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War in Peace 2
War in Peace 2
War in Peace 2
ri,ttll:
Published weekly by Orbis Publishing Limited
Orbis House,20-22Bedfordbury, London WC2N 4BT
Volume 1 lssue 2
Editor Consultant Editors
Ashley Brown DrJohn Pimlott
Senior Lecturer in the Department of
Executive Editors WarStudies atthe Boyal Military
Sam EldQr Academy Sandhurst
Adrian Gilbert
David Floyd
Sub-Editors Specialist writer on international
Sue Leonard polltics
Simon lnnes
lssue1 Acknowledgements
Editorial Advisoty Board
Artwork Editor Brigadier-General (Retd) James L. Associated Press 5{Tr); Camera Press 17(C); Central Office Of lnformation 3(T), 5(T1), L6;
Jonathan Reed Eshel-Dramit Ltd 21-28; Gamma lnside front cover (Cb, Cl), lnslde back cover, 2, 4(B), 5(B), 6(8),
Collins Jr 7(T1,R),8(B).9(T),10(T),111C),13(C),14l15,14(lnsetC,B)14l151B),17(T1,R),20;ReneBurri/Magnum
FormerChief of Military History, lnsidefrontcover (B). Peter Marlow/Magnum lnside front cover (Ct), Micha BarAm/Magnum nside
Artwork Buyer uS Department of the Army front cover (T), P. Fusoo/Magnum 4(T), Steele-Perkins/Magnum 1 9(T), M. Silverstone/Magnm
Jean Morley 19iB):PressAssociationg(BtRexFeaturesS(T),i1iB),12,1318),14(1nsetT1),17(Cr);Shorts1l(T);
Frani Spooner 15{lnset T,B); United Nations 13(T), All Magnum photographs trom the John
Picture Editor lanV, Hogg Hillelson Agency.
Carina Dvorak Authority on smallarms and modern Maps and diagrams: Gordon Beckett 1 O; Graham Bingham 3,7,8; Paul Bryant 1 8
weapons systems
Picture Consultant
Robert Hunt Vice-Admiral Sir Louis Le Bailly KBE CB lssue 2Acknowledgements
Council member of the Institute for the Aiiociateu press:7(Br); Black Star 36(C); Eshel-Dramit Lld.43-48; Gamma 38(q),3s{e);Jta.g.qll9!!
AiitrivJ+7igl;ilustritii London News 34-35(T); liraeli covernment Tourist Office 34(B); l.W.M.
Design Studyof Conflict 35.36(B); R, Burri/Maqnum 38-39 & Front cove'j D. McCullin/Magnum 37(T); M. Riboud/MagnuJn
EDC (Partworks) Ltd gs(C), Si;ele-pertinsl-Magnum 37(B); Popperfoto 32{B').33.40(B);J. Topham 36(T); U.P.l 29,30(B),
Professor Laurence Manin Sz\ti',ql\A),qz$l;Zionisl Archives 31. Al l Magnum photographsJlomlhe John Hillelson Agencv
Editorial Secretary Vice-Chancellor at the University of wtlipi ana iiagra-s: Gordon Beckett 30(T), 351T); Mike Holland 42; Ed Stuart 4'l(T).
ClareWitherden Newcastle upon Tyne, and former
Head of the Department of War Studies
The passaqe bvJ. Bowver Bell quoted on page 30 isfrom his bookTerrorOut ofZion (1977), published
Production Coordinator at King's ColJege, University of London bv Si Martin's Press, New York. The quotdtion by lsrael LeW on page 34 is extracted from an interylew
Peter Taylor-Medhurst with Lucinda Frarks that was pu blish ed i nthe New York f imes [-.] sed with perm ssion
AirVice-Marshal S.W.B. Menaul CB
CBE DFCAFC
Contents Commandant of the Joint Services
Staff College, 1965-67, and War in Peace Price UK 75p; lR 95p; Aus & NZ $1.85; SA R1.85; USA & Canada
Director-General of the Royal United $1.85; Singapore $4.25
Battlefor Palestine 29 Services lnstitute, 1 968-76
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KeyWeapons: Abrams M1 MBT MichaelJoyce available at cover price frbm your newsagent. ln case of difficulty write to the
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revolutionary veftical takeoff and landing aircraft.
