Chapter 3 2.
Law Enforcement Operations – include
Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies
Operations.
Law Enforcement Agency – is a government agency
that is responsible in the enforcement of law. The
policies officers are recognized to play a significant
role in the investigation, detection and prevention of
crime as well as responding to a crime or any
unexpected and emergency situation.
Public Safety Agency – means an organization that
provides law enforcement, emergency medical, fire,
rescue, communications, or related support services.
Police Operations – are defined as the job duties,
responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement
agents complete in the field.
PNP OPERATIONS (Revised PNP Operational
Procedures 2021)
The Philippine National Police is the armed,
civilian national police force in the Philippines. It is
the national in scope and civilian in character
administered and controlled by the National Police
Commission. It is a community and service-oriented
agency responsible for the maintenance of peace and
order and public safety.
All PNP personnel, regardless of the type of
functions to be performed and/or police operation to
conducted, must comply and apply the following
principles and procedures:
1. To Serve and Protect – the responsibility
of every police officer is to serve the public
and protect life and property.
2. To Respect Human Rights and Dignity of
Person – All PNP personnel shall respect
and uphold the human rights and dignity of
all persons at all times.
Categories of Police Operations
1. Public Safety Operation – it refers to
police activities that promote public safety
which include search, rescue and retrieval
operations, civil disturbance operation, fire
drills, earthquake drills and other similar
operations.
service of warrant of arrest, implementation
of search warrant, enforcement of visitorial
powers of the Chief of Police, and other
anti-criminality operation.
3. Internal Security Operations – include
counterterrorism operations and similar
operations against other threat groups that
are conducted to ensure internal security.
4. Special Police Operations – include high-
risk checkpoint and roadblock operation,
police assistance in the implementation of
order from the court and other quasi-judicial
bodies, security to major and special events,
aircraft hijacking operations, visit, board,
search and seizure of marine vessels, and
similar police operation that are conducted
by police units with specialized training on
peculiarity of the mission or purpose.
5. Intelligence Operation – police activities
consist of gathering information related to
security, public safety and order, such as
Surveillance Operation, Counter
Intelligence, Intelligence Research,
Intelligence Assessment.
6. Investigation Operations – include
investigation of crime or incident, Scene of
the crime operations (SOCO), administrative
investigation and other investigative work
necessary to determine facts and
circumstances for filling cases criminally or
administratively.
7. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) –
Police activities consist of processing of
crime scene, technical and forensic
examination of evidences and similar
scientific investigative assistance.
Requirements of Police Operations
1. Basic Requirements – police operations like
arrest, search and seizure, checkpoint, roadblocks,
demolition, and civil disturbance management shall
be conducted as follows:
 With marked police vehicle
 Led by a Police Commission Officer (PCO)
 With personnel in prescribed police uniform
2. Use of Megaphones and Similar
Instruments/devices – during actual police
operations, the Team Leader shall use peaceful
means including the use of megaphones or any other
similar instruments to warn or influence the
offender/s or suspect/s to stop and/or peacefully
surrender.
3. Accessories – a police officer may carry or use
accessories appropriate to the operation being
performed, like ballistic vest, handheld radio, first aid
kit, flashlight, hand cuff, whistle and non-lethal
equipment like baton, truncheon, and night stick to be
used in a non-armed confrontation with a violent,
uncooperative and unruly offender.
4. Use of Body Worn Camera
a) Chain of Custody over the Recordings in
the Execution of Arrest and Search:
1. Recording of the footage using the
BWCs/ARDs.
2. Turnover of the BWCs used by the
arresting or searching team, to the
Data Custodian;
3. Downloading of the data by the
Data Custodian;
Equipment
 Ballistic Vest, handheld Radio, flashlight,
hand cuff, whistle, and First Aid Kit
 Non-lethal Equipment – Baton and
Truncheon
 BODY WORN CAMERA
4. Redaction of personal identities by the Data
Custodian;
5. Retrieval of recording data and their transfer to an
external media storage device by the Data Custodian;
6. Submission and delivery of the recordings
contained in an external media storage device to the
court.
b) The BWC shall be used/activated during
the conduct of arrest, search and in cases of
warrantless arrest.
c) The BWC shall not be used/activated in the
ff. circumstances.
1. Conduct of any personal activity ( in
location where the individuals have a
reasonable expectation of privacy, like
restrooms, locker rooms, or break rooms).
2. Conduct of any personal activity in locations
where individuals have reasonable
expectation of privacy such as residences,
unless recording is being made to a valid
arrest and search warrant of the individuals
or loc.
3. Intentionally activated to record
conversations/communications between
PNP personnel w/o their knowledge during
routine, and other non-law enforcement
related activities;
4. Between confidential informants or
undercover officers;
5. Privileged communications between the
subject of recordings & other individuals,
like attorneys, peer support councilors and
medical professionals.
6. While on the grounds of any public, private
elementary or secondary schools, hospitals,
churches except when responding to an
imminent threat to life or health; and
7. Other circumstances as provided by the trial
court issuing the warrant which is part of
constitutional privilege and where the
dignity of an individual may outweigh the
public necessity for recording.
Use of Force Policy
a. Application of Necessary and Reasonable
Force. In the lawful performance of duty, a
police officer shall use necessary and
reasonable force to accomplish his/her task
of enforcing the law and maintaining peace
and order.
• During confrontation with an armed
offender, only such necessary and
reasonable force should be applied as
 would be sufficient to overcome the
resistance put up by the offender;
subdue the clear and imminent danger
posed by him/her; or to justify the
force/act under the principles of self-
defense, defense of relative, or defense
of stranger
b. Factors to Consider in the
Reasonableness of the Force Employed. A
police officer, however, is not required to
afford offenders attacking him the
opportunity for a fair or equal struggle. The
reasonableness of the force employed will
depend upon the number of aggressors,
nature and characteristics of the weapon
used, physical condition, size and other
circumstances to include the place and
occasion of the assault. The police officer is
given the sound discretion to consider these
factors in employing reasonable force.
c. Use of Excessive Force. The excessive use
of force to arrest or immobilize the suspect
during police operation is prohibited.
Three Approaches on the Use of Force Continuum
The Force Continuum is a linear progressive
decision making process which displays the array of
police reasonable response commensurate to the level
of suspect/ law offender’s resistance to effect
compliance, arrest and other law enforcement
actions.
It allows police officer responses to be
flexible and/or employ reasonable force in sequential,
consecutive or combination of options against the
dynamic suspects or law offender/s threats or
resistances.
1. Non-Lethal Approach – this involves the
police presence in the crime-prone areas and
the employment of activities or actions to
persuade and/or request cooperation of
people particularly suspects and law
offenders to police instructions and other
control efforts.
2. Less Lethal Approach – this involves the
employment of less lethal equipment that
does not cause serious injury and/ or death
and that less physical measure have been
tried and deemed inappropriate purposely to
ensure cooperation, compliance or
surrender. The age, gender and health
condition of offender shall be considered
before the employment of less lethal
equipment.
3. Lethal Approach – this involves the
employment of lethal equipment usually as a
last resort. Lethal force will only be
employed when all other approaches have
been exhausted and found to be insufficient
to thwart the life threatening actions or
omissions posed by armed suspect or law
offender. This approach carries with the
greater responsibility as it may result in
severe injury and serious bodily harm and/
or death.
Responsibility of the Police Officer in Charge of
the Operations. The police officer who is in charge
of the operation shall, at all times, observe the Force
Continuum and exercise control over all police
personnel in the area of operation to protect lives and
properties.
Use of Firearm During Police Operation
1.) Use of Firearm When Justified. The use of
firearm is justified if the offender poses imminent
danger of causing death or injury to the police officer
or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified
under the doctrines of self-defense, defense of
relative, and defense of stranger. However, one who
resorts to self-defense must face real threat on his/her
life, and the peril sought to be avoided must be
actual, imminent and real. Unlawful aggression
should be present for self-defense to be considered as
a justifying circumstance.
2.) Firing at Moving Vehicles is Prohibited, with
Exception. A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon
except when its occupants pose imminent danger
causing death or injury to the police officer or any
other person, and that the use of firearm does not
create a danger to the public and outweighs the likely
benefits of its non-use.
Parameters to be Considered in Firing at Moving
Vehicles. In firing at a moving vehicle, the ff.
parameters should be considered.
a) The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police
officer or other persons;
b) The capability of the suspect/s to harm the
police officer or other persons;
c) Accessibility or the proximity of the
suspect/s from the police officer and other
persons.
3.) Filing of an Incident Report After the Use of
Firearm. A police officer who fires his/her service
firearm or weapon during a confrontation with an
offender or offenders must submit an incident report
outlining the circumstances necessitating the use of
his/her firearm.
Procedures After an Armed Confrontation.
Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer
who is in charge of the operation shall:
1) Secure the site of confrontation;
2) Check whether the situation still poses
imminent danger;
3) Take photographs;
4) Evacuate all wounded to the nearest hospital
regardless of the extent of injury;
5) Arrested suspect should be kept in isolation;
6) Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP
operatives;
7) Submit After-Operations Report; and
8) Ensure psychological stress counselling for
all involved PNP Operatives.
Basic Duties of Police Patrol
The duties and objectives of police patrol are many,
but the basic duties could probably be summed up in
two words, protection and service.
OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PATROL
1. Preventive Enforcement
Preventive enforcement falls under the
heading of protection, and involves the prevention of
crime through the noticeable presence of police
vehicles and personnel.
Sir Robert Peel first presented preventive
enforcement as a criminological philosophy. And this
had been regarded as the soundest of all
criminological theories. “It is much easier to patch a
crack in the dike than to repair the wall after it has
broken. An ounce of prevention being worth a pound
of cure.”
2. Selective Enforcement
This involves going either where the trouble
is, or where the trouble likely to occur. If a certain
area is subject to a high crime rate, the patrol cars
spend a greater part of their patrolling time in that
area.
3. Traffic Enforcement
Large police departments have traffic
divisions, but the majorities of the departments are
small, and have only patrol division to handle traffic
enforcement.
Traffic enforcement is strongly dependent
upon personal contact between the patrol officers and
the violators. The important thing is that the violator
is stopped and the violation is brought to his
attention.
4. Emergency Call for Service
One of the duties and purposes of patrol is
the handling of emergency calls for service. Since the
handling of emergency calls for service is one of the
basic duties of the patrol officer, he should be trained
in first aid and water life-saving emergencies.
5. Routine Call for Service
Routine call account for the majority of
services provided by the patrol division. Because of
this, officers have to guard against becoming callused
and indifferent to calls of this nature.
CLASSES OF PATROL ACTIVITIES
1. Called for Service = incidents requiring
immediate police action
2.Inspectional Service = patrol activity tends to
reduce criminal opportunity and accidents
3.Routine Patrol = directed at less tangible hazards
such as poor lighted areas, business section, etc.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PATROL
DEPLOYMENT
1. Resident and transient populations in the business
and tourist district, and University belt
2. Number and types of crimes and arrests
3. Location of crimes and arrests
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns
5. Location of frequent incidents or hazard requiring
concentrated police coverage
6. Disproportionate concentration of population
7. Socio-economic factors
8. Zoning plan of the city
9. Size and shape of Area of Responsibility (AOR)
10. Location, size and access to parks and
recreational facilities
11. Age, gender and civil status ratio of population
12. Homogeneity of population
13. Modes of transportation and location of criminals
14. Number and qualification of officers available for
field duties
15. Level of trust and confidence of the people to the
police
POLICE PERSONNEL DISTRIBUTION
Patrol force – an organization within an organization
. It serves as the nucleus or focal point of the
department.
Functions are distributed as follows:
1. Patrol Function = 50%
2. Criminal Investigation = 15%
3. Traffic Functions = 10%
4. Vice and Juvenile Related Functions =10%
5. Administrative Functions = 10%
6. Auxiliary Functions = 5%
Manning Level of Patrol Force
The patrol unit must have the most number of
personnel. Rule of the Thumb – regarding manning
level of any police department must be observed.
R.A. 6975 – standard manning level is 1:500,
however, in extreme conditions, this may be stretched
to maximum of 1:100
FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENT AND
EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL
FORCES
1. Police Hazard = situations or conditions that may
induce incidents calling for some kind of police
action.= includes any person, place, thing, situation,
condition possessing a high potential for criminal
attack or for creation of any other type of problem
necessitating a demand for immediate police service.
KINDS OF POLICE HAZARDS
a. Persons = such as criminals, alcoholics, addicts,
gamblers, prostitutes, drug peddlers, juvenile
delinquents, insane persons
b. Property = includes piers, warehouse, unoccupied
dwellings, gambling joints, banks, pawnshops, drug
dens, gambling dens
c. Places = terminals, demonstrations, parks, bars,
parades, conventions, political meetings, lodging
houses, schools, athletic events
FACTORS THAT CREATE HAZARDS
a. Deficient Visibility = resulting from inadequate
illumination or obstruction of views
b. Insecurity of Premises = created by the absence
of suitable locks, bars and gratings
c. Presence of Conditions of Things = poorly
designed roadways, defects or obstruction in public
spaces and presence of combustibles
d. Presence of People= crowd offers opportunities
for theft, loss of persons or things, fights and panics
e. Lack of regulation
2. Chronological Distribution = involves
consideration of the nature and causes of crimes.
Patrol officers should know how crimes are
committed, when and who commits them.
Crime Clock = signifies what time crime is
often or frequently committed
Crime Map = location or place or crime
prone areas wherein crime is frequently or
often committed
3. Geographical Distribution = involves
weighing categories of incidents and accounting the
number of identifiable hazards and street mileage.
4. Walking Beats = it involved determining man
hours needed to cover the streets and alleys to inspect
the police hazards predominating the AOR.
5. Motor Patrol Distribution = involves
determining the need to shift motor patrol units hour-
by-hour at the area according to where and when
crime mostly likely to occur
Post Assignment
1. Regular Post – assigning members to
regular/ usual post which usually based on
seniority
2. Post Rotation – is the process of assigning
members of patrol force from post to post.
PREPARATIONS FOR PATROL OPERATIONS
1. General Preparation - attitude is the first
and foremost preparation of patrol officer since he
will be dealing with different persons in the society.
His value system must be in harmony with the
objective of law enforcement and sense of fair play.
2. Pre-Patrol Preparation - the police officer should
be armed with knowledge and equipment. This can
be done thru fall-in formation in the headquarters,
precincts or police blocks devoted to giving
of assignments.
3. Vehicle Inspection - involves inspection of patrol
vehicle to be used before going out on patrol
4. In-Field Preparation - this is made by having
debriefing conference with the officer who is being
relieved and who has just spent the previous tour of
duty.
5. District Orientation Tour - this involves
familiarization of assigned area for patrolling upon
arrival in the field.
STREET KNOWLEDGE
- This refers to thorough geographical
knowledge of the patrol area or an
understanding of the character, fears,
concerns, problems and attitudes of the local
residents
TERRITORIAL UNITS IN PATROL
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an
officer is assigned for duty
2. Route - a length of street or streets
designated for patrol purposes
3. Beat - area assigned for foot patrol purposes
4. Sector - area containing two or more beats,
routes or posts
TYPES OF PATROL
1. Foot Patrol - it is the most expensive type of
patrol in terms of human resources and most
departments had reduced their foot patrols to a
minimum because of this. However, it does have
certain advantages that warrant its continued use if
even on a limited basis.
Usually, foot patrol is used to secure two types of
geographical units:
a. Post
b. Beat
Types of Foot Patrol
1. Fixed Foot Patrol - usually used for traffic,
surveillance, parades and special events.
2. Mobile Foot Patrol - used where there is
considerable foot movement such as business and
shopping center, family dwellings and the like.
a. Line Beat Patrol - used in securing
certain portion of the road.
 b. Random Foot Patrol - used in checking
residential buildings, business
establishments, dark alley, parking lots
Foot Patrol Procedures and Techniques
1. Don't establish a set of patterns of patrol.
2. When checking doors for forced entry, use
flashlight on or around the locked to see if there are
noticeable jimmy marks.
3. When an open door is found, NEVER ENTER
ALONE.
4. At least once a night used the fire escapes to check
the roof in the downtown area for possible 'cut
through" burglaries as they are sometimes referred to.
5. Be alert for boxes that are being piled up behind
building, or ropes that are hanging down the sides of
building, or ladders that might have been used to gain
access to a roof.
6. At nighttime, the foot patrol officer should
occasionally step into alleys or store entrance, and get
out of the light as much as possible.
7. When patrolling at night, always approach each
building with caution, always assume that a felon
may be lurking inside.
8. Know the personalities in the area, particularly
wanted person, establishments which usually fall
prey to armed robbery and burglary.
9. Walk close to the curb during day time and close
to the building during night time. The objective of
patrolling during night time is to be sees by as few
people as possible and to catch the criminals in the
act.
10. Foot patrol must walk his best during all type of
weather.
11. A foot patrol officer should never smoke while in
uniform on the street, nor should chew gum.
12. The foot patrol officer should make a conscious
effort to make friends on the beat.
13. Use all five senses while walking the beat.
Advantages of the Foot Patrol
1. The foot patrolman can provide immediate traffic
control when it is needed.
2. More person-to-person contact can be made with
the public.
3. The officer can actually get to know the physical
layout of his beat better.
4. He can also get to know the people in his beat
better, and can develop criminal informants easier.
5. A foot officer can sneak up on situation, where a
patrol car is easily noticed when it approaches.
6. By the use of a two-way radio, the officer can
maintain communications with the department and
the mobile unit.
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol
1. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage
2. Low response time to telephone complaints
3. It involves large numbers of personnel.
2. Automobile Patrol is the most economical type of
patrol and offers tactical ability when used in
numbers. It is considered as the most extensively
used and most effective means of transportation for
police patrol.
Features of State-of-the-Art Patrol Car
1. Vehicle-Mounted TV - high resolution video
camera with wide angle lens
2. Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) - computer that
allow officers in patrol cars to access files from NHQ
and other Law Enforcement agencies
3. High-Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan
(HELP) - a heavy duty light that can provide 2
million candle power of light.
Automobile Patrol Techniques and Procedures
1. Check the police car thoroughly before leaving the
garage.
2. Do not establish route patterns in patrolling.
3. Do not develop the habit of using the main roads,
most criminal activity occurs at the back streets.
4. Do not spent too much time in drive-inns or coffee
spots.
