lkbQj dk bl ckjs esa dguk gS fd ^^fMthVy
IysVQkWeZ ls dykdkjksa dks Hkh dkQh gn rd ykHk igqp¡ k gSA blls gekjh
igq¡p c<+h gS vkSj gesa irk yx tkrk gS fd dkSu fdl rjg dk E;wft+d
ilan dj jgk gSA3
1- ys[k] jktLFkku if=dk] 4 uoEcj 2012
2- ogh
3- ogh

(146)
 bafM;u jkxk tSls IysVQkWeZ us Hkh ,d bZ&dkselZ LVksj rS;kj fd;k
gS tgk¡ E;wft+f'k;u viuk laxhr csp ldrs gSa vkSj fÝfe;e ekWMy
viuk ldrs gSaA blesa E;wft+f'k;Ul ls csfld Qhl yh tkrh gS vkSj
IysVQkWeZ dh lkjh lqfo/kk,sa nh tkrh gSA blls dykdkjksa dks Qk;nk gks
jgk gSA1

vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us laxhr ds gj {ks= esa vius iSj ilkj
fy, gSaA vc le; vk x;k gS fd bldk mi;ksx vkSj Hkh vPNs rjhds ls
fd;k tk;s] ftlls gekjk laxhr l'kDr] le`¼ vkSj izfrf"Br cu
ldsA laxhr ,d HkkoukRed dyk gS ftldk tqM+ko eu ls gS ^^eu ls
cM+k u dksbZ**A eu dk lqdwu vFkok vkfRed vkuUn gh Hkkjrh; laxhr
gSA

vkWuykbu yfu±x us f'k{kk ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa viuh txg cuk yh

gSA rks laxhr blls vNwrk D;ksa jgs\ thou ds gj igyw dks ;fn xkSj ls
ns[kk tk, rks O;fDr dk thou bruk O;Lr gks pqdk gS fd mls gj dk;Z
dks djus ds fy, vkWuykbu fof/k dk lgkjk ysuk lqyHk yxrk gSA pkgs
oks ,tqds'ku gks O;olk; gks 'kkWfiax gks ;k fQj euksjatuA

orZeku le; esa vkWuykbu 'kkWfiax] vkWuykbu jftLVªs'ku]

vkWuykbu baVjO;wt+] vkWuykbu usV cSafdax] vkWuykbu tkWc] vkWuykbu
fMyhojh vkfn lc dqN vkWuykbu miyC/k gS vkSj fQj tc O;fDr dh
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ bl vkWuykbu fof/k ds }kjk gks jgh gS rks og
1- ys[k] jktLFkku if=dk] 4 uoEcj 2012

(147)
b/kj&m/kj D;ksa HkVdsxkA

laxhr esa Hkh ,slh dbZ osclkbV~l gSa tks ?kj cSBs gh laxhr dh gj
fo/kk dh f'k{kk iznku djrh gSa tSls%&

musictheory.net
howtoplaypiano.ca
playbassnow.com
justineguitar.com
ultimateguitar.com
teoria.com
swarganga.org
raag.hindustani.com
surgyan.com
shadjamadhyam.com
tanarang.com
carnaticindia.com
allmusic.com
onlineriyaz.com
itcsra.org
chandrakantha.com
clilck4classical.com etc.

(148)
 bl izdkj ;g ,oa ,slh vU; dbZ osclkbV~l baVjusV ij
miyC/k gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls bPNqd laxhr fo|kFkhZ laxhr dh f'k{kk
xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA

^fi;kuks ,ulkbDYkksihfM;k* ,d ,slh osclkbV~l gS tks mu

yksxksa ds fy, iwjh rjg lefiZr gS tks fcuk fdlh egaxs ,oa izkbosV
V~;w'ku ds fi;kuks fl[kuk pkgrs gSaA1

;g osclkbV~l fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fi;kuks yfu±x dE;wfuVh ,oa foLr`r

x`g v/;;u ds lkFk fi;kuks dkslZ djokrh gSaA blds }kjk fl[kkbZ tkus
okyh fof/k Hkh dkQh gn rd lQy gSA2

;gk¡ izLrqr fd, x, fp= ;g iznf'kZr djrs gSa fd f'k{kkFkhZ :fp

ds lkFk vius eu dks dsfUnzr dj vkWuykbu fof/k ds ek/;e ls laxhr
lh[k jgs gSaA

bu fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd ns'k Hkj esa nwjLFk

f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx vR;kf/kd vuqikr esa fd;k tk jgk gS lkFk gh
;g vkus okyh ubZ ih<+h ds fy, mi;ksxh ,oa izHkko'kkyh fof/k lkfcr
gks jgh gSA

1- fi;kuks ,ulkbDyksihfM;k&, osclkbV vkWQ fi;kuks Vhfpax

2- ogh

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Image Received from www.youtube.com

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Image Received from www. santoorlessons online.com

(152)

Image Received from www. article.wn.com

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Image Received from www. youtube.com

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Image Received from www. youtube.com

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Image Received from www. article.wn.com

(156)

Image Received from www. youtube.com

 vkWuykbu yfu±x vkSj ijEijkxr yfu±x esa ,d cM+h fo'ks"krk
;g gS fd vkWuykbu] fo|kFkhZ xkuk&ctkuk lh[krk gS dkuksa ls lqudj
tcfd fo|kFkhZ tks ijEijkxr rjhds ls lh[krk gS mls Lojfyfi (uksV's ku)
dks ;kn djuk iM+rk gSA1

vkWuykbu f'k{kk] fo|kFkhZ dks ,d mUeqDr ,oa [kqyk okrkoj.k

miyC/k djokrh gS tgk¡ mUgsa fdlh Hkh rjg ls vius euilan xq:]
xhrksa] izdkjksa ,oa lh[kus dh lkexzh vkfn dk p;u djus dh Lora=rk
gSA
blh lanHkZ esa eksckbZy VsDuksykWth us Hkh vkWuykbu laxhr f'k{kk
dks vkSj izHkko'kkyh cuk;k gSA u,&u, ,Iyhds'kUl tks fd LekVZ
,ujkWbM Qksu dh vko';drk gS] us lc dqN fl[kk fn;k gSA2

^fxVkj izks* ,d ,slk yfu±x Vwy gS tks ,sjksckl laxhr ds }kjk

fufeZr fd;k x;k gS ,oa yksxksa dh fcuk fdlh laxhr fo|ky; rFkk
f'k{kd ds lgk;rk djrk gSA3

fyaMk jslsxqbj us vkWuykbu fxVkj yfu±x ds laca/k esa dgk gS fd

" For biginners (Online) courses can help them to get a
feel for the instrumental and play a few simple songs
for an intermediate or advanced player they can be re-
ally useful to learn a specific style of guitar playing or
simply improve playing skills while having fun."4
1. www.opencolleges.edu.au
2- ogh
3- ogh
4. www.onlinecourse.com

(157)
 fyaMk jslsxqbj ,jksckl laxhr dh ekdsZfVax eSustj gSa vkSj mudk
fo'okl gS fd Hkys gh vkWuykbu dkslZst+ vkSj eksckbZy ,Il cgqr vPNs
lIyhesUVjh VwYl gSa fdUrq fQj Hkh oks ;g eglwl djrh gSa fd fo|kFkhZ]
tks cgqr Å¡psa Lrj rd igq¡puk pkgrs gSa mudks ,d vPNs f'k{kd dh
vko';drk vo'; gksxhA

