ae. ,' ae eer . Motion in ‘ straight Lin, ee ~— its position with respect to its surroundin,, ‘object changes its i ca then it is called in motion. . its position with respect , yt change If an obiect th time, then itis called at rest. surroun and motion are es frame of reference can Jative states. It means an object which is at bi be in motion in another frame reference at the same time. 4 i i idered as a point object ject. An object can be consi a point objet, azar tevciod by it in motion is very large in comparis dimensions. Types of Motion 1. One Dimensional Motion ; If only one out of three coordinates specifying the position of the changes with respect to time, then the motion is called one dime motion. or rectilinear motion. For instance, motion of a block in a straight line, motion of * along a straight track, a man walking on a level and narrow ' object falling under gravity ete. 2. Two Dimensional Motion : Tfonly two out of three coordinates specifying the position of changes with respect to time, then the motion is dimensional motion, Acircular metion is an instance of two dimensional motio® Mandt 3, Three Dim Tf all the three with respect ti motion. A few kite, a flying a Frame of R. ‘The most con three mutually intersection of the reference p object w.rt the clock constitut Distance oj The length of It is a scalar q motion of an 0 Its unit is met Displacem The shortest ¢ object during object in a giv It is a vector ¢ Its unit is met Uniform m If an object m equal interval straight line. Speed The time rate called speed o Its unit is mv/ It is a scalar q Its dimensionamost convenient system is -a rectangular coordinate system of h 2 es eal nee of th rfc int The 2.3 ccs ei he ton oe iii Distance or Path Length Covered es length of the actual path by an object is called the distance. pect to its Mee eee eee and it can never be zero or negative during the Its unit is metre. ndings with ) is at rest frame “ll Displacement The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of any beat object during motion is called displacement. The displacement of an ybject, if the object in a given time can be positive, zero or negative. arison to its J+ js a vector quantity. “ Its unit is metre. Uniform motion if an object moving along the strail \ of the objet equal intervals of time, it is said to be in w dimensio™ straight line. ight line covers equal distances in mniform motion along @ rection is trois Speed road 2"? ‘The time rate of change of called speed of the object. ae Distance travelled (8) Speed (0) = “pie taken (#) position of the abject in any di ed Its unit is m/s. It is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formul: a is (M°LT}He Velocity ‘The rate of is called its object «x Its unit is 1 oor is called non i” e ‘ Its dimensi Average Speed eee ine vt ty The velocity total distance Seat ene orm ‘Total Average speed = Uys vey then If an object gyn wth poorae yas then it is s Ifa particle travels distances 17829305 gy +... ieee = n-uni Average WORST (at a+. If an objec os bs time, then = s) with velocities v, and v,, carvach If particle travels equal distances (= 8 then, ay Relative | Average speed = G+) Relative ve If a particle travels with speeds Uj, U2 Usr++ during time intervals “ng eet oe sah + Una + Ula * Relative ve Average speed = te If particle travels with speeds , and v, for equal time intervals, \s Twn ts 4, =t,=1, then ¥ + by or ‘Average specd= Seeoet Se When 0 When a body travels equal distance with speeds V, and V» ® average speed (v) is the harmonic mean of two speeds. a When tv then Instantaneous Speed Pal When an object is travelling with variable speed, then its spe!" and tan| given instant of time is called its instantaneous speed. Instantaneous speed = lim 48 - 48 aoAt dt¥ ais aa de it uty The velocity of an object cam be positive, zero and negative. intervals, ie. , and Vz th 1 ins speed #* Uniform Velocity If an object undergoes equal displacements in intervals hen it bs said to bo saouaigiotee easbenteaaceg: a Non-uniform or Variable Velocity If an object undergoes unequal displacements in equal intervals of fime, then it is