Karnaphuli

River Estuary
 Introduction

• The Karnafuli River is the largest and

most important river
in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill
Tracts.
• Length-approximately 270 kilometers
• Width- 667m(2,188ft)
• It has a drainage basin covering an
area of about 10,350 square
kilometers.
• Location: between latitude 22°53′N
and longitude 91°47′E near Patenga
in Chittagong city.
 Origin
• The Karnafuli river originates from Lushai Hills in the
Indian state of Mizoram (Saithah village of Mamit
district in Mizoram).
• The river originates from several small streams and
tributaries that gather water from the hilly slopes.
Some notable tributaries contributing to the Karnafuli
River's flow include the Chengi River, Feni River, and
Sangu, Subalong, Kaptai, Rinkeong and Thega.
• It flows in a southeastern direction, crossing into
Bangladesh and then flows through the hilly terrain of
the Chittagong Hill Tracts region before reaching the
plains near the city of Chittagong.
• The Karnafuli River continues its course, merging with
Halda river, then gradually widening as it approaches
the Bay of Bengal. The river finally merges with the
bay, forming the Karnafuli Estuary.
It connects Bangladesh with neighboring countries such
as India, Myanmar, and beyond.
 Morphology
1.Distributaries and Tidal Channels: Within the delta, numerous distributaries and tidal channels branch out from
the main river, creating a complex network. These channels facilitate water and sediment exchange between the
river and the sea.
2.Sediment Deposition: The estuary experiences significant sediment deposition due to the decrease in river
velocity as it enters the estuarine environment. Sediment settles and accumulates, contributing to the growth and
expansion of the delta.
4.Sandbars and Islands: Sediment deposition often leads to the formation of sandbars and islands within the
estuary. Sandbars are elevated areas composed of sand, while islands may support vegetation and wildlife.
5.Tidal Flats and Mudflats: Tidal flats and mudflats are low-lying areas exposed during low tide. These areas are
characterized by fine sediments, such as silt and clay, and support diverse ecosystems.
6.Mangrove Forests: The estuary hosts extensive mangrove forests, particularly along the tidal flats and mudflats.
Mangroves, such as Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), stabilize the landforms and provide
habitat for various species.
7.Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM): The Karnafuli River Estuary experiences an Estuarine Turbidity Maximum
(ETM), which is a zone of elevated suspended sediment concentration. The ETM occurs in the upper reaches of the
estuary where freshwater from the river meets the tidal currents. Sediments carried by the river settle in this zone
due to reduced water velocity and form a turbid layer.
Fig: Karnafuli river Estuary
 Flora and Fauna
Estuaries are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on the planet critical to the life cycles
of fish, other aquatic animals, and the creatures which feed on them. There are many biotic factors
found in karnafuli estuaries. This includes plants and animals such as shrimp, fish and oysters.
• Plants include phytoplankton, seaweed, Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) and salt marshes.
• A study has recorded 10 species of zooplankton. Zooplankton include copepod, sagitta, isopod, crab
larvae, acari, shrimp, hydroida, fish larvae, oligochaete, Cladocera
• 14 species of phytoplankton and 9 species of benthos.
• The number of zooplankton varied between 15.26 ind/m3 and 21.945 ind/𝑚3 during monsoon,
18.35 ind/ 𝑚3 and 224.395 ind/ 𝑚3 during post monsoon and 17.443 ind/ 𝑚3 and 41.003 ind/ 𝑚3
during pre monsoon. According to copepod , cladocera occupied the second dominant constituent
during monsoon and pre monsoon in karnafuli river estuary.
• Fish: The estuary supports a diverse range of fish species, both marine and freshwater. Some
commercially important fish found in the estuary include Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), Prawn
