PUSAT PERANTARAAN ILMU DAN BAHASA (PPIB)

UB00502-SECTION 3

ENGLISH FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES

Purpose Statements, Descriptions of Data

Collection Procedures, and Recommendations for Further Research in Food Science

and Tesl.

(PROJECT PAPER)

Completation date : 2.2.2022

SEMESTER 1

1-2021/2022

LECTURER : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. JASON LIM MIIN HWA

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAZIQ BIN SJAIFUDIN BP21110094

IYAN YUHAIZA BINTI YUNUS BP21110184

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1.0 Introduction

A research article is an article that describes the findings of an original report while

evaluating its contribution to the body of knowledge in a certain field and is published in a

peer-reviewed scholarly publication. A research article reports the results of original research,

assesses its contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, and is published in a peer-

reviewed scholarly journal (Hall, n.d). Overall, the IMRD framework includes a high-quality

research article. Introduction, Method, Result, and Discussion are the parts of the structure.

IMRD is mostly for research publications, and it is rarely used in other sorts of papers such as

editorials or scientific journals. Introduction, Method, Result, and Discussion are the parts of

the structure. IMRD is mostly for research publications, and it is rarely used in other sorts of

papers such as editorials or scientific journals. According to the IMRD structure, the

Introduction section plays an important part in providing an overview or early information

regarding the research article to the readers. In the process of writing proposals or introducing

the research article, researchers often need a convincing and impressive introduction to

capture the interest of the public, especially peer researchers and reviewers (Lim, 2012).

Researchers prone to create an introductory section based on a schematic structure of

John Swales, Create a Research Space (CARS). The Create-A-Research space model for RA

introductions in genre analysis appears to be quite successful, both in terms of description

and pedagogy (Swales, 2004). In creating an introduction section, this approach suggested

three steps: establishing a territory (Move 1), building a niche (Move 2), and last, presenting

the current work (Move 3). In Move 1, we emphasise the importance of the topic area we

have picked, as well as provide background information to help the reader comprehend our

research paper. For Move 2, which is ‘establishing a niche’ or also known as gap indication,

there are four steps involved which are no research has been done in your topic’s area,

insufficient research, past research limitations, and conflicting findings between researchers.

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According to Lim et al (2015), on the last move, which is ‘presenting the present work’,

researchers may propose purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses and some other

optional information elements, including definitional clarifications, method summaries and

statements focusing on the value of their research.

As stated by Lim (2012), there are a few type of research articles interstice which are,

the absence of a certain characteristic, inadequate research in a particular aspect, limitations

faced by researchers while investigating, and there is a conflicting findings between

researchers. Every point stated above gives any researcher the opportunity to fill in the gap or

conduct a new study to allocate an answer for the research. In a research article, the

importance of the entire study or the reason for a research is highlighted as purpose statement.

The frequently emphasized question was the " Why" factor in a research. The WHY section

connects the reader to pertinent literature, data, trends or any information related to the

frames of the basic need and justification for the study, presents the analytical thinking of the

researcher about previous research and combines the literature to create a basic argument and

warrant for the research that was being proposed (Newman et al, 2013).

Research articles in different fields have dissimilar types of purpose statements.

However, those purpose statements can be related to improving predictions, increasing the

knowledge base, having a social, organizational or institutional impact, measuring change or

improvement, helping one understand a complex phenomena, testing and evaluating new

ideas and theories, generating new hypotheses and theories, informing multiple stakeholders

and last but not least, understanding past events (Newman et al, 2013). The presence of a

research question can influence the research article's efficiency. A comprehensible statement

that can be separate from the title and research aims is referred to as a research question. In

Lim (2012), experts in his study which is Formulating research questions in experimental

doctoral dissertations highlighted the need to use research questions in order to help

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candidates direct and organize their studies, to inform themselves about the appropriate

breadth or scope of their related literature review and to avoid getting sidetracked from their

main thrust of their studies. This requires the use of "Why and What" questions. The basic

objective of using research questions would be to figure out what the "target" of the study or

investigation has been.