" If you realy want to learn a musical instrument

and reach a satisfying playing level, you need a good
teacher."1

vkSj ;g ckr dkQh gn rd mfpr Hkh gS D;ksfa d xq: dks ^^xq:cZ ã

z k%
xq:Zfo".kq% xq:Z nsoks egs'ojk%A xq:Zlk{kkRk~ ije~ czãk% rLeS% Jh
xqjosue%AA** lk{kkRk~ ije~ czãk ekuk x;k gSA vr% xq: dh efgek
lnSo ekuh tkrh jgh gS vkSj ekuh tkrh jgsxhA pkgs oks xq: vkWuykbu
fof/k }kjk f'k{kk nsrk gks ;k fQj lhuk&c&lhuk fdUrq xq: dh vfuok;Zrk
gSA
esjs v/;;u ds vUrxZr ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd ftrus vkWuykbu
f'k{kd gSa oks cgqr gh yXku ds lkFk laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksa dks fl[kk jgs
gSa vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ Hkh iwjh :fp ds lkFk lh[k jgs gSaA ;fn xq: esa fl[kkus
dh yxu gS rks og NksVh ls NksVh ckjhd phTk+ Hkh vius f'k"; dks
vkWuykbu fl[kk;sxk ;fn mldh bPNk 'kfDr gks rksA bl fof/k esa le;
dh Hkh dksbZ ck/;rk ugha gSA le; rks vkeus&lkeus cSB dj lh[kus esa
yxrk gSA vkWuykbu esa Hkh vkeus&lkeus cSBk tkrk gS fdUrq vUrj
1. www.onlinecolleges.com

(158)
dsoy ,d bysDVªksfud midj.k dk gksrk gS] fo'ks"k rkSj ij ohfM;ks
dkWuÝsaflax esaA

vr% ^xq: fcu Kku dgk¡ ls ikÅ¡* NUn fcYdqy lR; gSA
vkWuykbu fof/k ls Hkh ,d vPNk xq: mrus gh vPNs rjhds ls fl[kk;sxk
ftruk fd lhuk&c&lhuk i¼fr esaA ;g dsoy xqq: ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
,d vPNs xq: ds fy, nksuksa izdkjksa esa ,d gh ckr gksxhA

vius bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks ewrZ :i iznku djus ds mís'; ls eSu

a s dqN
[;kfr izkIr dykdkjksa ls ckr dh] ftlls eq>s vius dk;Z dks izHkko'kkyh
rFkk ifj.kke dh vksj vxzlj gksus eas cgqr lQyrk feyhA ;g okrkZ;sa
eSaus VsyhQksu] eksckbZy] lk{kkRdkj ,oa bZ&esy ds ek/;e ls dh] ftuls
eq>s dqN vk/kkjHkwr mÙkj Hkh izkIr gq,A dbZ xq.khtu ijEijkxr fof/k
dks gh mÙke ekurs gSa vkSj dqN nksuksa dks leku ekurs gSa ysfdu
vf/kdre yksx nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ykHkizn ekurs gSaA

ia- gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k th ls gq, lk{kkRdkj esa tc eSaus muls

vius fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iz'u iwNk fd vki Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds egRo dks ekurs gSa vFkok ugha rks mUgksaus eq>s dqN bl
rjg ls mÙkj fn;k fd ^^;g dyk HkkoukRed dyk gSA lqj dh efgek dks
lkeus jgdj gh fl[kk tk ldrk gS nwj jgdj ughaA**1

1- ppkZ] ia- gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k] uoEcj 2009] jkf= 7%30 cts

(159)
 mudk bl i{k dks ekuuk Fkk fd xq: f'k"; ijEijk gh
lokZf/kd mfpr gSA

lk{kkRdkj&ia- gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k th ds lkFk uoEcj 2009

(160)
 ia- fo'o eksgu HkV~V th ls eSaus eksckbZy ds okWV~li ,i ds }kjk
bl fo"k; ds lanHkZ esa ckrphr dh] rks mUgksaus dgk fd ^^orZeku le;
esa dykdkj cfYd lHkh brus O;Lr gSa fd ;k=k djus dk ogu ,oa le;
dh ck/;rk vf/kd jgrh gSA ,sls le; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk vFkok vkWuykbu
Vhfpax ,d mÙke fof/k lkfcr gksxhA**1

cukjl ds ia- NUuw yky th feJ dk dguk gS fd ^^laxhr dsoy

xq: f'k"; ijEijk }kjk gh fl[kkbZ tkus okyh dyk gSA**2 budk ekuuk
gSa fd laxhr dsoy lhuk&c&lhu i¼fr }kjk gh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA

bldk dkj.k esjs fglkc ls ;g Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ,sls

egku~ laxhrK tks fd fiNys dkQh o"kksZa ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku djrs
vk jgs gSa vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh vFkok vkWuykbu Vhfpax tSlh ubZ
VsDuksykWth dh vksj mUeq[k ugha gks ik;saxsA blh dkj.k oks bl uohu
rduhd ls vufHkK gSa vkSj bls vHkh rd Lohdkj ugha ik,A

,sls dbZ dykdkj gSa tks vHkh rd Hkh ijEijkxr rjhds ls gh

laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSa vkSj ubZ VsDuksykWth dks viukus ls Mj
jgsa gSaA bldk dkj.k mudk bl fof/k dh rjQ /;ku u nsuk vFkok ubZ
rduhd dks u le>uk gks ldrk gS esjs vuqeku lsA

1- ppkZ] (OgkV~li eSlst }kjk) ia- fo'oeksgu HkV~V] 3 ebZ 2015] jkf= 7%30 cts
2- ppkZ] ia- NUuw yky th feJ] 25 Qjojh 2014] jkf= 8%00 cts

(161)
lk{kkRdkj ia- NUuw yky th feJ ds lkFk] 25 Qjojh 2014

(162)
 Jherh laxhrk cU/kksik/;k; ls gqbZ okrkZ eas mUgksaus esjs }kjk iwNs
x, iz'u dk tokc dqN bl rjg ls fn;k ^^laxhr dks nksuksa gh rjhdksa ls
lh[kk ,oa fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA tSlh le; ,oa fLFkfr dh ekax gks
vko';drkuqlkj mlh rjhds dks viuk;k tk ldrk gSA**1

lk{kkRdkj Jherh laxhrk cU/kksik/;k;] 21 Qjojh 2013

1- ppkZ] Jherh laxhrk cU/kksik/;k;] 21 Qjojh 2012] jkf= 8%30 cts

(163)
 ia- jtuh'k th feJ (ia- jktu feJ th ds lqiq=) }kjk eq>s bl
rjg mÙkj izkIr gqvk fd ^^laxhr dks xq: f'k"; ijEijk }kjk gh lh[kk
tkrk vk jgk gS] ftlesa Hkko egRo j[krs gSa vkSj Hkko ikl jgdj gh
lh[ks tk ldrs gSa nwj jgdj ughaA vkWuykbu Vhfpax vkt ds ;qx esa
izHkkoh gks ldrh gSA**1

Jh jktsUnz th d.Myxkamdj (iwuk] egkjk"Vª) ls Qksu ij gqbZ

ckrphr esa vkiuss vkWuykbu laxhr dh f'k{kk dks cgqr mi;ksxh ,oa
ykHkizn crk;kA vkiuss dgk fd vki orZeku esa ;w-ds- U;wt+hyS.M vkfn
txgksa ij laxhr dh f'k{kk vkWuykbu fof/k ds ek/;e ls iznku dj jgs
gSaA vkids yxHkx 78 f'k"; ns'k Hkj esa vkWuykbu fof/k ls laxhr dh
f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgs gSaA2