O 1 983 by Orbis Publishing Limiled, Typesetting by Text of Orpington. Reproducticn by Adroil
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ts-i*
PALESTINE I943-48
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PALFST1NE 19,1J-.18
. exp's'n nJerusaem
ili,+;,{{L'iffiffi:1:{i#:HTiilflfi##
ences; Irgun and Lehi werc conservative and right-
Jewish component was unreliable. Much ther-.
fore depended on army units trained for conven-
tional rather than guerrilla war Static guards on
important installations spared few for offensive
wing, whereas the Haganah contained many soclalist actions, which mostly consisted of cordon and
elements. More than i000 lrgun suspects were search operations the rsolation and thorough
hancled overto the British in the early months of 1945: combing of given locations. Over '1 70 such opera-
but the lrgun managed to survive. By the summer. tions were mounted, usually at batta ron level
with the end of the war in Europe, Haganah operations after specif ic incidents. These operarions were
against Begin's men ceased, and a potentially dis- not always successful and exposed troops to
astrous split among the Jewish groups was partially false allegations, while reprisals were quickly
closed. seized upon by terrorists whose grasp of prop,
f The British Labour government elected in the aganda was always superior Army strengtir total-
I :il*il:J;,:lix'oilJ;',':::'-ru:;l:,..;:,?I;ff"';ff
led 100,000 in January l 947 and pol ce numbered
20,000. lnail,223 British mrlitary personnel were
kllled in Palestine and 418 wounded.
:Jn::il:[:tJ;f,:ff:,i?,f,:!"1:in:?i:t',:'.?i',,::
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31
-
I
indeed as far as world opinion was concerned.
Finaily, there was the affair of the two British
sergeants, Paice and Martin, hanged by the Irgun on
29 July in retaliation for the execution of three Jewish
prisoners. Once again, the Jewish Agen6yand the
Haganah were horrified; but the hangings'demon-
strated to the British public in the clearest'possible
way just how control over Palestine had been eroded.
By the end of the summer of 1941 the BritiSh had
lost all appetite for the struggle and had handed the
problem to the United Nations, which decided in
November on a parlition of the country between Jew
and Arab, to take effect from May 1948. There had
always been simmering violence between the two
communities and from the late summer of 1941
relations worsened. The war against the British had
been unpleasant enough, but the gradual intensifica-
tion of fighting between the two communities was
even uglier. The slaughter of women and children was
common;revenge and an almost casual acceptance of
violence became the notm. The Arab practice of
mutiiating bodies horrified the Jews from Europe but
the Arabs were convinced they had right on their side
- that Palestine was theirs and should not be taken
Above:AJewish sentry centre of the Mandate, was attackedby the Irgun, and from them.
stands guard in a village a whole wing was destroyed by carefully placed After November 1941 the fighting became wide-
just taken by the Haganah.
Below: Well armed Arabs
explosives. A total of 9 1 people - Britons, Arabs and spread - in the cities where rival communities lived,
Jews - were killed. Once again teror had done its around kibbutzim and Arab villages. ln the first two
on theirwayto the fighting
work, and the whole world was made aware of the weeks of December nearly 100 Arabs and almost as
atthe Mountof Olives, 11
May 1948. Below right: Jewish problem. With booby traps and assassinations many Jews were killed. Arab volunteers fiom outside
Arabs in Jerusalem openly abounding no British soldier or policeman in Pales- Palestine came in to attack the Jewish settlements. A
purchasing arms in the tine seemed safe. When convicted Irgun prisoners kibbutz would be sniped at all day then. at night,
street in February 1 948. were whipped, Begin's men captured British troops members of the Haganah would slip out and perhaps
Thewoman is inspecting and whipped them in retum. blow up a house in a nezrby Arab village in revenge.