In most research studies, the data collection procedure is highlighted as the first point

in the method section. The importance of the Method sections varies across disciplines and

research paradigms (Lim, 2017).The statement of methodical approach of carrying out the

current investigation involves data collection procedures. The equipment will be included in

the researcher's data gathering protocols. For example, the questionnaire used to collect data,

the instrument (for example, a laboratory apparatus used to measure something), and the

method, which describes how the procedure is carried out on the participants.

The 3 rhetorical processes listed above are the most important features of a skilled and

qualified research paper. However, it is critical to understand that all of the elements must be

consistent to create a decent and well-planned job. This is to ensure that the study's purpose,

goals, and focus are evident to readers who will use the current study as a reference in the

future. By establishing, polishing and hammering out consistency in the first steps or stages

of a research plan we believe logic and transparency are easier to create and the rest of the

research and its resulting report will be of higher quality (Newman et al, 2013).

The Introduction and Method sections of an article are the two major parts that will be

discussed in this project paper. The three rhetorical steps of purpose statement, data

collection procedure and recommendations for further research statements will be our focus.

These three rhetorical steps will be examined using 12 articles from two different fields:

TESL and Food Science.

2.0 Method

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 The data gathering and analysis procedures are the two key steps in this research

report method section.

2.1 Data collection procedure

In this research paper we are required to do a comparative study between two

disciplines, which is Science and TESLl. For this study, a total of 12 articles chosen from 4

different journals were obtained. The articles chosen only consisted of science and TESL

related topics. 6 articles from science related topics originated from Journal of Innovative

Food Science and Emerging Technologies and Food Bioscience which mostly focus on Food

Science while the other 6 articles that related to TESL topic were taken from Journal of

Linguistic and Education and Second Language Writing. These papers were picked for their

Introduction-Method-Result-Discussion structure and their impact on the study, which is

essential because it facilitates the literature review. Furthermore, the articles included in this

study were published in 2021 and 2022. Most of the articles in Food science related topics are

about dairy food, sugar profile in food, etc. While articles related to TESL are about syntactic

and lexical features, grammatical challenges, cognitive and linguistic resources, etc. The

selected articles are shown in table 1.0 below :

Table 1.0 : Research Articles (RA) used in this study

Discipline No. Title Journal
p RA 1 Kinetic studies on soluble sugar profile in Innovative Food Science
rice during storage: Derivation and Emerging
using the Laplace transform Technologies
RA 2 Exploring the bioactive potential of Innovative Food Science
brewers spent grain ohmic extracts and Emerging
Technologies
RA 3 Dairy foods and novel thermal and non- Innovative Food Science
thermal processing: A bibliometric and Emerging
analysis Technologies
RA 4 Modelling the mechanism and kinetics of
ascorbic acid diffusion in genipin-

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 crosslinked Food Bioscience
gelatin and chitosan networks at distinct
pH
RA 5 Impact of common gastrointestinal
disorders in elderly on in vitro meat Food Bioscience
protein digestibility and related properties
RA 6 Prevalence of Clostridium spp., in Kashar Food Bioscience
cheese and efficiency of
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis mix as a
biocontrol agents for Clostridium spp.
Q RA 7 Use of non-situational identities in Linguistics and Education
teacher-student interaction
RA 8 Going from oral to written discourse: Linguistics and Education
Norwegian students’
grammatical challenges when writing
persuasive texts
RA 9 Transworlding and translanguaging: Linguistics and Education
Negotiating and resistinmonoglossic
language ideologies, policies, and
pedagogies
RA 10 Exploring the relationships among Journal of Second
cognitive and linguistic Language Writing
resources, writing processes, and written
products in second
language writing
RA 11 Syntactic and lexical features of Journal of Second
adolescent L2 students’ Language Writing
academic writing
RA 12 Relationship between second language Journal of Second
English writing Language Writing
self-efficacy and achievement: A meta-
regression analysis

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2.2 Data Analysis procedure

Three informational components within the research articles were assessed in this

study: purpose statements, data gathering procedures, and recommendations for further

research. These three components of information were identified, explained, and the

frequency with which they appeared in the articles picked was determined. The goal of this

exercise was to guarantee that any similarities and differences between the two categories of

the article may be used as data for this study. Additionally, the usage of tense in the

introductory or procedure parts of information items was contrasted. The various article

components highlighted the use of simple past or simple present. Several examples were

taken from the articles chosen to demonstrate the existence of these components. The

frequencies of all the information features were then collated into a single table of data.

