10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. X
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.
Vitam
ncbi.nli
Vitamin D
Krati Chauhan; Mahsa Shahrokhi; Martin R. Huecker.
Author Information and Affiliations Last Update: April 9, 2023.
Continuing Education Activity
Vitamin D is labeled as the "sunshine vitamin," as it is produced in the skin during sun exposure.
Vitamin D is required to maintain the serum calcium concentration within the normal physiologic range
for musculoskeletal health. The Endocrine Society, the National and International Osteoporosis
Foundation, and the American Geriatric Society define vitamin D deficiency as the level of 25-
hydroxyvitamin (25 OH D) of less than 30 ng/mL. The Endocrine Society recommends a preferred
range of 40 to 60 ng/mL. To maintain this level, the Endocrine Society recommends an intake of 400 to
1000 International Units (IU) daily for infants less than one year, 600 to 1000 IU for children and
adolescents from 1 to 18 years, and 1500 to 2000 IU for all adults. This activity outlines the indications,
mechanism of action, methods of administration, significant adverse effects, contraindications, toxicity,
and monitoring, of vitamin D so providers can direct patient therapy in treatment or supplementation
where it is indicated as part of the interprofessional team.
Objectives:
• Identify the physiological role of vitamin D.
• Describe the appropriate dosing of vitamin D for various patient populations.
• Review the appropriate monitoring to ensure proper vitamin D levels.
• S^marize the importance of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team and
how it can enhance patient care with vitamin D to improve patient outcomes where vitamin D
supplementation is indicated.
Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Indications
Vitamin D is labeled as the "sunshine vitamin," as it is produced in the skin on sun exposure. Vitamin D
is required to maintain the serum calcium concentration within the normal physiologic range for
musculoskeletal health.[1][2][3]
Ask
GPT-
The Endocrine Society, the National and International Osteoporosis Foundation, and the American
Geriatric Society define vitamin D deficiency as the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin (25 OH D) of less than
30 ng/mL. The Endocrine Society recommends a preferred range of 40 to 60 ng/mL. In contrast, the
National Institute of Health defines vitamin D deficiency as less than 20 ng/ml. Some authorities define
insufficiency as 12 to 19 ng/mL and deficiency as less than 12 ng/mL. To maintain this level, the
Endocrine Society recommends an intake of 400 to 1000 International Units (IU) daily for infants less
than one year, 600 to 1000 IU for children and adolescents from 1 to 18 years, and 1500 to 2000 IU for
all adults.

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 1/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets and prevents children from reaching their peak bone
mass and genetically determined height. In adults, vitamin D deficiency results in abnormal
mineralization of the collagen matrix in bone, referred to as osteomalacia. This collagen matrix is weak,
does not provide adequate structural support, and increases the risk of fracture. This abnormally
mineralized matrix pushes the periosteum, a highly innervated structure, outward and results in aching
bones, a common complaint in vitamin D deficient individuals. Vitamin D deficiency also results in
muscle weakness and muscle pain. Patients complain of generalized bone and muscle pain. Around 40%
to 60% of patients with generalized myalgias and bone pain have vitamin D deficiency.
Vitam
ncbi.nli
Vitamin D deficiency (level < 30 ng/mL) and insufficiency (level between 20 to 30 ng/mL) are a
problem across the globe. Pregnant women, African Americans, Hispanics, obese adults, and children
are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency. In the United States, 50% of children ages 1 to 5 and 70% of
children ages 6 to 11 have vitamin D deficiency. It is attributed to an increase in the incidence of
obesity, a decrease in milk consumption, and the use of sun protection.[4][5][6]
Mechanism of Action
Vitamin D is a hormone obtained through dietary consumption and skin production. Ultraviolet B
(UVB) radiation, wavelength (290 to 315 ^), converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D.
This previtamin D undergoes heat isomerization and is converted to vitamin D. Vitamin D from the skin
and diet is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D is
useful in assessing vitamin D status. In the kidneys, 25 hydroxyvitamin D converts to the biologically
active form: 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25 (OH)) by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-
hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Renal production of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin is under the regulation of
parathyroid, calcium, and phosphorus levels.
[7]
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor, a hormone receptor present at the nucleus
inside the cell. Gene transcription is modified through the binding of vitamin D to its receptor, resulting
in the activation of certain genes and suppression of others. It stimulates intestinal calcic and
phosphorus absorption. In the absence of vitamin D, approximately 10 to 15% of dietary calcium and
60% of phosphorus are absorbed. In the presence of vitamin D, this percentage of absorption is
increased to 30% to 40% for calcium and 80% for phosphorus. In the kidneys, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin
promotes calcium reabsorption.
Vitamin D has a physiologic function outside calcium metabolism. Vitamin D receptor is present in the
small intestine, colon, T and B lymphocytes, mononuclear cells, brain, and skin. It stimulates insulin
production, modulates the function of activated T and B lymphocytes, prevents inflammatory bowel
diseases, and affects myocardial contractility.
Topical 1 ,25-dihydroxy vitamin D has utility in the treatment of psoriasis. It reduces scaling and
erythema in psoriasis. Keratinocytes in the skin, which function abnormally in psoriasis, have vitamin D
receptors, and vitamin D inhibits their proliferation and induces differentiation. [8]
GPT-
Administration
Vitamin D administration can be oral, or the skin can make it via UV exposure. A serum level of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D) of at least 30 ng/ml (78 nmoL/L) is required to maintain the physiologic
function of vitamin D. Recommendations are to use 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D) as a measure of
vitamin D status as it has a half-life of 2 weeks; whereas, 1,25-dihydroxy

