Domestication: The relationship between humans, on the one hand, and

plants and animals, on the other, in which humans play an integral role in
the protection and reproduction of plants and animals.

Technology: The tools used for daily tasks, including farming, food
processing, and food storage.

Community: The term applied to the changes in society and settlement

patterns in the transition to an agricultural way of life.

Lewis Henry Morgan: A nineteenth-century American anthropologist who

viewed the transition to agriculture as marking the boundary between the
period of "savagery" and the period of "barbarism."

Neolithic Revolution: The Term V. Gordon Childe used to describe the

transition to agriculture as an event that affected every aspect of human
society.

David Rindos: An archaeologist who saw agriculture as the result of a

coevolutionary process involving a symbiotic relationship between plant and
animal species.

Tim Ingold: An anthropologist who views the shift from hunting to

agriculture as a shift from trust to domination.

Marshall Shalin: An anthropologist who described hunter-gatherers as the

"original affluent society."

Ester Boserup: An economist whose research suggests that increased

population size might have been the cause of the shift to agriculture.
Broad spectrum adaptation: Exploitation of a wide range of plant and
animal resources characteristic of many hunter-gatherer societies that
preceded the shift to agriculture.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why are contemporary archaeologists and anthropologists critical of Morgan's and
Childe's conception of the origin of agriculture?

2. How do Rindos's ideas about the origins of agriculture differ from Ingold's?

3. Why did Childe choose to describe the origin of agriculture as the Neolithic Revolution?

Fertile crescent: A ribbon of Mediterranean climate that arcs across the

Middle East. It is characterized by dry summers and winter rains with enough
precipitation to support vegetation ranging from woodlands to open park
woodlands.

Ohalo: A kebaran site in northern Israel with excellent preservation of

organic remains.

Natufian: Societies in the Middle East that practiced a broad-spectrum

subsistence strategy that relied on a wide range of resources.

Mallaha: A Natufian site in northern Israel with the remains of oval stone
structures.

Lunate: Tiny, crescent-shaped stone tool characteristic of the Natufian.

Younger Dryas: A period of global climatic stress that had a significant

impact on Natufian society.

Abu Hureyra: A site on the upper Euphrates River in Syria that was occupied
during the Natufian and the Neolithic periods.
Netiv Hagdud: A pre-pottery neo-lithic A site in the Jordan Valley that was
a village of between 20 and 30 houses.

Jericho tower: A 9 meter high structure made of undressed stone and mud
brick dating to the pre-pottery neolithic A.

Jerf el ahmar: A pre-pottery Neolithic A site on the upper Euphrates River in

Syria with the remains of communal structures.

Plastered skulls: Human skulls on which a plaster face has been modeled,
found buried beneath floors on sites dating to the pre- pottery Neolithic B
period.

Rachis: The part of a cereal plant that holds the seed to the stalk and keeps
the seed on the plant until it is harvested.

Catalhoyuk: A late Neolithic site in Turkey that includes rooms decorated

with elaborate frescoes.

Language dispersal hypothesis: The theory that the spread of agricultural

across Europe was the result of the migration of farmers who spoke Indo-
European languages.

Lepenski Vir: An impressive Mesolithic site along the Danube river in Serbia
where structures, burials, and sculptures were found.

Linear Band keramik: The culture of the earliest farming communities

that emerged around 7,200 years ago in central and western Europe; also
referred to as LBK culture.
Talheim: An LBK site in Germany where a pit containing a mass grave was
discovered.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Can the development of agriculture in the Middle East be described as a
"Neolithic Revolution"?
2. In what ways does the Natufian period differ from the preceding Kebaran
and Geometric Kebaran period?

3. What is the evidence and significance of ritual behavior during the Early
Neolithic?
4. What are the opposing views of how agriculture came to be adopted in
Europe? Why is the LBK significant to this debate?

Teosinte: A wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico; the wild ancestor of
maize.

Tehuacân Valley: A valley in the Mexican highlands where excavations by

Richard MacNeish recovered some of the earliest evidence of domesticated
plants in Mesoamerica.

Guilá Naquitz: A site in Oaxaca, Mexico, that has produced the earliest
evidence of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica.

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating: A refined

method of radiocarbon dating that makes it possible to date very small
samples, including plant remains.