3.0 Result and Discussion

Table 1 below shows consistent finding of purpose statements from both the chosen

articles from Food science or TESL. This element is present in every article from different

chosen journals. The purpose statement can be found in most of the introduction and abstract

of every article. One probable explanation for the purpose statement to appear in the

introduction of each RA is that the purpose statement is significant in and of itself. Swales

(2004) defines a goal statement as "announcing the current research descriptively and/or

purposefully." This illustrates that by including the purpose statement, the reader can gain a

better understanding of the research's objective and, more importantly, be introduced to it

during the introduction, while the reader's attention is still attentive.

The recommendations for further research are rarely used in both articles related to

Food science and TESL. However, it is proved that recommendations are rarely used in

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almost all the Food Science RAs compared to Tesl RAs. This could be a result of the writers'

abilities and style of writing. Based on the 12 articles that are chosen, the purpose statement

sections were found in every article and thus show 100% in both fields studied. For data

collection procedure, this information is also contained in every article chosen from Food

science and Tesl fields, hence both of the percentage for this information is 100%. However,

for recommendation for further research, TESL RAs show a frequency higher than food

science RAs which are 66% and 17%.

The amount of purpose statement elements and data collection procedure of the RAs

from Tesl and Food science are almost similar in terms of frequencies but for

recommendation for further research the two discipline differ significantly in the amount of

this kind of information used. These frequencies vary, indicating that some are low and others

are high. Both articles appear to have a high frequency of purpose statements and data

collection procedures. This could be because these information items must be included in the

introduction and also the method section. The majority of the articles examined have a

purpose statement in the introduction, and this pattern may indicate that it is necessary to

include one otherwise. On the other hand, one could argue that the availability of

recommendations for further research questions is extremely limited in Food Science

publications but not in TESL articles. This could be the writer's favoured style of writing,

either to suit the subject they are writing about or to replicate his or her own style.

The articles examined demonstrate a range of frequencies for the three information

elements, as illustrated in Table 1. Both TESL and Food Science RAs have a

disproportionately high frequency of purpose statement and data collecting technique, but a

disproportionately low frequency of recommendations for more research. For instance, the

purpose statements in the TESL and Food Science research proposals are nearly identical. On

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 the other hand, it is readily apparent that the recommendations for more research made in the

TESL RAs are distinct from those made in the Food Science RAs. Almost all of the TESL

papers include recommendations for additional research, except for two RAs, and while one

is included in the Food Science articles, it was definitely underutilised.

Table 1 : Frequencies and percentages of texts containing purpose statements, data collection
procedures and recommendation for further research in the articles on Food Science and
TESL
Frequency/percentage Purpose statement Data collection Recommendation for
procedure further research

FOOD SCIENCE
RA 1 1 2 0
RA 2 1 5 0
RA 3 2 3 1
RA 4 1 7 0
RA 5 2 4 0
RA 6 2 9 0
RAs 1-6 9 30 1
No. of articles 6 6 1
Percentage of articles 100 100 17
(%)

TESL
RA 7 1 3 5
RA 8 1 3 0
RA 9 1 2 0
RA 10 2 8 2
RA 11 1 3 1
RA 12 3 5 5
RAs 7-12 9 24 14
No. of articles 6 6 4
Percentage of articles 100 100 66
(%)

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 Table 2: Examples of information elements in the research articles related to TESL and Food
Science