(Macrobrachium spp.), Catfish (Clarias batrachus), and various species of carp.
• Mud crabs, fiddler crabs, oysters, and snails are among the numerous Crustaceans and Invertebrates
species found in these habitats.
 Economic Importance
1. Port of Chittagong: The Karnafuli River Estuary is the location of the Port of Chittagong, which is the largest
seaport in Bangladesh and one of the busiest in South Asia. The port serves as a major hub for international
trade and plays a crucial role in the country's import and export activities. It facilitates the movement of goods,
including industrial products, textiles, garments, raw materials, and agricultural produce.
2. Industrial and Manufacturing Center: The Chittagong Metropolitan Area, situated near the estuary, is a major
industrial center in Bangladesh, housing numerous factories, mills, and production facilities.
3. Fisheries and Aquaculture: The estuary and its adjacent coastal areas provide ideal conditions for fish
breeding, including commercially important species like Hilsa. The estuary serves as a spawning ground for fish
and supports fishermen who rely on the estuarine ecosystem for their income.
4. Tourism and Recreation: The natural beauty and biodiversity of the Karnafuli River Estuary attract tourists and
nature enthusiasts. Visitors can enjoy activities such as boating, birdwatching, and exploring the mangrove
forests. Tourism-related businesses, including hotels, restaurants, and adventure sports operators, benefit from
the influx of tourists, contributing to the local economy.
5. Energy Generation: The estuary's tidal currents and river flow have the potential for harnessing hydropower.
The development of hydroelectric power projects near the estuary can provide a renewable and sustainable
energy source, supporting the country's power generation capacity and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
6. Agriculture and Irrigation: The freshwater supply from the Karnafuli River is utilized for agricultural purposes in
the surrounding areas. For instance, irrigation.
 Threats
1. Habitat degradation: Changes in the river's ecosystem due to pollution, deforestation, or the construction of
dams can negatively impact fish habitats. Loss of spawning grounds or breeding areas can reduce fish
populations.
2. Climate change: Alterations in water temperature, river flow patterns, and changes in precipitation patterns
can affect the availability of food and habitat for fish. Climate change can also lead to the intrusion of
saltwater into freshwater systems, impacting the survival of freshwater fish species.
3. Invasive species: The introduction of non-native species can disrupt the natural balance of the river
ecosystem. Invasive species can outcompete native fish for resources, leading to a decline in their
populations.
4. Overfishing: If fishing activities are not properly regulated, overfishing can deplete fish populations to
unsustainable levels, making it difficult for them to recover.
5. Illegal fishing practices: Unregulated and illegal fishing methods, such as the use of fine-meshed nets or
dynamite fishing, can cause significant harm to fish populations and their habitats.
6. Seepage: There is an indication that chemical ingredients used in dry fishes and pesticides residues seepage
into seawater deteriorating the marine ecosystem, which also ultimately will have adverse effects on
zooplankton and phytoplankton.
The Matamuhuri
River Estuary
 Origin
• Matamuhuri River originats at 21°14'N latitude and
92°36'E longitude in the Lamar Maiver mountain.
• Its source is just 1° north and 1° east of the source of
the Sangu River.
• The river's name in the Mugh language is Mamuri,
the Bengali version of which is Matamuhuri.
• The Matamuhuri flows through Alikadam and Lama
upazilas on the northwest side of the Chittagong Hill
Tracts.
• The Matamuhuri enters Cox's Bazar district from the
east and falls into the Bay of Bengal at 21°45'N
latitude and 91°57'E longitude
Morphology
Matamuhuri River is one of the transboundary rivers of Bangladesh. As such the
river is wild in nature and often causes flash floods.

