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Object Constraint Language for Modelling Computer games

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 Object Constraint Language for Modelling Computer games
Sazan kamal sulaiman
Department of Computer Science
Bayan University
Erbil , Iraq
sazan.kamal@bnu.edu.iq
Abstract— Recent years have seen rapid gaming
development. As development speeds up, game complexity
rises. Software engineers are using agile methodologies to
enhance output. In this paper, a meta-model-based computer
gaming model is shown. The meta model was created for
design reusability, with the purpose of building codes that
automatically make implementations in a well-defined manner
by constructing the sections individually and independently for
implementation. Early game makers had little industry or
resources. Space-time game modeling aids in computer game
creation, describes related topics, and provides a game
metamodel. Hand-coded parts and regulations make it harder
to adapt to different game areas. MDD is an innovative
software development method. Some people think drawing is
enough to build a model. Diagrams are also needed. Models
must have a well-defined, abstract syntax-illustrative structure
consistent with met models. Building a space-time model for
games allows for model language research. Meta models and
OCL can close the design-implementation gap. The code
structure facilitates sorting and querying models.
Keywords— game Dama, model , MDD, Gain syntax-
illustrative structure, OCL
I. INTRODUCTION
Video game creation has to be more organized. This
thesis analyzes how modeling can be used to tackle minor
gaming concerns to promote model-driven game
development. Model-driven development (MDD) promotes
design models over implementation because code is
automatically generated from them. Gamers expect yearly
quality updates. MDD tools can use meta-modeling
languages and language workbenches to avoid creating a
game engine from start. Consequently, more people
investigate MDD. This thesis offers an MDD-based
metamodel. Skilled developers can improve MDD's tools,
domain analysis, and language design. We present the meta
model and related concepts, such as abstract syntax and
concrete syntax, using a game space-time modeling example.
A model is a simplified or abstract depiction of a system.
To solve implementation issues, we propose using MDD
for space-time modeling. Complex game software design is
difficult since the problem and solution are often far apart. A
space-time game model simulates gameplay. This method is
like a state space, where player actions modify the state.
This thesis has five parts. In the first chapter, the topic,
problem, and research objectives are introduced. Chapter 2's
literature review explains the study's theoretical foundations.
Chapter 2 discusses implementation methods and
methodology; chapter 3 offers the solution. Future research is
outlined.
A. Problem statement
Computer games have a history of increasing technological
difficulty to satisfy demanding gamers. First-generation
video games often include unusual technologies. Creators
take risks with game technologies. Game design risks, like a
979-8-3503-9676-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Rawshan Nuree Othman
Department of Computer Science
Bayan University
Erbil , Iraq,
rawshan.nuree@bnu.edu.iq
player's perception of a never-implemented feature, cannot
be accounted for. It's hard to predict how the game will play
until it's out, therefore the design may change. Developers
have several tech and design options. The issue
implementation gap, a mental divide between the problem
and implementation domains, makes it hard to develop
complex software. Computer games have the same problem.
B. Objective
The research aims are as follows:
• To demonstrate that a single model is adequate for
all games if just space-time elements are
considered.
• OCL-based model-driven game development.
• To give a structure for investigating the video game
industry.
To this goal, we develop a meta-model on top of C's original
space-time game model. Vaccaro. The following methods
are employed to attain this objective:
• Initially, by extrapolating domain concepts from
the preceding model.
• Second, the implementation of these concepts as
invariants and meta classes in OCL.
• Create a visual representation of the metamodel.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND RELATED WORKS
A. An Overview of Exiting MDGD Approaches
Games have always used models. The level editor
produces a graphical interface for modeling the game world's
level. Engine tools can replicate only a tiny subset of game
resources, including level and presentation data. AI, control,
and rules must be hand-coded in the programmer's native
language or a scripting language. Few modern gaming
engines have script modeling tools. MDD helps software
companies implement. Blow says poor implementation
makes computer games difficult (2004). Blow emphasized
that we need domain-specific languages to allow game
creators to be creative and expressive. Callele (2005) says
DSL influences MDD (DSL). Games have always used
models. DSL's intricacy requires priority [1-3].
B. Methods Provided By the MDGD Approaches
explain how DSL can improve mobile RPGs (RPG).
Marques found the right RPG game engine for collecting
textual and graphic data. Game modeling tools and language
were created. Automatic code production occurs during
model-to-model translation and template-based code
creation. Marques et al. developed ALPiNA-based semantic
validation for two-stage methods (2012)[4].