Cerro Juanaqueña: An early agricultural site in northern Mexico with

extensive evidence of terracing and other stone-built features.
Optimal foraging theory: A theory based on the assumption that the
choices people make reflect rational self-interest in maximizing efficiency
when collecting and processing resources.

Milagro: An early agricultural village located outside Tucson, Arizona.

Las Capas: A site near Tucson, Ari-zona, where an Archaic village and canal
system have been discovered.

shell middens: Sites built up with large accumulations of discarded shells.

Poverty Point: A Late Archaic site in Louisiana with a series of six concentric
embankments.

Adena: A period of intensive mound building in the Ohio River Valley; it

corresponds to the Early Woodland culture.

Hopewell: A period of intensive mound building in the Ohio River Valley; it

corresponds to the Middle Woodland culture.

Vacant center pattern: The model that sees the Hopewell earthworks as the
empty core of a dispersed settlement system.

Review questions:

1. What is known about the initial domestication of squash and maize?

2. What impact did the spread of maize have on Southwest Archaic societies?
Was the effect the same throughout the region?
3. What was the social and economic context surrounding the construction of
the Adena and Hopewell mounds?
4. What is the basis for Watson and Kennedy's critique of models for the
origin of agriculture in eastern North America? What model do they propose?

Sahara Desert: The most dominant feature of the North African landscape
today. Between 14,000 and 4,500 years ago, there was increased rainfall in
the area, allowing for human occupation.
Nabta Playa: An area in the Egyptian Western Desert that was the location
of a series of preagricultural and early agricultural sites located along the
edge of a lake.

Uan Afuda: A preagricultural site in the Sahara that yielded evidence that
wild sheep were kept in pens in the back of a cave.

Gobero: A site in the Sahara alongside an ancient lake where a hunter-

gatherer occupation dating to between 9,700 and 8,200 years ago has been
discovered.

pastoral societies: Mobile societies with an economy based on herds of

domesticated animals.

Kuk Swamp: A site in highland New Guinea that has produced early evidence
of agriculture.

Humboldt Current: A current that brings cool waters from the south up
along the Andean coast, accounting for the remarkable wealth of marine
resources in the area.

Guitarrero Cave: A site in the Andean highlands of Peru where excavations

uncovered the earliest evidence of domesticated beans dating to 4,300 years
ago.

Llamas: Camelid animals are domesticated in the Andean highlands;

guanacos are the ancestral species of lamas.

Alpacas: Camelid animals domes-ticated in the Andean highlands; vicuñas

are the ancestral species of alpacas.

Paloma: A preagricultural village site on the coast of Peru.

Cotton Preceramic: The period beginning 5,700 years ago when sites with
monumental architecture flourished on the coast of Peru.

El Niño: A severe reversal of the Humboldt Current that causes a massive

decline in marine resources along the Andean coast.

Rice: A major cereal crop domesticated in southern China in the Yangtze

and Huai River Valleys.

Millet: A cereal crop domesticated in northern China in the region around

the Yellow River Valley.

Yangtze and Huai River Valleys: The area of southern China where rice
was domesticated.

Yellow River Valley: The area in northern China where millet was
domesticated.

Jomon: Japanese preagricultural societies that lived in large villages and

produced elaborate pottery.

Pengtoushan: A site in southern China that has produced some of the

earliest evidence of domesticated rice, dating to approximately 9,000 years
ago.
Cishan: A site in northern China that has yielded dates of 10,000 years ago
for domesticated millet.

Yangshao culture: A Neolithic culture in northern China that is

particularly well represented in the village site of Banpo.

Banpo: A large farming village located in the Yellow River Valley (China)
dating to the Yangshao culture.

Hemudu: A well-preserved rice-farming village in southern China.

1. Do any aspects of the pattern of domestication in the Middle East fit in
with the case studies in this chapter?
2. In what ways was the origin of agriculture in New Guinea unique?
3. What does Bruce Smith mean by a territory "in between" hunting and
gathering, on the one hand, and farming, on the other? What are some
examples of such "in-between" societies?
4. What generalizations can be made about pottery and the origins of
agriculture?

Stonehenge: A ring of massive standing stones on the Salisbury Plain,

England, that was constructed beginning in the Early Neolithic and ending in
the Early Bronze Age.

bluestones: A ring of standing stones at the center of Stonehenge. The

source of the stones is over 240 kilometers from Stonehenge.

Sarsen Circle: A circle of massive upright sandstone blocks capped with

lintels set up in the central area of Stonehenge.