✓ The total length of the river is about 287 kilometers, the length of the
Bangladesh part is about 146 kilometers, and the average width is 154 meters.
✓ The Matamuhuri is not wide enough and it is only 150 to 200 meters wide. But
the width increases towards the sea.
✓ The depth of the river is also very little and people can cross it on foot during
the lean period. Close to the sea, the river is under tidal influence.
✓ A wide Delta has formed at the Matamuhuri estuary in the Bay of Bengal. It
extends from Bholakhal to Khutakhali.
✓ The islands or chars formed in the Matamuhuri River are partly controlled by
India and partly by Bangladesh.
✓ There is a closure dam on the river about 4 km upstream from the estuary for
irrigation purposes and a 20-vent regulator has also been constructed. During
high tide, the dam along with the regulator controls the influx of saline water
 The flora & fauna of the Matamuhuri River:
The Matamuhuri River in Bangladesh is home to diverse flora and fauna. Here's a brief
overview of the flora and fauna you can find in and around the Matamuhuri River:

Flora:
1. Mangroves: The Matamuhuri River estuary and its surrounding areas are
characterized by mangrove trees. Mangroves such as the Sundari (Heritiera fomes),
Gewa (Excoecaria agallochum), and Keora (Sonneratia apetala) are commonly
found, providing important habitats for various species.
2. Aquatic plants: The river supports various aquatic plants, including water
hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lilies (Nymphaea species), and different types
of submerged plants that play a vital role in the river ecosystem.
Fauna:
1. Fish: The Matamuhuri River is known for its rich fish biodiversity. It supports numerous
fish species, including important commercial fish species like, Ruhi (Labeo Rohita), Katla
(Catla catla), Mrigel (Cirrhinus mrigala), Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), Boal (Wallagu attu), Pangas
(Pangasius pangasius), Pabda (Ompok pabda), Taki (Channa punctatus), Bhetki (Lates
calcarifer), Tengra (Mistus vitreous), Bele (Glossogobius guiris) and various types of catfish,
carps, and snakeheads.
2. Birds: The river and its surrounding wetlands attract a wide variety of bird species. You
can spot resident and migratory birds such as herons, egrets, kingfishers, sandpipers, and
many others. The riverbanks and adjacent wetlands serve as important nesting and foraging
grounds for these avian species.
 The flora & fauna of the Matamuhuri River:

3. Reptiles: The Matamuhuri River, its estuary, and its mangrove forests are home to
several reptiles, including estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), various species
of snakes such as cobras and pythons, and different types of turtles and tortoises.
Although now these are hardly seen.

4. Mammals: There are also reports of rare and endangered species like the Ganges
river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)
inhabiting the river and its estuary.
 Economical importance of the Matamuhuri River Estuary:
The Matamuhuri River estuary holds significant economical importance in its region.
Here are some key points highlighting its economic significance:

Fisheries: The estuary serves as an important breeding ground, nursery area, and
habitat for various fish species. The estuarine ecosystem supports both artisanal and
commercial fishing activities, including the catch of fish, shrimp, crabs, and other
valuable seafood. These fisheries contribute to the local economy through
employment, trade, and revenue generation.

Aquaculture: The Matamuhuri River estuary also supports aquaculture activities. The
fertile waters and nutrient-rich sediments create favorable conditions for fish and
shrimp farming, thus generating income and employment opportunities for the local
population.
 Economical importance of the Matamuhuri River Estuary:
Tourism: The estuary's natural beauty, diverse flora and fauna, and tranquil environment
make it an attractive destination for eco-tourism and recreational activities. Tourism in the
region stimulates the local economy through the provision of accommodations, restaurants,
transportation services, and other tourism-related businesses.
Salt production: The Matamuhuri River estuary is also known for salt production. Local
communities collect and process salt for commercial purposes. Salt production contributes
to the local economy by providing employment opportunities and generating revenue
through the sale of salt.
Transport and trade: The estuary provides access to larger water bodies, enhancing
connectivity and supporting commercial activities such as shipping, boat transportation,
and trade networks.

Ecosystem services: The Matamuhuri River estuary regulates water flow, mitigates flooding,
and acts as a buffer against coastal erosion. The estuary's mangrove forests also serve as a
carbon sink. These ecosystem services have economic value and contribute to the well-
being of local communities and the broader region.
 Threats
Matamuhuri, the once stream flowing through Alikadam and Lama upazilas of the hilly
district Bandarban, is now empty of fish.

✓ Due to various man-made reasons, fish stocks have decreased along with the
decrease in the depth of the river.