Jh euh"k jkT; xq: (xqtjkr) ls gqbZ okrkZ esa bUgksu

a s Hkh nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks 100 izfr'kr izHkkoh ,oa mi;ksxh crk;k gS ,oa le; dh
cpr dks egRork nh gSA vkiuss ,d ,slk lks¶Vos;j Hkh cuk;k gS ftlesa
^lk* ctkus ij 2&3 ?k.Vs ckn Hkh mldh vko`fÙk ugha cnyrh gSA3

eSaus dbZ lkaxhfrd dykdkjksa ls bZ&esy ds }kjk lEidZ LFkkfir

fd;k ftUkesa ls dbZ us eq>s vius tokcksa ls iw.kZ :i ls vk'oLr fd;kA

^Jh g"kZ [khaph* tks ;w-,l-,- esa jgrs gSa ,oa fiNys 4&5 o"kksZa ls
flrkj dh d{kk vkWuykbu fof/k }kjk lh[k jgs gSaA vkidk ekuuk gS fd
1- ppkZ] (Qksu ij) ia- jtuh'k th feJ] 10 ebZ 2015] jkf= 9%00 cts
2- ppkZ] (Qksu ij) Jh jktsUnz th d.Myxkmadj] 4 ebZ 2015] izkr% 10%00 cts
3- ppkZ] (Qksu ij) Jh euh"k jkT;xq:] 4 ebZ 2015] izkr% 11%00 cts

(164)
vxj eu esa lPph yxu gks rks dksbZ Hkh fof/k pkgs vkWuykbu ;k
lhuk&c&lhu] dkjxj lkfcr gksrh gSA vki Hkkjr esa fLFkr vius xq:
ls flrkj dh f'k{kk vkWuykbu fof/k }kjk xzg.k dj jgs gSa ,oa vkidks ;g
fof/k vR;f/kd ykHkizn yxrh gSA1

^'kadj egknsou ,dsMeh* ds lgk;d Jh cdqy th dk dguk gS

fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh cgqr gh ykHkizn gSaA bl ,dsMeh }kjk dbZ izdkj
ds yslsUl tSls%& vkWuykbu okWbl yslsUl] vkWuykbu flafxax yslsUl
vkfn miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSa vkSj orZeku le; esa bl ,dsMeh dk ykHk
vR;f/kd yksx mBk jgs gSaA2

blh izdkj ^fnO; laxhr ,dsMeh* ds vkWfQl vflLVsUV Jh

lq'khy th dk dguk gS fd vkWuykbu iz.kkyh ,d izHkko'kkyh fof/k gS
tks gkbZ LihM baVjusV czksMcsUM dh mÙke DokfyVh ds ek/;e ls vklkuh
ls lh[kh tk ldrh gSA ;g fof/k lQy fof/k gSA ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax ds
ek/;e ls lewg v/;;u cgqr izHkkoh gksrk gSA ubZ ih<+h ds fy, ;g cgqr
lqyHkrk ls miyC/k gSA ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj ds ok;jysl (okbZQkbZ)]
baVjusV dusDVsM fMokblsTk+&MsLdVkWi] ysiVkWi ,oa LekVZ Qksu vc gj
txg miyC/k gSA3 ;g rduhd orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ds fy, cgqr vko';d
,oa mi;ksxh gSA

ia- Jh Hkhelsu tks'kh ds lqiq= ^Jh vkuUn Hkhelsu tks'kh* dk

bl vkWuykbu fof/k vFkok nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk ds laca/k esa er gS fd "
1- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jh g"kZ [khaph] flrkj oknd (;w-,l-,-)
2- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jh cdqy ?kjiqjs] 'kadjegknsou vdsMeh
3- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jh lq'khy th] fnO; laxhr vdsMeh

(165)
Yes, Online teaching is essential and prooven
successful."1

^Jh t;nhi HkkUtk pkS/kjh* dk bl laca/k esa dguk gS fd ^^nwjLFk

f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykHkizn gS ,oa cgqr izHkko'kkyh Hkh gSA vkus okyh ih<+h ds
fy, rks ;g vkSj Hkh vf/kd izHkkoh :i ls ykHkizn gSA**2

^Jh fdj.kiky th* dk dguk gS fd ^^;g iz.kkyh cgqr gh egRo

j[krh gSA ;g cgqr izHkko'kkyh gS lkFk gh ykHkizn Hkh gSA**3

^Jherh lqjfHk vk;kZ* Hkh bl iz.kkyh dks ysdj cM+h ldkjkRed

fopkj/kkjk j[krh gSa vkSj dgrh gS fd ^^;g iz.kkyh laxhr ds {ks= esa
ennxkj ,oa ykHkizn lkfcr gksxh vkus okyh ih<+h vkSj orZeku ih<+h ds
fy,A vkus okys Hkkoh dykdkj vius Kku esa ubZ rduhfd ds iz;ksx ls
vkSj Hkh o`f¼ dj ldrs gSaA**4

dbZ dykdkj tSls%& Jh vjuc ljksnoknd] Jherh fuosfnrk

f'kojkt] lqJh xfjek HkkxZo] MkW-oh-fot; y{eh] Jh b[+ykd gqlSu]
Jh v'khe pkS/kjh] Jherh gsey{eh iVsy] Jh ,u-,p- ikFkkZlkjFkh
vkfn vkSj ,sls dbZ dykdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks cgqr mi;ksxh]
ykHkizn RkFkk izHkko'kkyh ekurs gSaA lkFk gh ;g dykdkj Hkkoh laxhrKksa]
f'k{kdksa ,oa dykdkjksa ds fy, bls vko';d Hkh le>rs gSaA5

1- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) ia- Jh vkuUn Hkhelsu tks'kh th

2- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jh t;nhi HkkUtk
3- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jh fdj.kiky th
4- ppkZ] (bZ&esy }kjk) Jherh lqjfHk vk;kZ
5- bZ&esy }kjk izkIr mÙkj

(166)
 dbZ dykdkj tSls%& ia- lqtku jk.ks] ia- t;oUr cUVokV]
Jh lfpu vksydj] Jherh la/;k JhoRlu] Jherh euhdk eqLrQh] MkW-
fueZy ik.Ms] Jh dqekj vfer oekZ] Jherh iq"dyk xksiky] Jqfr
Jhjke] Jh glw iVsy vkfn] vkSj ,sls dbZ dykdkj gSa tks nksuksa gh
i¼fr;ksa (nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk ,oa lhuk&c&lhuk) dks ykHkizn ,oa mi;ksxh
ekurs gSaA1

blds lkFk gh cgqr de ,sls dykdkj gSa] tSls%& Jherh dkcsjh

pV~Vksik/;k;] Jherh osnkfUrdk eq[kthZ] Jh ds-Jh/kj] Jh vdhy [kku]
Jherh xkSjh xqgk] Jherh vuqjk/kk egs'k] Jh dqcsj lsu xqIrk vkfn dk
ekuuk gS fd ek= lhuk&c&lhu i¼fr gh laxhr ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA2

bu lHkh dykdkjksa ls lk{kkRdkj dj eSa buds }kjk izLrrq fd,

x, fopkjksa ls tku ikbZ fd] orZeku le; esa nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk
iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx Hkkjr esa Hkh fons'kksa dh Hkk¡fr cM+h rhozrk ls fd;k tk
jgk gS] tks bl ckr dh vksj ladsr djrk gS fd ;g iz.kkyh viuh egÙkk
cuk, gq, gS ftldk ykHk ;fn lHkh yksx ysa rks laxhr f'k{kk ds fy, ;g
cgqr vPNk gksxkA

okLro esa ;g fdlh us mfpr dgk gS fd vko';drk vkfo"dkj

dh tuuh gSA bldk mnkgj.k gS ^^nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk**A ;g oks fodYi
gSa ftldk mi;ksx fcuk fdlh ck/;rk ds izR;sd O;fDr dj ldrk gSA
blh iz.kkyh }kjk vU; oSdfYid lk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls nqxZe LFkyksa
1- bZ&esy }kjk izkIr mÙkj
2- ogh