said to be moving with a non-uniform or variable velocity. Relative Velocity Relative velocity of one object with respect to another object is the time rate of change of relative position of one object with respect to another object. ‘ Relative velocity of object A With respect to object B 043 =Va-VB Piven two objects are moving in the same direction, then Ne Vag = Va — ea “A Fee or Vag =Va Ye i. : When two objects are moving, in opposite direction, Vag =Va + Ye va 1, or Vag =Vat'e A When two objects are moving at an ange. then sa [a5 ay, 6 ogy = 1h + UB - 20A¥n 8 vy sin _ V_ —¥_ 0058 and tanB =The a ratio Average velocinn “%*! dieplacement to the total sme taken # called Average velocity = Total displacement ~ “Total time taken ‘The rate of change of velocity oe a ee Aenea _ Change in velocity (Av ree Oils imecval (O57 Its unit is m/s”. Its dimensional formula is (M°LT*) Tt is a vector quantity. Acceleration can be Positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleratio: means velocity increasing with time, zero acceleration means veloci is uniform while negative acceleration (retardation) means velocity ing with time. If a particle is accelerated for a time t, with acceleration a, and for , time f, with acceleration a,, then average acceleration a, = Yh + Goto hth », Different Graphs of Motion Displacement-Time Graph@ Ti Gi) Ms (b) | When object is moving with Gi) At constant increasing acceleration » If two forces p f a é y will © °quilibrium ig je’ ae Fy act on a particle. then they ¥"se first with ernal ody B, ‘Handbookot Physics Key Terms, Definitions & Formulas 37 Weight (w) It a field fore. The force with which centre of the earth due to gravity. It has the SECs the mass of the body and g is the acceleration due to gravity. w= mg Apparent Weight in a Lift (@ When a lift is at rest or moving with a constant speed, then { v=0 R=mg v= constant ‘The weighing machine will read the actual weight. (i) When a lift is accelerating upward, then apparent weight eS t a /Bsmigee) =m(g+a) ‘The weighing machine will read the apparent weight, which is more than the actual weight. Gi) When a lift is come downward, then apparent weight A \. oma The weighing machine, will eel the apparent weight, which is less than the actual weight. iv) When lift is falling freely under gravity, then Ry=m(g—@=0> ‘The apparent weight oft mes Zero. (v) If lift is accelerating downward with an acceleration greater m floor to the ceiling of the lift. than g, then body will lift fro1 Rocket Rocket is an example of variable mass following law of conservation of momentum. Thrust on the rocket at any instant pao u il dt . a 2M — rate of sere wnenhougt speed of the burt gees Sc combustion of fuel.a velocity of rocket at any instant is given by v= vy + « 198. | "yy 3. Kinetic | yoy. ty Sr Teed BL eRe - If the bod; whore, t= initial velocity of the rocket, frictional foe Mo= initial mass of the rocket and nen oe nen speed of rocket where py = If effect of gravity is 1M, Kinetic fricti v= 09+ u log, ( at (a) Sliding f () Rolling 5 As, rolling fr ee ing on the point of contact of the objects, which opposes . than to slide lied friction. relative motion is cal It acts parallel to the contact surfaces. : : Frictional forces are produced due to laa interactions act Jes of the bodies in contact. between ae: ae as ce types: — ae ci Angle of re; Static Friction inclination of j i into play when one body tends = ‘opposing force which comes into pl ne be just begins to we scover the surface ofthe other body but actual motion isnot tats Stage at place. poe: Static friction is a self adjusting force which increases as the apse ince increased. Static friction opposes impending ‘motion. Motion on When an objec Impending Motion 5 7 lie acer The motion that would take place under the applied force, if frit: direction of were absent. below 2. Limiting Friction Normal reactic {tis the maximum value of static friction when body is at the very starting motion, and Limiting friction (f) =,R where, = coefficient of limiting friction and R = normal reacti® Limiting friction do not depend on area of contact surfaces but ¢2 on