✓ According to official sources, in recent times, many species of fish such as Rui,
Katla, Mrigel, Kalbaush, Madhu Pabda, Baila, Ghaura, Shrimp, and Crabhave
disappeared from this river.

✓ Locals said Poisoning the river Free use of current nets Catching fish during the
dry season etc. activities are now happening in this river now. As a result, fish
are not breeding.
 Threats
✓ On the other hand, tobacco cultivation has been taking place in recent years in
the riparian areas of Matamuhuri. Various pesticides are sprayed in tobacco
fields. These pesticides are washed into the water and the fish are being
destroyed.

✓ Now the Matamuhuri River has lost its navigability due to natural and man-
made disasters. The fisheries department also does not give any obstacle in
this regard All species of fish are gradually disappearing.

✓ According to fishermen, some people poison the river during the dry season
and catch fish. In addition to harming fish species, breeding grounds are also
destroyed. As a result, the growth of fish species is decreasing.
Meghna river
Delta
 Origin
• The Meghna River is one of the major
rivers in Bangladesh. One of the three that
form the GBM Delta, the largest delta on
earth, which fans out to the Bay of Bengal.
• A part of the Surma-Meghna River System,
Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh in
Kishoreganj District above the town of
Bhairab Bazar by the joining of the Surma
and the Kushiyara, both of which originate
in the hilly regions of eastern India as the
Barak River.
• The Meghna meets its major tributary, the
Padma, in Chandpur District. Other major
tributaries of the Meghna include the
Dhaleshwari, the Gumti, and the Feni.
• The Meghna empties into the Bay of
Bengal in Bhola District via four principal
mouths, named Tetulia, Shahbazpur, (Hussain et al., 2013)
Hatia, and Bamni.
Meghna river morphology
The Meghna River is one of the major rivers in
Bangladesh and forms part of the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta system. The
length of the Meghna river is approximately 940
kilometers(584 miles). It is the largest distributary of
the Brahmaputra River and plays a crucial role in
shaping the morphology of the region. Here is an
overview of the Meghna River’s morphology:
• Delta Formation: The Meghna River, along with
the Ganges and Brahmaputra, contributes to the
formation of the GBM delta.
• Sediment Deposition: The Meghna River carries a
significant amount of sediment, including sand,
silt, and clay, from the upstream Himalayan region.
As the river slows down near the delta, these
sediments settle and contribute to the build-up of
landforms, including islands, mudflats, and tidal
flats.
Meghna river morphology
• Tidal Influence: The Meghna River is influenced by
tidal action from the Bay of Bengal. During high tides,
seawater enters the river and causes water levels to
rise, leading to increased sediment transport and
deposition.
• Erosion and Accretion: The Meghna River experiences
both erosion and accretion along its course. Erosion
occurs in upstream areas where the river is more
energetic, forming riverbanks and cliffs. In the
downstream deltaic regions, accretion takes place as
sediment deposition leads to the formation of new
land areas.
• Islands and Charlands: The Meghna River delta is
characterized by numerous islands and charlands
(temporary sandbars).
It's important to note that the morphology of the
Meghna River is dynamic and continuously evolving due
to natural processes such as sediment transport,
erosion, and tidal influences.
 Flora and Fauna of Meghna River
The Meghna river estuary, located in Bangladesh, is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including:

Flora:
1. Sundari Trees: The Sundari trees are found in mangrove forests and are the dominant species in the Meghna
River estuary. They can grow up to 30 meters in height and are an important source of timber.
2. Salt-Tolerant Grasses: Several species of salt-tolerant grasses grow in the Meghna River estuary, including
Spartina alterniflora, which can absorb excess nutrients and pollutants from the water.

