Unit 5: Lecture 1- Heat Transfer: Radiation

Dr. Vaibhav S. Kathavate

Assistant Professor (Adjunct),
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
COEP Technological University,
(Formerly College of Engineering Pune),
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005,
Maharashtra, India.
Let’s Understand Radiation….

EARTH

• The sun emits some waves towards the earth and heat is dissipated.
• Heat is also dissipated from the filament in an incandescent bulb/lamp.
• Generated X-rays when fine beam of electrons strikes on heavy metal target under high vacuum.
• These waves are the “electromagnetic radiations”.

It would be of no wonder to state that every body emits some amount of electromagnetic
radiations due to internal heat conversion/generation.
2
 Conduction vs. Convection vs. Radiation….

Fluid
EARTH

Radiation

∞ • Heat transfer via long distance

• No direct touching/physical
Conduction and
Thermal Conductivity contact
Convection
• Medium (either in vacuum or at

Direct physical contact is necessary and hence the distance normal (pressure) conditions

through which heat is being transferred is limited.

3
Some More Insights of Convection….

• Radiation: Propagation of electromagnetic waves of all the wavelengths.

• These electromagnetic wavelengths can range from the wavelengths of radio waves, which
− 10
have wavelengths of kilometers, to cosmic rays with wavelengths of less than 10 𝑐𝑚.

• In heat transfer via radiation, thermal effects are associated with radiation.

• The main emphasis is on estimating the radiation absorbed by the substances/body and the

energy of which transforms into heat.

4
In this Unit….

✓ Principle of radiation

✓ Reflection, Transmission, Absorption

✓ Heat transfer in black bodies, and non black bodies

✓ Radiation heat transfer in furnace

✓ Real life examples where all the three modes of heat transfers involved

5
Reflection, Transmission, Absorption….
Incident
𝑄 • When radiation is incident (or fall) on a body, then a
radiations
some fraction (or part) may be reflected, some fraction
may be transmitted and some fraction may be
𝑄𝐴
𝑄𝑇 absorbed.
Absorption
• If 𝑸 is the total radiation incident on the body then 𝑸𝑨 is
absorbed, 𝑸𝑻 is transmitted and 𝑸𝑹 is reflected.
Transmission
• Therefore, we can write

𝑸𝑨 𝑸 = 𝑸𝑨 + 𝑸𝑹 + 𝑸𝑹
is the absorptivity (𝛼)
𝑸 • We can also write the above equation;
𝑸𝑹
is the reflectivity (𝜌) 𝑸𝑨 𝑸𝑹 𝑸𝑻
𝑸 + + =𝟏
𝑸 𝑸 𝑸
𝑸𝑻
is the transmissivity (𝜏) 𝜶+𝝆+𝝉= 𝟏
𝑸
6
Opaque, White and Black Bodies in Radiation Heat Transfer….

Opaque Body White Body Black Body

Reflectivity equal to unity and If all the incident radiations are
Non transparent absorptivity and transmissivity completely absorbed with zero
equal to zero reflectivity and transmissivity
𝝉=𝟎 𝝆=𝟏 𝜶=𝟏
𝜶+𝝆=𝟏 𝝉=𝟎 𝜶=𝟎 𝝉=𝟎 𝝆=𝟎

The bodies which obeys geometric

Carbon black, platinum black,
Many solid bodies/objects law of optics (such as glasses and
and gold black
mirrors)

• Absolutely Transparent Body (diathermanous): Completely transparent with zero reflectivity

and absorptivity. i.e., 𝝉 = 𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎 𝝆 = 𝟎
7
Emissivity and Stefan-Boltzmann Law….

• A black does not exists in real.

• The radiation heat transfer in a body depends on the temperature (difference) and optical

property of a body.

• This optical property is known as “Emissivity (𝜺)”.

• Emissivity for black body is 𝜺 = 𝟏.

• Stefan-Boltzmann Law: In 1879, Stefan-Boltzmann found that the total emissive power (i.e.,

heat radiated/emitted) is directly proportional to the fourth power of temperature.

𝒒 = 𝝈𝑨(𝑻𝟒𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒𝟐 )

• 𝝈 - Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant (5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4 )

8