The loop method with textual markup language can be
utilized to build adventure games, according to Moreno Ger
et al(2006). The game's plot and the document's conclusions
are translated using markup.
added functional semantic relations to the game engine
tree so it could be shared. In 2007, Furtado et al. quantified
video game development[5].
C. MDGD for Board Games
MDGD resembles Altunbay, Cetinkaya, and Metin's
method (2009). Modeling the game using UML class
diagrams. Structure composition
• The board game meta-model is a UML Class
Diagram.
• Game DSL is a metamodel that helps develop game
logic.
• A model-to-model transformation tool converts the
board game model into Game DSL, followed by a
model-to-text translation tool.
The board game industry can design models using UML.
The revelation came from investigating the phenomenon and
creating a UML metamodel. Backgammon and Chess were
modeled with meta-model UML profiles. With new
technologies, models automatically generated code. The
board games meta-model used XML and a meta-modeling
language. XSD verified Chess's XML implementation. The
game's story must be written. GoalThis method automates
board games like chess[6].
The Xpand programming language has Eclipse-compatible
tools. Xpand was the most popular MDGD tool for UML-
based approaches.
Board game-specific game software includes Altunbay,
Cetinkaya, and Metin's 2009 model. The board game model
includes the game engine, game element, player, event,
action, game state, goal, sub-goal, and regulations. "Player,"
"Goal," and "Rules" are universal, but the rest are board
game-specific[7].
MOF must provide metamodel relationships. Code can
be generated from models using MOF script and E core, a
meta-modeling language. For board game meta models, use
XML schema or XSD. . A chess game model could be
transformed to Game DSL with ATL and subsequently to
Java source code with MOFScript[8].
D. Methodology for Spatiotemporal Game Design
Natkin and Vega have created a new video game
modeling technique using spatiotemporal associations
(2003). Using hypergraphs, Petri nets model games. Petri
nets may explain game logic and event flow. Barreto and
Julia (2014) identified the game's logic structure. Depending
on the model complexity and application context, Petri nets
can be represented graphically or mathematically. Natkin et
al. created a method for integrating spatial and temporal
interactions in 2004. Hypergraphs showed the geographical
linkages[9].
Hypergraphs with Petri net semantics would be great.
Examining what tokens in spatial hypergraphs represent and
how this Petri net relates to the transaction net is key.
According to [10], multiplayer goals can be defined, but
the current architecture must be changed to facilitate player
cooperation. Modeling non-player game features including
equipment, weaponry, and power-ups. Discussing testing
environment creation. Level and game designers must build
an intuitive and practical user interface, according [11].
III. MODEL DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT
This chapter introduces MDD subsections (MDD).
Section A discusses MDA. MDA apps must have platform-
independent models. MDA uses UML at various abstraction
layers to provide adaptive code. MDA requires platform-
independent software design (Section B). (PIM). Each
platform has a PDM. PDM adapts PIM to platform modeling
language.
Using a rigorous, machine-readable platform
specification, a Platform-Independent Model (PIM) is
automatically turned into a Platform-Specific Model (PSM).
Each PSM automatically produces the platform PIM. The
Meta Object Facility expresses a UML class's name,
properties, and methods in Section D. (MOF). MOF defines
ERDs' base.
Section E covers Object Constraint Language (OCL) for
UML diagrams. MDA uses class invariants, method
invariants, method pre/post conditions, and class state
transitions in OCL techniques. Design by contract refers to
OCL conditions.
In section F, the benefits of MDD for helping domain
specialists keep up with the expanding requirement for better
video game technologies are explored. This portion
introduces Domain Specific Language (DSL) to express
domain structure, behavior, and requirements. Section G
examines how modeling languages might help create
structured games. Meta-models can be used as templates for
game design. Section H explains how abstract syntax
imposes modeling limits and how concrete syntax can
simplify model components.
A. Model Driven Architecture (MDA)
MDA generates code from models to make designs portable,
interoperable, and reusable. MDA does this by separating
design, implementation, and environment. Understanding,
planning, developing, deploying, operating, maintaining,
and modifying require models. OMG defines and organizes
MDA. The programmer can then build on this skeleton.
There are parameters that facilitate building class models
from code. Braude says reverse engineering synchronizes
planning and execution (2010). Maintaining consistent
formatting from drawing to coding to redesigning can be
difficult. As illustrated in Figure 1, software developers
must ensure that the skeleton code generated for them is
adequate and doesn't require rewriting[12].

Figure. 1: Round trip engineering process [13].