5. Always take note the plate number of suspicious
vehicles.
6. Avoid driving too fast on general patrol except
during emergencies in pursuing criminals. Maintain a
cruising speed of 20-25kph.
7. Make it a habit to never leave the keys in the
police car, even if it is just for a minute.
8. Since we are creators of habits, a police officer
must make a habit to use the seat belt at all times.
9. Frequently get out of the car to be visible and
accessible to the public.
10. Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or signboard
to trap traffic violators, this may erode community
confidence
11. Park the patrol car in legal manner unless, in case
of emergency.
12. Patrol the district so that patrol car will be seen
by the greatest number of people, frequently turning
the corners and covering the side streets as well as
the main thoroughfares.
13. Whatever patrol pattern is used, do it in irregular
and unpredictable manner.
14. When conducting solo patrol, frequent contact
should be made with other units in the field.
15. When patrolling with a partner, divide the
observation area inside the vehicle
a. Driving Officer - must cover
100% of his vision in front.
b. Passenger Officer - cover a field
of view twice more than the driving
officer. Take into consideration the
safe operation of patrol vehicle.
c. Driver and passenger officer
must be alert for possible
informants
CALLS ENCOUNTERED BY AUTOMOBILE
PATROL
1. Routine Call - a call where mobile car is required
to observed the traffic laws and does not normally
used flashing lights and siren while on its way to the
scene of the crime
2. Urgent Call - the responding patrol car has to
observed the traffic laws without need of using
flashing lights and siren but proceed directly to its
destination without stopping enroute unless incident
of far more serious occurs
3. Emergency Call - requires the use of flashing
lights and siren except when there is an attempt to
surprise the criminals in the act.
Advantages of the Automobile Patrol
1. Where speed and mobility are needed such as in a
large area that must be covered by few officers, the
speed of the automobile allow them to service the
whole area and do so efficiently. 2. It is one of the
best means of Preventive Enforcement.
3. It offers the officer protection.
4. It permits the officer to carry extra equipment.
5. The patrol car allows the police officer to have a
partner when needed, and to transport one or several
prisoners.
6. In the case of station wagons, which are becoming
popular as patrol vehicles, they can be used to carry
police dogs on patrol and emergency ambulance
during disaster.
7. Patrol cars can be used as barricades in roadblocks,
and they offer a high degree of safety during high-
speed pursuits.
Disadvantages of Automobile Patrol
1. It diminishes personal contact with the public and
sources of information
2. It hampers apprehension and surveillance
operations
One Man Versus the Two Man Automobile Patrol
One Man Patrol Car
 a. Having twice as many police cars
on the street doubles the preventive
enforcement.
b. When the officer is alone he
devotes full attention to his driving
and the beat rather than to the
conversation with his partner.
c. A one man alone developed self-
reliance.
d. Personality clashes are reduced.
Two Man Patrol Car
1. A two-man patrol car provides the officer with a
greater safety factor by doubling the firepower and
the physical protection.
2. The mistakes that one-man make may be caught by
his partner, and vice versa.
3. One officer does not have to drive a full eight
hours, and he is therefore more rested and can do a
better job.
4. Two pair of eyes is better than one.
5. One man can operate the radio while the other
drives.
6. On the quiet night, the driver can have someone to
talk to and help keep him awake.
3. Motorcycle Patrol the two-wheeled motorcycle is
quite adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades, escort
duty and congested areas because of its high
mobility. Motorcycle Patrol is usually fielded in areas
where banks and pawnshops are concentrated.
- It has the disadvantages of being used only
in fair weather, of causing a greater number
of accidents which are usually quite serious,
and in the long run costing the department
almost as much as a patrol vehicle despite
the apparent low first cost.
4. Bicycle Patrol - it is considered as the simple and
inexpensive means of silent transportation in patrol
operation. Its versatility makes it indispensable for
covering crowded areas unreachable by automobile
and motorcycle.
Advantages of Bicycle Patrol
1. It has the combine advantage of mobility and
stealth
2. Inexpensive to operate
3. It can cover areas not accessible by motorcycle or
patrol cars.
4. Effectively used by plainclothes officers on
surveillance.
5. It is quiet in patrolling without alerting the
criminal, thus the element of surprise is attained.
6. Found effective in combating theft, burglary,
vandalism in residential areas, parks and shopping
malls which difficult to be covered by foot patrol.
7. Expedite the delivery of police assistance in
congested areas.
8. Biking is a good form of exercise to maintain fine
physique and good health.
Disadvantages of Bicycle Patrol
1. Transport of apprehended criminals is difficult.
2. There is limited chances of bringing equipment
needed by patrol officers in patrolling.
5. Horse Patrol - Next to walking patrol, the horse
patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol. It is useful
in areas wherein automobile or motorcycle is suitable
for patrolling.
The following are some of the more common uses
of the Horse patrol:
a. Park Patrol
b. Beach Patrol
c. Parade and Crowd Control
- Mounted officers can see three blocks
away than on foot patrol
6. Marine or Boat Patrol - this is specialized type of
patrol which is used in large bodies of water for the
purpose of controlling smuggling.
- The recorded history of our earliest
civilization indicates the use of tariffs.
Where there are tariffs there is smuggling,
and the control of smuggling in any
 community near water necessitates the use
of water patrol.
7. Air Patrol - a type of patrol using Helicopter or
Fixed-Wing Aircraft. This is considered as the most
economical type of patrol in terms of human
resources.
1925- Los Angeles County Sheriff Department
formed a volunteer Reserved Aero Squadron Before
1929 NYPD began using aircraft
1947 - New York Port Authority began using
helicopters for surveillance, transportation and rescue
1986- State of California developed an experimental
program using helicopters for police patrolling
1959 - Public Safety Department in Dade County in
Florida used aerial patrol concept.
Advantages of Fixed-Air Wing Aircraft Patrol
1. Patrolling of long stretches of highway of
inaccessible land.
2. Excellent of traffic control in long stretches of
highways, for search and surveillance and other
special missions.
Disadvantages of Fixed-Air Wing Aircraft Patrol
1. It has very little flexibility in congested areas.
2. Needs wide span of flat land for lift and landing.
3. Very expensive to procure and maintain.
Advantages of Helicopter Patrol
1. Improves response time to emergency calls for
service.
2. Increase apprehension of offenders.
3. Increase prevention of crime.
4. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through
air borne information.
5. Increase ability in conducting roof searches for
suspected felons.
6. Easier location of both lost and escaped persons.
7. More efficient rescue operations and emergency
ambulance service.
8. A better system of floodlighting areas at night.
9. Information can be broadcast to large areas
through airborne loudspeakers.
10. Able to travel at low speed, to hover if necessary,
and to land in small patch of flat land.
11. Added security to patrol officers through
"backup" offered by aerial patrol.
12.Possible use in firefighting.
Disadvantages of helicopter Patrol
1. Bad weather will ground the helicopter.
2. Smog and light or intermittent clouds might affect
vision.
3. This type of service requires special skills and
training.
4. There is a danger from high wire, trees, and similar
object.
5. There can be difficulty of landing in urban areas.
7. Special facilities are required for housing and
repairs.
8. Refueling problems.
8. Plain Clothes Patrol - this is particularly effective
for "saturation drive coverage" of high crime areas.
This allows police officers to infiltrate the crime
areas without alarming the criminals following the
element of surprise.
9. Canine (K-9) Patrol or Dog Patrol - dog was first
used by Egyptians in patrolling.
"A single K-9 team can complete building searches
seven times faster than four officers working
together."
"Dog team can find hidden suspects 93 percent of the
time, while human officers can only find hidden
suspects 53 percent."
"Dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million
times better than a human."
BREEDS OF DOGS BEST SUITED FOR
POLICE WORK
1. German Shepherd - high scoring dog, most
frequently used for police work. 2. Black Labrador
Retrievers
3. Giant Schnauzers
4. Rootweilers
5. Doberman Pinschers
6. Bouvers
7. Newfoundlands
8. Airedale Terriers
9. Alaskan Malamutes
Bloodhounds - is a large dog formerly used for
tracking. It has sagging jaw, dropping ears and keen
sense of smell.
Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration
System (WOLVES) - it is the system of attaching
miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog
which makes the dog the eyes and ears of his handler.
10. Television Patrol - it is basically used for traffic
control which originates in West Germany.
- Television cameras are mounted in a
weatherproof housing. They were equipped
with Zoom lenses and were remotely
controlled by the operator at the control
board who can adjust each camera to a
panoramic view of 270 degrees. It makes
possible to pick up the license of fleeing
automobiles.
The Traditional Foot Patrol Pattern
1. Clockwise Patrol Pattern - The officer walked
from one beat to another making sure that he stays on
the left side and at the center or middle portion of any
street between adjoining beats. For every beat, the
officer calls the station until the clockwise patter is
completed. Ideal for rectangular of square beat.
- Usually conducted during the first hour of duty.
2. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern - The reverse
of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of
an area to be patrolled. Usually done during the last
hour of the tour of duty to ensure that nothing
unusual happened in the AOR.
3. Zigzag or Free Wheeling Pattern - Done by
patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat
not at random but with definite target location where
he knows his presence is necessary.
- It starts at one corner of the patrol area and work
your way diagonally across it to the opposite corner
4. Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern - It
is considered as Hazard Oriented Patrol.