(167)
rd igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA1

,d gh vkWuykbu ,dsMeh esa cgqr lkjs vkWuykbu f'k{kd gksrs

gSa] tks vyx&vyx fo/kkvksa dh f'k{kk iznku djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ%&
vkWuykbu dEiksftax] vkWuykbu flafxax] vkWuykbu bULVqe
z Us V Iysf;ax]
vkWuykbu fefDlax] vkWuykbu fjdksfMZax] vkWuykbu vukmfUlax]
vkWuykbu okWbl ekWM~;wys'ku vkfnA

,slh dbZ vkWuykbu ,dsMfe;k¡ tSls%& fnO; laxhr ,dsMeh]

'kadjegknsou ,dsMeh] ,-vkj-jgeku ,dsMeh] lksek ljdkj vkWuykbu
Dykl] xkYd ,dsMeh vkWQ E;wft+d] ns'kik.Ms vkWuykbu E;wft+d Dykl]
vkWuykbu dukZVd laxhr ikB&lkjyh] Xykscy bafM;u E;wft+d ,dsMeh]
Ldwy vkWQ bafM;u E;wft+d vkWuykbu] okjk.klh ,dsMeh vkWQ bafM;u
Dykfldy E;wft+d vkfn vkSj ,slh dbZ vU; NksVh ,oa cM+h laLFkk,sa
orZeku le; esa vkWuykbu fof/k ds ek/;e ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku
dj jgh gSaA2

ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk ds ijh{k.k gsrq rFkk oSKkfud fu"d"kZ ij

ykus gsrq ifjdYiuk ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds tokc ij lkafa[;dh
fo'ys"k.kkRed rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA blesa izfr'kr fof/k dks
ykxw fd;k x;k gS%&

1- vkpk;Z fxjh'kpUnz JhokLro] (ys[k) ^nwjLFk f'k{kk fof/k vkSj laxhr f'k{k.k] i`-la-&52] viSy
z 2015
2- lzkrs &baVjusV (wwwresources)

(168)
 laxhr f'k{kk ykHkizn gSa&

nwjLFk nwjLFk laxhr ek=

laxhr f'k{kk$ lhuk&c&lhu dqy
f'k{kk lhuk&c&lhu rkyhe ykHkizn
ykHkizn rkyhe ykHkizn
265 64 21 350

(75 izfr'kr) (18 izfr'kr) (6 izfr'kr)

izfr'kr ds }kjk Kkr gqvk fd 75 izfr'kr dykdkj nwjLFk laxhr

f'k{kk dks izeq[krk ls ekurs gSa 18 izfr'kr yksx nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk]
lkFk gh lhuk&c&lhu rkyhe dks f'k{kk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA
ek= 6 izfr'kr gh ,sls laxhr dykdkj gS tks lhuk&c&lhu rkyhe dks
gh egRo nsrs gSaA bldk eq[; :i ls dkj.k tks eq>s le> esa vk;k vkSj
vU; O;fDr;ksa ls] lkFk gh laxhr ds {ks= esa vxz.kh :i ls dk;Zjr
dykdkjksa] laxhrK f'k{kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd tks o`¼ dykdkj gSa oks
ijEijkxr :i ls laxhr dh f'k{kk iznku dj jgs gSa vkSj vk/kqfud
rduhdh fodkl ds lkFk og rkyesy u cSBk ikus ds dkj.k ek=
lhuk&c&lhu rkyhe dks gh egRo ns jgsa gSaA ,sls esa tks O;fDr nwjnjkt+
{ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr gSa ;k fdUgha dkj.kksa ls mu xq.kh xq:tuksa rd ugha igqp¡
ikrs gSa og bl f'k{kk ls oafNr jg tkrs gSaA

(169)
fofHkUu igywvksa }kjk laxhr f'k{kk dk izHkko'kkyh gksuk&

nksu
ksa i
zdk
jksa
}kj
kl
axhr
f'k{
kk
nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk

ek=
lhu
k&c
&l
hu
rky
he
}kj
kl
axhr
f'k{
kk

tks dykdkj vkWuykbu Vhfpax vFkok yfu±x dks udkj jgs gSa oks

(170)
okLro esa bl fof/k dks vHkh rd Lohdkj ugha dj ik, gSaA bldk dkj.k
;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd oks fiNys 30&40 o"kksZa ls yxkrkj xq: f'k";
ijEijk vFkok lhuk&c&lhu i¼fr ls gh f'k{kk iznku djrs vk, gSaA
blfy, oks bl uohu f'k{kk iz.kkyh vFkok VsDuksykWth dh vksj mUeq[k
ugha gks ik, gSaA

vr% nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds izfr brus ldkjkRed fopkjksa

ds i'pkr~ eSa bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ph gw¡ fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk
Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vR;f/kd egRo ,oa vkSfpR; gSA bl vkWuykbu
fof/k dk izpkj&izlkj c<+rk tk jgk gSA u,&u, ek/;eksa dk tSls%& Vsi
fjdkWfM±x] xzkeksQksu] i=&if=dkvksa] vksfM;ks&ohfM;ks vkfn dk ,d
Lrj ds ckn laxhr f'k{kk esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc dksbZ
fo|kFkhZ laxhr 'kkL= dks gh viuk eq[; fo"k; cuk ysrk gS rks nwjLFk
f'k{kk }kjk cgqr dqN f'k{kk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA

f'k{kk ds bl uohure iz;kl esa vk/kqfud ;qx esa oSKkfudksa us

vius peRdkfjd vkfo"dkjksa ls xq:&f'k"; dh nwjh ij fot; izkIr dj
yh gSA ;g VsyhdkWuÝsaflax] ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflax vkfn ds }kjk vc laHko
gks pqdk gSA

vLrq% vc ;g fl¼ gks pqdk gS fd bl iz.kkyh }kjk laxhr dh

f'k{kk iw.kZ :i ls nh tk ldrh gSA bl lsok ds fy, ;g lokZf/kd
vko';d gS fd vkids ikl fdlh vPNh dEiuh dk baVjusV dusD'ku

(171)
miyC/k gksA ysiVkWi Hkh dEI;wVj dk gh ,d NksVk :i gSA vc rks fdlh
Hkh eksckbZy vFkok LekVZ Qksu ij Hkh ;g baVjusV dusD'ku fy;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj laxhr laca/kh fdlh Hkh ,Iyhds'ku dks MkmuyksM fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vr% vk'kk djrh gw¡ fd Hkfo"; esa loZlk/kkj.k ds fy, bldk
mi;ksx lqyHk gksxkA gesa bl uohu rduhdh dk Lokxr djuk gksxk
ftlls gekjs laxhr dks ,d u;k :i izkIr gks ,oa gekjk egku~ Hkkjrh;
laxhr vkSj Hkh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nw ldsA

oLrqr% v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk

f'k{kk iz.kkyh vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ :i ls dk;Z dj jgh gS] ftlls
lh[kus okys fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gks jgs gSaA laxhr ds {ks= esa] nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh dk] orZeku le; dks ns[krs gq, vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