B. Platform Independent Model (PIM)
Model-driven architecture in a PIM provides enough design
and environment information to build compliant code. A
UML with useful additions is used. It must have syntactic
and semantic information. Kleppe et al. (2003) assumed a
class model featuring getFine() for the class Rental was
insufficient to deliver code. Figure 2 explains
getFine(function. )'s Model-driven development uses class
invariants, method invariants, method pre/post conditions,
and class state transitions (MDA). Contractual design relates
to set specifications. OCL defines them. Mathematicians
may be able to use classical formal languages, but business
or system modelers will find them difficult to master and
apply (OMG)[14].
Figure 2. PIM with approximate OCL [15].
C. Platform Specific Models (PSM)
PIM makes every MDA PSM. PSMs aim to improve code
generation. Figure 3 shows a Java PSM, a translation of
figure 2's PIM. Instead of public variables, PIM designs
utilize private variables, "getter" and "setter" functions, etc.
Platform description must be available for PIM to create
PSM. OMG creates these system descriptions[16].
Figure 3. Example of PIM/PSM code transformation [17]
D. UML Action Semantics and Meta Object Facility (MOF)
According to[18], the OMG recognizes four unique model
levels: M0, M1, M2, and M3. A description of a movie store
UML example is included in M0. The architecture of
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Level 0 (M0) is shown
by the movie rental store and other examples. A video game
is an instance of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) at
the M0 maturity level because it is a real-world application.
The M2 layer consists of meta models, the Unified
Modeling Language, and the Object Relational Diagram. In
Figures 4, a sample member model is used to show the
translation process, a required component of several M2
components. Implement one method for calculating M2
components. M3 has certain models that are accurate
representations of M2 components. MetaObject Facility
(MOF) is used to establish the structure of ERD diagrams
and the names, properties, and methods of UML classes.
The translation from UML to MOF appears feasible using
the techniques indicated in figure 4.
Figure 4. MOF specification of UML [19].
E. Object Constraint Language (OCL)
OCL fixes problems with UML when describing system
architecture. Cobot and Gogolla invented OCL in 1995 to
expand an expressive language (2012). In 1997, OCL and
UML were combined. OCL has evolved from its original
use as a UML constraint language to become a fundamental
part of modern model driven engineering, where it defines
meta model operations and conditions. OCL can also be
used to explain model translation, showing how translation
rules are applied while migrating across languages. Boolean
conditions can be used to determine if a context type is met.
Warmer and Kleppe say model component values must be
derived (2003). Variables Everyone, including designers,
must define system acceptance criteria. Your choice of OCL
expressions for class diagrams is very important[20-22].
F. Domain Analysis of the Computer Games
MDD's higher level of abstraction simplifies and streamlines
the solution process by allowing solutions to be stated in
terms of issue domain concepts. The modeling language and
generator must be domain-specific. The larger domain
naturally suggests more complex concepts, allowing for a
more sophisticated language and generator. MDD
techniques must balance abstraction, language complexity,
and domain breadth. This means MDGD requires a suitable
domain. Incorrect domain selection involves too-narrow or returns sorting and model queries. Current technology
too-broad decisions. Long-term economic failure could informs the design of syntax-based modeling languages.
offset a project's MDD success in a small domain. Due to Altunbay et al. say meta model modeling is the basis for
domain limitations, it's hard to reuse language and tools model-to-model and model-to-text conversions [30]. One of
from one project in another. The high initial cost of MDD MDD's basic notions is model-to-model transformations,
technology is rarely recovered in a single project. Too-broad which allows meta model mapping. Model instances can be
domains can cause three significant DSL problems, transformed into meta model instances after meta model
according to [23]. transformations are established. So, we'll profit from tools
that build the ideal meta model [31-37].
G. Developing Modeling Language
Zhu says developers value language because it provides an IV. IMPLEMENTATION
abstraction for development (2014). Syntax, semantics, and In implementation part the contribution of this thesis, which
representation are language pillars. Model notation must is the construction of a metamodel and OCL constraints
follow concrete syntax, the language's representation. based on a space-time model of computer games introduced
Syntax specifies a language's elements, properties, and in the preprint “A space-time model for computer games” of
interactions. Semantics is the mapping of issue domains. C. Vaccaro.
We'll examine how the studied MDGD techniques build
language components to overcome syntactic problems. In order to achieve this, I extract (Figure 5) from the above
Below are five methods for finding linguistic concepts. mentioned space-time model the domain concepts that
There's the product's physical shape, the system's external translate into class diagram and OCL constraints Figure 6.
look and feel, its variability space, domain experts' ideas, Finally Figure 7 presents the graphical representation of this
and the generation's end result. In the semantics section, we class diagram built using the tool StarUML.
study construct meanings and classify languages into two
groups: (1) those with topic-specific semantics and (2) those
with borrowed semantics. DSLs and GPLs are the two.
