EVM Techmax

Syllabus
Mumbai University . ear _ }

2019 2020
Final Year Mechanical (Rev- 2016 Course w.e.f. the academic Y
Environmental Management
Credits
Course Code Course Name
03
ILO8029 Environmental Management
Objectives :
1. Understand and identify environmental issues r~levant to India and global concerns
2. Learn concepts of ecology
3. Familiarise environment related legislations
Outcomes : Leamer will be able to ...
1. Understand the concept of environmental management
2. Understand ecosystem and interdependence, food chain etc.
3. Understand and interpret environment related legislations
I Course Contents I
01 Introduction and Definition of Environment: Significance of Environment Management for 10

contemporary managers, Career opportunities, Environmental issues relevant to India,
Sustainable Development, the Energy.scenario. (Refer chapter 1)
02 Global Environmental · concerns : Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, 06

Hazardous Wastes, Endangered life-species, Loss of Biodiversity, Industrial/Man-made
disasters, Atomic/Biomedical hazards, etc. (Refer chapter 2)
03 Concepts of Ecology: Ecosystems and interdependence between living organisms, habitats, 05

limiting factors, carrying capacity, food chain, etc. (Refer chapter 3)
04 Scope of Environment Management, Role and functions of Government as aplanning and 10

regulating agency, Environment Quality Management and Corporate Environmental
Responsibility. (Refer chapter 4)
05 Total Quality Environmental Management, ISO-14000, EMS certification.

05
(Refer chapter 5)
06 General overview of major legislations like Environment Protection Act, Air (P & CP) Act,
03
Water (P & CP) Act, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Act, Factories Act, etc.
(Refer chapter 6)
[ lntlex )
► Chapter 1 Int rod uct,on · ment .............. ·.... ·.. .. ... :. 1- 1 to 1-21
. an d .Det·,rn·t·,on of Environ
► Chapter 2 : Global Environmental Concerns .................................... •· ••· •· •· 2-1 to 2- 24
► Chapter 3 : Concept of Ecology ........................ .. ....................................... 3-1 to 3-12
18111111
► Chapter 4 : Environment Management ........................................................ 4-1 to 4-9
► Chapter 5 : · Total Quality Environmental Management ............................... 5-1

to 5-8
► Chapter 6 : General Overview of Major Legislations ................................. 6-1 to 6-20
□□□
I Module t
University Prescribed Syllabus
- Significance of Environment management for contemporary managers, career

opportunities
- Environmental issues relevant to India

- . Sustainable Development, the Energy scenari<;>
✓ Syllabus Topic : Introduction and Definition of Environment .......................................................................... 1-3
1.1 Introduction and Definition of Environment ......................................................................... ;........................ 1-3
GQ. 1.1.1 Define environment. .............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.1 . 1 Main Features of Environment. ............................................................................................. 1-3
GQ. 1.1.2 Write about the main features of environment. ..................................................................... 1-3
1.1.1.1 Biotic Factors ........................................................................................................................ 1-4
GQ. 1.1.3 What is the biotic factors ? .................................................................................................... 1-4
1.1.1.2 Abiotic Factors ...........................................................................................;.......................... 1-4
GQ. 1.1.4 What is Abiotic factors ? ....................................................................................................... 1-4
1.1.2 Need of Environmental Studies ........................................................................................... 1-5
GQ. 1.1.5 · State the need of environmental studies .............................................................................. 1-5
✓ Syllabus Topic: Significance of Environmental Management.:...................................................................... 1-6
1.2 Significance of Environmental Management for Contemporary Managers ................................................. 1-6
1.2.1 Corporate Responsibilities ..................... :.............................................................................. 1-7
GQ.1.2.1 What are the corporate responsibilities? .................................................. ,.......................... 1-7

11:i . d Defintion of Environment.
[Bl Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM B) 1•2 Introduction an
19
✓ Syllabus Topic: Carrier Opportunities .............................................................. .... •
. ................... 1-9
. .. ............... :........................
1.2.2 Career Opportunities in Environmental Management ................................ .
. . t I management. ............ 1-9
GQ. 1.2.2 Write an explanatory note on career opportunities in environmen a
1 10
✓ Syllabus Topic: Environmental Issues Relevant to lndia ............................................................................. -
. . ............... .' 1-10
1.3 Environmental Issues Relevant to India .......................................... ·.... ·.... ·.. ·...... ·........ ··.... ·.... ..
. ...:............... 1-10
Ga • 1•31
• Comment on Environmemal issues relevant to India .................................... ..
✓ Syllabus Topic ·. Sustaina · .. .. ....................................................... 1•12
· bl e Development .......................................
1.4 . . ble DeveIopment ............................................................... •· ........ ·.. ·.. ···.. ··.. ··.. ···.... .. ·····................· 1• 12
Susta1na
1 12
GQ. 1.4.1 Explain the role of Engineers towards achieving sustainable development........... ·........... -
1 2
GQ. 1.4.2 Write a short note on sustainable development. ................................................................ •1
GQ. 1.4.3 State and explain various points to be considered while planning and construction
of sustainable building ................................ ..................... :........................................ :......... 1-12
1.4.1 Engineer's Role in Achieving Sustainable Development.. ................................................. 1-13
1.4.2 Urban Sustainability·............................................................................................................ 1-13
GQ. 1.4.4 Write a note on urban sustainability................................ .............: .. .................................... 1-13
1.4.3 Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Development ................................................ 1-14
GQ. 1.4.5 State the role of construction sector for sustainable development.. ................................... 1-14
1.4.4 . Role of Engineers towards Achieving Sustainable Development.. ................................... 1-15
GQ. 1.4.6 Enlist the various roles of engineers towards achieving sustainable development ............ 1-15
1.4.5 Environmental Impact Assessment ....................... .'............................................................ 1-16
GQ. 1.4. 7 Write a note on environment impact assessment.. .................................................. ........... 1-16
✓ Syllabus Topic: Energy Scenario ..............................·.............................................. · 1-19
·····································
1.5 Energy Scena.rio .......................................................................................................... :...... 1-19
GQ.1 .5.1 Write a short note ori energy scenario ..................... ............................... ............................ 1•19
1.5.1 Indian Energy Scenario._. .......................................................... ;...................... .................... 1-20
GQ.1 .5.2 Explain Indian energy scenario ............................................................... .. .............. .. .. ........ 1.20
• Chapter Ends... ................................................................ ............ ..........

. . .
•
··························· 1 21.
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~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-3 Introduction and Defintion of Environment.
Syllabus Topic : Introduction and Definition of Environment · ·
~ 1 • 1 Introduction and Definition of Environment
ENVIRONMENT is the surroundings or control conditions in which all living organisms

exist. Thus the Environment may vary from micro level to macro level. In case of some
local studies such as study of an ecosystem or solid waste management, it is the micro
level study.
On the other hand global issues such as Green House Effect or Ozone Depletion form the
macro level studies.
Pollution is deliberate or accidental contamination of environment. Any manmade

activity contributes to pollution. With rapid urbanization and industrialization, there
has been tremendous burden on the natural resources.
It has also lead to various types of pollutions such as air pollution, water pollution, noise
pollution and land pollution.
As all the civil engineering projects depend directly on natural resources, civil engineer
has to have greater concern about the environment. With stringent norms being ·
introduced, the civil engineer has to be well aware of different types of pollutions and
ways and means to overcome them.
Hence Environmental Pollution studies are an integral part of civil engineering

discipline.
~ 1.1.1 Main Features of Environment
The environment comprises basically of Living organisms, Non-living factors and their
mutual interaction.
The living organisms, also called Biotic Factors, mainly comprise of different bacteria,
viruses, plants and animals whereas nonliving factors, also called Abiotic Factors are
air, water, light etc.
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The intera ction betwe en these two factor s leads to forma tion
of Ecology which is a Part
of ENVI RONM ENT.
When there is a prope r balanc e betwe en these factor s it leads

to healthY enviro nmen t
(e.g. a self sustai ning ecQsy stem witho ut the extern al interfe rence,
especi ally man).
When this balan ce gets distur bed due to extern al interfe rence,
it leads to variou s types
of pollut ions.
For examp le, when an indus try discha rges its waste in nearb
y water body, with0ut
prope r treatm ent, there is an imbal ance leadin g to degrad
ation of enviro nmen t and
imbal anced ecology.
a. 1.1. 1.1 Biot ic Fact ors
These factor s can be broad ly classif ied in three functi onal group
s such as :
BF Produ cers ·
These are self nouris hing organ isms. Green plants (autot rophs)
and algae are the
examp les of this group .
The autotr ophs take solar energy and conve rt it into chemi cal
energ y in the proces s
of photo synthe sis. This stored energy is utilize d by other organ
isms.
BF Cons umers
These are other organ isms that depen d on produ cers for their
energ y source (called
hetero trophs ). e.g. mari, birds, anima ls, fish etc.
BF Decom poser s
These are mainl y the bacter ia and fungi that decom pose the decay
ed mater ial.
a. 1.1. 1.2 Abio tic Fact ors
These factor s mainl y consis t of non living part and can be broad
ly classif ied in follow ing
functi onal group s such as :
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!il Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-5 Introduction and Defintion of Environment.
w Cllmatlc Factors
These include precipitation, light, temperature, atmospheric humidity and wind.
w Physlographlc Factors
These include all such factors that have their origin in the form, behaviour and
structure of earth's surface.
Physical and chemical constituents of the soil, such as its structure, chemical
properties etc. fall under this category.
~ 1.1.2 Need of Environmental Studies
The main basic needs of environmental studies are as listed below :