- In straightway pattern, it involves patrolling the
length of the street, therefore, movement of officer is
easy to observe. On the other hand, criss-cross is
almost similar with zigzag. "In any patrol pattern, the
relieving patrol officer shall make his first hourly call
before starting his patrol duty."
5. Cloverleaf (Cloverleaf Pattern) - a highway
intersection designed to route traffic without
interference, by means of a system of curving ramps
from one level to another, in the form of a 4-leaf
clover
PATROL TACTICS AND STRATEGIES
I. The Psychology of Omnipresence
Psychology of omnipresence as an initial
police strategy is to establish the aura of police
presence in the community through uniformed foot
patrol and mobile (marked and equipped) patrol cars.
Patrol officer cannot detect the thinking or
desire of the criminal, yet he can destroy the
opportunity to commit a crime by his presence, thus,
it best for crime prevention.
Strategic Objectives:
a. High visibility police presence
b. Feeling of security for law abiding
c. Feeling of fear for would be criminal
d. Feeling of confidence for the public that police are
constantly available
II. Proactive and Reactive Patrol
1. Proactive Patrol - it is the deployment of patrol
officers in their area with prescribe objectives and
verifiable task for the day.
- More economical altenative patrol system, it
addresses crime at its very root before it can be
developed into felonious act.
2. Reactive Patrol - it involves going around the area
of responsibility waiting for something to happen and
to react accordingly if something does happen
III. Crime Prevention and Crime Suppression
1. Crime Prevention - it involves recognition of
crime risk and initiation of positive action to remove
or reduce risk
- its objective is to eliminate or reduce the desire to
commit crime
2. Crime Suppression - is the actual prevention of
the commission of crime
IV. High and Low Visibility
Police Visibility - not just presence of patrol officer
but actual presence which involves: 1) Physical
Presence 2) Patrolling Scheme 3) Response Time -
is the running time of the dispatched patrol car from
his position where the assignment was received and
the arrival at the scene (the ideal time is 5minutes)
*Critical Time - it is the time between the call of
concerned individual to the police regarding crime
incident and the arrival at the scene of patrol officer.
1. High Visibility - it is accomplished by deploying
uniformed patrol officers and marked patrol cars in
the AOR with the objective of increasing the "aura of
police omnipresence".
2. Low Visibility - a strategy wherein patrol officers
are in civilian clothes or in unmarked patrol cars with
the primary purpose of increasing the apprehension
of criminal engage in street crimes and deterrence of
criminal activity as a result of greater probability of
apprehension.
V. Directed, Interactive and Aggressive Patrol
1. Directed Patrol Strategy - patrol activities
designed by patrol officers are based on analysis of
specific community problems. The emphasis is on
participative decision making and sophisticated
methods of crime analysis.
2. Interactive Patrol Strategy - the emphasis in on
police-citizen interaction wherein the community
input is sought in resolving patrol problems
3. Aggressive Patrol Strategy - the emphasis is on
positive, target oriented activities which includes
physical security inspection. This is effective if the
information regarding identifiable crime trends is
based on crime analysis.
VI. Stop and Frisk
It involves stopping of person on the street
whose behavior is suspicious, questioning them and
frisking them for concealed weapons. This heightens
the effect of high visibility.
VII. Street Interview/Interrogation
It is an aspect of stop and frisk strategy
where individuals of doubtful character are being
questioned.
VIII. Decoy
Decoy means trap, bait or induce. This
strategy involves disguise or deception which is
specifically used in high crimes areas by highly
trained specialist rather that regular patrol officer.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE
INTERVENTION OPERATIONS
All police intervention operations (arrest,
raid, search and seizure, checkpoint, demolition, civil
disturbance management) shall be conducted:
a. with a marked police vehicle;
b. preferably led by a Police Commissioned Officer
(PCO); and
c. with personnel in prescribed police uniform.
WARNING BY USE OF MEGAPHONES
 During actual police intervention operations,
the TL shall use peaceful means including the use of
megaphones or any other similar instruments to
influence/warn the offenders/suspects to stop and/or
peacefully give up.
WARNING SHOTS
The police shall not use warning shots
during police interventions.
USE OF FORCE
Issuance of Warning
The police officer must first issue a warning
before he could use force against an offender. The
warning is issued for the police officer to identify
himself and to give opportunity to the offender to
surrender.
The duty to issue a warning is however not
absolute. The directive to issue a warning is
necessary only in situations where several options are
still available to the police officer but in cases where
the threat to the life of a police officer is already
imminent, and there is no other option but to use
force to subdue the offender, the law enforcer's
failure to issue a warning is excusable.
Reasonable Force
During an armed confrontation, only such
necessary and reasonable force should be applied as
would be sufficient to overcome resistance put up by
the offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger
posed by him; or to justify the force/act under the
principles of self defense, defense of relative, or
defense of stranger. The Officer-in-Charge of the
operation shall, at all times, exercise control over his
men in the area, and shall exhaust all possible means
so that no innocent civilian is caught in the crossfire.
The reasonableness of the force employed
will depend upon the number of aggressor, nature and
characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition,
size and other circumstances to include the place and
occasion of the assault. A police officer, however, is
not required to afford a person attacking him the
opportunity for a fair or equal struggle. His duty
requires him to overcome his opponent. In the lawful
performance of his duty, the police officer must stand
his ground to accomplish his mandated task of
enforcing the law and maintenance of peace and
order.
Use of Weapon
The excessive use of force is prohibited. The
use of weapon is justified if the suspect poses
imminent danger of causing death or injury to the
police officer or other persons.
The use of weapon is also justified under the
Doctrines of Self-Defense, Defense of Relative, and
Defense of Stranger. However, one who resorts to
self-defense must face a real threat on his life, and the
peril sought to be avoided must be actual, imminent
and real.
Moreover, unlawful aggression should be
present for self-defense to be considered as justifying
circumstance.
Unlawful Aggression - refers to an attack amounting
to actual or eminent threat to the life, limb, or right of
the person claiming self-defense.
Necessary and Legal means - as used in the
definition shall include, but not limited to, the
employment of appropriate number of troops, armor
assets and tactical or special units to effectively and
permanently quell the threat or present danger, or to
swiftly restrain or arrest the suspect or suspects.
Imminent Danger -the danger is "imminent" if it is
on the point of happening. It is not required that the
attack already begins, for it may be too late. (The
Revised Penal Code, Book I, JBL Reyes). The
elements of imminent danger are the following:
1. Intent of the suspect to harm the
policeman;
2. The capability of the suspect to harm the
policeman or other persons; and,
3. Accessibility or the proximity of the
suspect in harming the policeman and other
persons.
Reportorial Requirements
Any police officer who used his firearm
against a suspect must submit an after-encounter
report outlining the circumstances necessitating the
use of weapon against the suspect.
MOVING VEHICLES
A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon
except when its occupants pose imminent danger of
causing death or injury to the police officer or any
other person, and that the use of firearm does not
create a danger to the public and outweighs the likely
benefits of its non-use.
In firing upon a moving vehicle, the
following parameters should be considered:
a. the intent of the fleeing suspect/s to harm
the police officer or other persons;
b. the capability of the fleeing suspect/s to
harm in certainty the police officer or other
persons; and
c. accessibility or the proximity of the
fleeing suspect/s with the police officer and
other persons.
THINGS TO BE DONE AFTER AN ARMED
CONFRONTATION
Immediately after an armed confrontation, the
Officer-in-Charge shall:
a. Secure the site of confrontation;
b. Take photographs;
c. Check whether the situation still poses imminent
danger;
d. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
e. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are
not moved from their original position. Arrested
suspects, on the other hand, should be kept in
isolation;
f. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives;
and
g. Submit After-Operations Report.
Spot Check/Accosting
It is the brief stopping of an individual,
whether on foot or in a vehicle, based on reasonable
suspicion/probable cause, for the purpose of
determining the individual's identity and resolving
the officer's suspicion concerning criminal activity.
Reasonable Suspicion - acts that, within totality of
the circumstances, lead an officer to reasonably
suspect, or to have probable cause to believe, that
criminal activity has been, is being, or is about to be
committed.
Grounds for Spot Check
a. The appearance or demeanor of the individual
suggests that he is part of a criminal enterprise or is
engaged in a criminal act;
b. The actions of the individual suggest that he is
engaged in a criminal activity;
c. Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
d. The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
e. The suspect's clothing bulges in a manner that
suggests he is carrying a weapon;
PROCEDURES FOR SPOT
CHECK/ACCOSTING
a. When approaching the individual, the police
officer shall clearly identify himself as a police
officer. If not in uniform, by announcing his identity
and displaying official identification card and/or
badge.
b. Police officers shall be courteous at all times but
maintain caution and vigilance for suspicious
movements like tending to retrieve weapon, conceal
or discard contraband, or other similar actions. c.
Before approaching more than one individual, police
officers should determine whether the circumstances
warrant a request for back-up and whether the spot
check/ accosting can and should be delayed until
such back-up arrives.
d. Police officers shall confine their questions as to
suspect's identity, place of residence, and other
inquiries necessary to resolve the police officer's
suspicion. However, in no instance shall a police
officer hold a suspect longer than the period
reasonably necessary to be able to make these limited
inquiries and to resolve suspicions.
e. Police officers are not required to give the suspect
Miranda Warning unless the person is placed under
arrest.