Syntax can be shown graphically or in writing[24].
H. The Abstract and Concrete Syntax of the Language
The static semantics and concrete syntax of a domain's
abstract syntax are in its meta model. Abstract syntax
explains domain concepts and their interconnections.
Abstract syntax defines grammatically accurate phrases in a
language model. Metamodel languages support class and
attribute systems in other programming languages. Syntax in
C++ defines every legal C++ program. This section covers
designing an abstract syntax for a modeling language with
graphical or textual modeling restrictions. The meta model
language is a simplification of the model-to-model
language, say [25].
OCL can be used to constrain metamodels even if they are
based on UML class diagrams. According to Furtado, meta
modeling entails defining the static semantics, abstract
syntax, and concrete syntax of the metamodel.
[26-29] Previously, we established the issue domain and
Figure 5. Meta model for space time modeling of games
constructed a Meta Object Facility (MOF) meta model, a
language for producing meta models. The code structure
Figure 6. Meta model for space time modeling of games
We provide two examples of games: the first one is for
chess board game and the second one is for Silent Hill 2
video game.
Example for Chess game
Figure 7. Chess board
(https://babyawacs.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/chessboard-icechess-
2.png)
Player: The two opposing players.
GameCharacter: Chess pieces. Alive = active = the piece
is on the board.
GameSpace: Chess board.
CharacterPosition: One single cell.
Cell: Squares of the board; every cell is accessible to any
active character; a cell can be occupied by at most one
character at a time.
Edge: An edge connects two character positions
corresponding to the movement of that character.
GameSpaceAction: Taking an opponent piece, making
check (attacking the opponent king), castling, en passant,
and pawn promotion.
State: A state of the game describes: if it is the turn of black
or white; whether castling (king side or queen side for all
opponents) is possible or not for black and white; whether
en passant is possible or not.
Example for Silent Hill 2 video game
Silent Hill2 is a survival horror video game published in
2001. A map of the game is given in figure 4.5. The player
controls an avatar (James) with unclear goals at the
beginning. To achieve his work he must discover the
environment and fight against enemies and collect objects
like keys, notes, information, etc. in order to solve puzzles.
The game starts at a parking bathroom outside town.
game
The main action sequence the player needs to execute to
complete the first level is explained in figure 3.4. First, get
the map from James car and hit the road to Silent Hill. It is
necessary to win the fight against a creature in order to be
able to continue. But, losing the fight means that the game is
over. After winning the fight, James can execute the next
four actions in arbitrary order:
1.Recover an unclear inscription from a weird monument.
2.Look at the map in the trailer.
3.Find a second map in Neely‟s Bar.
4. Find the apartment key on a dead body.
Items (1), (2) and (3) are optional actions that can be of the first level. After this, James is able to enter the
repeated an infinite number of times without changing the apartment to begin the next level.
course of the game. Item (4) is mandatory and marks the end

Figure 8. Activity diagram for Silent Hill game.

Player: The human player.
CharacterType: The types of enemies, namely: Patient
Demons, Giant Roaches, Mannequins, Nurse Demons,
Underhangers, Doormen.
GameCharacter: James Sunderland, Mary Sheperd-
Sunderland, Angela Orosco, Eddie Dombrowski, Laura,
Maria, plus the enemies.
GameSpace: The space where the characters can move.
CharacterPosition: The cells occupied by the character.
Cell: The minimal portion of space occupied by a character,
for instance if the space is represented by a grid of square
then the cell is a single square.
InteractiveElement: Weapons, supplies, save points.
Edge: an edge connects two character positions
corresponding to the movement of that character.
GameSpaceAction: The actions associated with the
interactive elements, like saving the game in a save point.
Figure 9. Silent Hill 2 game map (https://www.ign.com/faqs/2004/silent-
hill-2-game-maps-ps2-474097)

V. CONCLUSION
This thesis aimed to integrate Model Driven
Development in the video game business. Model-driven
software development merges low-level developer
operations with detailed, domain-specific requirements. This
section should emphasize metamodeling due to its
importance to the process. Transformation in modeling
required a lot of work. This study used meta modeling.
• We've shown that the same technology can replicate
any computer game as long as space-time modeling is
applied (things like the movements of the characters or the
artificial intelligence are thus not part of the model and the
developers must integrate them in the game).
• We also present an example of Object Constraint
Language (OCL), a language used in Model Driven game
development. We examined the gaming domain and made
metamodel recommendations using MOF and UML's
extension mechanism. Our research revealed that developing
concrete syntax from scratch is difficult and that UML
concrete syntax can be used instead..
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