1. Proper planning of urban, rural, industrial and economic developments.
2. To establish better communication amongst various parts of the society in which we live.
3. To maintain peace and harmony

4. To control changing number of births, deaths, diseases (means demography) in a
community over a period of time.
5. To control the problems due to growing population which include shortages of:
- (i) natural resources
(ii) health care services
(iii)educational institutions
(iv) water, sanitation and land
(v) transport
6. To keep increase in crime and other social problems low.
7. To monitor problems of poor status of female and children.
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. d Defintion of Environment.
Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-6 Introduction an
Syllabus Topic : Significance of Environmental Management
~ 1.2 Significance of Environmental Management for Contemporary

Managers
Environment takes into consideration all conditions required for the survival for the
survival of corporate sectors. Absence of environmental consideration causes serious
ecological damage and a balance between the demands of economic development and the
need 1or
c. •
management of environmental .
process precise know1edge of various facets of
sound environmental managements is the sine qua non for sustainable development
which meets not only the requirements of the present generation but also of
Environmental management is especially valuable for internal management initiative
with a specific environmental focus. Such as cleaner production, supply chain
management initiatives with a specific environmental focus, such as cleaner production,
supply chain management.
Management system. Environmental management type information is increasingly

being used for
It becoming more important not only for environmental management decisions, but for
all types of managerial functions with special emphasis on eco-efficiency and strategic
position concept of environmental management.
Following points shows the significance of Environment Management (EM) :
1. Environment Management draws attention in another sense, which offers an idea

about industrial development, a nation's economic progress and social welfare and
the fulfilment of responsibility towards society.
2. Negotiation between the management and society helps organizations seek to

strategically manage a fresh and emerging issue with distinct users.
3. Pollution control bein,g burning subject of discussion environmental management

shows the extent to which pollution has been controUed by the corporate.
4. Environmental management improves performance through better management of

environmental cost and thus benefits the natural and human environments.
5. Environmental management is helpful in discharging organizational accountability

and increasing environmental trans.parency. Sustainable development is possible
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with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of

enterprise.
6. Environmental management supports green reporting to combat effectively all

negative public opinions in the global economy where existence of a strong
environment lobby against environmentally unfriendly industries is found.
7. Environmental management reflects unsound production and consumption patterns

, misuse and scanty use of resources and assets like :water.
Optimal allocation of scanty resources in the economy is possible with the help of
environmental management.
8. Impressive .decision taking through the application of environmental management

reduce or eliminates many environmental problems.
~ 1.2.1 Corporate Responsibilities
1. Employees failing to observe environmental friendly code of conduct must be

reprima.'1ded;
2. Environmental friendly code of conduct must be noticed at all levels and by all the
people;
3. Corporate commitment to environmental protection should be clearly stated;
4. Environmental protection is a genuine task and no stone will be left unturned in

preserving and safeguarding ecological balances;
5. Maintenance, replacement and repairs of machinery, tools, equipment, vehicles, etc.

should be done properly and in time;
6. Alteration in product design should be made as far as possible to incorporate eco-friendly

· materials and other inputs;
7. Renewable sources of energies like solar energy, wind energy, etc. must. be used and so
advocated;
8. If the working of the corporate on any day or in any month is .against environmental
interest, staff doing this must seek apology;
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lil Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM )
8 _
18 Introduction and oefintionof Environment.
1
9. Adequate numb er of PRO~ to communicate with the exter
nal world and to clear the
corporate commitment to the world at large must be recruited;
lO. Corporate mana ger should be proactive rathe r than active. The
adequate measures muSt
be initia ted to protect environment before the new technology is
put to use or adopted;
11· Envir onme ntal
engineers must be recruited for seeking their opinion on environme
ntal
relate d matte rs and for involvement in establishing a cleaner
and efficient production
syStem there by minimizing wastage and ensuring optimum
usage of all the raw
mate rials;
12· Parti cipat ion in activi
ties like social forestry, community forest efforts, environme
nt
cleaning works, etc. may be made;
l3. The audit repor t should contain the audit findings (or a summ
ary of these findings) with
reference to supporting evidence. Subject to agreement between
the lead audit or and the
MD, the audit repor t may also include the following:
1. the identification of the organization audited and of the client
11. the agreed objectives, scope and plan of the audit
iii. the agreed audit criteria including a list of reference docum

ents again st which •the
audit was conducted
1v. the period covered by the audit and the date(s) the audit was
condu cted
v. the identification of the audit team members
vi. a state ment of the confidential natur e of the report contents
vii. the distribution list for the audit report
14. Envi ronm ental management is a response to human action

s considering the increasing
seriousness and significance of today's disastrous huma n impa
ct on natur al ecosystems.
It is comforting to know that with a smaller global population base
and a less pervasive
use of technology.
15. It is indeed expected that both conservationists and devel
opers will come and work
toget her over the need to make economic development susta
inable, witho ut it being
unde rmine d by long-term damage to natur al resources and vital
habit ats.
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!'1 Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-9 Introduction and Defintlon of Environment.
Syllabus Topic: Carrier Opportunities
~ 1.2.2 Career Opportunities in Environmental Management
Environmental resource management is a wide interdisciplinary area at the junction of

Environmental sciences and Management and Organization studies.
Hence there are possible career opportunities for graduates with a degree in
Environmental resource management.
Following are the same of the carrier option in environmental management.
(i) Environmental manager is the most obvious career opportunity for a graduates with
a degree in Environmental resource management .
It supervise the environmental performance of various organization both private and
public.
It develop and implement new strategies to maintain and develop the corpora
te
environment.
(ii) Specializations of environmental resurce management consist of soil management,
water management, biodiversity management and many other.
(iii)There are some graduates holding a degree in environmental resource manage ment
choose engineering management consultancy are their career path.
(iv)There are many graduates with a degree in environmental management start their
career in public sector or in human resource management. .
Usually graduates in Environmental resource management start their career after
receiving a master or MBA degree in this area.
Graduates with a bachelor degree usually start their career with entry-level positions or
volunteering.
Various environmental companies can able to provide the intership for fresh graduates.
Environmental managers oversee projects related to the protection and conservation of .

natural ecosystems and human health.
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM B) ·on and Oefintion of Environment
1-10 IntrodUCtI ..:.
The following chart is an overview of the basics of career in environmental management.
1. Degree required
Bachelor's degree
2. Education field of study Environmental science, engineering
3. Key skills Management skills, analytical abilities,

oral and written communication
4. Licensure required Certification recommended
5. Job Growth (2018-2028) 8%*
6. Median salary (2018) $71,730*
Environmental management is a field focused on the preservation, conservation and

regulation of the environment.
Careers in environmental managements may be found in the fields of chemistry, ·

transportation, logistics and engineering.
Employers may include private businesses, government agencies and nonprofits

organizations.
An environmental manager serve as an expert in the management of environmental

projects.
Using your environmental knowledge and expertise it is possible to discover ways to

prevent further environmental damage, cleanup protected areas and preserve natural
resources.
According to the U.S. bureau of labor statistics, the greatest number of job opportunitie~
for environmental scientists are in the fields of management and scientific and technical
consulting.
As of 2018, the average salary for professio_nals in these fields was $77.580.
Syllabus Topic: Environmental Issues Relevant to India
~ 1.3 Environmental Issues Relevant to India
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-11 Introduction and Defintion of Environment.
These are explained briefly as follows :
1. Green house effects
Green house is a building made of glass in which plants are grown.

The greenhouse effect is warming of the earth's surface and the air above it.
It is caused by gases in the air that trap energy from the sun.
These heat-trapping gases are called greenhouse gases.

