LESSON 5: and stickers on a variety of goods proclaim
they are “Made in China.”
WORLD OF REGIONS
COUNTRIES, REGIONS, AND
GLOBALIZATION
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
state that economic and political definitions
of regions vary but there are certain basic
features that everyone can agree on.
 FIRST,
REGIONS- “are group of countries
located in the same geographically specified
area” or are “an amalgamation of two
regions [or] a combination of more than two
regions” organized to regulate and "oversee
flows and policy choices.”
 SECOND, the words regionalization
and regionalism should not be
interchanged.
REGIONALIZATION- refers to the
"regional concentration of economic
flows”
-It is also the division of an area into
smaller segments called regions
REGIONALISM- is a “political
process characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among
countries.”
Countries respond economically and
politically to globalization in various
ways.
 Some are large enough and have a
lot of resources to dictate how they
participate in processes of global
integration.
EXAMPLE: China
China is home to approximately 1.41
billion people, making it the most populous
country in the world. The Chinese economy
thrives as a manufacturing powerhouse and
the nation's products seem to be
everywhere. The majority of tags, labels,
They offers its cheap and huge
workforce to attract foreign businesses and
expand trade with countries it once
considered its enemies but now sees as
markets for its goods (e.g., the United
States and Japan)
 Other countries make up for their
small size by taking advantage of
their strategic location.
EXAMPLE: Singapore and Switzerland
compensate for their lack of resources by
turning themselves into financial and
banking hubs.
 In most cases, however countries
form regional alliance for the
saying there is strength in
numbers
Countries form regional associations for
several reasons:
 One is for military defense.
The most widely known defense
grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) formed during cold
war when several western European
countries plus the United States agreed to
protect Europe against the treat of soviet
union. The Soviet Union responded by
creating its regional alliance, the Warsaw
pact, consisting of the eastern European
under soviet domination.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
was signed in Washington, D.C. on April 4,
1949, thereby establishing the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual
defense treaty between 12 nations. In 1954,
the Soviet Union suggested it should join
NATO to preserve peace in Europe, but the
NATO countries, fearful that the Soviet
Union’s motive was to weaken the alliance,
ultimately rejected this proposal. The
Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the
integration of West Germany into NATO in
1955 and represented a Soviet
counterweight to NATO, composed of the
Soviet Union and seven other Soviet
satellite states in Central and Eastern
Europe. For 36 years, NATO and the
Warsaw Pact never directly waged war
against each other in Europe; the United
States and the Soviet Union and their
respective allies implemented strategic
policies aimed at the containment of each
other in Europe while working and fighting
for influence within the wider Cold War on
the international stage
 Countries also form regional
organization to pool their
resources, get better returns for
their exports, as well as expand
their leverage against trading
partners.
The Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) was
established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate the
production and sale of oil. This regional
alliance flexed its muscles in 1970s when its
member took over domestic production and
dictated cruel oil prices in the world market.
The organization is committed to finding
ways to ensure that oil prices are stabilized
in the international market without any major
fluctuations. Doing this helps keep the
interests of member nations while ensuring
they receive a regular stream of income
from an uninterrupted supply of crude oil to
other countries.
 To protect their independence
from the pressures of superpower
politics.
Some nations band together to form
regional blocs in order to defend their
independence from the influence of
superpower politics. In order to promote
human rights, sovereignty, racial and
national equality, non-intervention, peaceful
conflict resolution, and world peace and
international cooperation, the presidents of
Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and
Yugoslavia founded the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) in 1961. Because the
association refused to support the
communist states in Eastern Europe or the
First World capitalist democracies in
Western Europe and North America, it
referred to itself as non-aligned. The NAM
had 120 member nations at its peak. But
the movement never became official and is
still going strong today even though it's not
as passionate as it once was.
 Economic crisis compels
countries to come together
Finally, the global economic crisis
forces nations to unite. Following demands
from troubled international banks and
foreign currency speculators that the Thai
government repay its loans, the Thai
economy crashed in 1996. The economy
went bankrupt when foreign investments
withdrew quickly. Other Asian nations
experienced a similar crisis as a result of
their currencies depreciating and the hasty
withdrawal of foreign capital. The Asian
economies stabilized only after the ASEAN
nations, China, Japan, and South Korea
decided to set up an emergency fund in
anticipation of a crisis, despite the
International Monetary Fund's (IMF) best
efforts to avert the crisis.
The crisis made ASEAN more“unified
and coordinated”. The Association has
come a long waysince it was formed as a
coalition of countries which were pro-
American and supportive of the
UnitedStates intervention in Vietnam.
 CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO and Thailand demanded more open foreign
REGIONALISM criticism.