Pat-down Search
It is a "frisk" or external feeling of the outer
garments of an individual for weapons only.
GROUNDS FOR BODY FRISK/PAT DOWN
a. The type of crime believed to be committed by the
subject - particularly crimes of violence where the
threat of use or use of deadly weapon is involved;
b. Where the police officer handles several suspects;
c. The time of the day and the location where the pat-
down search took place;
d. Prior knowledge by the police officer of the
suspect's use of force and/or propensity to carry
deadly
weapons;
e. The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;
f. Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is
carrying a firearm or other deadly weapon; and
g. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be
performed by police officers of the same gender.
PROCEDURES OF PAT DOWN SEARCH
a. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be
conducted by at least two (2) police officers, one to
perform the search while the other provides
protective cover.
b. Because pat-down searches are cursory in nature,
they should be performed with the suspect in a
standing position, or with hands placed against a
stationary object, and feet spread apart. However,
should an officer visually observe a weapon, a more
secure search position may be used like the prone
(lying face down) position.
c. In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to
feel the outer clothing of the suspect. Police officers
may not place their hands inside the pockets of the
subject's clothing unless they feel an object that could
probably be a weapon, such as a gun, knife, club, or
the likes.
d. If the suspect is carrying an object such as
handbag, suitcase, briefcase, sack, or other similar
items that may conceal a weapon, the police officer
should not open the item but instead put it in a place
out of the suspect's reach,
e. If the external patting of the suspect's clothing fails
to disclose evidence of a weapon, no further search
may be made. If a weapon is found and the
possession of which amounts to a violation of the
law, the police officer shall arrest the suspect and
conduct a complete search.
Reporting after the Spot Check/Accosting or Pat-
Down Search
If after conducting a spot check/accosting or
pat-down search, the police officer has no basis for
making an arrest, he should record the facts of such
spot check/accosting or pat-down search and forward
a report to the appropriate authority.
If the spot check/accosting or pat-down
search gives a justification for a valid warrantless
arrest, then an arrest shall be made.
Police Checkpoint
It is a location where the search, which is
duly authorized by the PNP, is conducted to
deter/prevent the commission of crimes, enforce the
law, and for other legitimate purposes.
Composition
a. Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take
responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably
an officer with the rank of at least Police Inspector;
b. Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile
suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint;
c. Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in
charge of communicating with the motorists subject
for checkpoint;
d. Investigation Sub-team - in charge of
investigation and documentation of possible incidents
in the checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic
Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report
(TVR);
e. Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to
conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary;
f. Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security in
the checkpoint area; and
g. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to
block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle.
Guidelines
a. Mobile checkpoints are authorized only when
established in conjunction with ongoing police
operations. Only officially marked vehicles shall be
used in establishing mobile checkpoints.
b. Checkpoints may be established when there is a
need to arrest a criminal or fugitive from justice.
c. The composition of the personnel manning the
checkpoint shall be left to the sound discretion of the
PNP unit commander.
d. Encourage the participation of, but not limited to,
the Local Government Units (LGUS), Civil Society
Groups, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs),
business organizations, other civic groups, media and
other stakeholders during the conduct of Police
Checkpoint.
e. The participation of the civilians and the presence
of the media in the conduct of checkpoint must be
confined only as observers to give police additional
eyes and promote transparency of activities in the
area.
f. All civic groups or organizations to include the
media, who are inclined to participate in police
checkpoints, must be duly registered and accredited
by the PNP for such purpose. The accreditation of the
civilian groups to join in the conduct of checkpoint
shall be administered by the Police Regional and
Provincial Offices.
g. PNP personnel manning the checkpoint must have
a presentable appearance, wearing the prescribed
PNP uniform. Likewise, the civilian members must
also be in their organization's uniform with their
names conspicuously displayed for identification. In
no case shall the civilian components be allowed to
bear firearms during the checkpoint.
h. In Metro Manila and other major cities, police
officers manning the checkpoints should not wear
Field Service Uniforms (FSU) or black fatigues in
lieu of the PNP General Office Attire unless the
conduct of checkpoint is a result of a Hot Pursuit
Operation or a High Risk Checkpoint. The use of
mixed uniforms (GOA, FSU, black fatigue) in the
conduct of checkpoint is strictly prohibited.
i. As much as possible, the area where the
checkpoints shall be established must be properly
lighted, with a noticeable signage bearing the name
of the PNP unit and the participating organization/s
visibly displayed in the checkpoint site, to prevent
any apprehension from the public of the existence of
the same.
j. Due courtesy must be accorded to the motorists,
traders and the commuters during the conduct of
checkpoint.
k. The spokesperson must greet the people subject for
inspection, ask apology for the inconvenience, appeal
for understanding and state the reasons of the
operation. Thank the person/s searched.
I. Except in the actual commission of crime during
checkpoints or in a hot pursuit operation, the conduct
of inspection of vehicle during a routine checkpoint
is limited to a visual search and therefore must be
done with due respect to innocent passersby,
commuters, or bystanders and be conducted in a
manner that is least inconvenient to the public.
Searches, seizures, and arrest made during
checkpoints shall be within the ambit of the law.
m. Violations/Infractions of the law discovered
during the checkpoint operation shall be
expeditiously disposed of following legal procedures.
Arrested persons must be apprised of their rights in
reference to the Miranda Doctrine.
n. The security of the PNP personnel, and most
especially that of the civilians participating in the
checkpoint operation, must be given due
consideration in the planning stage of the operation.
o. Only the security sub-team and blocking/pursuing
sub-team members are allowed to display high-
powered firearms and are positioned where they can
best provide security to the Checkpoint team
including themselves.
p. Checkpoint personnel must not limit their task in
law enforcement and crime deterrence. They should
also be ready to provide police assistance in the
vicinity e.g., giving directions to inquiring motorists
or passersby.
q. The PNP operating units must provide their own
logistical and financial requirements to avoid
soliciting support from the civilians for their personal
or operational needs.
r. Police personnel assigned in the checkpoint shall
not mulct, extort, or harass drivers, passengers, and
traders. Designated TL assigned at the checkpoint
shall be responsible for the actuations and behavior
of his personnel and shall be accountable under the
doctrine of Command Responsibility.
s. Voluntary offers of cash or in kind from the
traders/motorists passing the checkpoint should be
absolutely refused because the offer might be
misconstrued as a bribe.
Procedure in the Conduct of Regular Police
Checkpoint
a. Unit Commanders should inform Higher
Headquarters (HHQs) Tactical Operations Center
(TOC) and coordinate with adjacent units, such as
Public Safety Management Forces and other friendly
forces, personally or through an official
representative, before commencing with the
checkpoint to avoid misencounter and any untoward
incident;
b. The TL shall brief the PNP personnel, as well as
the civilian components present, including the media
regarding the proper conduct of the checkpoint and
their assigned tasks prior to their deployment;
c. The TL shall initially account for the PNP
personnel and check if they are in the prescribed
uniform. PNP personnel conducting the checkpoint
shall display their nameplates at all times. If wearing
a jacket, the flap of the jacket bearing their names
should also be displayed. Likewise, the equipment
will include, but not limited to, the following:
1) Marked Patrol vehicles;
2) Firearms with basic load of ammunition;
3) Handheld and vehicle base radios;
4) Flashlights;
5) Megaphone; and
6) Signage
d. The Spotter of the team will be pre-positioned in a
place where he can best point/profile suspected
vehicles prior to their approach to the checkpoint;
e. Search/Arresting Sub-Team shall flag down
suspected vehicles and conduct search, seizure and
arrest if necessary;
f. Arrested persons and seized items shall be turned-
over to the investigation sub-team for documentation
and proper disposition;
g. In the event that the checkpoint is ignored, and the
occupants of the vehicle open fire on the personnel
manning the checkpoint, reasonable force to
overcome the suspects' aggression may be employed;
h. Inform Higher Headquarters before terminating the
conduct of Checkpoint;
i. The TL shall conduct debriefing of personnel after
termination of the Checkpoint; and
j. Unit Commander shall submit After Activity
Report to Higher Headquarters.
Hasty Checkpoint
It is an immediate response to block the
escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is
also established when nearby checkpoints are ignored
or during hot pursuit operations.. It is set up by police
personnel conducting mobile patrol on board a
marked police vehicle, or those conducting ISO and
foot patrol operations within the vicinity/periphery of
the national or provincial highways.
Hot Pursuit (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) (also
termed in the US as fresh pursuit) - shall mean an
immediate, recent chase or follow-up without
material interval for the purpose of taking into
custody any person wanted by virtue of a warrant, or
one suspected to have committed a recent offense
while fleeing from one police jurisdictional boundary
to another that will normally require prior official
inter-unit coordination but which the pursuing unit
cannot, at that moment, comply due to the urgency of
the situation.