They include water vapour, carbondioxide and methane.
2. Climate change
It means a change in the global or regional climate patterns particularly from the mid to
late 20th century onwards and mainly due to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
3. Global warming
It is the slow gradual rise in the temperature of the earth due to emission of excess
quantities of a number of radiation-tripping gases like carbondioxide, methane, chloro-
. flurocarbon, ozone, nitrogen oxides which are together called as green house gases.
4. Acid rain
Its water contains higher acidity level due to dissolved CO2, sulphur oxides and
nitrogen oxide gases, from the factories, mills etc.
It causes damage to trees, crops, building and rivers.
5. Ozone layer depletion
Atmospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun which cause skin
cancer and damage to cataracts and as well as damage to plants and marine
ecosystems.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases used as coolants in refrigerators cause depletion of
this ozone layer, such that 1 atom of chlorine can destroy 100000 ozone molecules.
6. Nuclear accidents
They are mainly due to nuclear fusion, which cause explosion and also release
dangerous radioactive radiations which affect the human life for decades together.
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM S) . n and Defintion of Environment.
1-12 Introd UCt10
Syllabus Topic : Sustainable Development

=
~ 1.4 Sustainable Development
Concept of sustainable development can be applied to many fields like economics, social,
agriculture, environment etc.
Let us discuss environmental aspects of sustainable development as follows :

(1) It must maintain a stable resource base means natural resources must be
replenished at a faster rate than they are used up.
(2) It includes maintaining biodiversity, atmospheric stability and other ecosystem
functions.
(3) Environmental-s ocial aspect of sustainability deals with our interactions with the
environment. This include designing and planning of our home and cities, care of our
available resources. It also includes the ways we interact with the environment.
(4) Environmental-E conomic aspect of sustainability includes the interaction between
environment and economics. Environmentally products must be used commonly and
widely so that these are less hazardous to us and our environment with respect to
their packages, garbages, left overs and also their prices are less and affordable to us
economically.
Their wide-spread use will further out their prices and make them more and more
economical.
(5 ) Thus concept of sustainable development is of great importance for stabilizing public

economy and growth per capita.
(6 ) Establishing more industries, agricultural activity and job opportunities.
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~ 1.4.1 Enginee r's Role in Achievi ng Sustain able Develop ment
A new concept in environmental and human affairs was introduced with the Brundtland
Declaration of 1987: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future · generations to meet their own
needs."
All the development that is taking place in developing countries like India is putting
more and more pressure in the urban areas rather than the rural areas. Hence
understan ding the need of urban sustainability is very important issue at present.
~ 1.4.2 Urban Sustain ability

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Deforestation, growing desserts, soil degradation and loss of wild life species are
occurring across the globe.
Cities are growing faster than government can develop infrastructure services for them.
Slums surrounding the cities are causing serious health pollution. Cities are huge
consumers of water, electricity, fossil fuels and nutrients.
An ideal Sustainab le city should have a circular metabolism where it uses only local
resources and all wastes are recycled back into the system.
While large Chinese cities like Shanghai have been able to sustain this way of living
until fairly recently, pressure for urbanization and global trade is destroying their
sustainability, while easier accessible forms of energy like coal, are creating tremendous
pollution problems.
The remedies for more sustainabl e resource ut,ilization includes the following :
0 More efficient energy use and utilizing energy from renewable resources.
0 More efficient public transport systems.
0
More compact cities to reduce consumption of fossil fuels through automobile traffic.
0 Water management by appropriate landscaping.
0
More efficient recirculation systems like grey water management and reduced
burden on civic bodies for wastewater treatment.
0
More efficient recycling of inorganic wastes (glass, plastics, metals and chemicals).
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~ d~~~~~~
l!tJ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1_14 Introduction an
. d linical wastes.
0 More efficient recycling of organic wastes like sewage an c
whole construction
. . . th t the .
Taking all the above said aspects into account, 1t 1s clear da . directly on achievmg
. .
mdustry has then a significant impact, both directly an m '
sustainable development in the urban environment.
~ 1.4.3 Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Devel opme nt
Main challenges faced by the construction sector are :
o Urban and rural area planning
o Life cycle design of buildings
o Production and manufacture of building materials
o Site production and manufacture
o Organizing the entire building processes
o Facility management of buildings
o Recycling and waste management.

Clients, owners, developers and investors should have important role in dissemin ating
sustainable construction, since they _represent the demand of the building sector.
Planning system should be altered in order to promote sustainable development.
Individual car use should be reduced and car-pooling should be promoted, use of public
transpor t system should be increased.
Home working and combining office and living space should be increased. More open
spaces and green areas should be developed and reserved in the planning stage itself.
As far as construction is concerned, the rules, standards, and certification schemes for
sustainability and eco compatibility should be introduced in the design activity of any
project.
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Introduction and Defintion of Environment.
~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8)
1-15
~ 1.4. 4 Role of Engineers towa rds Achieving Sus tain

able
Dev elop men t
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They face many

Engineers play a vital role in the development of the society at large.
hurdles in their respective fields, as follows :
The Engineers have to face and overcome (ollowing hurdles
and policy;
0 They generally have to work within their national framework of law
otherwise their contribution can be constrained.
and ethica l
o Wide variation in the perception of responsibility to future generations
issues.
e.
o The downgrading of environmental concerns in times of economic declin
production and ·
o Need for professional capacity to under stand and implement cleaner
Sustainable Development objectives at levels of responsibility.
role in achieving
The role of engin eers: Engineers from all disciplines can play a vital
sustainability.
settin g a targe t
o The Engineer must possess an initiative in Eco-efficiency to consider
with a possible
of achieving a many-fold improvement in production in the long term
increase in the next two decades.
ach has to be
o Fresh water to be given the "highest priority". A strate gic appro
reached to preserve, protect and supply fresh water.
logies shall
o Safe subst itute for toxic chemicals should be developed and those techno
ctive waste s
be transf erred to developing countries. Hazardous wastes, like radioa
should be disposed off in the country in which they were originated. ·
o Efficient use of mater ials and en,ergy.

es sustai nable
o A major effort in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; this involv
energy, new technology and energy efficiency.
and for transf er
o Suppo rt for internalization of environmental costs in energ y pricing
of clean technologies to developing countries.
opment principles
Engineers must become knowledgeable in achieving sustai nable devel
nable development
and must be continuously traine d about the curre nt sustai
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Environmental . d Oefintion of Environment.
Mgmt. (MU-SEM B)
1_16 Introduction an -
t hn 1 ·
ec o ogies applicable to their area of work, may be Computers, Electronics,
Biotechnology or any core branch of Engineering.
.
E. ngineers . . cts and costs into the
must incorporate long-term environmental . impa
analysis of alternative solutions being considered.
. .
E ngmeenng . rporating sustainable
responsibilities must be re-addressed by mco
. ..
deve1opment pnnc1ples . . anizations throughout
into the codes of ethics of engmeenng org
the-world.
Engineers must continuously participate in public explanation of the prin ciples of

sustainable development as relate to their profession.
'a. 1.4.S Environmental Impact Assessment
~ ~~~ ~-:~7- -~~~2~t~ii iji!Ofii:\,i <i/ L<>l .
For execution of any big development project, an EIA is mandatory these days. EIA is a
tool to predict. the impacts or the damage a project will have on the environment, when
the project is executed.
There are @ 30 categories of industries for which Environmental Clearance from Central
Government is required in India.
Any development projects such as Construction of Dams, construction of Thermal Power

Plants, Nuclear Power Plants, have some adverse (negative) as well as some beneficial
(positive) impacts on environment.
These impacts or damages are to be analyzed critically before the project is taken up.
The main objectives of EIA are :
o· To analyse the ill effects of any up-coming project Qn the environment in a rational
manner i.e. the study shall be unbiased.
0 To suggest remedial measures to overcome the adverse impacts, thus reducing the
pollution.
0 To obtain required environmental clearances from the concerned authorities such as