ammunition to go with her 'Ihe war was now an intense strain for the British; Whereas the war against the British had been an
Browning automatic pistol
troops had to be confined to safe areas to prevent more undercover affair in which secrecy and evading detec-
hostages being taken. Large-scale sweeps had failed tion hadbeenthe rule. the internecine warfare with the
to break the ability of the Jewish resistance to mount Arab community involved larger formations, and had
raids. The summer of 1941 saw three incidents that to be directed by the Haganah if any success at all was
summed up the problems facing the British. First of to be achieved. But there were n.rany problems in
all , in April , two captured terrorists , Meir Feinstein of subordinating the lrgun to the Haganah. The Irgun
the Irgun and Moshe Barazani of Lehi, blew them- was a small, battle-tested group, whereas the Haga-
selves aparl with a grenade that had been smuggled nah was a large, more amorphous body. Then there
into their cell, thereby cheating the gailows by a few were the basic differences in approach. The Irgun was
hours. This kind of fanaticism was something the almost a,religious sect; its members had a fanatical
British had no answer to. Then, in July, the ship belief in the rightness of the Jewish cause. The Arabs
Erodus 1947, catrying 4,500 Jews fiom France to were, to them, an irrelevance. If they gcx in the way of
Israel, was captured by the British Navy. Eventually the Jewish state then so much the worse for them. To
the refugees were transpofted to Germany and Britain Ben-Gurion and the leadership of the Haganah, the
was seen to have returned concentration camp survi- Palestinian Arabs were a people, who had to be
vors to the hated land of their suffering. The episode treated as such.
put British policy towards Palestine in a very bad light Acts of tenorbetween the two communities multi-
J
PALESTINE 1913.48
J-{
o{F',I I
PALESTINE 1943-18
French Consular"
F
T-1
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35
Agai nst
The devastating
al I impact of the
36
GUERRILLA WARFARE
31
rr--
GUERRILLAWARFARE
possitlle to create even saf-er bases outside the coun- more left-wing groups such as those now operating in
try, in a friendly neigbouring state - as. tbr example. Central America. Even so. care must be taken to
ZANU guerillas liom Zin-rbab\\,,e were able to do in recruit the best available people.
Mozambique after 1975; and it is not unknown tbr Guenilla lighters need to be fit. parliculariy if they
guerrillas to find sanctuary in urban centres as the are to operate in dilficult tcrrain. and capable of living
Provisional IRA has done in Belfhst and Lonciondery rough for loilg periods. One ol thc reasons tbr Chc
since 1970. Traditonally. however, the countryside Guevara's tailure in Bolivia in 1961 i.r,as his recmit-
provides the most obvious location. ment of middle-class intcllectuals who could not
Having established his basc, the next problent fbr withstand the phvsical hardship of his campaign.
the leader is recruits. Many local people may want to Similarly, men with existing skills gamekeepers.
ioin, or he may have to persuade them with appe als to poachers or ex-soldiers should be sought, even il
national identity orpromises of long-ten'n econontic, they are not ideal physical specintens, for thcy can
social or political gains. In a colonial setting - as in pass their experlise on to the younger fighters. This
,#.
Malaya in the 1950s or Angola and Mozambique 20 does not mean that the old. unfit or inexperl should be
years later- the call lor national independcnce may be ignored; they can be organised to provide a passive
enough; elsewhere it may need a popular cry along the wing - such as the communist Min Yuen in Malaya
lines of 'Land to the Tiller'. a f'avor-u'itc antong the to provide food. supplies. intelligence and shelter to
The impedimenta of a
modern army laid out in a
Soviet camp in
Afghanistan. The need to
concentrate such
. :.:-1a,
equipment not only slows
E
movement; it also
provides a good target- in
this case forthe Afghan
guerrillas (bottom right).
,j,.;.
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GUERR.ILLA WARFARE
+o
On 29 January 1946 a Britishjeep and a lorry packed
Weapons
with men in RAF uniform approached the rear gate of
the RAF camp at Aqir near Gaza. The Arab Legion
guards on duty at the gate saluted smartly as the
vehicles passed into the camp - but they failed to
check the identity papers of the two vehicles, $rhich
sped through the camp and pulled up outside the
of terror
aflnoury. A Jewish worker was asked to get the keys.
On refusing, he was knocked to the ground andthe
door forced open. Inside, four RAF airmen were
quickly overcome before they could raise the alarm.
Five Arabs standing nearby were press-ganged as
loaders and, with the utmost speed, 20 Bren guns and
The underground arms hundreds of Sten guns were thrown into the back of
the lorry. Once loaded, the convoy moved off down
industry that supplied the runway, along an old sand track that took it away
from the airbase undetected. The whole operation had
taken less than 20 minutes. Jewish guerrillas of the
the Jewish resistance Irgun had made another addition to their armoury.