Procedures in the Conduct of Hasty Checkpoints
a. PNP personnel conducting mobile patrols on board
patrol vehicles will initially man the checkpoint, to be
complemented by additional personnel upon arrival
of reinforcement. A collapsible signage with
markings: "Stop, Police Checkpoint", indicating also
the name of the concerned police office/unit
conducting the operations, will be used for the
purpose;.
b. In the case of PNP personnel conducting Internal
Security Operation (ISO) or foot patrol, where a
vehicle and collapsible signage is not readily
available, the checkpoint shall be manned initially by
said personnel;
c. The team shall immediately inform Higher
Headquarters of the exact location of the Hasty
Checkpoint to include personnel involved and
available equipment;
d. In a hasty checkpoint, where there is a possibility
of high risk stop and high risk arrest, and that there is
an urgency for troop deployment and that public
safety might be at risk, the participation of the
civilian component and the presence of the media in
the checkpoint operation shall not be allowed;
e. The Unit Commander of the personnel manning
the hasty checkpoint shall immediately send
additional personnel, equipment and signage to the
area in order to convert the Hasty Checkpoint into a
Regular Checkpoint; and
f. As soon as the Hasty Checkpoint is converted into
a Regular Checkpoint, TL shall follow the procedures
in the Conduct of Regular Police Checkpoint
paragraph c.
Procedures to be Followed When Checkpoints are
Ignored
a. In the event that checkpoints/roadblocks are
ignored and the motorists/suspects bumped the
roadblock in an attempt to elude arrest or avoid
inspection, the TL shall immediately contact adjacent
units to inform them of the situation so that these
units can conduct dragnet operation, while the
members of the blocking/pursuing team shall block
or pursue the errant fleeing motorist
b. Warning shots shall not be allowed due to the
confusion it may create to the driver and passengers
of the vehicle. Megaphones or police sirens shall be
used instead during the pursuit. The plate number of
the vehicle shall be noted and given to other units in
adjacent areas to prevent the possibility that the
vehicle may elude the pursuit operation; and
c. In the event that the occupants of the vehicle open
fire on the personnel manning the checkpoint,
reasonable force to overcome the suspects' aggression
may be employed..
Procedures in Flagging Down or Accosting
Vehicles While in Mobile Car
a. Call Headquarters to inform of the make or type
and plate number of the motor vehicle to be accosted
including the number and, if possible, identity of
occupants;
b. State the reason(s) for the planned intervention of
the suspected motor vehicle;
c. Give mobile car's location and its direction before
making actual intervention;_
d. Try to get alongside the suspects' vehicle and
check the occupants without alarming them of your
purpose. You can even overtake the vehicle and wait
for it at an advantageous location before stopping the
suspects' vehicle;
e. Determine whether the suspects are hostile or not;
f. Make known to the suspect that you are after them
through the use of a siren or megaphone;
g. Instruct the driver to pull over or stop on the side
of the road;_
h. Park behind the suspect's vehicle at an appropriate
distance and cautiously approach the vehicle on the
driver's side;
i. If the vehicle's windows are heavily tinted and the
occupants cannot be seen, instruct the driver to open
all windows to have a clear view of the interior of the
vehicle;
j. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition, if this
was not done when the vehicle stopped;
k. The other members of the team must be on guard
for any eventuality while the vehicle is being
approached;.
I. Talk to the driver in a most courteous manner and
inform him of the nature of his violation. Demand to
see the driver's license, photocopies of the certificate
of registration and the official receipt. Examine these
documents and counter-check the driver on the
information reflected therein;
m. If it concerns traffic violations, immediately issue
a Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation
Report (TVR). Never indulge in prolonged,
unnecessary conversation or argument with the driver
or any of the vehicle's occupants;
n. In cases of other violations that require the
impounding of the vehicle, inform the driver
regarding this situation and instruct him to follow
you, after issuing the TCT/TVR; and,
o. Before moving out, inform Headquarters regarding
the situation/ status and disposition of the person and
motor vehicle accosted..
Procedures to be Followed in Dealing with Hostile
Drivers:
a. Stopping Vehicles
b. Fleeing Vehicles
1) Follow the Procedure in Flagging Down
or Accosting Vehicles While in Mobile Car
stated in paragraphs a to c;
2) Immediately request for back-up;
3) Follow the suspect and always keep him
within visual range;
4) Expect that the suspect will notice your
action at any time. Be prepared for a car
chase or actual hostile confrontation;
5) If the back-up is already in the vicinity,
inform Headquarters that you are proceeding
to accost the suspect;
6) Inform the suspects that you are after
them through the use of siren or megaphone
and instruct the driver to pull over or stop on
the side of the street;
7) Park at an appropriate distance behind the
suspect's vehicle;
8) While the vehicle is being approached,
the other members of the crew and back-up
must be on guard for any eventuality.
Overreactions should be avoided;
9) If the vehicle's windows are heavily tinted
and the occupants cannot be seen, instruct
the driver to open all windows for a clear
view of the vehicle's interior;
10) Direct the driver and other occupants of
the vehicle not to make unnecessary
movements and to show their hands outside
the car;
11) Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition
and toss the key to the ground. Demand to
see the Driver's License and photocopies of
the vehicle's certificate of registration and
the official receipt. Examine the documents
and counter-check the driver on the
information reflected therein; and,
12) If there are other suspects aside from the
driver, separate them from one another.
1) In the event that the motor vehicle did not
stop despite the warning given, inform
Headquarters or adjacent units so that
roadblocks or hasty checkpoints can be set-
up;
2) Call Headquarters to inform of the make
or type, plate number and color of the motor
vehicle to be accosted including the number
of occupants and, if possible, their identity;
3) State the reason(s) for flagging down the
suspected motor vehicle;
 4) Give mobile car's location and its
direction before making actual intervention;
5) When the vehicle of the suspect is
cornered or stopped, instruct the driver and
other occupants in a clear and commanding
voice to follow specifically what you will
require of them. Failure on their part to
follow will be construed as a hostile act on
their part. Execute instructions on the use of
reasonable force;
6) Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition
and toss the key to the ground, open the door
and step out of the vehicle, followed by his
hands to be placed on top of the vehicle, or
to move towards you with his hands up;
7) Instruct other occupants of the vehicle, if
any, to come out one by one, and follow
what the driver has been instructed to do
earlier;
8) Arrest, handcuff and search the suspects
and bring them to Headquarters for proper
disposition; and
9) Before moving out, inform Headquarters
about the situation, status and disposition of
the suspects and motor vehicle accosted.
High Risk Stop - is the actual stopping or accosting
of armed and dangerous person or persons, aboard a
vehicle or on foot, including the power to use all
necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.
High Risk Arrest - is the actual restraint of armed
persons following a high-risk stop.
Pre-Determined Area - is the specific or projected
spot where the armed and dangerous person or
persons would pass or likely to pass and so tactically
located as to gain calculated advantage against said
person or persons.
Stopping Zone - is the strategic predetermined area
strongly sealed off, barricaded and occupied by
tactical forces in a lawful display of authority to
maintain law and order or in defensive response to an
event of criminal nature or of such gravity that
occurred or likely to occur calling for a high risk stop
or arrest.
Dragnet Operation - is a police operation purposely
to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects
from the crime scene to prevent their escape.
High Risk Stop and High Risk Arrest
a. Initial Stage
Upon receipt of information involving
movement of armed person or persons, either singly
or in group, including unauthorized movement of
government troops, or in immediate response to a
reported commission of crime perpetrated by armed
persons, the PNP shall immediately:
1) Organize appropriate tactical security
forces utilizing maximum firepower and
armor assets; _
2) Deploy the security forces to stopping
zones in defensive position; and
3) Seal off the area and establish strong
roadblocks/ barricades.
b. Effecting a High Risk Stop
When effecting high-risk stop, the police officer
shall:
1) Exert utmost effort to persuade the
suspects to halt or stop their movement.
2) Start with the procedural conduct of
regular warrantless arrest where arrest is
inevitable.
3) Ensure proper documentation of the
process.
4) Respect the rights of all the persons
involved.
c. During Violent Stage
The PNP shall strictly adhere to the PNP
Operational Procedures (POP) particularly on the use
of reasonable force.
Public Assembly
It means any rally, demonstration, march,
parade, procession or any other form of mass or
concerted action held in a public place for the
purpose of presenting a lawful cause; or expressing
an opinion to the general public on any particular
issue; or protesting or influencing any state of affairs
whether political, economic or social; or petitioning
the government for redress of grievances.
Public Place - shall include any highway, boulevard,
avenue, road, street, bridge or other thoroughfare,
park, plaza, square, and/or any open space of public
ownership where the people are allowed access.
Freedom Park - shall mean the venue or place
established or designated by local government units
within their respective jurisdictions where a public
assembly could be held without securing any permit
for such purpose from the local government unit
concerned.
Maximum Tolerance - means the highest degree of
restraint that the police, military and other peace
keeping authorities shall observe during a public
assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
Limitations on the Role of the PNP on Public
Assembly
The PNP shall not interfere with the holding
of a public assembly. However, to ensure public
safety and to maintain peace and order during the
assembly, the police contingent under the command
of a PCO preferably with the rank of Police Senior
Inspector may be detailed and stationed in a place at
least one hundred (100) meters away from the area of
activity.
Guidelines for Civil Disturbance Management
(CDM) Contingent During Rallies /
Demonstrations
a. CDM contingent shall be in prescribed
uniform and without firearm.
b. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons,
or any similar anti- riot device shall be used
only when the public assembly is attended
by actual violence or serious threats of
violence, or deliberate destruction of
property.
