HISTORY OF SPORTS
=recorded for centuries
=documented history goes back at
least 3,000 years
=involved the preparation for war or
training as a hunter explains the
throwing of spears, stakes and rocks,
and sparring one-on-one with
opponents.
=sport can teach lessons about social
changes
=involved in the development of
basic human skills.
=The Ancient Greeks introduced
formal sports to the world.
=The First Olympic Games in 776 BC
included events such as foot and
chariot races, wrestling, jumping, and
discus and javelin throwing.
=A wide range of sports were already
established by the time of Ancient Greece and
the military culture and the development of
sport in Greece influenced one another
considerably. Sport became such a prominent
part of their culture that the Greeks created the
Olympic Games, which in ancient times were
held every four years in a small village in the
Peloponnesus called Olympia.
HISTORY OF SPORTS AND GAMES
● Senet in Egypt: 3000 BC
● Backgammon in Mesopotomia: 2500 BC
● Egyptian Sports: from 2000 BC
● Greek athletics: 8th Century BC
● The Extended Games: 7th Century BC
● Polo: 6th Century BC
● Hockey: 6th Century BC
● Boxing in Rome: 1st Century BC-5th
Century AD
● Dominoes and playing cards: 8th-19th
Century
● Bowls: from the 13th Century
● Billiards: 16th-19th Century
● Horse-racing: 17th-18th Century
SPORTS
= is an activity that requires physical actions and
skills where individuals or teams compete
under a set of rules.
= is undoubtedly an activity that is fun to do,
but it has many other positive effects on a
person’s life as well.
= pertains to any form of competitive physical
activity or game.
= it can improve one’s physical health
= is generally recognized as a system of
activities based on physical athleticism or
physical dexterity.
= Sport is also a major source of entertainment
for non-participants, with spectator sport
drawing large crowds to sport venues, and
reaching wider audiences through broadcasting.
ETYMOLOGY
Old French desport meaning “leisure”, with the
oldest definition in English from around 1300
being “anything humans find amusing or
entertaining”.
Roget’s defines the noun sports as an “activity
engaged in for relaxation and amusement”
with synonyms including diversion and
recreation.
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND COMPONENTS
PHYSICAL FITNESS refers to the ability of
your body systems to work together efficiently
to allow you to be healthy and perform activities
of daily living.
A fit person is able to perform schoolwork, meet
home responsibilities, and still have enough
energy to enjoy sport and other leisure activities
A fit person can respond effectively to normal
life situations, such as raking leaves at home,
stocking shelves at a part-time job, and
marching in the band at school.
A fit person can also respond to emergency
situations - for example by running to get help
or aiding a friend in distress.
According to the Oxford dictionary, fitness is
‘the condition of being physically fit and
healthy.’ If we take this simple knowledge and
then begin to break down the meaning of
‘fitness’ into different categories, we have the
components of fitness.
HEALTH RELATED COMPONENTS OF ● Improves mood and self-confidence .
FITNESS ● Strengths muscles and bones in the long
run.
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE ● Prevents muscular declines as you age.
Is how efficiently your heart, blood vessels, and
lungs supply oxygen rich Muscular Endurance WAYS TO IMPROVE MUSCULAR
blood to working muscles during physical ENDURANCE
activity (aerobic activity like walking, running, ● Push-ups
cycling or playing a sport) for a prolonged ● Planks
period of time or for more than 90 seconds. ● Squats
● Sit-ups
CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE ● Lunges
measures how well the body performs during
long periods of exercise. A person with high
MUSCULAR STRENGTH
cardiorespiratory endurance can sustain Muscular endurance refers to how long your
high-intensity activities over an extended period muscles can work for without fatiguing, while
without getting tired. muscular strength is all about how much force
your muscles can exert in one blow.
BENEFITS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
BENEFITS OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH
ENDURANCE TRAINING
TRAINING
● Strengthen heart muscle
● Strength training
● Increases lung capacity
● Builds and maintains muscle mass as
● Regulates blood pressure you age
● Reduces stress/enhances mood ● Boosts mood and energy levels
● Lowers unhealthy cholesterol ● Aids bone health
● Aids sleep ● Burns excess calories (improves
● Prevents obesity (gives the metabolism a metabolic rate)