This raid was typical of many caried out by the
Jewish underground in their quest to obtarn arma-
ments. Although plenty of weapons were available at
the end of World War tI, with huge surplus arms
dumps lying across Europe and the Middle East, the
stringent security measures adopted by the British
occupying forces severely limited the amount of arms
that could be smuggled into Palestine. Such arms as
were purchased abroad and illegally imporled were
usually concealed within machinery, in steamrollers
or washing machines for example. ln late 1947 the
Haganah took its first delivery from Czechoslovakia
of 20mm Hispano-Suiza light artillery pieces, which
arrived concealed under a shipment of onions.
The branch of the Haganah responsible for the
procurement of arms and ammunition was known as
the Rekhesh, an organisation that maintained the
highest level of secrecy - so much so that few in the
Haganah knew of its activities. The dangers involved
in either smuggling in arms from abroad or in stealing
weapons from the British were many, and the price
paidby the Rekhesh in loss of life was high.
Despite the success of the Haganah's smuggling
missions, as a source of weaponry they were uncer-
tain and could not be relied upon to guarantee a steady
Above: British flow of arms and ammunition. And so, to gain the
paratroopers survey part of necessary weapons, the Jewish terrorists used the
the haul recovered during classic guerrilla tactic of turning the tables on the
the massive 1 946 secu rity
enemy by using his strength against him. As they
operation known as Black
Saturday. The haul needed weapons to fight the British so they took them
included 3in mortars, from the ffiitish, and in operations such as the raid on
German MG34 machine the RAF camp at Aqir the lrgun, for example, was
guns, Bren guns, grenades, able to lay in large stocks.
and other assorted Not ali raids were casualty free, however. In one
home-made weapons.
Right: Defending the
operation at the Ramat Gan police station, several
Jaffa-TelAviv border- members of the Irgun, dressed as Arab prisoners and
troops ofthe lrgun fire Sten British soldiers, gained entrance into the security of
guns while a girl prepares the compound. Once inside the police station they
grenades. Note the overcame the three policemen on duty, blew out the
Austrian 9mm Steyr M12 arnoury door and made off with 30 weapons and
pistol at her knees. Far
7000 rounds of ammunition. At that point other
right: Members of the
Haganah practise fire drill British policemen in the compound began to reaiise
with a home-made moftar. that something was wrong: captive Arabs had gone
into the police station and yet armed Jews were
coming out. The raiding party quickly came underfire
from police on the rooftops and suffered heavy
casualties as they made their getaway.
While the Irgun tended to specialise in such raids,
the Haganah, less prryared to countenance direct
confrontation with the British, turned to the produc-
40
PALESTINE 1943-48
Sten Gun Mk ll
magazr ne
housi ng firing pin return spring
foresig ht
assembly
t-]
tnpprng lever
splng l'-
button I
41
*-Y".
PALESTINE 194-?-48
1. the bomb,
mounted on a truck
was d riven to its
target hidden
under a tarpaulin
ii
detonator inside truck tyre
tyre
2. released by a
pull cord in the
II;
cab, the bomb
n#,fri#::".
!:
ffi
a tirr.re-fused shell. The guer-rillas would disperse and
then a rnember of the underground would ring up the
duty officer of the establishment under threat to warn
of the imminent bombardment. The Ha-eanah found
thatthis was a usefulmethod fbroccupyingthe time of
the security forces, although the British eventually
realised that the weapons were not accurate enough to
warrant too much attention.
Aparl from mortars. a string of improvised
weapons were used to harass the occupying forces. As
one British officer recalls: 'Typical incidents were the
ambushing of anry trucks and the mining of roads
12
, ifI'-
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KEYWEAPONS
The Abrams Ml MBT (main battle tank) came inro w-ere ready forcombat evaluation in 1967 in the shape Previous page: The M 1
operation in 1980 and represents rhe laresr thinkinc in of a sleek -50-ton. three-man tank, problents soon crashing through rough
American tank design. The Ml was named alier arose. cou ntry at speed.