Dispersal of Public Assembly with Permit
All public assembly with a permit shall not
be dispersed. However, when an assembly becomes
violent, the police may disperse such public assembly
in the following manner:
a. At the first sign of impending violence,
the Ground Commander of the PNP
contingent shall call the attention of the
leaders of the public assembly and ask the
latter to prevent any possible disturbance; _
b. If actual violence reaches a point where
rocks or other harmful objects from the
participants are thrown at the police officers
or at the non-participants, or at any property
causing damage to it, the Ground
Commander of the PNP contingent shall
audibly warn the participants that if the
disturbance persists, the public assembly
will be dispersed;.
c. If the violence or disturbance does not
stop, the Ground Commander of the PNP
contingent shall audibly issue a warning to
the participants of the public assembly, and
after allowing a reasonable period of time to
lapse, he shall immediately order it to
disperse; and
d. No arrest of any leader, organizer or
participant shall be made unless he violates
during the assembly a law, statute, or
ordinance.
Dispersal of Public Assembly Without Permit
When the public assembly is held without a
permit where a permit is required, the said public
assembly may be peacefully dispersed. However,
when the leaders or organizers of public assembly
can show an application for permit duly filed at the
Office of the Mayor which has jurisdiction over the
place where the rally will be held, at least five (5)
days prior to the intended activity and the Mayor did
not act on the same, the grant of the permit being
then presumed under the law, and it will be the
burden of the authorities to show that there has been
a denial of the application, in which case, the rally
may be peacefully dispersed following the procedure
of maximum tolerance prescribed by law.
Police Responses During Public Assembly
a. During Planning Stage
 1) Initiate dialogue with the
leaders/organizers to ensure the peaceful
holding of a public assembly, including
among others, the detail of police escorts.
2) Prepare appropriate security and CDM
contingency plans..
b. During Initial and Peaceful Stage
1) With Permit or Held in Freedom Parks/ Private
Properties
1.1 The PNP shall not interfere with the
holding of a public assembly. However, to
adequately ensure public safety, a CDM
contingent, under the control and
supervision of a PCO shall be stationed at
least one hundred (100) meters away from
the area where the public assembly is being
held.
1.2 Monitor the activities at the public
assembly area and respond to any request
for police assistance.
2) Without Permit or Permit has been Revoked
2.1 As soon as it becomes apparent that an
assembly is being held in a public place, the
Ground Commander shall immediately
conduct an inquiry whether the assembly is
covered with a permit or not.
If a permit could not be shown, verification
should immediately be done with the Office of the
Mayor having jurisdiction over the place where the
public assembly is being held. Should the Office of
the Mayor confirm that a permit has not been issued,
the leaders/organizers shall be informed of the fact
that they are violating the law and will be asked to
disperse peacefully.
2.2 The PNP shall exhaust all peaceful
remedies to persuade the demonstrators to
disperse. This may include the involvement
of Local Chief Executives / community
leaders when available to intervene in the
situation so that dispersal operations could
be avoided.
2.3. Should negotiation fail and the
demonstrators refuse to disperse voluntarily
and peacefully, thereby causing public
inconvenience, CDM contingents may
commence dispersal operations.
c. During Breach of Peace/Confrontational Stage
(With or without permit)
No public assembly with a permit shall be
dispersed. However, when a public assembly
becomes violent, the CDM contingents may disperse
such public assembly in the following manner:
1) At the first sign of impending violence,
the Ground Commander shall call the
attention of the leaders/organizers of the
public assembly and ask the latter to prevent
any possible disturbance. CDM contingents
shall hold the line to prevent demonstrators
from proceeding to other areas where the
holding of a public assembly is prohibited.
2) If actual violence reaches a point where
rocks or other harmful objects from the
participants are thrown at the CDM
contingents or the non-participants, or at any
property causing damage to it, the Ground
Commander shall audibly warn the
participants that if the disturbance persists,
the public assembly will be dispersed;
3) If the violence or disturbance does not
stop, the Ground Commander shall audibly
issue a warning to the participants of the
public assembly, and after allowing a
reasonable period of time to lapse, shall
immediately order it to disperse. With the
use of CDM formations, the rank of
demonstrators shall be disbanded, contained,
and isolated from each other, and should be
prevented from regrouping..
4) Water cannons and riot sticks maybe used
to repel aggression and to disperse
demonstrators and reserve CDM contingents
may be employed when situation requires.
5) No arrest of any leader, organizer or
participant shall be made unless he violates
 during the assembly a law, statute, or
ordinance..
d. During Violent Stage
1) Non-lethal weapons and equipment may
be used to suppress violence, to protect lives
and prevent further damage to properties.
2) The PNP security elements shall be
tactically deployed to provide immediate
assistance to the CDM contingents.
e. Post-Operation Stage
1) CDM contingents shall be withdrawn
after the area has been cleared of possible
danger to public safety.
2) Sufficient police force shall be
maintained to ensure peace and order in the
area..
Guidelines in the Use of Non-Lethal Weapons
a. Shield and Truncheon
- During the confrontational stage,
truncheon may be utilized only to push back
demonstrators and not as an instrument to
strike individuals. However, when
demonstrators become aggressive, truncheon
shall be the principal non-lethal weapon for
dispersal. In such situation, CDM
contingents shall nonetheless, use the same
with caution and due diligence to avoid
unnecessary injury..
b. Water Cannons
- Water cannons may be utilized when
demonstrators become unruly and
aggressive forcing troops to fall back to their
secondary positions._
c. Tear Gas
- Tear gas may be utilized to break up
formations or groupings of demonstrations
who continue to be aggressive and refused
to disperse despite earlier efforts.
INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS)
- PNP's answer to the requirement of police visibility.
- PATROL means - Policemen Assigned To
Reinforce Order in the Locality
- best way of immersing policemen in various
activities
- provides a symbiotic relationship between the
police and the community which would eventually
draw active support and cooperation of the populace.
THREE COMPONENTS OF IPS
1. Fixed Components - these are different stations,
precincts, police visibility points, traffic posts and
headquarters
a. Station Desk - serves as the 3 C's of
police force: Communication; Coordinating;
Center/Command Post
Situation/Locator Map - capable of providing visual
IPS situation which shows the AOR, Real Time
Current Situation and Real Time Status of the IPS
b. PCP - headed by PCO with a rank of Chief
Inspector or Superintendent with a minimum of 30
personnel including the Commander divided in 3
shifts of 8-hours duty.
2. Patrol Components - include line beat, mobile
patrol, motorcycle, bicycle, air patrol and detective
repressive patrol
a. Police Beats - consist of identifiable boundaries
within the AOR where an officer can conduct patrol.
Police Beats identification:
PBs for NCR
- Identifiable by a 5 digit number. 1st digit
refers to the numerical assigned to the
district
- 2nd refers to the number assigned to each
of the city/municipality within the district
- 3rd digit refers to the number assigned to
particular PCP
 - 4th and 5th digits refer to the numbers
assigned to particular beat
PBs for Regional Officers
- Identifiable by a 7 digit number
- First 2 digits refer to the number of the
region
3rd digit refer to the number assigned to a
particular province within the region
- 4th digit refers to the PCPs
- 5th and 6th refer to the beat
b. Mobile Patrol - similar with mobile patrol
discussed
c. Detective Beat System - contiguous area where a
team of police investigators is assigned with a
specific task of conducting follow-up investigation to
all complaints, reports, referrals and other requests
with the end in view of full compliance and/or filing
of case
DETECTIVE BEAT SYSTEM (DBS) - one of the
concrete responses of PNP in reinventing the field of
investigation.
- it is concerned with crime solution and
detectives are charged with total
investigation responsibility
POLICE BEAT - is concerned with crime
prevention
- the patrol officers usually respond to crime
incidents for arrest, protection of crime
scene until detectives arrive to investigate.
Guidelines in the Conduct of Patrol
I. Pre-Deployment Phase - conducted by means of
formation or assembly in police stations for at least
30minutes which will be allotted for:
a. inspection as to appearance and
completeness of individual equipment.
b. dissemination of assignments, instructions
and orders.
II. Deployment Phase - upon arrival at the patrol
beat, officer shall report to the desk officer or
dispatcher
- while on patrol, they shall adopt the
"buddy-buddy system"
upon reaching the end of the line beat,
officer shall make a situation report before
returning to their point of origin
- any unusual incident must be reported
and/or recorded in the patrol sheet report.
III. Post-Deployment Phase - after the tour of duty,
officers shall return to police stations for the
following:
a. surrender the equipment
b. accomplish the Daily Patrol Report
c. Turn-over to the Front-Desk Officer all
duty
d. patrol commander shall conduct an
items confiscated or recovered during
the tour of accounting of patrol officers
before being dismissed
3. Auxiliary Components - include security guards,
traffic enforcers, barangay tanods, civilian volunteers
and non-governmental organizations
TEAM POLICING SYSTEM - is an attempt to
integrate the police and the community interest into a
working relationship so as to produce the desired
objective of peace keeping in the community.
- Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland
- Team of 5-10 men is assigned according to
concentration of crimes and citizens-calls
for police service.
- Effective police-community cooperation is
critical to the success of a team policing
system.
Characteristics of Team Policing
1. Geographic Stability of the Patrol Force - The
application of permanent patrolling to foster greater
awareness and sensitivity to local police problems by
team members.