boost) ● Shreds excess fat stores
● Improves other components of fitness
(cardiovascular endurance,coordination,
WAYS TO IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR and balance)
ENDURANCE
● Jogging WAYS TO DEVELOP MUSCULAR
● Cycling STRENGTH
● Swimming ● Biceps curls with dumbbells
● Dumbbell rows
● Barbell squats
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE ● Deadlifts
● Barbell lunges
Refers to the fatigue resisting ability of skeletal
● Pull-ups
muscles when they are contracted using less ● Triceps dips
than the maximal force for an extended time
period.
FLEXIBILITY
In other words, it measures how long a muscle Is the ability of a joint or series of joints to move
through an unrestricted, pain free range of
is able to tolerate a high amount of repetitions
motion.
with a light weight (rather than aiming for 7-12
reps with a heavy weight) BENEFITS OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING
● Increases athletic performance (due to
BENEFITS OF TRAINING MUSCULAR growing ROM (range of motion)
ENDURANCE ● Reduces chance of injury during physical
● Reduce the risk of injury in sports and activity
everyday life. ● Eases muscle aches, pains, and cramps
● Prevents obesity and excess fat storage. ● Improves balance and posture
● Boost performance in sports, weight ● Quickens recovering after exercising
training and everyday. (improves blood flow)
WAYS TO IMPROVE FLEXIBILITY
● Dynamic Warm-ups
● Yoga
● Dancing
BODY COMPOSITION
is the amount of fat mass compared to lean
muscle mass, bone and organs
To be more specific, body composition refers to
the amount of body fat mass that you’re storing
in comparison to fat-free mass, which is made
up of organs, muscles, and bone etc.
BENEFITS OF GOOD BODY COMPOSITION
● Creates a toned, lean figure
● Boosts the body’s functional capability
● Speeds up metabolic rate (torches
calories even when resting)
● Prevents heart disease, high blood
pressure, and type 2 diabetes
● Encourages permanent weight loss
METHODS OF TRAINING BODY
COMPOSITION
● Maintaining a healthy, well-balanced
diet
● Burpees
● Push-ups
● Squats
● Sit-ups
● Plank
AGILITY
Is the ability to change and control the direction
and position of the body while maintaining a
constant, rapid motion.
BALANCE
Is the ability to control or stabilize the body
when a person is standing still or moving, For
example, in-line skating.
COORDINATION
is the ability to use the senses together with
body parts during movement. For example,
dribbling a basketball. Using hands and eyes
together is called hand-eye coordination.
SPEED
is the ability to move your body or parts of your
body swiftly. Many sports rely on speed to gain
advantage over your opponents. For example, a
basketball player making a fast break to perform
a layup, a tennis player moving forward to get
to a drop shot, a football player out running the
defense to receive a pass.
POWER
is the ability to move the body parts swiftly
while applying the maximum force of the
muscles. Power is a combination of both speed
and muscular strength. For example, fullbacks
in football muscling their way through other
players and speeding to advance the ball and
volleyball players getting up to the net and
lifting their bodies high into the air.
REACTION TIME
is the ability to reach or respond quickly to what
you hear, see, or feel. For example, an athlete
quickly coming off the blocks early in a
swimming or track relay, or stealing a base in
baseball.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPORTS
INDIVIDUAL SPORTS
= Foster a higher amount of discipline,
self-confidence, focus and passion
= Individual sports are defined as activities in
which competing as a part of a team isn’t
required. The athlete is on their own and is the
one who’s responsible for bringing home the
win. Although individual sports can be
competitive, the athlete is also in competition
with themselves.
Practicing a sport individually requires plenty of
motivation in order to develop the skills that are
needed to progress in the activity. Along with
gaining additional skills, two other main
benefits of individual sports are self-discipline
and mental focus. The more you practice, the
better you can get, and you’re the one who’s
responsible for reaching your goal.
However, one primary disadvantage of
individual sports is that same responsibility — if
you take competitions seriously and lose, you’re
responsible — and it can be hard to push
yourself to keep improving at times when
you’re only holding yourself accountable.
EXAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL SPORTS
● Skiing
● Snowboarding
● Running
● Swimming
● Bouldering
● Archery
● Gymnastics
● Weighlifting