(172)
milagkj

(173)
 milagkj
laxhr vuUr gS] vukfn gSA vr% laxhr ds lac/a k esa ;g ugha dgk
tk ldrk gS fd ;g dc izkjEHk gqvk vkSj bldk vUr dc gksxk fdUrq
fQj Hkh laxhr dk tUe /keZ dh ikou i`"B Hkwfe ij gqvk vkSj rhozksrj
izxfr djrk gqvk gekjk egku~ laxhr viuh pje~ lhek dks Nwus dk
iz;kl djrk jgk gSA u,&u, vkfo"dkjksa] rduhfd;ksa ds iz;ksx ds
lkFk&lkFk gekjs laxhr us Hkh vius vki dks ges'kk thoar] le`¼ ,oa
izxfr'khy cuk, j[kk gSA

bl izxfr'khy ,oa oSKkfud okrkoj.k esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dh Hkkafr

Hkyk laxhr dSls ihNs jg ldrk gS vkSj blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
esjs eu esa dqN iz'uksa us tUe fy;kA tSls D;k ubZ&ubZ rduhfd;ksa dk
iz;ksx gekjs Hkkjrh; laxhr esa fd;k tk ldrk gS\

D;k nwjLFk f'k{kk (Distance Education) laxhr ds fy,

bruh mi;ksxh gks ldsxh ftruh fd vU; fo"k;ksa ds fy, gS\ D;k gekjk
egku~ laxhr bl mPp 'kSf{kd VsDuksykWth ds Lrj dks Lohdkj dj ik,xk\
,sls dbZ iz'uksa ds mÙkj eq>s bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus ds i'pkr~ izkIr
gq, ftls eSaus Lor% gh izkIr fd;kA dbZ o"kks± ds vuojr~ iz;Ru ,oa vius
eu esa mB jgh lHkh ftKklkvksa dh iwfrZ gksus ds i'pkr~ eSa ^^Hkkjrh;
laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds egRo ,oa vkSfpR;** dks tkuus esa
lQy gqbZA

(174)
 nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk ,d ,slh f'k{kk gS ftlesa tulk/kkj.k
fo'oLrjh; ?kVukvksa ls rhoz xfr ls voxr gks tkrk gSA ubZ&ubZ
rduhfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls cM+s ls cM+s dk;Z Hkh vklkuh ls lEiUu gks
tkrs gSA dgha Hkh dHkh Hkh f'k{kk dks xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk
iznku djus o xzg.k djus ds fy, fdlh izdkj dh lgk;rk dk lkeuk
ugha djuk iM+rk gSA

ehyksa nwj cSBs O;fDr ls nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;eksa dh

lgk;rk ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj viuh ckr dks lquk
o le>k tk ldrk gSA bu ek/;eksa ds vUrxZr dEI;wVj] baVjusV]
ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflx] vkWfM;ks dkWuÝsaflx] bZ&esy] VsyhQksu] okWbl pSfVax
vkfn 'kkfey gSA

tulk/kkj.k dks bu ek/;eksa us izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls

izHkkfor fd;k gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh us viuh
vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bl oSKkfud izxfr esa laxhr Hkh vNwrk ugha gSA
laxhr {ks= esa Hkh bl iz.kkyh us viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gSA

ns'k&fons'k eas nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh us vius iSj ilkj fy, gSa vkSj
vHkh rd nl gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd fo"k; bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e
ls i<+k;s tk pqds gSaA fofHkUu vk;keksa ds }kjk laxhr f'k{kk iznku dh
tkus yxh gSA nwj ns'k&fons'k esa cSBs f'k"; dks xq: nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh
ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku dj ldrk gSA

(175)
 bl izdkj eSaus vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds vUrxZr fofHkUu ek/;eksa dh
lgk;rk ls viuh ftKklk dks iw.kZ fd;k vkSj bl 'kks/k dk;Z ds ek/;e
ls nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh Hkkjrh; laxhr esa mi;ksfxrk ,oa egRo dks
tku ldhA

esjs eu esa ges'kk dqN iz'u vuk;kl gh mRiUu gksrs jgrs gaS tSls
fd xq:&f'k"; iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr laxhr f'k{kk dksbZ VsDuksykWth ds
ek/;e ls dSls iznku dj ldrk gS\ pwafd ;g egku~ laxhr f'k{kk
^lhuk&c&lhuk* gh iznku dh tkrh vk jgh gSA rks ;g baVjusV] dEI;wVj]
bZ&esy vFkok ohfM;ks dkWuÝsaflx dh lgk;rk ls D;k laHko vkSj l{ke
Hkh gks ldrh gS\ bUgha iz'uksa ds tokc <w<+us ds iz;kl eas eSaus dbZ xq.kh
tuksa ls Hkh lk{kkRdkj ,oa fopkj foe'kZ fd;kA mUgksaus esjs bl 'kks/k
dk;Z dks vkxs c<+kus esa esjh cgqr lgk;rk dhA

eSaus vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks ik¡p v/;k;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k gS rFkk
^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds egRo vkSj vkSfpR;* dks
le>kus okyh lHkh tkudkfj;ka iw.kZ :i ls lfEefyr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k gSA

izFke v/;k; ^Hkkjrh; laxhr f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk* ds ek/;e

ls eSaus Hkkjrh; laxhr dh /kkj.kk dks rhuksa dkyksa esa tkuus dk iz;Ru
fd;k%& izkphu&dky] e/;&dky] vkSj vk/kqfud&dkyA bl v/;k; ds
ek/;e ls eq>s ;g voxr gqvk fd laxhr dk ijpe rhuksa dkyksa esa gh

(176)
Qgjk;k tk pqdk FkkA tgka izkphu dky ds lkexku esa nsorkvksa dh
Lrqfr ds fy, laxhr ds egRo dks eSaus tkuk ogha e/; dky esa gfjnkl]
lwjnkl] rqylhnkl] ehjk ckbZ] eqFkqLokeh nhf{krkj ';kek'kkL=h vkfn
HkDr&xk;dksa] vehj [kqljks] ia-'kkjaxnso] eqgEen'kkg jaxhys vkfn
egku~ izHkko'kkyh laxhrdkjksa }kjk laxhr dyk dh i;kZIr mUufr dhA
lkFk gh vk/kqfud dky ds nks egku~ lkaxhfrd flrkjksa ia- fo".kq fnxacj
iyqLdj] ia- fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkra[k.Ms }kjk laxhr dh izfr"Bk dks c<+rs
gq, ns[kk ,oa le>kA rhuksa gh dkyksa esa lkaxfrd mUufr dh ijkdk"Bk dks
tSls i;kZIr :i ls le>kA

f}rh; v/;k; ^laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;ke* ds

vUrxZr eSa laxhr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu vk;keksa%& ?kjkuk vk;ke]
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i¼fr] 'kSf{kd rduhdh esa vk|ru fodkl ,oa nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ka izkIr dj ldhA

?kjkuk iz.kkyh vFkok ijEijk ftlesa xq:&f'k"; ijEijk ds

ek/;e ls ^?kjkuk* 'kCn dh egÙkk dks eSaus tkuus dk iz;Ru fd;kA
laxhr esa ^?kjkuk* ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA ?kjkus dh izFkk rhuksa gh
fo/kkvksa esa ikbZ xbZ%& xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R;A izR;sd ?kjkus dh viuh
,d fo'ks"krk gksrh gS tks lkaxhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA bl
v/;k; esa eSaus ia- fo".kq fnxacj iyqLdj ,oa ia-fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms
}kjk fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa laxhr ds mUu;u
dks tkukA vkSipkfjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh vFkok laLFkkxr iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj

(177)
ij laxhr f'k{kk vius mPpre f'k[kj ij fo|eku gks pqdh FkhA

vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr iz.kkyh dh rduhdh esa fodkl gqvk

vkSj dbZ lkaxhfrd laLFkkvksa }kjk laxhr dk oV o`{k QSyk vkSj foLr`r
gqvkA ftlesa fLideSds ,oa ladYi uked dbZ laLFkkvksa us dykdkjksa ds
fy, ekxZn'kZd dk dk;Z fd;kA bl v/;k; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh
ifjHkk"kk dks eSaus lw{e :i ls tkuus dk iz;Ru fd;kA blesa eq>s Kkr
gqvk fd nwjLFk f'k{kk i¼fr og i¼fr gS ftlesa rc f'k{kk iznku dh
tkrh gS tc fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kd 'kkjhfjd :i ls nwj gksrs gSa] fdUrq
ekufld fopkj/kkjk cuh jgrh gSA

r`rh; v/;k; ^nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh* ds ek/;e ls eSa nwjLFk f'k{kk

iz.kkyh] mlds dk;ks]aZ ek/;eks]a mís';ks]a fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa mldh leL;kvksa
dks tku ldhA nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dSls dk;Z djrh gS vkSj fdu&fdu
ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx blds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] buds ckjs esa eq>s voxr
gqvkA bl iz.kkyh ds dqN mís'; gSa ftUgsa eSa vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds vUrxZr
tku ldhA bl iz.kkyh esa tgka ,d vkSj [kwfc;ka gS ogha nwljh vksj dqN
[kkfe;ka Hkh gS ftUgsa eSu
a s bl v/;k; esa le>kA bl iz.kkyh esa eSu
a s nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh }kjk le; dh cpr dks tkuk lkFk gh bl iz.kkyh ds
yphysiu dks le>kA iqLrds]a jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks] dkWuÝsflax]
baVjusV vkfn ds mi;ksx dks le>kA www.(world wide websites)
}kjk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh tkudkjh izkIr dh ldrh gSA

(178)
 laxhr ds {ks= esa baVjusV dh D;k Hkwfedk gS vkSj ;g dSls dk;Z
djrk gS] bldks bl v/;k; ds }kjk eSa tku ldhA blh v/;k; esa eq>s
;g Kkr gqvk fd yxHkx 90 vksiu ;wfuoflZVhT+k iwjs fo'o esa LFkkfir
gS] ftuesa 15 Hkkjr esa gh gSA igyk nwjLFk f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky;]
;wfuoflZVh vkWQ lkmFk vÝhdk 15 Qjojh 1946 dks izkjEHk gqvkA
bl iz.kkyh esa le;] LFkku] f'k{kd dk p;u] ikB~;lkexzh vkfn ds
fy, fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ck/;rk ugha gSA

tgka ,d vksj Lora=rk bl iz.kkyh esa ikbZ xbZ ogha nwljh vksj
vuq'kklughurk] lk{kkRdkj dk vHkko] rqjUr izfriqf"V dk vHkko
vkfn leL;vksa ds ckjs esa Hkh eq>s tkudkjh izkIr gqbZA

prqFkZ v/;k; ^orZeku ifjizs{; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh

izklafxdrk* ds vUrxZr eSaus vk/kqfud le; esa ;g iz.kkyh fdl lhek
rd izklafxd gS ;k mi;ksxh gS bl ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA bl v/;k; ds
}kjk mu yksxksa ds fy, bl iz.kkyh dh vko';drk ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k
gS tks HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa nwj gSa fdlh ifjfLFkfro'k f'k{kk izkIr djus dk
volj [kks pqds gSaA vk/kqfud rduhdh }kjk vxj nwj cSBs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
f'k{kk izkIr gks lds rks ;g ykHkizn vkSj ,d vPNh ckr gksxhA

bl v/;k; esa eSaus ,slh dbZ osclkbV~l ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

izLrqr dh gS ftuesa nwjLFk f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr dbZ egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ka
fufgr gSaA blesa eSaus lu~ 2010 rd dh nwjLFk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh

(179)
la[;k ,oa muesa ukekafdr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;kvkasa dks Hkh n'kkZ;k gS tks
;g ladsr djrh gSa fd bl iz.kkyh us o"kZ nj o"kZ yxkrkj izxfr dh gS
vkSj dj jgh gSA

bl v/;k; esa eSaus baVjusV] usVodZ flLVe ds ckjs esa crkus dk

iz;kl fd;k gS fd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx mUgha ds fy, vf/kd
lkFkZd gS ftUgsa dEI;wVj] baVjusV dk Hkyh&Hkkafr mi;ksx djuk vkrk
gksA bl v/;k; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dh mi;ksfxrk dks fl¼ djrs gq, ;g
crk;k x;k fd ;g f'k{kk vuqi;ksxh ugha gSa vxj ,slk gksrk gS rks yksxksa
}kjk bl iz.kkyh dks cgqr o"kksZa igys udkj fn;k tkrkA ;g mu yksxksa
ds fy, fo'ks"k rkSj ij vf/kd mi;ksxh gS tks viuh f'k{kk O;fDrxr
vFkok lkekU; :i ls fdUgha dkj.ko'k izkjEHk ugha dj ik,A

vkWuykbu yfuZx dk orZeku le; esa cgqr egRo gSa ;g vksiu

yfu±x fo|ky;ksa }kjk lQyrk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ,slk dbZ flfoy
deZpkfj;ksa dk dguk gSA bl v/;k; esa eSsus nwjLFk f'k{kk ds laca/k esa
yksxksa }kjk dgs x, fopkjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSA laxhr f'k{kk dks Hkh
bl iz.kkyh }kjk lh[kk tk jgk gS tks cM+s xoZ dh ckr gSA bl v/;k;
esa] eSa ,sls vuqHkoh yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks tku ldh tks nwjLFk f'k{kk ds
laca/k esa viuh ldkjkRed jk; j[krs gSaA dbZ ,sls lksDVos;j miyC/k gSa
tks fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa] fp=ksa] ohfM;kst+ dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSaA
,sls gh lks¶Vos;j INFIBNET ,oa INMUSNET gSa tks laxhr
laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSaA

(180)
 bl izdkj bl v/;k; }kjk eSaus nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk dh orZeku
le; esa izklafxdrk dks Hkyh&Hkkafr n'kkZus dk iz;Ru fd;kA lkFk gh
orZeku esa ;g fdruk vko';d gS ;g Hkh crkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA pwfa d
O;fDr bruk O;Lr gks pqdk gS fd oks viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
ljyrk ls djuk pkgrk gS vkSj mldk ek/;e gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk vFkok
vkWuykbu fof/kA

iape v/;k; ^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo

,oa vkSfpR;* ds ek/;e ls eSaus bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds egRo dks Hkkjrh;
laxhr ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k gSA ,sls dbZ
dykdkj tSls HkkLdj cqok] fe;k¡ tku] ot+hj [kk¡] iyqLdj th] ia-
vkaSdkjukFk Bkdqj] cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡ vkfn fnoaxr gksdj gels fcNM+
rks x, gS fdUrq buesa ls gh dbZ dykdkjksa ds fjdkMZ vkt Hkh fo|eku
gSaA ftUgsa lqudj Hkkoh ih<+h mudk vuqlj.k dj ldrh gSA ;g nwjLFk
laxhr f'k{kk ds vkSfpR; dk cgqr cM+k mnkgj.k gSA vkdk'kok.kh oks
ek/;e gS ftlds ikl dbZ egRoiw.kZ dykdkjksa ds fjdkWMZl vkt Hkh
miyC/k gSa ftuls Hkkoh dykdkj izsj.kk ys ldrs gSaA

bl v/;k; esa eSaus laxhr Kku dks vU; fo"k;ksa dh gh Hkkafr

vko';d crk;k gSA fofy;e b;jgkVZ tks fd QkseZy izsflMsaV vkWQ n
E;wftd ,twdsVlZ bu us'kuy dkWUÝsUl gSa] us Hkh laxhr dks vU; {ks=
tSls xf.kr] foKku] Hkwxksy] bfrgkl vkfn dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
vko';d ekuk gSA fo'o ds dbZ fo|ky;ksa ,oa eSaus ,sls fo'ofo|ky;ksa

(181)
dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k gS tks vkWuykbu laxhr dh f'k{kk o"kksZa ls nsrs vk
jgs gSa tSls%& cdZyh vkWuykbu] ckWLVkWu ;wfuoflZVh] osyhflVh LVsV
;wfuoflZVh vkfnA lkFk gh ,slh dbZ vkWuykbu laxhr d{kk,sa baVjusV ij
ekStwn gS ftuls dksbZ Hkh dgha Hkh] dHkh Hkh laxhr f'k{kk xzg.k dj
ldrk gS ;g vius vki esa nwjLFk laxhr f'k{kk ds egRo dks mtkxj
djrh gS tSls%&

Online Clasical Music Class.

Online Guitar Class.
Online Dance (Clasical/Western) Class.
Online Sitar Class.
Online Piano Class etc.

bl v/;k; ds vUrxZr dbZ ,sls fo|ky;ksa ,oa ,dsMeh dk Hkh

eSu
a s mYys[k fd;k gS tks Hkkjr esa viuh vkWuykbu laxhr d{kk,sa orZeku
le; esa pyk jgs gSa tSl%s & fnO; laxhr ,dsMeh 'kadj egknsou ,dsMeh]
xkYd ,dsMeh vkWQ E;wft+d vkfn vkSj ,slh vU; dbZ laLFkk,sa orZeku
le; esa dk;Zjr gSaA

xkuk MkWV&dkWe] lkou MkWV&dkWe] f/kuxkuk MkWV&dkWe] bafM;u

jkxk tSls dbZ ,Iyhds'ku baVjusV ij ekStwn gaS tks laxhr dks Jksrkvksa
rd igqapkrh gSA eSaus ,sls dbZ fp=ksa dks bl v/;k; esa iznf'kZr fd;k gS
tks ;g crkrs gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ viuh :fp ds lkFk eu dks dsfUnzr dj

(182)
laxhr lh[k jgs gSaA vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ :i iznku djus ds fy, vkSj
lkFk gh vius fo"k; dh lkFkZdrk fl¼ djus ds mís'; ds fopkj lfEefyr
fd;s gaAS ftuls eSaus VsyhQksu] lk{kkRdkj] bZ&esy ,oa okWbl pSfVax }kjk
lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k gSA bu dykdkjksa }kjk izLrqr fopkjksa us esjs bl
v/;k; dks vkSj lqn`<+rk iznku dh gSA

bl v/;k; esa oks lkjh okrkZ,sa vFkok mÙkj eSaus lfEefyr fd;s
gSa tks eSaus bZ&esy ds ek/;e ls dykdkjksa ls iwNs FksA bu lHkh ds
vk/kkjHkwr tokcksa }kjk esjs 'kks/k fo"k; dh izxk<+rk ,oa lqn`<+rk c<+h gSA

ia- vkuUn Hkhelsu tks'kh th] ia- fo'oeksgu HkV~V] ia- gfjizlkn
pkSjfl;k] ia- jtuh'k th feJ (ia- jktu feJ th ds lqiq=)] Jherh
laxhrk mik/;k;] ia- NUuwyky th feJ] Jh jktsUnz d.Myxkamdj]
euh"k jkT;xq: vkSj ,sls dbZ dykdkjksa }kjk esjs }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa ds
Hkayh&Hkkafr mÙkj fn, x, gSaA eSaus buds }kjk eq>s Hksts x, bZ&esy dks
bl v/;k; esa lfEefyr fd;k gSA

eSaus bl v/;k; esa ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk ds ijh{k.k gsrq rFkk

oSKkfud fu"d"kZ ij igqp¡ us gsrq ifjdYiuk ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds tokcksa
ij lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.kkRed rduhd dk izfr'kr fof/k ds lkFk iz;ksx
fd;k ftlesa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh vR;f/kd izfr'kr ds lkFk egÙkk
fl¼ gks ldsA

(183)
 vr% orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dk egRo
,oa vkSfpR; gSa bls gesa viukuk gksxk rkfd gekjk egku~ laxhr l'kDr
le`¼ ,oa uohu rduhdh okyk gks ik,A ftls ?kj&?kj esa viuk;k tk
lds] xzg.k fd;k tk ldsA

eSa vius vkidks lkSHkkX;'kkyh eglwl djrh gw¡ fd bZ'oj dh

d`ik ,oa vk'khokZn lnSo eq> ij cuk jgs vkSj lkFk gh eSa esjh 'kks/k
funsZf'kdk MkW- (Jherh) fuf'k ekFkqj th dh vR;Ur vkHkkjh gw¡ ftuds
Js"B ekxZn'kZu eas eSaus ^Hkkjrh; laxhr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk egRo
,oa vkSfpR;* fo"k; ij viuk 'kks/kdk;Z lEiw.kZ fd;k vkSj mls mRd`"V
:i iznku djus esa] eSa lQy gqbZA bl fo"k; ij 'kks/k dk;Z djus ds
i'pkr~ eSa bZ'oj ls ;gh izkFkZuk djrh gw¡ fd Hkfo"; esa ;g lqfo/kk
loZlk/kkj.k ds fy, lqyHk gksA ftlls tu&tu rd] ?kj&?kj rd
Hkkjrh; laxhr dh Loj&ygfj;k¡ xwatasA xq:&f'k";ksa dh nwjh ij fot;
izkIr gksA ;g rduhdh Kku lHkh ds fy, vklkuh ls lqyHk gksA Ldkbi]
xwxy] ;kgw vkfn dEifu;k¡ tks baVjusV ij miyC/k gSa] dk mi;ksx lHkh
yksx Hkyh&Hkkafr dj ldsaA

vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk dh ;g iz.kkyh (ohfM;ks dkWuÝasflax) cgqr gh

uohu] mi;ksxh vkSj lQy fof/k gSA bl fof/k }kjk laxhr dh f'k{kk
iw.kZ:i ls nh tk ldrh gSA vc dksbZ Hkh ifjfLFkfr pkgs oks xq:&f'k";
dh nwjh gks vFkok fu;eksa dh ck/;rk laxhr f'k{kk esa :dkoV ugha Mky
ik,xhA

(184)
 ifjf'k"V&1
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lEcaf/kr Nk;k fp=

(185)
(186)

Imgae received from www.hindustanilessoinsonline.com

(187)

Imgae received from www.youtube.com

(188)

Imgae received from www.cliffsmithguitarlessons.com

(189)