Trilithons: Three pairs of upright sandstone blocks capped with lintels at

Stonehenge located within the Sarsen Circle.

Durrington Walls: A site on the Avon River near Stonehenge with three
monumental timber circles and evidence of occupation.

Amesbury Archer: A burial with a range of elite burial goods found near
Stonehenge.

Chaco Canyon: A canyon in New Mexico that became the center of a

regional settlement network and the site of the construction of large,
multistoried structures, known as Great Houses, beginning around A.D. 800.
Great Houses: Large, multistoried structures located at Chaco Canyon, New
Mexico, that became the center of a regional settlement network beginning
around A.D. 800.

Pueblo Bonito: A massive 650-room complex, the largest Great House in

Chaco Canyon.

kivas: Subterranean circular chambers found on sites in the American

Southwest.

Chacoan Network: A road system that links Chaco Canyon with sites
covering a large part of what is today the Four Corners region of the
American Southwest.

Cahokia: A large settlement dating to the Mississippian Period located just

outside of St. Louis.

Monk's Mound: A massive earthen pyramid occupying the core of the

ancient settlement of Cahokia.

Grand Plaza: An artificially cleared and leveled area at the core of Cahokia
located just to the south of Monk's Mound.

Great Zimbabwe: A large settlement in modern Zimbabwe that includes the

remains of impressive stone enclosures and was built between A.D. 1300 and
A.D. 1450.

Dhaka: A mixture of clay and gravel that was used for building huts at Great
Zimbabwe.

Mapungubwe: A predecessor to Great Zimbabwe; located in South Africa, it

features an elite residence situated within a walled compound.

Review of Questions:
1.How did Stonehenge fit into a large settlement landscape? Is it associated
with a large settlement or other monuments?
2. What similarities and differences are there between Pueblo Bonito and
Cahokia?
3. What evidence is there that part of the power of elites in the complex
societies discussed in this chapter rested on their control over trade routes?
What other sources of power emerge from these case studies?

Mesopotamia: A region along the course of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
centred in modern Iraq.

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Two large rivers that were the focus for the
development of Mesopotamian civilization.

Uruk period: The period between 4000 B.C. and 3200 . C.C. during which the
first cities in Mesopotamia were developed.

Early Dynastic period: The period that follows the Uruk period, during
which southern Mesopotamia was home to a series of city-states.

Uruk: The oldest known city in the world, located in southern Iraq.

Ziggurat: A stepped pyramid found in many Mesopotamian temple

precincts.

bevel-rim bowls: Small undecorated vessels made of coarse clay that are
ubiquitous on Uruk-period sites.

Royal Tombs at Ur: The Royal Tombs at Ur dating to the Early Dynastic
period include a wealth of burial offerings along with the skeletons of large
numbers people killed as part of the burial ritual.

cuneiform: A writing system in which signs were impressed in wet clay.

Cuneiform was used to write a range of languages, including Sumerian and
Akkadian.
cylinder seals: One of the methods developed by Mesopotamian scribes to
mark ownership.

Habuba Kebira: An Uruk colony located on the upper reaches of the

Euphrates River in northern Syria.

Nile Valley: A swath of lush vegetation descending from the highlands of

Ethiopia and standing in sharp contrast to the surrounding desert.

Upper Egypt: The southern Egyptian Nile River Valley ending in a series of
cataracts, or rapids, in the area around the modern border between Egypt
and Sudan.

Lower Egypt: The northern part of the Egyptian Nile River Valley, including
the Nile Delta.

Narmer Palette: An artifact discovered at the site of Hierakonpolis; its two

sides show the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer.

First Dynasty: The dynasty based in Hierakonpolis and Abydos in Upper

Egypt.
Hierakonpolis: Along with Abydos, one of the two centers of Egypt during
the late Predynastic period and the First Dynasty.
Abydos: The site of the royal cemetery of Egypt during the First and Second
Dynasties.

Ma’at: A concept that combines the virtues of balance and justice; it was of
central importance to Egyptian society.

Knossos: A site excavated by Arthur Evans that is the largest Minoan

settlement.

Minoan: A Bronze Age society located on the island of Crete.

Mycenaean: A Bronze Age society that developed on the Peloponnese
Peninsula and in central Greece.

Lion Gate: An important example of Mycenaean defensive architecture.

Early state modules: Colin Ren-frew's term to describe autonomous political

units.