Fauna:
1. Dolphins: The Meghna River estuary is home to the Ganges River Dolphin, which is critically endangered and
one of the rarest species of dolphins in the world.
2. Fish: The estuary is rich in fish species and is an important fishing ground for local communities. Some
common fish species found here include Hilsa, Catfish, and Shrimp.
3. Birds: The estuary is an important habitat for several species of migratory birds, including sandpipers,
plovers, and herons.
4. Crabs: Several species of mud crabs, including the Blue Crab, are found in the Meghna River estuary.
 Economical Importance
The Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh holds significant economic importance for the region. Here are some key
factors contributing to its economic significance:
1. Shipping and Transportation: The Meghna River Estuary is a crucial transportation route connecting the port
city of Chittagong with the Bay of Bengal. It facilitates the movement of goods, both domestically and
internationally, supporting trade and commerce.
2. Fishing Industry: The estuary is rich in marine biodiversity and serves as a breeding ground and habitat for
various fish species. It supports a thriving fishing industry, providing livelihoods for thousands of fishermen
and contributing to the country's food security. Fish and other seafood caught in the estuary are not only
consumed locally but also exported, generating revenue for the economy.
3. Agriculture and Irrigation: The freshwater from the Meghna River, combined with tidal movements, creates
fertile soil in the estuary. This enables the cultivation of rice, jute, and other crops in the surrounding areas
4. Industrial Development: The proximity of the estuary to major industrial zones, such as Chittagong and
Dhaka, has led to the establishment of industries along its banks. These industries include manufacturing,
textiles, shipbuilding, and other related sectors. The estuary provides a convenient waterway for transporting
raw materials and finished products, facilitating industrial growth and contributing to the economy.
5. Mangrove Forests and Biodiversity: The estuary is home to extensive mangrove forests, such as the
Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. These mangroves provide various ecosystem services, including
coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and habitat for diverse flora and fauna.
Meghna estuary- Endangered and Extinct fisheries :

Pramanik et al.,2017
Meghna estuary- Endangered and Extinct fisheries :

Pramanik et al.,2017
Naf River
Estuary
 Origin
• The Naf River is a river located in Southeast Asia, specifically in the
region shared by Bangladesh and Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Naf
River forms a natural boundary between these two countries, with
Bangladesh to the west and Myanmar to the east.
• The origin of the Naf River can be traced to the highlands of the Chin
State (Arakan Mountains) in Myanmar. It flows southward for about 50
kilometers (31 miles) before reaching the Bay of Bengal. It begins as a
small stream in the hills and mountains of that region. As it flows
southward, it gains volume and gathers water from various tributaries
along its course. The river passes through the hilly terrain of the Arakan
Yoma mountain range before reaching the coastal plain.
• As the Naf River approaches the coast, it widens and forms an estuary.
• The Naf River estuary marks the border between Bangladesh and
Myanmar, and it is subject to ongoing geopolitical issues and migration
challenges.
• The Naf River estuary plays a crucial role in the region's ecosystem,
providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna. It also serves as a vital
waterway for local communities, supporting fishing activities and
transportation.
 Morphology
• Naf is the border river between Bangladesh and Myanmar. Three main streams
from the Arakan Mountains in Myanmar converge some distance east of Hoakang-
Union in Teknaf Upazila, Bangladesh. These combined streams flow straight south
along the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar as the Naf River and fall into the Bay
of Bengal. The length of these combined streams is about 50 km.

• The width of this river is not same at all places. The width ranges from 1.61 km to
3.22 km. A wide difference can also be observed in the depth judgment. Its depth
ranges from 128 feet to 400 feet. Being directly connected to the ocean, its tides
are similar to those of the ocean.

• Although fresh water is mixed in this river from Arkan Hills, the whole river is salty
due to the excess of sea water. Because of this, freshwater fish are not found in this
river.