Informatio Discipline Instance

n
Elements
/Stage
Purpose FOOD This study aimed to in vitro evaluate the impact of common
statement SCIENCE gastrointestinal (GI) alterations appearing with aging
on protein digestibility, and functional related properties, in four
different meats (chicken, turkey, pork and
beef) (RA 5: 1)
Therefore, this work aimed for the first time to provide awareness
and perspectives for applying novel non-thermal and thermal
processing
in dairy products through a mixed methodology scientometric
analysis
and review of the literature between the period 2010 to 2021.(RA 3:
1)
TESL The study aimed (a) to estimate the overall average effect size of the
relationship between writing
self-efficacy and writing achievement for first language (L1) and
second language (L2) writers in
English; and (b) to examine how writing in English as a L1/L2
moderates the relationships based
on a meta-analysis of published journal articles and
dissertations/theses.RA 12: 1 )
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among
cognitive and
linguistic resources, writing processes, and writing products in an
L2 English undergraduate writing context.(RA 10: 1)
Data FOOD The scientific articles published between January 1st 2010 to
Collection SCIENCE December 08th 2021 were accessed through a topic search of the
Procedure Scopus database.(RA 3:2)
s
performing the Laplace transform method in order to find the time-
dependent contents for sucrose, maltose, fructose and glucose in
rice during storage because these rate constant equations are linear
with respect to the soluble sugar contents. The letter s is the Laplace
variable(RA 1: 3 )
TESL Data included 565 effect sizes from 76 studies through a rigorous
process of literature searches, screening, and data coding.(RA 12: 1)
Recomme FOOD In this way, the results suggest that the scientific papers on dairy
ndation SCIENCE products could observe similar microbial inactivation of foodborne
for further pathogens with the emerging technologies, but with improvements
research in the products related to quality parameters, shelf-life extension,
and energy efficiency(RA 3: 11)

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 Therefore, the current study is distinguished from previous studies
by its focus on vocabulary profiles and lexical bundles of non native
writing samples across proficiency levels. Lexical bundles are
defined as the most frequent recurring lexical sequences in a
register (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad,&Finegan, 1999). They
are usually not complete grammatical structures nor idiomatic,but
they function as basic building blocks of discourse
(Biberetal.,1999). (RA 6: 24)
TESL On the whole, the findings discussed above demonstrated that the
enactment of non situational identities in teacher-student discourse
is an interesting interactional and pedagogical phenomenon offering
promising di rections for future investigations. (RA 7: 11 )
Future research is recommended to add gender orientation to the
HLM model and investigate its effect on effect sizes.(RA 10: 78 )

This study aimed to determine the frequency with which purpose statements and data

collection procedures appear in publications published in Food Science and TESL.

Additionally, the researchers wanted to examine the linguistic expressions employed in both

sectors' three informational aspects. The data indicate that the three types of information are

more prevalent in TESL articles than in Food Science publications.

There are a few drawbacks to this study. The researchers found the first issue in searching for

the 12 publications that contained IMRD structures. The researchers were restricted to 12

articles published in 2021 or later. This may have not affected the findings and masked

differences in the frequency of the study's targeted element. Thus, future research should

include publications from different years and at least 15 articles from each topic.

4.0 Conclusion and implication

To sum up, this study has significant limitations. First, this research report focuses

mostly on two areas, TESL and Food Science, with 12 publications from 2021 chosen for

each discipline. It's worth noting that the sample size is modest and restricted, as we only

chose 12 articles from 2021 and two distinct fields. As a result, gathering a big amount of

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data and feedback for our research has proven difficult. Furthermore, the cite scores for both

fields are low, indicating that the research articles are of poor quality. Aside from that, just

two publications from each subject were primarily targeted, making it difficult to select

articles due to their narrow scope.

The importance of this study is that it will help future researchers perform research on

the three forms of information that have been identified while also providing a diverse set of

language resources. However, because this study only focuses on three types of factors, it is

suggested that more elements be examined in order to uncover similarities and contrasts

between the two fields, TESL and Food Science. Generally, the information presented in this

work can be useful to novice researchers who want to do similar research that focuses on the

location element of information and the usage of language resources.