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Board (SPCB),
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) etc.
0 To select suitable site(s) for the project taking into consideration the environmental
impacts of the project vis-a-vis cost-benefit analysis
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-17 lntroduc.tion and Defintion of Environment.
Following points are suggested for carrying out an EIA :
1. Status of existing environmental conditions
2. Study of project activities
3. Suggestions to minimize adverse effects
4. Pollution abatement
5. Identifying damages
► 1. Status of existing environmental conditions
A detailed study of prevailing environmental conditions in and around the study

area is required to be carried out, before starting any project.
All the parameters such as physical (water, air, land etc;) and social environment
(economical conditions, employment status, cultural & historical importance etc.),
should be studied in detail.
It shall be specifically noted that, whatever may be the benefits of the project, the
present environmental conditions and quality of life shall not get disturbed due to
the project under consideration.
► 2. Study of project activities
For any project, there are various activities involved right from its conceptualization
to completion.
Even in a manufacturing industry, during the manufacturing of any product,

understating the process details including raw material requirement, waste
generation from different sources needs to be understood completely before carrying
out an EIA.
In case of mega projects like dams or road projects, sometimes alternative sites are
suggested as the project activities for such projects like noise during construction or
due to traffic movement may disturb the species in the nearby forest reserves.
► 3. Suggestions to minimize adverse effects
On completion of some project, it is likely that the project will have adverse impacts
on the environment either due to construction or during running of the industry.
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lntrodUCt10
1-18
.
The waste discharged . . u1· 1·ndustry such as a
m the Environment from a partic ar
·
S ugar Industry or a Pharmaceutical · h mful elements in it.
Industry, may have ar
Hence proper measures to curb pollution from such industries should appear in an
EIA report. This will help to reduce the damage to the environment.
► 4. Pollution abatement
Pollution prevention is not a difficult task these days. Many techniques are
available for reducing all types of pollutions such as pollution of Air, Water, Land
etc.
The treatment methodologies should be incorporated in the project management
itself. This will help to curb the pollution to a great extent.
It is very easy to assess the likely adverse impacts or the damages to the
environment due to the project under consideration, once the treatment technologies
are incorporated in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) of the Project under
consideration.
► 5. Identifying damages
In almost all projects, there will be some or the other adverse impacts· associated
with the project. There can be short term or long term effects of a project which are
reversible or irreversible.
Also the effects may be restricted to local scale such as the surrounding area of an
Industry or may have effects on global scale, such as emission of Green House
Gases.
Quantifying the damages is also an important task for predicting the likely impacts.
The intensity and duration of exposure of a particular pollutant are equ ally
important for establishing the damage.
F or example, exposure to vehicular pollution even for a small duration, increases t he

level of Carbon Monoxide (CO). It reacts with blood to form COHb i.e. Carboxy
Hemoglobin. However , this is a reversible reaction and hence, after some time again
CO gets removed from the blood.
On the other hand, some toxic elements such as lead may not show any immediate
ill-effects but m ay get accumulated in blood over a longer period causing some
permanent dama ges.
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The likely damages due to a project are also required to be categorized as significant
or insignificant and primary (direct) or secondary (indirect).
Syllabus Topic: Energy Scenario
~ 1.5 Energy Scenario
Energy has prime importance for the economic development of any country.
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria :
1. Primar y and secondary energy

2. Commercial and non commercial energy
3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy.
► 1. Primar y and second ary energy
Primar y energy sources are found or stored in nature. Common primary energy
sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood)
Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive
substances, therma l energy stored in earth's interior and potential energy due
to earth's gravity.
► 2. Commercial energy and Non Commercial energy
(i) Commercial energy
The energy sources which are available in the market for a definite price are
called as commercial energy.
Commercial energy forms the basis of industr ial, agricul tural transpo rt and
commercial development in the modern world.
Examp les : Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
(ii) Non-commercial energy
The energy sources which are available.in the commer cial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy.
....A SAC/UNSll,ll/ J'enture

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. for water heating,

- Example .: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy fi
.. ·t . animal power or
electnc1ty generation for drying grain fish and frm s, . •
. '. . . '. . . r for lifting water
transport, threshmg, lift.mg water for 1rngat10n; wmd ene gy
and electricity generation, etc.
► 3. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
- .
Renewable energy is energy which is obtained from sources that are essentially.
· xhausb·ble. Examples of renewable resources me
me • 1u de wind power, solar
power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power.
- The most important feature of renewable energy can be harnessed wi th0 ut the
release of harmful pollutants.
a.. 1.5.1 -Indian Energy Scenario

~-.- -- ,--.-~ ? ~.-:_?-~-:-~.- :- -.~~~·:: _·-:: ?;7 .
, aQ.·:i.s ~:z . Expl~I•;t/lnc,iJa~,.·
L•- ~- '~ ~-:.:.\~ -:- -' ~:..: ~-..:. ! ·~-y.-:-:·-:,,>>:z kHSJ~~t::,-~:rrh·
Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55 % of the total primary energy
production.
Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the share of natural gas in primary
energy production from 10 % in 1994 to 13 % in 1999.
(i) Coal supply
- India has huge coal .reserves, at least 84,396 million tonnes of proven recoverable
reserves (at the end of 2003).
- This amounts to almost 8.6 % of the world reserves and it may last for about 230
years at the current Reserve to Production.
- India is the fourth larges producer of coal and lignite in the world.
(ii) ·Oil supply
- Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption.
India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world
(iii)Natural gas supply
_ Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy _consumption in the county.
- Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.

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[il Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 1-21 Introduction and Deflntion of Environment.
(iv) Electrical energy supply
The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations under utilities
was 1,12,581 MW as on 31st May2004,
It consisting of 28,860 MW-hydro, 77,931 MW-thermal and 2,720 MW-nuclear and

1,869 MW-wind (Ministry of Power).
(v) Nuclear power supply
Nuclear power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of electricity generated in India.
India has ten nuclear power reactors at five nuclear power stations producing
electricity.
(vi) Hydro power supply
India is endowed with a vast and vi~ble hydro potential for power generation of
which only 15 % has been harnessed so far.
It is assessed that exploitable potential at 60 % load factor is 84,000 MW.
a. 1 Define the environment.
Q. 2 Describe the significance of environment management for contemporary managers.
a. 3 State the various carrier opportunities in case of environment management.
a. 4 Write a short note on "Environmental issues relevant to India".
a. 5 Comment on Sustainable development.
a. 6 Write a short note on Energy scenario.
Chapter Ends ...

□□□
Module 2
Global warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion,

Hazardons waste
Endangered life-species
Loss of Biodiversity
Industrial / man-made disasters
Atomic / Biomedical hazards
✓ Syllabus Topic: Global Warming .................................................................................................................... 2-3

2.1 Global Warming ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3
GQ. 2.1.1 Write a short note on Global warming .................................................................................. 2-3
GQ. 2.1.2 What are the effects of Global Warming ? ...................................... ...................................... 2-3
✓ Syllabus Topic: Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion .................................................................................................. 2-4
2. 1.1 Green House Effect .............................................................................................................. 2-4
GQ. 2.1.3 State various Green House gases. Wh~t are the ill effects of Green house gases on
environment ? ....................................................................................................................... 2-4
GQ. 2.1.4 State various greenhouse gases. What are the ill effects of these gases
on environment ? .................................................................................................................. 2-4
GQ. 2.1.5 What is Green House Effect ? State any four ill effect of it... ................................................ 2 _5
GQ. 2.1.6 . Write short note on : Acid Rairi ............................................................................................. 2 _5
GQ. 2.1.7 Explain with appropriate chemical equations, what is Acid rain? ............... ,................... ..... 2 _5
GQ. 2.1.8 Write a short note on: Ozone depletion ............................................. :................................. 2 _7
✓ Syllabus Topic: Hazardous Waste ..................... ,.. ········:················································································2-7
2.2 Hazardous Waste ................ .. ....................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Hazardous Wastes ..........................................: ..................................................................... 2-7
GQ. 2.2.1 Define hazardous waste. State its characteristics ................................................................ 2 _7
2.2.2 What is a Hazardous Waste ? ....... .. .. ... .... ................. ..... .... ........ .. .... .... ... 2-7
. ·····························
2.2.3 Types of Hazardous Waste·············································································
. ····················· 2-8
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What are the types of hazardous waste treatment ? ....................................