DUAL SPORTS
Compared to individual sports, there aren’t as
many dual sports out there — but dual sports
can take several different forms. In one form of
dual sports, a single athlete competes against
another single athlete; there’s no team, just two
athletes against each other in a one-on-one
match. Dual sports can also involve two athletes
on the same team competing with two athletes
of the opposite team, known as two on two.
EXAMPLES OF DUAL SPORTS
● Chess
● Table Tennis
● Tennis
● Badminton
● Racquetball
● Fencing
● Beach Volleyball
BENEFITS OF DUAL SPORTS
● Encourage a lot of discipline
● Utilizing analytical skills
● Studying what’s needed in order to beat
your opponent
● Cooperation is extremely important in
dual sports
TEAM SPORTS
=many variables considered to determine the
success or failure of the team. It depends on the
collective effort of all its players.
=As the name suggests, team sports involve a
larger group of people working together and
competing against another large group (or
several). Often the most popular sports to play
and the most entertaining to watch, team sports
such as football, basketball and baseball have
large fan bases that cheer on their favorite
squads.
=An individual or dual sport can cross over to a
team sport. For example, when you’re playing
tennis at the Olympics, you’re competing on an
individual level. But your score also contributes
to your country’s team score as a whole.
EXAMPLES OF TEAM SPORTS
● Basketball
● Football
● Baseball
● Handball
● Hockey
● Volleyball
BENEFITS OF TEAM SPORTS
● The main benefit of team sports is
teamwork
● Working together encourages
communication, problem-solving and
putting aside your differences to reach
the common goal, which is to win.
● Friends
● Self confidence
SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS THAT
WILL GUIDE AN INDIVIDUAL IN THEIR
CHOICE OF SPORTS INCLUDE:
1. Weather extremities (hot or cold) for an
outdoor sports activity.
2. Enjoyment derived from the activity.
3. Previous activities tried and enjoyed.
4. Financial capacity or budget. Activities
like skating, golf, and scuba diving
require financial investment on
equipment and actual activity.
5. State of health and level of fitness.
Demand of physical activity may be
excessive for the body, having a
conditioning is recommended.
6. Other alternative activities that will give
motivation.
For all sports, achieving personal goals and
claiming sweet victory requires training hard
and playing even harder. But when athletes
push themselves too hard, they risk injury that
can make them unable to play the game they
love. That's why sports safety is so important.
WAYS TO AVOID SPORTS INJURIES
● Warm up before working out
● Wear safety equipment
● Cool down and stretch after exercising
● Stay hydrated
● Don’t eat too much before the game
● Get enough rest
● Good weather condition
BENEFITS OF SPORTS IN DAILY LIFE
● Stress Buster
● Health
● Self confidence
● Decision-making
● Teamwork
● Builds character
● Source of entertainment
CHESS
PAWN
The Pawn moves forwards only, never
backwards. On its first move only, it may move
one OR two squares. After that, it can only move
one square at a time, capturing only on the
diagonal.
BISHOP
Bishops move straight along diagonals and do
not jump
QUEEN
Each side only gets one Queen. She moves along
the diagonals, the ranks and the files. The Queen
can move as far as she wants in any direction
until she encounters another chess piece or the
edge of the game (she cannot jump).
ROOK
The Rook is next in power to the Queen. The
Rook moves in straight lines, never on
diagonals.
KNIGHT
The Knight is the only piece that can jump over
other pieces. The Knight moves in an L-shape
but he can capture only on the square where he
finishes his jump. Always the Knight, moves
first two squares forward, backwards, or
sideways, and then finishes the L-shape by
moving right or left one more square.
KING
In chess, you have one King that can move one
square in any direction. The King is the most
important piece in a game of chess, but it is very
limited. The King can go in any direction, but
only one square at a time. The King can capture
any enemy piece or pawn that is undefended
and must always stay at least one square away
from the opposing King.
CHECK AND CHECKMATE
The King is in check when he is attacked by the
opponent’s piece. His capture is not allowed.
The player making check must say “check”
when he is attacking the opponent’s King. If
your King is in check, you must stop this on the
next move. There are three ways to do this:
1. Move the King to a safe square.
2. Move one of your pieces in the way of
the check by blocking.
3. Capture the attacking piece.
Since the object of the game is to capture the
opponent’s King, the game is lost if you cannot
stop the check by blocking, capturing the
attacking piece, or moving the King to a safe
square. The “check” then turns into a
checkmate. This means the King is dead. When
the King is checked and cannot move out of
check, then he is checkmate and the game is
over.
WORTH OF CHESS PIECES
PAWN - 1
KNIGHT - 3
BISHOP - 3
ROOK - 5
QUEEN - 9
OPENING GAME GOALS
● CASTLE EARLY. Castling is the moving
of the King two squares to his right or
left toward the Rook, which goes on the
square on the other side of the King. You
can castle once in the game.
● Aim to control the middle of the board
with your pawns
● Avoid moving the pawns in front of your
King too early
● Keep away from the edge of the board.
Move your Knights and Bishops into the
middle of the board.
● Try to keep all pieces on open lines in the
middle of the board. This is where they
will be most powerful.
● Bring out the King! Use it as an attacking
piece.
● Concentrate on getting the pawns to the
other side of the board. If you get it all
the way across, you can promote your
pawn to a Queen.
BENEFITS OF PLAYING BOARD GAMES
● Brings people closer, strengthens
relationships, and can help you meet
new people..
● Increases brain function.
● Teaches you how to set goals and be
patient.
● Great for reducing stress and makes for
laughter
● You can play anywhere at any time.
GAME OF THE GENERALS
Also called Salpakan. Psychological war game
designed for two players and requires the use of
logic. Simulates armies at war trying to outflank
and outmaneuver each other.
HISTORY
=The Game of the Generals, also called GG as it
is most fondly called, or simply The Generals,
= Is an educational war game invented in the
Philippines by Sofronio H. Pasola, Jr. in 1970.
= It can be played within twenty to thirty
minutes.
= It is designed for two players, each controlling
an army, and a neutral arbiter (sometimes called
a referee or an adjutant) to decide the results of
"challenges" between opposing playing pieces,
that like playing cards, have their identities
hidden from the opponent.
OBJECTIVE OF THE GENERALS
● To eliminate/capture the flag of the
opponent.
● To maneuver own flag to the other end
of the board where it lands to a space
with no enemy pieces/beside it.
GAME BOARD IS 9 X 8 SQUARES
PIECES
SPY = can eliminate all pieces except privates
FLAG = can eliminate challenged flag
OTHER PIECES = can eliminate other lower
ranked pieces
MOVES
= All pieces move the same
= Forward, backward and sideways
= One square per turn
GAME PLAY
= Rules
= Arbiter
= Challenging
RULES
● Pieces are not required to be placed in a
definite pattern
● Players place their pieces according to
their strategy
● But, players are only allowed to place
their pieces on the first 3 rows of their
side of the board
● Pieces should face their owners so it
can’t be seen by the opponent
● Players decide who goes first then they
take turns alternately
ARBITER
● Neutral Third person
● Act as judge in the challenges
*looking at the pieces
*applying piece ranks
*eliminating the weaker piece and takes
it out of the world.
CHALLENGING
● When a piece is placed on top of the
other so that they are in the same square
(since only one piece can fit in the
square)
● Higher rank wins
● If pieces are of the same rank, they both
lose
● If flag-flag challenge, the challenger wins
BLITZKRIEG STRATEGY
● Concentrating high-ranked officials in
one side of the board
● Usually spies and generals are
positioned around the flag to protect it
while charging through the opponent’s
pieces
● Goal is to successfully bring the flag to
the other side of the board.
END OF THE GAME
● When a flag is captured
● When a flag reach the end of the board
● When both players agree for a draw
● When a player resigns
WORD FACTORY
~ Ken Jarey Alberastine

