PROJECT ON

“TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE

OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE,
WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS”

FOR PRACTICAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF

AISSCE (2023-2024)

DEMONSTRATION MULTIPURPOSE SCHOOL

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : SUBMITTED BY :

MR . JYOTIPRAKASH PRAHARAJ NAME - KUNAL BISWAL

(PGT Physics) CLASS - XII
SEC - A
ROLL NO -
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report on “To

investigate the dependence of angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a
hollow prism filled one by one, with different
transparent fluids” prepared and submitted
by Kunal Biswal of class XII-A on the subject
of physics for AISSCE Examination, 2023-24,
was done under my supervision and guidance.

Signature of internal Signature of external

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

my Physics teacher Mr. Jyotiprakash Praharaj of
the Department of Physics, D M School for his
vital support, guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not have been
possible. I would also like to express my
gratitude to lab assistant Mr P.M Tarai for his
support during experimenting with this project. I
would also like to thank my family for supporting
me mentally and financially.
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
REQUIREMENTS
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact
angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is that
of a triangular prism with a triangular base and
rectangular sides, and in daily use "prism" usually
refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are
not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms
can be made from any material that is transparent to
the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prisms
can be used to break light up into constituent spectral
colours (the colours of the rainbow). Prisms can also
be used to reflect light or to split light into
components with different polarizations.

Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light

was colourless and that the prism itself produced the
colour. Newton's experiments demonstrated that all
the colours already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion, and that "corpuscles"
(particles) of light were fanned out.
Because particles with different colours travelled at
different speeds through the prism, it was only later
that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle
theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show that colour
is the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength.
Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
colour from one prism through a second prism and
found the colour unchanged. From this, he concluded
that the colours must already be present in the
incoming light and white light consists of a collection
of colours. As the white light passes through the
triangular prism, the light separates into a collection
of colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
violet. This collection of colours formed by the prism
is called the spectrum. The separation of white light
into its spectrum is known as dispersion.

Dispersion occurs because each colour travels

through the prism at different speeds. Violet travels
the slowest through the prism; hence we can see it
refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much faster rate which makes its angle of
refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.
 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to investigate

the dependence of the angle of deviation on
the angle of incidence using a hollow prism
filled with different transparent fluids.
REQUIREMENTS

DRAWING SHEET
DRAWING BOARD
PINS
PENCIL
HOLLOW GLASS PRISM
BENZALDEHYDE
WATER
DIL SULPHURIC ACID
PROTRACTOR
RULER
 THEORY
REFRACTION - The phenomenon of bending of light from its straight
line path on the surface of separation of two optical media is known
as refraction of light.

LAW OF REFRACTION (SNELL’S LAW) - The ratio of the sine of the

angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant
for a given pair of media and for a given color of light.

REFRACTIVE INDEX - The refractive index is the measure of bending

of a light ray when passing from one medium to another. It can also
be defined as the ratio of the velocity of a light ray in an empty
space to the velocity of light in a substance. Refractive index is
usually represented by the symbol (μ).

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE - The angle formed between the normal and

the incident ray at the point of incidence is called the angle of
incidence.

ANGLE OF DEVIATION - The angle between the direction of incident

ray and the emergent ray, is called the angle of deviation.

MINIMUM DEVIATION - A prism is said to be in minimum deviation

position when the angle of incidence at the first surface is equal to
the angle of emergence at the second surface. In such a condition,
the rays travel parallel to the base inside the prism.

DISPERSION - It is the phenomena of the splitting white light into its

seven constituent colors. When passed through the prism is known
as dispersion. All the colors travel at the same speed when they
travel in Vacuum.
PRISM - A prism is a homogeneous, solid, transparent, refracting
medium bounded by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle. The
commonly used prism has two triangular faces that are parallel to
each other and three rectangular surfaces. They are made from
glass or other transparent material cut with precise angles.

The refractive index of the liquid is given by the formula :

U = sin i/sin r = Sin[(a+d)/2]/Sin(a/2)

Where :

U = refractive index of the liquid.

a = angle of minimum deviation
d = angle of prism
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction
 PROCEDURE
Fix the sheet of white paper on the drawing board with a drawing
pin.

Place the prism filled with liquid on the paper and trace its
boundary ‘ABC’.

Mark a point “O” on one of the refracting surfaces and draw a

normal to the surface at this point.

Draw a straight line “PQ” corresponding to the incident ray drawn at

a suitable angle with the normal.

Fix two pins ‘P’ and ‘Q’ about 5cm apart on the incident ray line and
view its image with one eye closed from the side “AC” of the prism.
Fix two pins ‘R’ and ‘S’ such that the tips of these pins and the tips of
images of the incident ray pins ‘P’ and ‘Q’ lie in the same straight
line.

Encircle the pinpricks on the paper, remove the pins ‘P’ and ‘Q’, and
also encircle their pinpricks.

Join points ‘S’ and ‘R’ and produce it backwards to meet the incident
ray “PQ” produced. Thus “RS” is the emergent ray corresponding to
the incident ray (PQ). Draw arrowheads to show the direction of the
rays.

Measure the angle of deviation “δ” with a protractor and measure

the prism angle.
 OBSERVATIONS

BENZALDEHYDE :

S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 45°

02 60° 35° 42°
03 60° 37.5° 40°
04 60° 39° 42°

μ = Sin((60+40/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.504

WATER :
S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 25°

02 60° 35° 22°
03 60° 40° 20°
04 60° 45° 30°

μ = Sin((60+22/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.306

DIL SULPHURIC ACID :

S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 24°

02 60° 40° 23°
03 60° 50° 20°
04 60° 60° 27°

μ = Sin((60+25/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.351
 CONCLUSION
BENZALDEHYDE

Actual = 1.546

Experimental = 1.504

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured value)/actual

value] × 100 %
= [(1.546 - 1.504)/1.546] × 100 %
= 2.71%

WATER

Actual = 1.33

Experimental = 1.306

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured

value)/actual value] × 100 %
= [(1.33 - 1.306)/1.33] × 100 %
= 1.8%

DIL SULPHURIC ACID

Actual = 1.355

Experimental = 1.351

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured

value)/actual value] × 100 %
= [(1.355 - 1.351)/1.355] × 100 %
= 0.29%
 RESULT

The angle of deviation first decreases with an

increase in the angle of incidence, attains a
minimum value, and then increases with a
further increase in the angle of incidence.
SOURCES OF ERROR

Pinpricks may be thick.

Measurements of angles may be wrong.

The pins may not be fixed vertically.

The distance between two pins may be less

than 10mm.
 PRECAUTIONS

Pinpricks should be thin.

Measurement of angles should be correct.

The pins should be fixed vertically.

The distance between two pins should be less

than 10mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Physics textbook of class-XII

Physics Lab Manual

Wikipedia