Peer polity interaction: Colin Renfrew's term to describe the full range of
exchanges taking place between autonomous sociopolitical units.

Heterarchy: The relationship of elements to one another when they are not
ranked.

Megaron: A large hall located at the center of the Mycenaean palace.

Linear B: A script used to write the Mycenaean language; texts in Linear B are
a major source of information about the organization of Aegean society.

Wanax: The title of the ruler in Linear B texts.

Review of Questions:
1. Why are the Royal Tombs at Ur significant for understanding early
Mesopotamian society?
2. What was the role of writing in early Mesopotamia and Old Kingdom
Egypt?
3. What can we learn about the process of state formation by comparing
Mesopotamia and Egypt?
4. What is peer polity interaction, and how is it applied to early Aegean
states?

LOCATING THE SOURCE OF AUTHORITY 355

1. Why do archaeologists find the absence of monumental architecture and

elaborate burials in the Harappan cities surprising?
 2. Is the association of the Shang ruler with the performance of rituals
unique, or are there parallels to the role of rulers in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the
Aegean, or the Indus?

3. How has survey been used to understand the development of social

complexity in China?
4. How did interaction with China shape the development of social complexity
in Japan?

FROM CITY TO EMPIRE 383

1. How did the elite of Teotihuacan and the Maya cities use architecture to
establish their position of power? 2. How did the Maya script develop and
what was the role of writing in Maya society?

3. What insight does archaeology yield about the impact of Aztec expansion
on people living at the periphery of the empire?

Angkor: A massive city on the southern Mekong Plain founded in A.D. 802.

Western Baray: The largest artificial basin at Angkor, measuring 8 × 2.1

kilometers.

Tarim Basin: A region along the Silk Route where mummified human remains
have been uncovered.

Silk Route: An overland trade route that linked Europe, the Middle East, and
Asia.

Xiongu Empire: A central Asian pastoral empire that threatened the Chinese
Empire.
Tomb 15 at Yingpan: An elaborately clothed burial from the Tarim Basin
dating between 206 BC
And AD 420.

keyhole-shaped tombs: Monumental burial mounds characteristic of the

Kofun period.

Kofun period: A period of initial stages of state formation in Japan.

Triangular-rimmed bronze mirrors: Ornate bronze mirrors manufactured

in China that are found in Kofun-period tombs.

Queen Mother of the West: A Chinese deity represented on triangular-

rimmed bronze mirrors.

Himiko: The Queen of Japan mentioned in Chinese history.

oracle bones: Bones that were used in divination rituals. Inscriptions on

oracle bones are a major source of written evidence about the Shang Dynasty.

Sanxingdui: A site in Sichuan Province where excavations uncovered a

spectacular trove of artifacts that are unique in style and contemporary with
Anyang.

Rizhao: A region in Shandong Province where a survey has found evidence of

a complex settlement hierarchy that is earlier than the Yi-Luo Valley cities.

Anyang: A site in northern China and the capital of the Late Shang
Dynasty.

Shang Dynasty: The second of three powerful dynasties that emerged in

northern China during the period between 2000 .C. and 500 B.C.
Three Dynasties : The Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou Dynasties, which
emerged in northern China during the period between 2000 B.C. and 500 B.C.

Yi-Luo Valley: A region where surveys have documented the complex

settlement hierarchy associated with the cities of Erlitou and Yanshi, which
are earlier than Anyang.

Erlitou: A city in the Yi-Luo Valley that predates Anyang.

Yanshi: A large settlement in the Yi-Luo Valley that appears to be slightly

later than Erlitou.

Harappa: One of the two major urban centers of the Harappan period.

Mohenjo-Daro: One of the two major urban centers of the Harappan period.

Great Bath: An impressive structure built around a rectangular basin at the

site of Mohenjo-Daro. It is one of the few monumental structures found on a
Harappan site.

Dholavira: A Harappan site in Gujarat, India, that shows neighbourhoods

separated by walls and large water tanks.