General Creighton W. Abrams, the fbrmerComnlan- While the Americans required the new tank fbr Above:The MBT-70
der-in-Chief in Vietnam, and Chief-of-Sraff" who worldwide deployment. the Federal Republic of Ger- prototype-a highly
approved the project personally in Septemb er 1972. many favoured a design suited to warfare in central unusualdesign with a
The United States hadbeen aparnerwithGermanv hydropneumatic
Europe. Diffbring firepow,er concepts were also a suspension system and a
in the MBT-70 project, joint-development effoit
a prontinent issue. The Germans. liorn their World three-man crew, with the
begun in August 1963 aimed at helping standardise War II combat experience. favoured a high-velocity driver's position on the
Nato's advanced tank requirements. Conceived and long-range large-calibre gun, while the An-rericans left side of the tu rret in a
nourished by experience gained afier World War II wanted to fit the Shillelagh l52mm gun/launcher contra-rotating ring.
both partners were to invest jointiy in designing what system capable of liring a variety of ammunition types Below: The M1 as itfinally
was intended to be the most advanced ardourecl appeared. with a 105mm
as rvell a Shillelagh missile. main armament and a
flghting vehicle in the world. But although protorvpes The differences betw,een the two nations seemed four-man crew.
6,{
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:{
Ir
ABRAMSMl MBT
- -. '.r:.'
irreconcilable and in 1970 the US Congress ordered Foliowing the presentation of proposals in 1972, Above:An M1 with its gun
thejoint project to be abandoned and allocated special contracts were awarded in 1973 to the Chrysler traversed to the right.
funds for a new national project. As a result, each Corporation and General Motors, who both set about Below left:The pilot model
country went its own way, the Germans ending up developing prototypes to be designated XM 1 .In 191 6 of theXMl prototype
which was revealed to the
with their powerful 120mm-gun Leopard II, and the both prime contractors presented their pilot vehicles world in 1978. Below right:
Americans going along the painful road which finally for initial testing. The M1 showing itsteeth,
producedtheMl. ln November 1976 Chrysler was selected as the with the driver's position at
The Americans began work on an 'austere' version winner of the validation phase, and a full-scale en- the centre of the tank
of the MBT-70, to be known as the XM803. but this gineering contract was awarded, wofih $196 miilion. clearlv visible.
too was found to be unsatisfactory and the project was An interesting feature of the Chrysier power-plant
cancelled only a year after its inauguration. An urgent was that it was an Avco-Lycoming gas-turbine en-
solution had to be found if the United States was not gine, the first of its kind to power l battle tank. The
to be left far behind in modem tank warfare - and time turbine has better acceleration antl power than con-
was running out fast, as news of the new Soviet tank ventional engines and is very economical from a field
designs liltered through AIIied intelligence channels. maintenance point of view, although present models
ln February 1972 the US Army set up a special task consume more fuel than the high-powered diesel
force, which included user, trainer and developn-rent engiies ofother tanks.
agencies aimed at cooperating closely in the develop- In February 1980 the US Army accepted delivery
ment of the new MBT. of the first two production tanks in a"ceremony held at
45
s r'' I
KEYWEAPONS
16
I-i
ABRAMSM1 MBT
Left: A side-view of the tank fire switch. The computer then takes over and makes Although the shape of the turret is aimed at achiev-
with anti-shaped-charge the necessary calculations and adjustments to ensure a ing a low silhouette over the hull, allowances for the
plates protecti ng the
hit. crew's comfort and efficiency have prevented it from
suspension. Below:An
XM1 ploughs across a field
A 7.62mm machine gun is mounted coaxially with reaching the close-fitting dome shape of Soviet tanks .
during its proving trials. the main armament and a second is fltted at the Moreover, there are resulting high-explgsive pockets
The powerful 1500 gun-loader's position on the turret. The commander in front and at the sides, especially when the turret is
horsepower gas-tu rbi ne has a I 2 .7mm anti-aircraft machine gu'rialso fitted on traversed. The ability of the tank cre-iv to work
engine and rugged the turret. efficiently within the confines of an armoured vehicle
torsion-bar suspension will Crew protection against hits is improved by greater
provide production M 1s
underdifficult conditions is of the greatest importance
with the ability to cross
obliquity of the hull and turret surfaces and by on the battle{ield. The problem is to ensure that the
broken terrain at high armoured skifis overthe suspension. Several protec- tank's combat efliciency is not seriously impaired,
speeds - a great advantage tive innovations will improve the chances of survival and that costs do not become prohibitively expensive.