........................ 2-8
GQ. 2.2.2
............................ 2-8
GQ. 2.2.3 List various types of hazardous wastes? Give their characteristics? ...... ,
....................... 2-9
2.2.4 Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes ............................................................
What are the characteristics of hazardous wastes ? ....................................
........................ 2-9
GQ. 2.2.4
............ .............. 2-9
2.2.5 Classification of Biomedical Waste (BMW) ................................................
..................... 2-9
GQ. 2.2.5 Give the classification of BMW ............ ................................................ ............
............... 2-11
✓ Syllabus Topic: Endangered Life Species ....................................................................................
............ ........................... 2-11
2.3 Endangered Life Species ....................................................................................
.................... 2-11
GQ. 2.3.1 Write a brief note on "Endangered life species" ..............................................
............ .................................. 2-12
✓ Syllabus Topic: Loss of Biodiversity ............ .. ................................................
............................................. 2-12
2.4 Biodiversity ............... :....................................................................................
.................. 2-12
2.4.1 Definition ........... .................................................................................... ............
·.......... :.......... 2-12
GQ. 2.4.1 Define Biodiversity.........................................................................................
...................... 2-12
2.4.2 Biodiversity Levels ...............: ........................................................................
.............. 2-12
GQ. 2.4.2 State and explain various biodiversity levels . ...... ;................................................
................ 2-13
2.4.3 Value of Biodiversity ................................................................................ ............
....................... 2-13
GQ. 2.4.3 What is value of biodiversity........................................................................
........................ 2-13
2.4.4 Loss of Biodiversity ....................................................................................
..................... 2-13
GQ. 2.4.4 Write a short note on: "Loss of biodiversity" ................................................
✓ Syllabus Topic: Industr ial/ Man-made Diasters ............
.............................................................................. 2-16
.......................................... 2-16
2.5 Industrial / Man-made Diasters ............ .................................... ........................
.............. 2-16
GQ. 2.5.1 Describe the Man-made disasters ........................................................................
......................... 2-18
2.5.1 Industrial Disasters ...................................................._....... ;........................
....: .......... 2-18
GQ. 2.5.2 · Explain about Industrial disasters ........................................................................
'
..................... 2-18
✓ Syllabus Topic: Atomic / Biomedical Hazards ........................................................................
.................................................... 2-18
2.6 Atomic Hazards ........................ ...... ............................................................
............... 2-18
GQ. 2.6.1 Write a short note on : Atomic hazards .... ............................................................
.................. 2-19
2.6.1 Radiation Effects ............. ..................................................................................
... ................ 2-19
GQ. 2.6.2 State and explain various radiation effects in atomic hazards ........................
.............. 2-21
2.6.2 Biomedical Hazards ............................... ............. .............. ............ ........................
........ ........ 2-21
GQ. 2.6.1 Define biomedical waste ............. .........................................................................
................... 2-21
2.6.2.1 Sources and Generation of Biomedical Waste ........................ ........................
........................ 2-21
GQ. 2.6.2 Enlist source·s of Biomedical waste .......................................... ..................
................. 2-22
GQ. 2.6.3 State components of Biomedical Waste (BMW) ............ ....................................
...., ................... 2-23
2.6.2.2 Biomedical Hazards ............... ...... ........................... ....................................
........................ 2-23
GQ. 2.6.4 State the various hazards caused by biomedical hazards . ........................
............. .......... ........................ .. .... .......................................................... 2-24
• · Chapter Ends ... ..................
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'1 Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM S) 2-3 Global Environmental Concerns
Syllabus Topic : Global Warming
~ 2. 1 · Global Warming
~ - - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.- - - - - .-:- ·- -.-,..
..;,.
: CiQ. 2.:1..3- Wn'te a short ~ote o~ aloha( warwii>tg. · · :.::
: CiQ. 2.3-.:2. What are tht efftcts of 4toba( Warmi"9 ? . ·.
L - - - - - - - - _ ,_ - ,_ - ._ - -- - - - - - - - - ... ·-:.. - - .. - - - .;.; .,.. - ~ .:.. - - _._ ·_ ..;;~
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:-: ..i ,;_; ~ -~ -•
· .
..,; _ .._ ·..;. .... •
, >' ··_ ·,,:J
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It is the slow gradual rise in the temperature of the earth due to emission of excess
quantities of a number of radiation-tripping gases like carbon dioxide, methane,
chlorofluorocarbon, ozone, nitrogen oxides which are together called as green house gases.
w Increase in Sea Level
Increase in Sea Level increase in temperatw-'e of earth atmosphere results into glacier
melting and thermal expansion of ocean which increases the sea level
w Effect on Water Resources
Due to global warming rainfall patterns are changing.
In some places excess rain fall occurs while in some places no rain fall occurs with
this the period of rain fall occurrence is changing.
w Effect on Agriculture and Forest
Due to global warming rainfall and temperature of region gets changed resulting in
reduction in crop yield and forest growth.
~ Effect on Ecosystems
Due to global warming many animals and species are having adopting problem which
results into their extinction.
~ Effect on Human Health
Due to global warming drought and floods are becoming more common.
This increases the water borne diseases, infections due to mosquitos etc.
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li1 Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 2-4 Global Environmental Concerns
Syllabus Topic : Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion
~ 2.1.1 Green House Effect
a~. .2.3..3 state vari~;s-areeV1.,HOuse 9ases. Wha.t are·the ill effects of areen Y\01ASe9ases o.-i. . ,' r:
;;_ }
tVI.Vi'rOVI.W\tl'\t ?
Air Pollution is the kind of pollution, on which, man cannot have control once the
pollutants are triggered off.
The effects of air pollution are not confined to local boundaries but there could be global
effects.
These global effects of air pollution are discussed in following paragraphs :
" ' Green house effect
The term Green House Effect is used to indicate heat trapping phenomenon caused
due to CO2 and water vapour.
These are transparent to incoming solar radiations but the re-emitted infrared
radiations cannot penetrate through them.
·It is due to this effect that the temperature is maintained upto a healthy value 15°C.
The main cause of concern is the enormous rate of increase in the concentration of
CO2 due to burning of fossil fuels, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
As the percentage of CO2 increases, more and more solar radiations get entrapped
after they get reflected back from earth's surface.
This results in increase of temperature of the earth's surface.
This process is called green house effect because the glass cover of green houses
used for agriculture purpose allows the short wavelength sun rays to penetrate in
but traps the outgoing infrared radiations in the form of long wavelengths.
Due to this, temperature inside the green house can be maintained at such a level to
suit the plant growth.
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2-5
G> Ill effects of green house gases

, ,~ ~ }.:' ;'.,~ - ~ - - ~ - ,-.v- ,,, \ ~ ,- - - - .-., ~ ••"!'" - ~ -. "'!t-. - - • ~ •.,~ - , - -•~ •.: -
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It has been estimated that, at the present rates of emission of green house gases such as
methane, CFCs and CO2, there will be rise in temperature of earth's surface at a rate of
0.2 to 0.5 °C per decade.
This will result in melting of ice and a general rise in sea level is estimated to be 5 cm to
20 cm per decade.
By the year 2050, the temperature rise could be as high as 1.5 °C to 4.5 °C. and sea level
rise could be 20 cm to 140 cm.
The consequences of green house effect will not be uniform globally but may differ with
latitudes, altitudes and climatic conditions.
The most conspicuous effect of green house gases is the ·changed climatic conditions
including precipitation.
This will also adversely affect the ecosystems and agricultural cycles.
The green house effect is schematically shown in Fig. 2.1.1.
Green house gases

CO2 + Water vapour
.,,..---,,,...
\\\
Inoonwng \ \ \ • h Outgoing
Long wave radiations
shortwaves\~/
(Can penetrate
ozone layer) Earth's sur1aoe
Fig 2.1.1 : Greenhouse effect
~ Acid rain
The term acid rain was first used by Robert Angus way back in 1872.
It literally means presence of excessive acids in the precipitation.
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Ii] Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 2-6 Global Environmental Concerns
Acidification of environment is a manmade phenomenon. Industrialization, use of fossil

fuels, is the main causes of acid rain. The main gases responsible for acid rain are SO
2
andNOx.
In case of sulphur, following reactions take place :

S + 0 2 = SO2
2SO2 + 0 2 = 2SO3
SO3 + H2O = H 2SO4
In case of nitrogen, following reactions are involved :

NO + 0 3 = NO2 + 0 2
NO2 + 0 3 = NO3 + 0 2
NO3 + NO2 = N2 0 5
N2O5 + H2 0 = 2HNO3
Pure rain water has a pH of 5.5 to 7. Due to emissions of SO2 and NOx, the pH may drop
to as low as 2.0.
Due to this, the acidity of water bodies and lakes also increases. As mentioned earlier,
the effects of air pollution are not confined to a particular area of origin.
To sight an example, many Scandinavian lakes receive acid rain wherein H SO aerosols
2 4
are a.ri,inated in Europe and UK.
" -~
ff' Adverse effects of acid rain
1. Significant reduction in fish population and decrease in variety of species.

2. Increased toxicity levels in lakes resulting in death of fish species.-
3. Many bacteria and blue green algae get adversely affected due to acid rain
resulting in imbalance of ecological cycles.
4. Reduced rate of photosynthesis .in plants, reduced agricultural yield. The retarded
growth of plants such as raddish, potato, spinach
5. Corrosion of houses, monuments, statues, metals, etc
6. Adverse effects on human nervous system, respiratory and digestive system.

7. Reduction in visibility leading to landing and take off difficulties in aviation
industry.
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2-7
Q'> Ozone depletion

r----------------
, aQ· 2..l-.8 ,W rite
I • ~---------- -------- -----------------
1-
a snort: t\Ott ·ot\ : OU>M depletio~. ,
J
--------- : --1
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--·-- -------~---~---~~~---~-- ~-~-~~- ~~-~. j-~---~-~---~--- --~ ~J---·

Ozone is constantly produced and destroyed in a nature cycle, the overall amount of
ozone is essentially stable. This balance can be thought of a stream.depth at a particular ·
location. ·
Although individual water molecules are moving past the observer, the total depth
remains constant, similarly while ozone production and destruction are balanced, ozone
level remain stable.
This was the situation until the past several decades.