• There are two significant ports on this river. One of them is Teknaf in Bangladesh
and Akyab in Myanmar.
 Flora & Fauna
Flora
• Mangroves: The Naf River Estuary is home to extensive
mangrove forests, which play a crucial role in maintaining the
coastal ecosystem. Common mangrove species found here
include Sundari (Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria
agallocha), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), and Kankra (Bruguiera
gymnorrhiza).
• Salt-tolerant Plants: The estuary area supports the growth of
various salt-tolerant plants, including species like Avicennia
officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Suaeda maritima. These
plants have adapted to thrive in saline environments.
• Grasses and Shrubs: Along the riverbanks and marshy areas,
you can find various grasses and shrubs such as Imperata
cylindrica (Cogon grass) and various species of Cyperaceae
(sedges) and Poaceae (grasses).
Fauna
Avifauna: The Naf River Estuary is a haven for migratory and resident bird
species. It attracts numerous waterbirds, including herons, egrets, kingfishers,
terns, gulls, and various species of shorebirds. The estuary provides an
essential habitat for breeding, foraging, and resting for these avian species.
Fish: The estuary supports a rich diversity of fish species, both marine and
freshwater. Commonly found fish include hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), mullet,
barramundi (Lates calcarifer), catfish, mudskippers, and various species of
gobies.
Crabs and Crustaceans: The estuary is teeming with crabs and crustaceans,
including mud crabs, fiddler crabs, horseshoe crabs, and various shrimp
species. These creatures play a vital role in the estuarine food chain.
Reptiles: Estuarine areas provide a suitable habitat for reptiles. In the Naf
River Estuary, you may encounter species such as saltwater crocodiles, various
snakes, including pythons and cobras, and monitor lizards.
Marine Mammals: Occasionally, marine mammals like dolphins and porpoises
can be spotted in the estuary, especially in the areas where the river meets
the Bay of Bengal
 Economical Importance
The Naf River estuary has significant economic importance due to its strategic location and various economic
activities that take place in and around it. Here are some of the key aspects of its economic significance:

• Trade and Transportation: The Naf River estuary is an important maritime gateway between Bangladesh and
Myanmar. It provides access to the Bay of Bengal and connects the port cities of Chittagong in Bangladesh and
Sittwe in Myanmar. This waterway facilitates the movement of goods, including imports and exports,
contributing to regional trade and economic growth.

• Fishing and Aquaculture: The estuary supports a thriving fishing industry. The nutrient-rich waters of the Naf
River estuary create a favorable environment for a diverse range of fish species, including shrimp, hilsa, and
various other marine life. Fishing activities provide livelihoods for local communities, contribute to food
security, and generate income through domestic consumption and exports.

• Port Facilities: The Naf River estuary houses important port facilities that facilitate international trade.
Chittagong Port in Bangladesh is the largest seaport in the country and plays a vital role in handling a
significant portion of the nation's import and export activities. The port's proximity to the Naf River estuary
enhances its connectivity and accessibility, making it an essential hub for regional trade.
• Tourism and Recreation: The scenic beauty and natural resources of the Naf River estuary
attract tourists and visitors. The estuary's mangrove forests, picturesque landscapes, and
diverse wildlife make it an appealing destination for ecotourism and nature enthusiasts.
The tourism industry in the surrounding areas benefits from the estuary's attractions,
generating revenue and employment opportunities.

• Agricultural Activities: The fertile soils in the vicinity of the Naf River estuary support
agricultural activities. Local farmers cultivate crops such as rice, vegetables, and fruits,
benefiting from the water supply and fertile sediments brought by the river. Agriculture
contributes to the local economy, sustains livelihoods, and provides food resources.

• Industrial Development: The availability of water resources and transportation

infrastructure in the Naf River estuary region supports industrial development. Industries
related to manufacturing, processing, and logistics benefit from the access to waterways,
enabling efficient transportation of raw materials and finished products. This contributes
to job creation and economic growth in the area.
 Endangered & Extinct Fisheries

Endangered Fisheries in the Naf River:

• Hilsa Fish (Tenualosa ilisha): The Hilsa fish is a popular and
economically important species in the Naf River. Overfishing and
habitat degradation have put significant pressure on its population,
leading to a decline in numbers. Conservation efforts, such as fishing
bans during the breeding season, have been implemented to protect
this species.
• Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii): The giant
freshwater prawn is another commercially important species found
in the Naf River. Unsustainable fishing practices and habitat
destruction have contributed to the decline of this species. Efforts to
promote sustainable fishing practices and habitat conservation are
necessary to protect its population.