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References

Bonifácio-Lopes, T., Vilas-Boas, A., Machado, M., Costa, E. M., Silva, S., Pereira, R. N.,
aaaaaaaCampos, D., Teixeira, J. A., & Pintado, M. (2022). Exploring the bioactive
aaaaaaapotential of brewers spent grain ohmic extracts. Innovative Food Science &
aaaaaaaEmerging Technologies, 76, 102943.
aaaaaa https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102943
Demirbaş, F., Dertli, E., & Arıcı, M. (2022). Prevalence of clostridium spp., in Kashar
aaaaaaacheese and efficiency of lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis subsp.
aaaaaaalactis mix as a biocontrol agents for clostridium spp.. Food Bioscience, 101581.
aaaaaaahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101581
Hernández-Olivas, E., Muñoz-Pina, S., García-Hernández, J., Andrés, A., & Heredia, A.
aaaaaaa(2022). Impact of common gastrointestinal disorders in elderly on in vitro meat
aaaaaaaproteinadigestibility and related properties. Food Bioscience, 46, 101560.
aaaaaaahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101560
Lim, J. M. H. (2012). How do writers establish research niches? A genre-based investigation
into management researchers’ rhetorical steps and linguistic mechanisms. Journal of
English for Academic Purposes, 11(3), 229–245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.05.002
Lim, J. M.-H., Loi, C.-K., Hashim, A., & Liu, M. S.-M. (2015). Purpose statements in
experimental doctoral dissertations submitted to U.S. universities: An inquiry into
doctoral students’ communicative resources in language education. Journal of English
for Academic Purposes, 20(69-89.), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.06.002
Lim, J. M.-H. (2017). Writing descriptions of experimental procedures in language education:
Implications for the teaching of English for academic purposes. English for Specific
Purposes, 47(61-80), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.05.001
Newman, I., & Covrig, D. M. (2013). Building consistency between title, problem statement,
purpose, & research questions to improve the quality of research plans and reports.
New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 25(1), 70–79.
https://doi.org/10.1002/nha.20009
Ribeiro, N. G., Xavier-Santos, D., Campelo, P. H., Guimarães, J. T., Pimentel, T. C., Duarte,
aaaaaaaM. C., Freitas, M. Q., Esmerino, E. A., Silva, M. C., & Cruz, A. G. (2022).
aaaaaaaDairy Foods and novel thermal and non-thermal processing: A Bibliometric analysis.
aaaaaaaInnovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 76, 102934.
aaaaaaahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102934
Swales. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Research Gate.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.ums.edu.my/
Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhou, R., & Ma, M. (2022). Kinetic studies on soluble sugar
aaaaaaaprofile in rice during storage: Derivation using the Laplace transform. Innovative
aaaaaaaFood Science & Emerging Technologies, 76, 102915.
aaaaaaahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102915
Whitehead, F,.A., & Kasapis S.,(2022) Modelling the mechanism and kinetics of ascorbic
aaaaaaaacid diffusion in genipin-crosslinked gelatin and chitosan networks at distinct pH,
aaaaaaaFood Bioscience
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101579.

13
Lim, J. M. H. (2012). How do writers establish research niches? A genre-based investigation
into management researchers’ rhetorical steps and linguistic mechanisms. Journal of
English for Academic Purposes, 11(3), 229–245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.05.002
Swales. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Research Gate.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.ums.edu.my/
Lim, J. M.-H., Loi, C.-K., Hashim, A., & Liu, M. S.-M. (2015). Purpose statements in
experimental doctoral dissertations submitted to U.S. universities: An inquiry into
doctoral students’ communicative resources in language education. Journal of English
for Academic Purposes, 20(69-89.), 69–89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.06.002
Newman, I., & Covrig, D. M. (2013). Building consistency between title, problem statement,
purpose, & research questions to improve the quality of research plans and reports.
New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 25(1), 70–79.
https://doi.org/10.1002/nha.20009
Lim, J. M.-H. (2017). Writing descriptions of experimental procedures in language education:
Implications for the teaching of English for academic purposes. English for Specific
Purposes, 47(61-80), 61–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.05.001

14
Appendices

Food Science RAs

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sINzPxJwst8vqjwY

hhttps://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIDHPxJwsy8zqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIDHPxJwsy8zqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIArPxJwsjc3qjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIFnPxJwsqtDqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIErPxJws8tDqjwY

TESL RAs

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sID3PxJws0NHqjwY

https://sg.docworks pace.com/d/sILvPxJws6tLqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIGnPxJws39bqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIGXPxJwsxtXqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIJvPxJws0tPqjwY

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIJrPxJwsotbqjwY

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