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 2/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
vitamin D (1,25 (OH)), the biologically active form, has a serum half-life of< 4 hours and should not be
used to measure vitamin D status.
Vitam
ncbi.nli
Factors that alter the amount of UVB radiation reaching the skin change the cutaneous production of
vitamin D. Melanin in the skin absorbs UVB radiation and prevents the conversion of 7-
dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D. Hence, individuals with increased skin pigmentation have decreased
cutaneous production of vitamin D and require a longer duration of exposure to UVB radiation to
produce vitamin D. Sunscreen, which also absorbs UVB radiation, decreases cutaneous production of
vitamin D. A sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 8 reduces cutaneous production of UVB
by> 95% and a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 will reduce this to> 98%.
During winter, sun rays enter at a more oblique angle, and the ozone layer absorbs a higher amount of
UVB radiation. Hence, less UVB radiation reaches the skin. For this reason, during the winter months,
there is a decrease in the production of vitamin D. Similarly, at latitudes greater than 37 degrees, there is
a decrease in the UVB radiation reaching the skin, which reduces vitamin D production. In the early
morning and the evening, the sun's rays enter at an oblique angle, and the skin produces very little UVB.
Vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in body fat. In obese individuals, a greater amount of vitamin D is
stored in fat, and less is available for biological functions. Hence obese people require larger units of
vitamin D supplementation to maintain an adequate serum level of vitamin D.
Very few foods are a natural source of vitamin D. These include oily fish such as salmon, mackerel, and
sardines. Foods fortified with vitamin D are milk and orange juice (100 units per 8 ounce serving) and
some bread and cereals. An important source of oral vitamin D is vitamin D supplements, which are
available both over the counter and through prescription. These are available in strengths of 1000 IU,
2000 IU, 5000 IU, and 50,000 IU, which are available only through prescription.[9]
Monitoring
The recommendation is to check the level of the circulating form of vitamin D (25- hydroxyvitamin D)
at least twice a year. Once in spring, which will reflect low levels after the winter, and once in fall,
which will reflect higher levels after the summer, and the dose should be adjusted accordingly.[10]
Toxicity
Vitamin D intoxication is extremely rare. Vitamin D intoxication from sun exposure does not occur as
the skin destroys excess vitamin D. The only way a person may get vitamin D toxicity is by ingestion of
extremely high doses of vitamin D for a prolonged period. Concentrations over 150 ng/mL (325
nmoL/L) may result in vitamin D intoxication and are associated with hypercalcemia. Some symptoms
associated with vitamin D toxicity and hypercalcemia include constipation, polydipsia, polyuria, and
confusion.[ll]
GPT-
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
All interprofessional healthcare team members, including clinicians, mid-level practitioners, nurses,
pharmacists, and dieticians, need to be aware of vitamin D deficiency (level < 30 ng/mL) and
insufficiency (level between 20 to 30 ng/mL) are a problem across the globe. Pregnant women, African
Americans, Hispanics, obese adults, and children are at high risk for vitamin D