Large increase in stratospheric chlorine and bromine, however, have upset that balance.
In effect, they hav~ added a siphon downstream, removing ozone faster than natural
ozone creations reactions can keep up. Therefore ozone levels fall.
Since ozone filters out harmful UV radiation, less ozone means higher UV levels at the
surface. The more the depletion, the larger the incoming UV rays.
UV rays has been linked to skin cancer, damage to materials like plastic and harm to
certain crops and marine organisms.
Syllabus Topic: Hazardous Waste
~ 2.2 Hazardous Waste
a. 2.2.'1 Hazardous Wastes
a. 2.2.2 What is a Hazardous Waste ?
Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially

harmful to human health or the environment.
The universe of hazardous waste is large and diverse.
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a. 2.2.3 Types of HazardOL,IS Waste

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1
1 aQ. .24,3, Lis( vo.r:ious type~ of ~r'ddtcS wastesr aive} neir'-chafacterlst[is?
~• ~• ·1- ......... -. ,_ ,. _ ... •- .-...~-._ ..__ ...:_ -..;_ . ..,;~ ..... .., ilt. \l. ·~ ·(::, " -~ ... ..., :.--~i:..:~;/ ,;,,;/ i/"i \JC;;r ~:-':i··:_. ~ .. ·- ·;,./:~ - .., -~- ~..,:,_, ,.. .- - .. - .... ~-- · .,;1-·_ ,:. _. _, ,..,,,1,
Hazardous waste can be liquids, solids, contained gages or sledges.
They can be the by products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial

products like cleaning fluids or pesticides.
Examples of hazarders waste are :
(1) Reactive wastes
This wastes are unstable and tend to react vigorously with air, water or other
substances.
(2) Ignitable wastes
This waste burns at relatively low temperatures and are capable of spontaneous
combustion during storage, transport or disposal.
(3) Medical waste
This waste includes human tissue from surgery, bandages, microbiological material and
other substances generated by hospitals and biological research centres.
(4) Radioactive waste
Particularly high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants.
Excessive exposure to lionizing radiation from this waste can harm living organisms
badly.
(5) Co~ osive waste
This waste includes strong alkaline or acidic substance, which destroys the material and
living tis.s ue by chemical reaction.
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Global Environmental Concerns
'&. 2.2.4 Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes
Following are the characteristics of hazardous waste :

(1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity
(3) Reactivity (4) Toxicity
► (1) lgnitability
This characteristic of hazardous waste create fires under certain condition are
spontaneously combustible.
e.g. waste oils and wed solvents.
► (2) Corrosivity
This characteristic of hazardous waste is due to high alkaline or acidic property of

waste, which destroy the material and living tissue by chemical reaction.
e.g. Battery acid.
► (3) Reactivity
This characteristic gives unstable property to waste. These waste can cause
explosions, tonic fumes, gases on vapors when heated. Example lithium-sulfur
batteries and explosives.
'&. 2.2.5 Classification of Biomedical Waste {BMW)
Biomedical waste is classified into two major types :

1. Hazardous waste
2. Non-hazardous waste
'
Hazardous waste are further sub-classified into two types :
(i) Infectious (15 - 18 %)
(ii) Other hazardous waste (5 - 7 %)
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Infectious waste consist of :

(a) Non-sharps
(b) Sharps
(c) Plastic disposables
(d) Liquid wastes
Other hazardous waste consist of :

(a) Radioactive waste
(b) Discarded glass
(c) Pressurized containers
(d) Chemical waste
(e) Incinerator ash
(0 Cytotoxic waste
Medical waste like sharps includes the waste such as needles ampules, broken glass,
blades, razors, staples, trocars, guide wires and other sharps.
The waste like biohaze includes infectious waste, blood products, contaminated personal
protective equipment (PPE), LV tubing, cultures, stocks medical waste like trace chemo
includes empty vials, ampules, empty syringes needles, empty LV tubes, gowns, gloves,
tubing, aprons, wipes etc.
Medical waste like plastic waste consists of IV-sets, tubings blood and urine bags,
syringes.
Infectious waste includes soiled bandages, dressings, pathological tissues, placenta.
Medical waste like general waste paper and plastic packing's, unsoiled plaster casters,
kitchen waste.
Pathological waste consist of human tissues, blood bandages, soiled cotton, soiled
dressings etc.
Microbiological waste consists of viral and bacterial infected waste.
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Syllabus Topic : Endangered Life Species
~ 2.l Endangered Life Species

- .J·~~ft:..~{zr::-~~ ~tl.~
~~/~~ J .
. h 1s
An endangered life species is an animal or plant whic . consi·dered to be risk of
extinction.
. The· Endange . Act · 1973 Under the ESA,
red Species (ESA) was enacte.d by Congress m ·
the federal government has the responsibility to protect endange red species.
The Endangered Species Act has lists of protected plant and animal species 00th
nationally and worldwide.
When a species is given ESA protection, it is said to be a "listed" species.
Many additional species are evaluated for possible protection under the ESA, and they
are called "candidate" species.
The Endangered Species Act is very important because it saves our native fish plants
and other wildlife from going extinct.
From providing cures to deadly diseases to maintaining natural ecosystems and

improving overall quality of life, the benefits of preserving threaten ed and endange red
species are invaluable.
The term "take" is used in the Endangered Species Act to include "harass, harm, pursue,
hunt, shoot, wound, kill trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such
conduct".
The law also protects against interfering in vital breeding and behavioural activitie s or
degrading critical habitat.
The primary goal of the Endangered Species Act is to make species' populations healthy
and vital so they can be delisted from the Endangered Species Act.
Endangered Species Day, which falls on the third Friday in May each year, is a day to
celebrate endangered species success stories and learn about species still in dang
er.
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Syilabus Topic : Loss of Biodiversity
~ 2.4 Biodiversity
a. 2.4.1 Definition
Biodiversity is defined as the existence of different kinds of animals and plants which
together make a good, stable and healthy environment.
a. 2.4. 2 Biodiversity Levels
There are 3 levels of biodiversity which are explained briefly as follows :
(1) Genetic diversity
Every species on the earth is related to . every other species through genetic
connections, due to which they will share more information, genes and mating
behaviour. Also they look similar.
- Examples of genetic diversity are eastern gray squirrels.
- One Easter gray squirrel shares the vast majority of its genes with other eastern
grey squirrels whether they live in the same area or are separated by thousands of
kilometres.
(2) Species diversity
A wide variety of species exist in an environment which is known as species

diversity.
- The number of various species in a given ecosystem or environment is called
Species Richness.
- The total number of species in the world are about 10 million, however only 1.75
million species have been named scientifically.
- The .n ature of environment decides greatly the number of species. e.g.
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her (about 85000) of

Tropical North and South America have the highest mun .
flowering plants due to huge store of water.
Conversely all of Europe has only about 11300 vascular plant.
(3) Ecological diversity
·•
It is the variety of ecosystems in an area. It involves the comp1ex network of various
species present in the ecosystems and the dynamic 1.nteractions between·them.
These 3 levels of diversity work together to create the complexity of life. on earth.
~ 2.4.3 Value of Biodiversity
It is very important to human beings because we depend on it for our cultural, economic,
health and environmental safety.
a. 2.4.4 Loss of Biodiversity
(I) Meaning
Biodiversity loss means :
1. The extinction or ending of species (plants and animals) in the world .or in some
local area.
2. Reduction in ecosystem services like energy flow and food systems.
3. Danger to both human · and animal life, due to scarcity of food, water and
medicines.
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(II) Causes of Loss of Diversity
These are explained briefly as follows :
(1) Destruction of habitat
o The natural habitat of animals is destroyed by man for the purpose of settlement,
agriculture, mining, industries, construction of highways and dams etc. Due to
this, _the species must either adjust to the changes in the environment or migrate.
o If not they become target to predation (means they are killed by other stronger
species), starvation, disease and finally die.
(2) Hunting
Wild animals are hunted for the commercial use of their products which include horn
teeth, skin, fur, meat, tusk, cosmetics, perfumes, pharmaceuticals and decoration
(3) .Exploitation of selected species
Exploitation of medicinally important plants results_in their disappearance from natural

habitat.
(4) Habitat fragmentation
The landmass is broken into cities and colonies due to which habitat fragmentation
takes place. It limits the population of the species.
(5) Collection for zoo and research
o Animals and plants are collected for zoos and biological laboratories for the
research in science and medicine.
o Primates like monkeys and chimpanzees are sacrificed for research because of
their anatomical genetic and physiological similarities to human beings.
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(6) Introd uction of exotic specie s
0 A species which is not a natura l inhabi tant of the locality but is deliberately
or
accidently introduced i.e. called as an exotic species.
0 Due to this, the native species have to compete for food and space.
(7) Pollut ion
o Water pollution is injurious to biodic components of coastal ecosyStems,
0 Toxic wastes entering the water disturbs the food chain Insecticides, peSt icides,
sulphu r and nitrogen oxides and acid rain adversely affect the plant and anima
l
species.
(8) Contr ol of pests and preda tors
Due to this other non-target species which are the component of the ecosystems
also get
killed unfortunately.
(9) Natur al calam ities
o These include floods, draught, forest fires, earth-quakes, tsunam i, cyclones