their nature, ic., smoothness or roughness. iat If angle of frie ‘gle of friction is @, then Coefficient of limiting friction Acceleration on 4, =taneee corel o the body begins to slide on the surface, force rapidly decreases to a constant vale 7 ede of the és Kinetic friction, f, =, N fy kinetic friction. where 4. = coefficient of kinetic friction and N = normal Kinetic friction is of two types: re (a) Sliding friction () Rolling friction : E As, rolling friction < sliding friction, therefore itis easier to roll a body - interactions actin, ae aL u,R where j1, = coefficient of kinietic'friction and R= normal reaetion. Angle of repose or angle of sliding Jt js the minimum angle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal, such that a body placed on it, 1 one body tends t just begins to slide down. fe notion is not taking qf angle of repose is c and coefficient of limiting friction is u, then ft, = tana ases as the applied . 7 ‘ z ‘motion. Motion on an Inclined. Plane When an object moves along an inclined plane then different forees act on it like normal reaction of plane, friction force acting in opposite ied force, if frictio: direction of motion etc. Different relations for the motion are given below. Normal reaction of plane R= mgcos0 ed is at the vers me and net force acting downward on the block F = mgsin@-/ ormal reaction Ree urfaces but oP Pf mg sin 0246 mg Mg cos 8 AG eet ee g(sin0~ pt cos®) Acceleration on inclined plane a fictional ‘Tension force always pulls a bod; ‘Tension is a reactive force. It is not an active force. ‘Tension across a massless pulley or frietio pulley remain const, Rope becomes slack when tension force becomes zero. Motion of Bodies in Contact (i) Two Bodies in Contact If F foree is. fa! applied on object of mass m, then _F |, F[F acceleration of the bodies a= (m, + mg) ji mF Contact force on m, = ma = ——b — (m, + my) f mF Contact force on my = mga = ——2—— (m, + my) (ii) Three Bodies in Contact If F force is applied an ob mass m,, then acceleration of the bodies = em) my + My +) Contact force between m, and m, Rec Lee (m, + mz + m4) inclined Gi) Motic @Th for acy Pac ‘The (b) Let and surf loweconstan; | object is) f Physics Key Terms, Definitions & a Contact force between my and my Fo % is oe (in, + my + mq) (ii) Motion of Two Bodies, One 2% Grbac: (a) The coefficient of friction force F is applied ot acceleration of two lie Tower body A, then common ‘Smooth surface a= ee (+m) Pseudo force acting on block Bdue to the accelerated motion f= ma The pseudo force tends to produce a relative motion between bodies A and Band consequently a frictional force f-=.N =umg is developed. For equilibrium maSpmg or aspg (b) Let friction is also present between the ground surface and body A Let the coefficient of friction between the given surface and body A is j1, and the coefficient of friction between the surfaces of bodies A and Bis}1». Ifa force F is applied on the lower body A. ("= 70<—{-8 m tee ust + mig a—[a >F Net accelerating force = F - fy = F -w(M+ ma Net acceleration F-(M + me (M +m) F (M +m) 18aSiog acceleration produced under the the effect of force Fis m., Hof, then two bodies will not move together. (ui) : goin. Acceleration of the system a Gaia, + ae) ra Tension in string T,=F Tz =(mg + mg)a —_ (my +m) F (mm + mg + mg) Sip EBS (m+ mg + ms) Pulley Mass System () When unequal masses m, and m, are Suspended from a pulley (m, > ma) mg~T = ma, and T ~ mgs= Moa On solving equations, we get a= (=m) (m, + m.) 7. 2mm, (m+ mg) .ne ee rt sue Acceleration oy... ning ms) Tension in string T= 28 (m, + mg) Gi) Ma a body of mass my is placed on a rough horizontal surface, R—sa Tr, jung mg (my = wing) B (my + ms) Tension mae (rm + ms) Acceleration (iv) When two masses ™, and mz are connected to a single mass M as shown in figure, then 2 7 =e 7)er eau)" ‘ov w jisceariaiadpli inclined plane, then Ni Vi in Vo m, — mz sin® Ist _ Acceleration a= (mamas’) g { u er Tension T Hemme cin 8) g (m, + ma) ‘her (vi) Motion of two bodies placed on two inclined» planes ): or! different angle of inclination, then @) ) | ork | age, ‘ork ¢ agle, ‘ork ¢ sition itial a