Imgae received from www.careerindia.com

(190)

Imgae received from www.naturellyeducational.com

(191)

Imgae received from www.musicclassonline.in

(192)

Imgae received from www.article.wn.com

Imgae received from www.latimes.com

(193)
(194)

Imgae received from www.article.wn.com

(195)

Imgae received from www.blogspot.com

(196)

Imgae received from www.musiclesson.jpg

(197)

Imgae received from www.supertintin.com

(198)

Imgae received from www.cosn.org

 ifjf'k"V&2
lanHkZ xzUFk ,oa lekpkj i=&if=dk,sa

(199)
 lanHkZ xzUFk
fgUnh
MkW- vyduUnk iyuhVdj 'kkL=h; laxhr f'k{kk vkfnR; ifCy'klZ
leL;k,sa ,oa lek/kku nhu (e-iz-)

Jh buk;r [kk¡ nwjLFk f'k{kk vej izdk'ku

ubZ&fnYyh

MkW- /kekZofr JhokLro izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; fo|k

laxhr izdk'ku iksLV
ckWDl ua-
108]dpkSM+h]
okjk.klh

MkW- fuf'k ekFkqj Hkkjrh; laxhr ifCyds'kUl dh]

dykdkj (oa'kkuqØe 57]feJ jktkth
,oa i;kZoj.k) dk jkLrk] t;iqj

Jh clar laxhr fo'kkjn laxhr dk;kZy;]

gkFkjl] (m-iz-)

Jh Hkxor'kj.k 'kekZ Hkkjrh; laxhr dk laxhr dk;kZy;]

bfrgkl gkFkjl] (m-iz-)

Jh vkpk;Z Hkjr ukV~;'kkL= xk;dokM

ifCyds'kUl]
fueZy lkxj

(200)
MkW- e`R;qat; 'kekZ laxhr eSUkqvy ,p-th-
ifCyds'kUl]
ubZ&fnYyh(m-iz-)

MkW- izks- jhrk vjksM+k 'kSf{kd rduhdh izhfe;j fizfUVax

izsl]12]
jkeuxj] lksMkyk]
t;iqj
Jh y{eh ukjk;.k xxZ laxhr fuca/kkoyh laxhr dk;kZy;]
gkFkjl (m-iz-)
MkW- y{eh ukjk;.k xxZ fuca/k laxhr laxhr dk;kZy;]
gkFkjl (m-iz-)
Jh okeu g-ns'k ik.Ms ?kjkusnkj xk;dh ikWiqyj izdk'ku]
eqEcbZ] 1973

Jh oSadV;k ,u- ,tqds'kuy VsDuksykWth ,-ih-,p-

ifCyds'kUl]
ubZ&fnYyh]1996

Jh oSadV;k ,u- ,tqds'kuy VsDuksykWth ,-ih-,p-

ifCyds'kUl]
ubZ&fnYyh]1996

Jh 'kjrpanz Jh/kj laxhr cks/k e/; izns'k fgUnh

ijkatis xzUFk vdkne]
Hkksiky

(201)
MkW- lq'khy dqekj pkScs lkfgR; esa ?kjkuksa dh mÙkj izns'k fgUnh
ppkZ xzUFk
vdkneh]y[kuÅ]
1977

MkW- lq'khy dqekj pkScs gekjk vk/kqfud mÙkj izns'k fgUnh

laxhr xzUFk
vdkneh]y[kuÅ]
1977

MkW- Lora= 'kekZ Hkkjrh; laxhr ,d Vh-,u-HkkxZo

oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ,.M
lUl]1131]
dVjk] bykgkckn

Jherh lq/kk JhokLro Hkkjrh; laxhr ds d`".kk cznlZ]

ewyk/kkj egkRekxka/kh ekxZ]
vtesj

Jh gjh'pUnz JhokLro laxhr fuca/k laxzg laxhr lnu

izFke laLdj.k izdk'ku 1988]
lkmFk eykdk]
bykgkckn

(202)
 laLd`r xzUFk
lkeosn & xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
Jhen~Hkkxor xhrk & xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
Jhjkepfjrekul & xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj

laxhr if=dk,sa
laxhr & laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl
laxhr dyk fogkj & vf[ky Hkkjrh; xkU/koZ
egkfo|ky; e.My
izdk'ku] fejt
Nk;k uV & mÙkj izns'k laxhr ukVd
vdkneh iksLV ckWDl
ua-30] xkserhuxj]
y[kuÅ
dyk le; & ts&1] eaxy Hkou]
bZ&6] egkohj uxj]
vjsjk dkWyksuh]Hkksiky

(203)
 ENCYCLOPEDIA

The Indian Classical Music - Wikipedia, the

free encyclopedia.

The Distance education-wikipedia.

The Encyclopedia of educational technology.

The Indian classical music/selected biogra

phies- wikipedia.

The Indian classical musicians-wikipedia.

The Music of India-wikipedia.

ENGLISH BOOKS
Mr. Cooke, Deryck The language Oxford
of music university
press, Newyork
Mr. K.L. Mukhopadhyay Historical IInd Edition
development Calcutta 1973
of Indian Music A
critical study

(204)
Mrs.Lalita Ramkrishna Musical Heritage Shubhi
of India Publication,
New-Delhi,
2003
Mr. Pande, Santosh Planning Viva books,
& management New-Delhi
in Distance
education
Mr. Ramavtar Vir The music of Pankaj
India publications,
Delhi,1986

WEBSITES
1. www. chandrakantha.com
2. www. online riyaz.com
3. www. surgyan.com
4. www. musicetheory.net
5. www. allmusic.com
6. www. click4classical.com
7. www. omenad.net
8. www. educationsulekha.com
9. www. ignou.ac.in
10. www. musiced.about.com
11. www. youtube.com
12. www. eambalam.com
13. www. study.com
14. www. onlinemusiclessons.net
15. www. hindustanilessonsonline.com
16. www. musicclassonline.in
17. www. artistsworks.com
18. www. planoaround the world.com

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19. www. artistshousemusic.org
20. www. citehr.com
21. www. indiastudychannel.com
22. www. slideshare.net
23. www. articlebase.com
24. www. edtechreview.com
25. www. onlinedegreeprogram.com

ARTICLES

1- An article given by Mr. A.W.Khan on 'Online distance

education:Main speech on internet in 1999 & in educa-
tion 16-17 Dec.1999 in Chennai.'

2- Information by See Dobrian, Chris on 'Music & Artifi-

cial Intelligence' 1992 on Internet.

3- An article by Garrison, D.R. (1985) on 'Three genera-

tion of Technological Innovations Distation educations
6, (2) 235-24' on Internet.

4- IGNOU (2008) Growth & Philosophies of Distance edu-

cations on internet.

5- An article of (laxhr dks feyk baVjusV dk lgkjk) in Rajasthan

Patrika in New trends published on 4th Nov. 2012.

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 lk{kkRdkj
1- ia- gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k
2- ia- NUuw yky feJ
3- Jherh laxhrk cU/kksik/;k;
4- MkW- Jh fodkl Hkkj}kt
5- lqJh xfjek HkkxZo
6- Jhefr lqjfHk vk;Z

'kCndks"k
MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ fgUnh lkfgR; dks"k Kku e.My fy-]
lar dchj jksM]
okjk.kklh m-iz-
Jh foeydkar jk; Hkkjrh; laxhr dks"k vuqoknd enu yky
pkS/kjh O;kl Hkkjrh Kku
ihB] ch&1]45&47
dukV iSysl]
ubZ fnYyh

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