etc.
displace and kill a large number of animals and birds.
o They also affect soil nutrients.
(10) Other factor s
They includ e
Distri bution ,range of land
As the range decreases, the threat of extinction (i.e. death or reduction) increas
es.
(ii) Degree of specialization of <;>rganisms
As it increases the extinction also increases.
(iii) Position of the organism in the food chain
The organisms having the higher positions in the food chain are subjected
to
higher chances of danger s.
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Syllabus Topic: Industrial/ Man-made Diasters
~ 2.5 Industrial / Man-made Diasters
Disaster is defined as. severe damage and disruption of functioning and operation of
society affecting wide spread human, material or environmental losses which is more
than the ability of affected society to cope on its own resources.
Disasters are divided into types :
(i) Natural disasters e.g. rain storm, wind storms, floods, earthqua kes, volcano
eruption, forest fire.
(ii) Man-made disasters e.g. power failure, nuclear explosions, chemical attacks or
leaks.
Disaster managem ent is the action taken by concern organization in response to the
disaster events. Disaster management involves administrative decisions and operational
activities that involves :
0 Prevention
0 Mitigation
0 Prepared ness
0 Response
0 Recovery and
0 Rehabilitation
Response phase is the period that comes after the occurrence of the disaster. Recovery
phase is where victims try to overcome the impact of disaster.
In prepared ness phase, develop the awareness about disasters among the people try to
access the warning signs of disasters and try to take first aid measures.
Prepared ness measure includes.
(i) Communication plans
(ii) Development of multiagency coordination
(iii) Proper training of emergency services

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(iv) Emergency population warni ng methods
(v) Maintaining stock of supplies and equipment
Mitigation phase involves knowing and avoiding unnec essary risks Purch ase of
·
.
insura nce cover for risk elements. Struc tural and non-struct urc11
;.1 meas ures can limit
impac t of disast ers.
( 1.) •th
Struc tural Mitigation : Here building can be bm. 1t WI proper layou t to have
disast er resist ant.
(ii) Non-structural Mitig ation : Here all measures are considers other th
an building
struct ure.
Man-made disasters are difficult to predict, however they are preve ntable
. With a little
vigilance, they shouldn't occur in the first place.
Event s such as gas leaks, oil spills, nuclear meltdowns, and indus trial
fires trans pire
throu gh huma n error and carry grave consequences.
Although the world has seen many natur al disasters over time, man-m
ade disas ters
continue to grow, with equally tragic results.
Gas leaks tend to be some of the most dangerous disaster_s, because they
seem innocuous
until it's too late. Gas can directly and indirectly poisonous to
people and the
environment - spreading rapidly, being unobserved, potentially ignitin
g, causi ng death.
The most serious gas leak occurred in Bhopal, India in 1984, Known
as the Bhop al Gas
Tragedy, it began with the leakage of methyl isocyanides (MIC).
It killed roughly 5,000 people, affected 50,000 more people, and left at least
1,000 blind.
Another gas leak occurred recently in 2015, at the Aliso Canyon
Fa~ility near Los
Angeles.
Oil spills are some of the most familiar man-made disasters, devas tating
to people, the
environment, animals and global socioeconomics.
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~ 2.5.1 Industrial Disasters
Leaked gas or faulty mechanical equipment is considered a man-made cause.
For example, in 1944 leaked gas from a Cleveland gas company found its way into a
sewer, where it ignited.
The explosion blew manholes into the air and ignited funnels of fire, which set homes on
fire.
The disaster ended with 130 dead and many more homeless.
In 1991, a food chicken processing plant in North Carolina saw 25 deaths due to a fire
caused by a faulty hydraulic piece.
Safety and prevention measures are no excuse for the loss of line in man-made disasters.
Safety is maintained through equipment management, operational planning, diligent

preparation and detailed prevention.
Unfortunately, man-made disasters have many more causes now than ever before.
Syllabus Topic: Atomic/ Biomedical Hazards
~ 2.6 Atomic Hazards
General radiations are due to sunlight, radio waves, microwaves, infrared cheat etc.
these radiations are harmless as photon energy is too less.
Nuclear radiations are of different in nature as compare to general radiations. They

consist of particles (alpha, beta and neutrons) and short wavelengths waves (gamma).
Their energy level is high causing biological damages Alpha particles (a.).
They consist of two neutrons and two protons. Alpha particles are hazardous only when
in haled, ingested or injected. They can cause large and severe damage to the lungs and
respiratory t racts.
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l(i> Beta Particles (P)
The se are electrons or positrons hav ing

single negative or positive cha nge. The ir
. 11 th wei ght
is 1837 of amo unt of proton. The y can
damage to the skin .
a& Neutrons (T\)
Neu tron s are ejected dur ing nucleus fiss

ion with high kinetic ene rgy.
IQ> Gamma Rays (y) and X rays
The se are electromagnetic radi atio ns. y

ray s are emi tted from ene rgy cha nge in
nuc leus
of an ato m whi le X ray s are orig inat ed from
orbital electrons. The y can trav el at spe
ed
of ligh t. Fig. 2.6.1 shows the radi atio n shie
lding.
Paper Glass or Lead or Water or

Thin metal · Thick concrete Polyethylene
Fig. 2.6.1
~ 2.6 .1 Ra dia tio n Effects
1. Radiation Effect on Humans
Following are the rad iati on effects on hum

ans :
Dev elop men t of cancer in skin, bones, bloo
ds
Ana emi a
Mo uth ulce r
Dev elop men t of cata ract in eyes or per man

ent blindness
Cha nge in genetic chromosomes i.e. genetic
stru ctur es
App eara nce of hem atologic syndrome
App eara nce of gas troi ntes tina l syndrome
Dam age to the cen tral nerv ous syst em

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Reproductive cells get damaged
It leads to hair loss, nausea, weakness etc.
It causes mental retardation in new born children
Children born to irradiated parents are too small in weight and size
- · Functions of the Self-Renewal Tissues are given in Table 2.6.1.

· Table 2.6.1 : Functions of the Self-Renewal Tissues
Gonads Procreation, Recreation ·
Skin Contains Body Fluids, Protects Underlying Tissues and Prevents

Bacterial Invasion
GI Tract Lining Secretes Digestive Enzymes, Absorbs Nourishment From Food and
Prevents Bacterial Invasion
Red Blood Cells Transport of Oxygen
White Blood Cells Gobble Up Bacteria and Germs
Antibodies Destroy or Immobilise Foreign Molecules and Bacteria
Platelets Assist in Blood-Clotting Mechanism
Radiations and long term exposure affects the functions of the self-renewal tissues
severely.
2. Radiation Effect on Environment
Following are the radiation effects on environment :
Leads to air pollution
Leads to water pollution
Soil pollution
It reduces farm livestock
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3. Radiation Effects on Plants
Following are the radia tion effects on plan ts :
- It change plruit cell struc ture
- High level exposure kills plan t

- It ham pers the fruit quality and quantity produced by plan
ts
~ 2.6 .2 Biomedical Haz ard s
D Definition. The wo.ste 9enerated by hospitals, nursiYl[J or W\atemity

hoW\eS,
cfinics, dispensary, veterinary institutionj aniW\al
house,
patholo9ical laboratory and institutions, blood banks which is
either
putrescribe or potentia((y infectious to the huW\an health awl
the
environW\ent is ca((ed as bioWledical waste.
a. 2.6 .2.1 Sources and Generation of Biomedical Wa ste
Following are the various sources and generation of biomedica

l wast e :
(i) Waste generated by hospitals
(ii) Waste generated by nurs ing homes
(iii) Waste generated by funeral homes
(iv) Waste generated by clinics
(v) Waste generated by dentist clinic
(vi) Waste generated by pharmacies
(vii) Waste generated by pathological laboratory
(viii) Waste generated by blood banks
(xi) Waste generated by assisted living
(x) Wast e generated from biological and medical sources

and activities such as the
diagnosis, prevention or treat men t of diseases
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(xi) Waste generated by medical research laboratories
(xii) Waste generated by veterinary hospitals
(xiii) Waste generated by offices of physicians
Biomedical waste is quite different from other types of hazardous waste such as
chemical, radioactive, universal.or industrial waste.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Infectious waste consists of discarded blood,
sharps, unwanted microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts, other
human or animal tissue, used bandages and dressings, discarded gloves.
Fig. 2.6.2(a), (b) and (c) sh~ws waste generated from hospitals, clinics, nursing homes,
dispensary etc.
Discarded injections
Discarded injections and salines or
and syringes Intra venous tube
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.6.2
Empty syringes
(c)
Fig. 2.6.2 : Medical wastes
Ii' Components of Blomedlcal Waste
(1) Needles, broken glass, blades.
(2) Plastic waste, lutsen tubing, blood and urine bags.