Harappan script: A script that has not yet been deciphered and is known
mostly from small carved stone sealings used to mark vessels and bundles.
What is domestication?
Define technology in the context of early
human societies.
How does Lewis Henry Morgan view the
transition to agriculture?
What does V. Gordon Childe term the transition
to agriculture?
: How did David Rindos explain the origin of
agriculture?
According to Tim Ingold, what characterizes
the shift from hunting to agriculture?’
Who described hunter-gatherers as the
"original affluent society"?
What does Ester Boserup's research suggest
about the shift to agriculture?
What does "broad spectrum adaptation"
refer to?
Why are Morgan's and Childe's conceptions
of the origin of agriculture criticized by
contemporary archaeologists and
anthropologists?
How do Rindos's ideas about the origins of
agriculture differ from Ingold's?
Why did Childe choose to describe the origin
of agriculture as the Neolithic Revolution?
Question: What is the Fertile Crescent?
What is Ohalo?
What characterized Natufian societies in the
Middle East?
The relationship between humans and
plants/animals, where humans protect and
reproduce them.
Tools used for daily tasks like farming, food
processing, and storage.
He sees it as the boundary between "savagery"
and "barbarism.
The Neolithic Revolution.
Coevolutionary process involving a symbiotic
relationship between plant and animal
species.
A shift from trust to domination.
Marshall Shalin.
Increased population size might have caused
the shift.
The exploitation of a wide range of plant and
animal resources by many hunter-gatherer
societies before the shift to agriculture.
Lack of nuance and oversimplification of
complex processes.
Rindos emphasizes coevolution, while Ingold
focuses on a shift from trust to domination.
To emphasize its transformative impact on
human society.
A ribbon of Mediterranean climate across
the Middle East, crucial for early agriculture.
A kebaran site in northern Israel with well-
preserved organic remains.
Broad-spectrum subsistence strategy relying
on diverse resources.
: What is the significance of the Younger It had a significant impact on Natufian
Dryas period? - society, causing climatic stress.

What is Abu Hureyra? A site on the upper Euphrates River occupied

during both the Natufian and Neolithic
periods.

What is Netiv Hagdud? A pre-pottery Neolithic A site in the Jordan

Valley, a village with 20-30 houses.
Describe the Jericho tower? A 9-meter-high structure made of undressed stone and
mud brick, dating to the pre-pottery Neolithic A.

What are plastered skulls in the context of the Human skulls with plaster faces found
pre-pottery Neolithic B period? beneath floors on sites dating to this period.

Question: What is a lunate in the context of A tiny, crescent-shaped stone tool

Natufian societies? characteristic of the Natufian

What is the significance of Rachis in The part of a cereal plant holding the seed to
agriculture? the stalk, keeping it on the plant until harvest.

A late Neolithic site in Turkey featuring rooms

What is Catalhoyuk? decorated with elaborate frescoes.

: What is Jerf el ahmar? A pre-pottery Neolithic A site on the upper

Euphrates River in Syria with communal
structures.

A 9-meter-high structure made of undressed

What is the significance of the Jericho tower stone and mud brick.
in the pre-pottery Neolithic A?

: A site on the upper Euphrates River

What is the importance of Abu Hureyra in occupied during the Natufian and Neolithic
archaeological terms? periods.

Define "broad spectrum adaptation" in the The exploitation of a wide range of plant and
context of hunter-gatherer societies. animal resources before the shift to
agriculture.

What is the Younger Dryas? A period of global climatic stress with a

significant impact on Natufian society.

Why did Childe choose to describe the origin

of agriculture as the Neolithic Revolution?