= A mind-boggling word game guaranteed to

make a player eat words, think words, dream
words in just a few games. Players shake up 25
letter cubes and make words out of adjoining
letters. As fast as he can, a player searches for
words that he hopes his opponents won't find.

= The game is played using a plastic grid of

lettered dice, In which players attempt to find
words in sequences of adjacent letters.

= “Boggle” 4x4 grid lettered dice is the origin of

the “word factory” 5x5 grid version.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
● Pencil/ballpen
● Paper
OBJECTIVES
To be the player with the highest score at the
end of the 3-minutes game, or to be the first
player to reach the designated point limit in a
tournament game.
Players score by listing words of the highest
point value they can find in the four rows of
letters.
ONE BASIC RULE = to list as many words as
possible in three minutes.
WORDS ALLOWED
● Formed from letters that adjoin,
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally to
the left, right or up-and-down.
● No letter may be used more than once
within a single word.
● Any word (noun, verb, adjective, adverb
and etc.) plural of, form of, or tense is
acceptable as long as it can be found in a
standard English dictionary.
● Proper nouns are not allowed (names of
something or someone)
● Words within words are also
permissible. Ex: spare, spa, spar, are,
pare.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
● Multiple meanings of the same spelling
do not earn multiple credit. For example,
the word t-e-a-r for rip or cry counts only
once.
● The same word found by a player in
different areas of the grid may not be
counted for multiple credit
● The QU counts as two letters
● Both the M and the W have a line under
them
● THe Z has a line under it and should not
be read as an N.
● You get full credit for both the singular
and plural of a noun, as long as you
wrote down both.
● For the highest score, look for unusual
words that others might miss - and that
will earn you more points.
BENEFITS OF PLAYING WORD FACTORY
● Relieve stress
● Improves your vocabulary
● Improves Social Skills

POINTS