2. Maximum Interaction between Team Members
- Members must be given opportunity to work closely
together in solving problems
- Members are encouraged to share
information with one another through
informal meetings or conference.
3. Maximum Communication between Team
Members and Community Residents - Team
policing is intended to develop a greater sense of
understanding and increased cooperation between
members of the team and community residents.
- Encourage members of the community to
attend informal sessions in which they
discussed community problems with the
team.
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING
SYSTEM
In Japan, they have operationalized and even
institutionalized it through the Koban or Police Box
System.
In Singapore, they are wielding it through
the Neighborhood Police Post.
In the United States about 60% of the police
departments are implementing it through
Community Oriented Policing/Problem Oriented
Policing COP/POP.
In Canada and several countries in Europe
and other parts of the world, they are into it also.
In the Philippines, the implementation of
National Anti-Crime Strategy (NACS) at the
community level started as mere initiative of some
innovative police commanders.
In Bacolod City, the Negros Occidental
Provincial Commander of the defunct PC/INP
managed to mobilize the community to support and
team up with Bacolod City Police Station through the
Bacolod Citizens for Unity and Peace (BAC-UP)
Foundation from June 7, 1986 to date.
On August 8, 1991, the Davao Del Norte
Provincial PNP Commander instituted the
KAUBAN, an integrated undertaking of the
police/barangay/citizenry to maintain peace and
order.
It was also in 1991 when the PNP started
implementing the "Koban Philippine style" dubbed as
Pulis Patrol Lingkod Bayan (PPLB).
On May 04, 1993, the PNP started establishing the
KABABAYAN Center as Community Oriented
Policing Units.
Finally on August 15, 1994, the PNP adopted and
started implementing the Community Oriented
Policing System (COPS).
Basic Principles / Foundation Of COPS
1. Democracy - Philippines is a democratic and
republic state.
-It is imperative for the people to participate
in and support the processes, programs and
activities of the government to attain
SUMMUM BONUM or the greatest good
for the greatest number of our people.
2. Criminal Justice - a machinery used by a
democratic government to protect the society against
crime and disorder.
3. Who are the Police - according to Robert Peel,
"The police are the public and the public are the
police."
4. People's Power - the greatest source of power to
wage war against crime and other threats to society
lies among the people.
CONCEPT OF COPS
"COPS is a philosophy of full service,
personalized policing where the same patrol officers
works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a
decentralized place, working in a proactive
partnership with the citizens to identify and solve
problems."
ELEMENTS OF COPS
1. Philosophy - the present and future crime and
other disorder requires the police to provide full
service policing and problem solving with the active
participation and support of the community.
2. Personalized - officers should have person to
person contact with the members of the community
3. Patrol officers - must work and patrol their
defined beat or AOR as often as possible.
4. Permanent - officers should be assigned
permanently for at least 18 months to defined beat.
5. Place - the AOR should be divided/sectorized into
distinct neighborhoods in urban areas and clusters of
barangays in rural areas.
6. Proactive - shall have proactive focus of pre-
empting, preventing, suppressing, and deterring
crimes. Anticipate or at least detect as early as
possible the occurrence of crimes.
7. Policing - provide full service policing in the
community
8. Problem Solving - includes those abets or serves
as breeding grounds of crime 9. Partnership -
establish community partnership
PART II
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Communication - in general, it is the transfer of
thought or idea from one person to another through
channel or medium. Technically, it refers to
equipment used which can be electrical or electronic
used to exchange information.
2. Communications - refers to the technical field of
study or science which involves exchange of
information through various channels.
3. Communications Medium - the language or code
used in transferring information or idea.
4. Amplitude Modulation - modulation in which the
amplitude of a wave is subject to variation of
changes. This is used in single side band, double side
band, and independent side band.
5. Frequency Modulation - the amplitude is made
constant in the carrier wave together with the signal.
6. Antenna metallic wire or rod used for radiating and
receiving waves to and from space. Also termed
Aerial.
7. Coordinating Center - is a center base station of a
police or law enforcement communications. Also
called Center.
8. Intercommunication (Inter-Com) - wires system
used within a building or compound for direct
exchange of calls
9. Intra-Communication - a communication
existing within a province, organization or
communication that exists between institutions of
farthest distance.
10. Radio - a communication by means of
electromagnetic waves transmitted through space.
11. Landline - is a wired form of communication
12. Television Broadcasting (Telecast) - a form of
broadcasting through television
13. Subscriber - refers to person, residence or office
connected to the Private Base Exchange (PBX)
14. Dispatcher - personnel in police communication
center charged with receiving and transmitting of
messages.
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS - refers to the
technical means used by the police which consists of
interrelated but relatively independent sub-systems
such as telephone, telegraph, teletype, radio and
television systems and other electronic and
automated processes.
ESSENTIALS OF POLICE
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
1. Training - messages should be committed to
standard handling procedures by trained personnel
2. Dependability - provides that communications
must be reliable and available at all times in good
condition
3. Security - provides that communications system
must be secured from any criminal action toward
destruction of police organization's functions.
4. Accessibility - provides that operational units must
have convenient access to every communication that
is essential to its efficient operation.
5. Speed - provides that communications must be
adequate considering that the quick response of
officers depend on the transfer of information.
6. Confidentiality/Secrecy - provides that
informations in the organization must be private and
should not be held public as it relates to suspects or
victims.
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
1. Administrative Communications Net - it
involves the exchange of non-operational information
among police precincts, units, departments or
headquarters.
2. Operational Communications Net - it pertains to
exchange of police field informations involving
peace, law and orders as well as general public well-
being.
Police Radio Operator/Voice Radio Operator/
Dispatcher/ Coordinator - is a person charged with
receiving and transmitting information and is trained
in his job.
Requisites of a Good Police Radio Operator
1. Alertness - gives an impression that the operator is
awake and interested what the person is saying on the
other line
2. Pleasantness - creates a proverbial voice with
smile
3. Naturalness - it involves the utilization of simple
straightforward words and avoidance of repetition.
4. Expressiveness - use of normal tone of voice
which should not be too fast or too slow. The tone of
voice will vary on meaning of sentence that the
operator is saying
5. Distinctiveness - it involves speaking clearly and
distinctly by moving the lips, tongue and jaw freely.
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Radio - is a system of communication using
electromagnetic waves propagated through space
A. Radio Waves
The radio or electromagnetic waves travel as
fast as the speed of light at 186,000 miles per second
or 300,000 kilometers per second.
TWO GENERAL TYPES OF RADIO WAVES
1. Ground Wave - is radiated energy that touches
along the surface of the earth
2. Sky Wave - is a radiated energy that travels to the
ionosphere and is reflected back to earth.
B. Radio Transmitters - generates electrical
oscillations at a radio frequency called the carrier
frequency
b.1. Oscillation Generator - converts
electrical power into oscillations of a
predetermined radio frequency
b.2. Amplifiers - increases the intensity of
oscillations while retaining the desired
frequency
b.3. Transducer - converts the information
to be transmitted into varying electrical
voltage proportional to each successive
instantaneous intensity.
C. Radio Receivers
c.1. Antenna - receives the electromagnetic waves
and converts them into electrical oscillations
c.2. Amplifier - increases the intensity of oscillations
c.3. Demodulator - detection equipment for
demodulating
c.4. Speaker - converts the impulses into sound
waves audible by the human ear
c.5. Oscillators - to generate radio frequency that can
be mixed with incoming waves.
FREQUENCY NEEDED BY THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT
 Above 30 MHz or within Very High
Frequency (30-300MHz) is the frequency
needed by the police departments.
 30-300 MHz - is intended for short distances
transmission.
ABC's OF RADIO TRASMISSION 10-13 Weather and road report

A. Accuracy - the correctness and truthfulness what 10-14 Report of prowler

is being communicated
10-15 Civil disturbance
B. Brevity - using of few words. No unnecessary
10-16 Domestic trouble
words or repetitious words in the transmission
10-17 Meet complainant
C. Courtesy - politeness of the words being used in
the communication 10-18 Complete the assignment quickly

10-19 Return to

10-20 Location

10-21 Call by telephone

10-22 Disregard

10-23 Arrived at scene

10-24 Assignment complete

10-25 Report in person (meet)

10-26 Detaining subject, expedite

10-27 Drivers License Information

Associated Public Safety Communication officers, 10-28 Vehicle Registration Information
Inc.
10-29 Check record for wanted
APCO TEN SIGNALS
10-30 Illegal use of radio
10-0 Caution
10-31 Crime progress
10-1 Unable to copy/Change Location
10-32 Man with gun
10-2 Signal good
10-33 Emergency
10-3 Stop transmitting
10-34 Riot
10-4 Acknowledgement/ Roger
10-35 Major crime alert
10-5 Relay
10-36 Correct time
10-6 Busy-standby unless urgent
10-37 Investigate suspicious vehicle
10-7 Out of service
10-38 Stopping suspicious vehicle
10-8 In Service
10-39 Urgent use light and siren
10-9 Repeat/ Say again
10-40 Silent run- no light or siren
10-10 Fight in progress
10-41 Beginning of tour of duty
10-11 Dog case
10-42 Ending tour of duty
10-12 Stand-by
10-43 Information

10-44 Request permission to leave patrol