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nirugov/books/NBK441912/ 3/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
deficiency. In the United States, 50% of children ages 1 to 5 and 70% of children ages 6 to 11 have
vitamin D deficiency. Experts attribute this fact to an increase in the incidence of obesity, a decrease in
milk consumption, and the use of sun protection. The interprofessional healthcare team needs to
examine all these factors when assessing the patient.
Vitam
ncbi.nli
Very few foods are a natural source of vitamin D. These include oily fish such as salmon, mackerel, and
sardines. Foods fortified with vitamin D are milk and orange juice, and some bread and cereals. An
important source of oral vitamin D is vitamin D supplements, which are available both over the counter
and through prescription. These are available in strengths of 1000 IU, 2000 IU, 5000IU, and 50,000 IU,
which are available only through prescription.[12][13] By engaging in interprofessional collaboration,
the healthcare team can ensure patients are adequately supplied with this vital nutrient and drive their
patients to better health. [Level 5]
Review Questions
• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
• Comment on this article.
References
1. Stamm E, Acchini A, Da Costa A, Besse S, Christou F, Launay C, Balmer P, Humbert M, Nguyen
S, Major K, Bosshard W, Biila C. [Year in review : geriatrics]. Rev Med Suisse. 2019 Jan 09;15(N°
632-633):50-52. [PubMed: 30629369]
2. Hemigou P, Auregan JC, Dubory A. Vitamin D: part II; cod liver oil, ultraviolet radiation, and
eradication of rickets. Int Orthop. 2019 Mar;43(3):735-749. [PubMed: 30627846]
3. Tang H, Li D, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Li X. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose and
Insulin Homeostasis and Incident Diabetes among Nondiabetic Adults: A MetaAnalysis of
Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:7908764. [PMC free article:
PMC6304827] [PubMed: 30627160]
4. Fink C, Peters RL, Koplin JJ, Brown J, Allen KJ. Factors Affecting Vitamin D Status in Infants.
Children (Basel). 2019 Jan 08;6(1) [PMC free article: PMC6351953] [PubMed: 30626163]
5. Hausler D, Weber MS. Vitamin D Supplementation in Central Nervous System Demyelinating
Disease-Enough Is Enough. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 08;20(1) [PMC free article: PMC6337288]
[PubMed: 30626090]
6. Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012
Apr;3(2):118-26. [PMC free article: PMC3356951] [PubMed: 22629085]
7. Ma^ya VK, Aggarwal M. Factors influencing the absorption of vitamin D in GIT: an overview. J
Food Sci Technol. 2017 Nov;54(12):3753-3765. [PMC free article:
PMC5643801] [PubMed: 29085118]
8. Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health.
Dermatoendocrinol. 2013 Jan 01;5(1):51-108. [PMC free article: PMC3897598] [PubMed:
24494042]
9. Awadh ^A, Hilleman DE, Knezevich E, Malesker MA, Gallagher JC. Vitamin D supplements: The
pharmacists' perspective. JAm Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021 Jul- Aug;61(4):e191-e201. [PubMed:
33674204]
10. Marcinowska-Suchowierska E, Kupisz-Urbanska M, Lukaszkiewicz J, Pludowski P, Jones G.
Vitamin D Toxicity-A Clinical Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:550. [PMC free
article: PMC6158375] [PubMed: 30294301]

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 4/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

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Vitamin D
Krati Chauhan; Mahsa Shahrokhi; Martin R. Huecker.

Author Information and Affiliations

Last Update: April 9, 2023.