 The resurgence of militant  Different Visions of what

nationalism and populism. regionalism should be for

Militant nationalism- basically means loving Regionalism faces challenges due to

one’s own country and hating the others.
Populism- defined as a political approach
that strives to appeal to ordinary people who
feel that their concerns are disregarded by
established elite groups. (Dictionary)
EXAMPLE: The refusal to dismantle NATO
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, has
become the basis of the anti-NATO rhetoric
of Vladimir Putin in Russia.
 The most crisis – ridden regional
organization of today is the
European Union.
differing visions, with Western governments
viewing original organizations as not only
economic formations but also political
democratization instruments. Non-Western
and developing societies may hold varying
perspectives on globalization, development,
and democracy. Singapore, China, and
Russia view democracy as a hindrance to
economic globalization due to constant
public inquiry and debate, causing delays or
unclear outcomes. Democracy's tedious
procedures must therefore, give way to
efficiency.

The continuing financial of the region is

forcing countries like Greece to consider
leaving the Union to gain more flexibility in
their economic policy. Anti immigrant
sentiment and a populist campaign against
Europe have already led to the United
Kingdom voting to leave the European
Union in a move the media has termed the
“Brexit”( - is an abbreviation of two English
words: 'Britain' and 'exit' and refers to the
withdrawal process of the United Kingdom
(UK) from the European Union (EU)
 ASEAN members continue to
disagree
CONCLUSION
Regional associations now cover a
wide range of the world, with countries
joining APEC comprising 37% of the world's
population in 2007. Smaller organizations
include the Association of Southwest Asian
Nations, Shanghai Cooperations
Organizations, North American Free trade
Agreement, Caribbean and Pacific Group of
States, and Union of South American
Nations. Regionalism will evolve with new
global concerns and changes in 21st-
century politics.

ASEAN members are currently in

disagreement regarding the appropriate
level of sovereignty sacrifice for regional
stability. The association's link with East
Asia has also been problematic. ASEAN
countries disagreed on China's relationship,
with the Philippines struggling to secure
support from other nations for its
condemnation of China's occupation of the
West Philippine Sea. Cambodia and Laos
favored diplomacy over confrontation due to
significant Chinese investments and
economic aid, leading the opposition.
Previously authoritarian countries
democratized, causing a conflict with
ASEAN's non-interference policy, as civil
society groups in Indonesia, the Philippines,
GE 3: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
SECTION: BK
SOURCES:
https://www.slideshare.net/
ananthaprabhu31/regionalization-vs-
glo
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/
investing/102214/why-china-worlds-
factory.asp
courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-
worldhistory2/chapter/nato-and-the-
warsaw-pact/
https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/
about_us/24.htm)
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/
brexit/AboutBrexit/Paginas/
index.aspx#:~:text=Brexit%20is
%20an%20abbreviation%20of,the
%20European%20Union%20(EU)
https://www.studyiq.com/articles/nato-
countries/
GROUP 1 MEMBERS WITH THEIR
ASSIGNED PARTS
(Balisco, Elvie Credo)
*According to Monsfield and Milner,
economic and political definitions of regions
vary:
-Regions
-Regionalization
-Regionalism
--------------------------
(Basay, Bea Bentado)
*Countries respond economically and
politically to globalization in various ways:
--------------------------
(Amasula, Sofia Abang, 1-2)
(Ballebas, Ivy Rose Aguilar, 3-4)
*Countries form regional association for
several reasons
1. Military Defense
2. Form regional organization to pool their
resources...
3. To protect their independence
4. Economic crisis
(Baron,Janriel Sarming)
- The crisis Made ASEAN
--------------------------
(Bantug, Lira Angela, 1-2)
(Abrasaldo, Angelica Mae Raga, 3-4)
*Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism
1. Militant nationalism and Populism
2. Europian Union
3. ASEAN members continue to disagree
4. Different visions of what regionalism
should be for
-------------------------
(Benitez, Kristel Jane)
Conclusion