What are plastered skulls in the context of the
pre-pottery Neolithic B period?
What is the Language Dispersal Hypothesis?
Where is Lepenski Vir located, and what was
found there?
What does Linear Band Keramik (LBK) refer
to?
Where is Talheim, and what significant
discovery was made there?
What is Teosinte?
What is Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
radiocarbon dating used for?
What is the Sahara Desert's role in the
archaeological context?
What is the significance of Nabta Playa?
What are shell middens?
What is Stonehenge, and what are bluestones?
What is the Narmer Palette, and what does it
represent?
: What is the Uruk period known for in
Mesopotamia?
Human skulls with plaster faces found
beneath floors on sites dating to this period.
The theory that the spread of agriculture across
Europe resulted from the migration of farmers
who spoke Indo-European languages.
Lepenski Vir is a Mesolithic site along the
Danube River in Serbia, known for structures,
burials, and sculptures
The culture of the earliest farming communities
in central and western Europe around 7,200
years ago, also known as LBK culture.
Talheim is an LBK site in Germany, and a pit
containing a mass grave was discovered.
A wild grass in the highlands of Mexico, the
wild ancestor of maize
A refined method to date small samples,
including plant remains.
Dominant feature; increased rainfall allowed
human occupation between 14,000 and
4,500 years ago.
An area in the Egyptian Western Desert with
pre-agricultural and early agricultural sites
along the edge of a lake.
Sites built up with large accumulations of
discarded shells.
Stonehenge is a ring of massive standing
stones in England, and bluestones are
standing stones at its center.
An artifact showing the unification of Upper
and Lower Egypt under King Narmer
The period between 4000 B.C. and 3200 B.C.
with the development of the first cities.
What is the Harappan script, and what is its
current status?
What is the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro?
What is the importance of Erlitou and Yanshi in
Chinese archaeology
What is the significance of the Yingpan burial?
What is the Western Baray, and where is it
located?
What is the role of the Narmer Palette in
Egyptian history?
What is Ma’at in ancient Egyptian society?
What is the significance of the site of Gobero in
the Sahara?
What is the role of the Humboldt Current along
the Andean coast?
What are the characteristics of the Early
Dynastic period in Mesopotamia?
What is the role of cuneiform in Mesopotamian
societies?
What is the key feature of the Kofun period in
Japanese archaeology?
What is Las Capas, and what has been
discovered there?
What is the Western Baray, and where is it
located?
An undeciphered script known from small
stone sealings used to mark vessels; its
meaning remains unknown.
An impressive structure built around a
rectangular basin, one of the few
monumental structures on a Harappan site.
Cities predating Anyang in the Yi-Luo Valley,
showcasing complex settlement hierarchy.
An elaborately clothed burial from the Tarim
Basin, dating between 206 BC and AD 420.
The largest artificial basin at Angkor,
measuring 8 × 2.1 kilometres, is located on
the southern Mekong Plain.
It symbolizes the unification of Upper and
Lower Egypt under King Narmer.
A concept combining the virtues of balance
and justice, central to Egyptian society
.
It's a site alongside an ancient lake where a
hunter-gatherer occupation dating to
between 9,700 and 8,200 years ago has been
discovered.
It brings cool waters from the south,
accounting for the remarkable wealth of
marine resources in the area.
It follows the Uruk period and consists of city-
states, with Uruk being the oldest known city.
A writing system impressed in wet clay, used
to write Sumerian and Akkadian languages.
Keyhole-shaped tombs, monumental burial
mounds.
It's a site near Tucson, Arizona, where an
Archaic village and canal system have been
discovered.
It's the largest artificial basin at Angkor,
measuring 8 × 2.1 kilometers, located on the
southern Mekong Plain
What is the significance of the Narmer Palette
in Egyptian history?
What is the role of oracle bones in Shang
Dynasty China?
What is the importance of Sanxingdui in Sichuan
Province?
What is the role of the Nile Valley in ancient
Egyptian civilization?
What is the significance of the Three Dynasties
in ancient China?
What is the role of peer polity interaction in
early Aegean states?
What is the significance of the Tarim Basin in
Central Asia?
What is the role of the Humboldt Current along
the Andean coast?
What is the significance of the Dholavira site in
Gujarat, India?
What is the importance of the Great Zimbabwe
settlement?
What is the role of the Guitarrero Cave in
Andean archaeology?
What is the significance of the Amesbury
Archer near Stonehenge?
What is the importance of the Kofun period in
Japan?
It represents the unification of Upper and
Lower Egypt under King Narmer
Bones used in divination rituals, providing
written evidence about the Shang Dynasty.
A site where excavations uncovered a
spectacular trove of unique artifacts,
contemporary with Anyang.
A swath of lush vegetation descending from
the highlands, crucial for the development of
Egyptian civilization.
The Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties emerged
in northern China between 2000 B.C. and
500 B.C.
It describes the full range of exchanges
between autonomous socio-political units.
Mummified human remains have been
uncovered in this region along the Silk Route
.
It brings cool waters from the south,
contributing to the remarkable marine
resources in the area.
It shows neighbourhoods separated by walls and
large water tanks, characteristic of the Harappan
civilization.
It includes impressive stone enclosures and
was built between A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1450.
It is a site in the Andean highlands of Peru
where excavations uncovered the earliest
evidence of domesticated beans dating to
4,300 years ago.
A burial with a range of elite burial goods
found near Stonehenge, contributes to our
understanding of the period.
A period of initial stages of state formation,
characterized by keyhole-shaped tombs.