Go to:

Continuing Education Activity

Vitamin D is labeled as the "sunshine vitamin," as it is produced in the skin during sun exposure.
Vitamin D is required to maintain the serum calcium concentration within the normal physiologic
range for musculoskeletal health. The Endocrine Society, the National and International

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 5/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
Osteoporosis Foundation, and the American Geriatric Society define vitamin D deficiency as the
level of 25-hydroxyvitamin (25 OH D) of less than 30 ng/mL. The Endocrine Society recommends
a preferred range of 40 to 60 ng/mL. To maintain this level, the Endocrine Society recommends an
intake of 400 to 1000 International Units (IU) daily for infants less than one year, 600 to 1000 IU
for children and adolescents from 1 to 18 years, and 1500 to 2000 IU for all adults. This activity
outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, significant adverse
effects, contraindications, toxicity, and monitoring, of vitamin D so providers can direct patient
therapy in treatment or supplementation where it is indicated as part of the interprofessional team.
Objectives:
 Identify the physiological role of vitamin D.
 Describe the appropriate dosing of vitamin D for various patient populations.
 Review the appropriate monitoring to ensure proper vitamin D levels.
 Summarize the importance of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional
team and how it can enhance patient care with vitamin D to improve patient outcomes where
vitamin D supplementation is indicated.
Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Go to:

Indications
Vitamin D is labeled as the "sunshine vitamin," as it is produced in the skin on sun exposure.
Vitamin D is required to maintain the serum calcium concentration within the normal physiologic
range for musculoskeletal health.[1][2][3]
The Endocrine Society, the National and International Osteoporosis Foundation, and the American
Geriatric Society define vitamin D deficiency as the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin (25 OH D) of less
than 30 ng/mL. The Endocrine Society recommends a preferred range of 40 to 60 ng/mL. In
contrast, the National Institute of Health defines vitamin D deficiency as less than 20 ng/ml. Some
authorities define insufficiency as 12 to 19 ng/mL and deficiency as less than 12 ng/mL. To
maintain this level, the Endocrine Society recommends an intake of 400 to 1000 International Units
(IU) daily for infants less than one year, 600 to 1000 IU for children and adolescents from 1 to 18
years, and 1500 to 2000 IU for all adults.
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets and prevents children from reaching their peak bone
mass and genetically determined height. In adults, vitamin D deficiency results in abnormal
mineralization of the collagen matrix in bone, referred to as osteomalacia. This collagen matrix is
weak, does not provide adequate structural support, and increases the risk of fracture. This
abnormally mineralized matrix pushes the periosteum, a highly innervated structure, outward and
results in aching bones, a common complaint in vitamin D deficient individuals. Vitamin D
deficiency also results in muscle weakness and muscle pain. Patients complain of generalized bone
and muscle pain. Around 40% to 60% of patients with generalized myalgias and bone pain have
vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin D deficiency (level < 30 ng/mL) and insufficiency (level between 20 to 30 ng/mL) are a
problem across the globe. Pregnant women, African Americans, Hispanics, obese adults, and
children are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency. In the United States, 50% of children ages 1 to 5
and 70% of children ages 6 to 11 have vitamin D deficiency. It is attributed to an increase in the
incidence of obesity, a decrease in milk consumption, and the use of sun protection.[4][5][6]

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 6/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
Go to:

Mechanism of Action
Vitamin D is a hormone obtained through dietary consumption and skin production. Ultraviolet B
(UVB) radiation, wavelength (290 to 315 nm), converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to
previtamin D. This previtamin D undergoes heat isomerization and is converted to vitamin D.
Vitamin D from the skin and diet is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D),
and 25-hydroxyvitamin D is useful in assessing vitamin D status. In the kidneys, 25 hydroxyvitamin
D converts to the biologically active form: 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25 (OH)) by the enzyme
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Renal production of 1,25-dihydroxy
vitamin is under the regulation of parathyroid, calcium, and phosphorus levels.[7]
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor, a hormone receptor present at the
nucleus inside the cell. Gene transcription is modified through the binding of vitamin D to its
receptor, resulting in the activation of certain genes and suppression of others. It stimulates
intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption. In the absence of vitamin D, approximately 10 to
15% of dietary calcium and 60% of phosphorus are absorbed. In the presence of vitamin D, this
percentage of absorption is increased to 30% to 40% for calcium and 80% for phosphorus. In the
kidneys, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin promotes calcium reabsorption.
Vitamin D has a physiologic function outside calcium metabolism. Vitamin D receptor is present in
the small intestine, colon, T and B lymphocytes, mononuclear cells, brain, and skin. It stimulates
insulin production, modulates the function of activated T and B lymphocytes, prevents
inflammatory bowel diseases, and affects myocardial contractility.
Topical 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D has utility in the treatment of psoriasis. It reduces scaling and
erythema in psoriasis. Keratinocytes in the skin, which function abnormally in psoriasis, have
vitamin D receptors, and vitamin D inhibits their proliferation and induces differentiation.[8]
Go to:

Administration
Vitamin D administration can be oral, or the skin can make it via UV exposure. A serum level of
25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D) of at least 30 ng/ml (78 nmoL/L) is required to maintain the
physiologic function of vitamin D. Recommendations are to use 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OH D)
as a measure of vitamin D status as it has a half-life of 2 weeks; whereas, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
(1,25 (OH)), the biologically active form, has a serum half-life of < 4 hours and should not be used
to measure vitamin D status.
Factors that alter the amount of UVB radiation reaching the skin change the cutaneous production
of vitamin D. Melanin in the skin absorbs UVB radiation and prevents the conversion of 7-
dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D. Hence, individuals with increased skin pigmentation have
decreased cutaneous production of vitamin D and require a longer duration of exposure to UVB
radiation to produce vitamin D. Sunscreen, which also absorbs UVB radiation, decreases cutaneous
production of vitamin D. A sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 8 reduces cutaneous
production of UVB by > 95% and a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 will reduce this to > 98%.
During winter, sun rays enter at a more oblique angle, and the ozone layer absorbs a higher amount
of UVB radiation. Hence, less UVB radiation reaches the skin. For this reason, during the winter
months, there is a decrease in the production of vitamin D. Similarly, at latitudes greater than 37
degrees, there is a decrease in the UVB radiation reaching the skin, which reduces vitamin D

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 7/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
production. In the early morning and the evening, the sun's rays enter at an oblique angle, and the
skin produces very little UVB.
Vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in body fat. In obese individuals, a greater amount of vitamin D
is stored in fat, and less is available for biological functions. Hence obese people require larger units
of vitamin D supplementation to maintain an adequate serum level of vitamin D.
Very few foods are a natural source of vitamin D. These include oily fish such as salmon, mackerel,
and sardines. Foods fortified with vitamin D are milk and orange juice (100 units per 8 ounce
serving) and some bread and cereals. An important source of oral vitamin D is vitamin D
supplements, which are available both over the counter and through prescription. These are
available in strengths of 1000 IU, 2000 IU, 5000 IU, and 50,000 IU, which are available only
through prescription.[9]
Go to:

Monitoring
The recommendation is to check the level of the circulating form of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin
D) at least twice a year. Once in spring, which will reflect low levels after the winter, and once in
fall, which will reflect higher levels after the summer, and the dose should be adjusted accordingly.
[10]
Go to:

Toxicity
Vitamin D intoxication is extremely rare. Vitamin D intoxication from sun exposure does not occur
as the skin destroys excess vitamin D. The only way a person may get vitamin D toxicity is by
ingestion of extremely high doses of vitamin D for a prolonged period. Concentrations over 150
ng/mL (325 nmoL/L) may result in vitamin D intoxication and are associated with hypercalcemia.
Some symptoms associated with vitamin D toxicity and hypercalcemia include constipation,
polydipsia, polyuria, and confusion.[11]
Go to:

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

All interprofessional healthcare team members, including clinicians, mid-level practitioners, nurses,
pharmacists, and dieticians, need to be aware of vitamin D deficiency (level < 30 ng/mL) and
insufficiency (level between 20 to 30 ng/mL) are a problem across the globe. Pregnant women,
African Americans, Hispanics, obese adults, and children are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency.
In the United States, 50% of children ages 1 to 5 and 70% of children ages 6 to 11 have vitamin D
deficiency. Experts attribute this fact to an increase in the incidence of obesity, a decrease in milk
consumption, and the use of sun protection. The interprofessional healthcare team needs to examine
all these factors when assessing the patient.
Very few foods are a natural source of vitamin D. These include oily fish such as salmon, mackerel,
and sardines. Foods fortified with vitamin D are milk and orange juice, and some bread and cereals.
An important source of oral vitamin D is vitamin D supplements, which are available both over the
counter and through prescription. These are available in strengths of 1000 IU, 2000 IU, 5000 IU,
and 50,000 IU, which are available only through prescription.[12][13] By engaging in

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 8/5
 10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
interprofessional collaboration, the healthcare team can ensure patients are adequately supplied with
this vital nutrient and drive their patients to better health. [Level 5]
Go to:

Review Questions
 Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
 Comment on this article.
Go to:

References
1.
Stamm E, Acchini A, Da Costa A, Besse S, Christou F, Launay C, Balmer P, Humbert M,
Nguyen S, Major K, Bosshard W, Büla C. [Year in review : geriatrics]. Rev Med
Suisse. 2019 Jan 09;15(N° 632-633):50-52. [PubMed]
2.
Hernigou P, Auregan JC, Dubory A. Vitamin D: part II; cod liver oil, ultraviolet radiation, and
eradication of rickets. Int Orthop. 2019 Mar;43(3):735-749. [PubMed]
3.
Tang H, Li D, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Li X. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose
and Insulin Homeostasis and Incident Diabetes among Nondiabetic Adults: A Meta-Analysis
of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:7908764. [PMC free article]
[PubMed]
4.
Fink C, Peters RL, Koplin JJ, Brown J, Allen KJ. Factors Affecting Vitamin D Status in
Infants. Children (Basel). 2019 Jan 08;6(1) [PMC free article] [PubMed]
5.
Häusler D, Weber MS. Vitamin D Supplementation in Central Nervous System Demyelinating
Disease-Enough Is Enough. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 08;20(1) [PMC free article] [PubMed]
6.
Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012
Apr;3(2):118-26. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
7.
Maurya VK, Aggarwal M. Factors influencing the absorption of vitamin D in GIT: an overview. J
Food Sci Technol. 2017 Nov;54(12):3753-3765. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
8.
Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for
health. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013 Jan 01;5(1):51-108. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
9.
Awadh AA, Hilleman DE, Knezevich E, Malesker MA, Gallagher JC. Vitamin D supplements:
The pharmacists' perspective. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021 Jul-Aug;61(4):e191-
e201. [PubMed]
10.
Marcinowska-Suchowierska E, Kupisz-Urbańska M, Łukaszkiewicz J, Płudowski P, Jones G.
Vitamin D Toxicity-A Clinical Perspective. Front Endocrinol
(Lausanne). 2018;9:550. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
11.
Bassatne A, Chakhtoura M, Saad R, Fuleihan GE. Vitamin D supplementation in obesity and
https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 9/5
 10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

X
during weight loss: A review of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism. 2019
Mar;92:193-205. [PubMed]
12.
Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral
infections. Rev Med Virol. 2019 Mar;29(2):e2032. [PubMed]
Disclosure: Krati Chauhan declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Mahsa Shahrokhi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Martin Huecker declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC

BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the

article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit

the author and journal.

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 Continuing Education Activity
 Indications
 Mechanism of Action
 Administration
 Monitoring
 Toxicity
 Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
 Review Questions
 References

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Vitamin D - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 11/5
10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

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https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 12/5
 10/18/23, 2:35 PM Vitamin D- StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

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11. Bassatne A, Chakhtoura M, Saad R, Fuleihan GE. Vitamin D supplementation in obesity and during weight loss: A
review of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism. 2019 Mar;92:193-205. [PubMed: 30615949]
Vitam
ncbi.nli
12. Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med
Virol. 2019 Mar;29(2):e2032. [PubMed: 30614127]
Disclosure: Krati Chauhan declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Mahsa Shahrokhi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Martin Huecker declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used
commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
Bookshelf ID: NBK441912 PMID: 28722941
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https://^ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441912/ 13/5