for survival on the following eventual penetration. Arnmunition stow- The Soviet-built tanks of the Warsaw Pact are reliable
battlef ield. age'has been contpartmentalised with 44 main-gun and tough battlefield vehicles - as well as being
rounds carried in the bustle behind sliding armour relatively easy to produce - but the strains involved in
doors. E,ight main-gun rounds are stowed in a com- operating them are considerable and would almost
parlment in the hull and three more on the turet floor, cerlainly have adverse consequences during sus-
protected by spall plates. In the event of a hit, the blast tained combat
of the explosion is vented upwards and out of the The driver's position is situated at the front centre
bustle by specially constructed blowout plates, thus of the tank and is operated from a semi-reclining
directing the detonating rounds away from the crew position when drivrng with the hatch closed. Steering
compafiment. During operational tests at the Aber- is done by a rotating motorcycle-type T-bar which
deen Proving Ground, a prototype XMI was fully actuates the steering lever, with grips forthrottle and
loaded with fuel and ammunition and subjected to t'uel management. A centre periscope and image
various types of fire . Not only was it not destroyed it intensification periscope for night driving rs
was later driven away under its own power. provided.
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KEYWEAPONS
Above: The XM1 prototype One of the most crucial questions arising on the The M t has yet to prove itself in combat, but given
painted with the 1976 present validity of the M1 is the ef'fectiveness of its its sophisticated electronic equipment, good armour
camouflage colour scheme gun. While the fire-control system and advanced protection and when armed with a 120mm main gun it
in preparation for combat
optical equipment may well ensure a high rate of should be a match for any main battle tank.
trials.
lirst-hits at medium ranges, it remains debatable
whether the present 105mm gun. even with its ad-
vanced ammunition, will cope with the frontal :Abrams::M},M.ain Battle Tank,.,
arnour of the Soviet T64 and T72 tanks. However"
,CrgW4 .. ,
the adoption of l20mm smooth-bore gun should .-.... ..., ', .r .r ....',.. ...
bs},
V{eig ht Co mbat l oaded 54,432kss il 1 9r050l .:
M I are poor engine reliabil ity and high fuel consump- EngirieAto0:lySqmingAGT]T,1So0HP.c'gas i' :r:a rr:
tion. Exhaustive field testing seems to have proved rt:qrbine'developing,r! 500hp'at',3000rp.rfl :,'', :'r.,',
the reliabiliry of the Avco-Lycoming turbine, although
information is far lrom complete. Tactical advantages :Pei{ormlneB:Maximu:m i{radr$peed:7?kfilh, .',
outweigh the increased fuel consumption, especially 145mpt1; 61u*ilruiiiioss.coiiniryspead S0krnlh r
(3llrnpli); i6ngeliaad)450km,1280mjles); vertieal, .:
in close ormedium-range battle situations that would be
likely to develop in central Europe, where movement
obstacLe'l :24m {
t;'trencb?r?4m {9ftI: gradient.60
rpereeni; {oidiiiE r22m,.{4ft}; With kit2;36m,{fii 9in)
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worldwide requirements, it will prove a highly effbc- detailsalassified r,: .. r:,r :r:,'
tive weapon on the European battlefleld sl-rould war AimamdntOrre1105mm M6B gun:{55 founda}i one
break out between the Warsaw Pact and Nato. Along- .7;62mn.tmachi$aguniCoiaxja.lrwith..rna'inr, .',,r,.,',.. .:
armafidnti,dne,12,7nirn:,nrachirieg0nen:'1 -',':
side the German Leopard and the British Chieftain
:Comirrander.g Cqpdla; one 7:62rnmmachine g!]ni
and Challenger tanks the Ml would become a central rno.unted byload:eris haleh; six$moke diaohaigei$
element in Nato's ability to block the Soviet tank o h, eithqr side of !.uir,el as well, aq,:i nte g ral Sm a-ke',. '
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SAS
Ealklands I9U
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Trooper, Special Air Service Regiment, 1982
Although this SAS trooper's kit con- the items are a '58-pattern SLR pouch,
forms.to the standard British '58 pat- compass case, 'zl4-pattern water bottle,
tern, most soldiers evolve their own US M16 ammunition pouch (used as a
arrangement of kit; the one illustrated small pack), British water bottle, US
herewould betypical of thatworn dur- water bottle holder, and another'58-
ing the Falklands conflict. From the left pattern SLR pouch.
Overseas read€rS: ThiS free binder offer applies to readers in the UK, Eire
and Australia only. Readers in Australia should complete the Special loose
insert in lssue 1 and see a(lclitional bincler information on the inside front
cover. Readers in New Zealand and South Africa and Some other countries
can obtain their binclers now. For cletails please see inside the front cover.