(3) Infections waste - soiled bandages, dressing pathological tissue.
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(4) Cytotoxic waste.
(5) Chemical waste
(6) Radioactive waste etc.
a. 2.6.2.2 Biomedical Hazards
Following are the various biomedical hazards :
1. Blood, body fluids and body secretions which are constituen ts of bio-
medical waste harbour most of the viruses, bacteria and parasites that ·
cause infection.
2. It passes via a number of human contacts, all of whom are potential
'receipts' of the infection.
3. Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses spearhead an
extensive list of infections and diseases documented to have spread
· through bio-medical waste.
4. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhoea, tetanus, whooping cough etc. are
other common diseases spread due to improper waste-management.
5. Following points shows the occupational health hazards causes by
improper management of biomedical waste.
(i) People happened to be in contact with the institution like laundry
workers, nurses, emergency medical personnel and refuse workers.
(ii) The occupants in institutions and spread in the vicinity of the
institutions.
(iii) Risks associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs, being handled by
persons handling wastes at all levels.
(iv) Injuries from sharps and exposure to harmful chemical waste and
radioactive waste also cause health hazards to employees.
(v) Risks of infection outside hospital for waste handlers, scavengers and
(eventually) the general public. .
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6. Following points shows the biomedical hazard to the general public.
(i) Emissions from incinerators and open burning also lead to exposure to harmful
gases which can cause cancer and respiratory diseases.
(ii) Improper practice such as dumping of bio-medical waste in municipal dustbins,

open spaces, water bodies etc. leads to the spread of diseases.
(iii) An often-ignored area is the increase of in-home healthcare activities. An increase

in the number of diabetics who inject themselves with insulin, home nurses taking
care of terminally ill patients etc. all generate bio-medical waste, which can cause
health hazards.
(iv) Exposure to radioactive waste in the waste stream can also cause serious health
hazards.
7. Following points shows the biomedical hazards to the animal and birds
(i) Harmful chemicals such as dioxins and furans can cause serious health hazards to
animals and birds.
(ii) Injuries from sharps are common feature affecting animals.
(iii) Plastic waste can choke animals, which scavenge on open dumps.
(iv) Heavy metals can even affect the reproductive health of the animals.
Chapter Ends...
□□□
I Module l
Ecosystem and .interdependence between living organisms, habitats; limiting

factors, carrying capacity, food chain.
✓ Syllabus Topic : Ecosystems and Interdependence between Living Organisms ...........................................3-2

3.1 Ecosystems and Interdependence between Living Organisms ..............................,........................ :...........3-2
GQ. 3.1.1 Define Ecology. Enlist any 4 ecosystems found in the nature..............................................3-2
GQ. 3.1.2 Def·1ne Ecosystem · ............ ••••··· ••·•· •····· ·· 3-2
. ···············································································
GQ. 3.1.3 List out any four type's ecosystem and give salient features of Pond ecosystem. •· ·············3-2
3.1.1 Types and Components of Ecosystem ................................................................................. 3-2
3.1.2 Ecosystem Components ......................................................................................................3-2
GQ. 3.1.4 What are the various Components of Ecosystem? .............................................................3-2
GQ. 3.1 .5 Explain in brief the Living and Non-Living components of Ecosystem.................................3-2
3.1.2.1 Biotic Components ·········································································································'.·····3-3
GQ. 3.1.6 Explain in brief Biotic Components....................................................................................... 3-3
3.1.2.2 Abiotic Components ..............................................................................................................3-3
GQ. 3.1.7 Explain in brief Abiotic Components of Ecosystem. ·····························:·······························3-3
3.2 Introduction to Ecosystems ......................................................................................................................... 3-4
✓ Syllabus Topic: Food Chain ..........................................................................................................................3-4
3.2.1 Food Chain ........................................................................................................................'...3-4
GQ. 3.2.1 Explain with a neat sketch : Food Chain .............................................................................. 3-4
3.2.2 Food Web ............................................................................................ ................................. 3-5
GQ. 3.2.2 Explain with a neat sketch: Food Web................................................................................. 3-5
3.3 Major Ecosystems ............................................................................................ ...........................................3-5
3.3.1 Forest Ecosystem .................................,............................................................................... 3-5
GQ. 3.3.1 Explain in brief the importance of Forest as a Natural Resource . ........................................3-5
3.3.2 Grassland Ecosyste~ .......................................................................................................... 3-7
GQ. 3.3.2 Write a short note on: Grassland ecosystem...................................................................... 3-7
GQ. 3.3.3 Explain with a neat sketch : Grassland Ecosystem..............................................................3-7
3.3.3 Desert Ecosystem ................................................................................................................3-8
GQ. 3.3.4 Explain with a neat sketch: Desert Ecosystem....................................................................3-8
3.4 Aquatic Ecosystem ................ •••••••••· •·••••••·•··· •··········· ························••••••••••· ••••· .............................................3-1 O
Pond or Lake Ecosystem..............................................................
3.4 .1 ·····································3-10
GQ. 3.4.1 List out any four type's ecosystem and give salient features of Pond ecosystem .............. 3-10
3.4.2 River or Stream Ecosystem ............................................................................................ ....3-11
3.4.3 Ocean or Marine Ecosystem ................................................·.. :........................................... 3-11
GQ. 3.4.2 Explain with a neat sketch: Ocean Ecosystem ..................................................................3-11
• Chapter Ends .. . ............................................................................................ ....................3-12
Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 3-2 Concept of Ecology
Syllabus Topic: Ecosystems and Interdependence between Living Organisms
~ l.1 Ecosystems and Interdependence ·between Living Organisms

~\~~-~~~.~~-:f :~- ;-- :~- ~,- ~ 7'\ ~ ~:- ·t ~;- - -,:~.·-,- - -- - - - - - ~ "- '°7· - - - - - - - - -- -- _- - - - . - - - - - ,.- - - .- - - - - - ~ -~~ -,;
~ ~'.·-r-~l-.'~. Defi~e '€~'btt.?g9. ~ttlist'aV\!:}4 ecosysteW\S FouM iVl the V\ature. · ::, :;.,a
:,,~,¾ :~-~- :-~~,. _/\: ·:, . ,' . ,_· ·_ . ,· .. ..· /];;,,':
~~:i·~;:~:,:· ·OLis~piAt
i'~ Q.~3 .l..3 •.
tfi: :·•:;osy~e~. •.. .. ··• , , ..·.•.•. • . . .
:any .foul; type's ec9~ystewi. and givi salieV\t features
0
.. . . _ .
of PoM ecosysteWt. , ,
.,_ : . t✓'•
t~":
L -- ',i;i. ,_ ~ ~ ~ ->:·._,: ~ ·._-·:- .,b · .: _.· ==- ·'S"•·'~ .). •. -· .·, _._. ,_ ,,,·,.. · ·,.,__ :, - ,.. ._:·': _:.·•,.:_ ·, _ _::-> _ .•· .. _, · , ;;·~-- .. ' .;;,.,:- ..;( . " - , ·. _ :: _ _ ;_ _ _ , _ ·. . . ~ -- _ - ·- · ~ .;;;:1
There are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components in the Environment.
The modem ecologists believe that an adequate definition of Ecology must specify some
unit of study. One such basic unit as described by Tansley is Ecosystem.
It is defined as : An Ecosystem is a group of biotic communities of species interacting

with one another and with their non-living environment, exchanging energy and matter.
a.-3.1.1 Types and Components of Ecosystem
An ecosystem may be natural (e.g. lake, forest, grassland, etc.) or man-made (e.g. crop
field, aquaria, etc.), temporary (e.g. rain-fed pond) or permanent (e.g. lake, ·forest, etc.),
aquatic (e.g. pond, ocean, etc.) or terrestrial (e.g. grassland, forest, etc.).
Aquatic ecosystems can be either fresh water (e.g. ponds, lakes, streams,) or salt water
(e.g. marine, estuaries, etc.).
a. 3.1.2 Ecosystem Components
~:;t :ii!i~!~f:; -,:• :::·-' ,7 . ,, ' ,, ,, , :,, • . ·. .. , , ·, , , .I
.I(qf#iJ':t~~p'b~i!\15: ofEcosHsti'w. 1•.
An ecosystem consists of two types of components - biotic and abiotic.
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---
a.. 3.1.2.1 Biotic Components
These components can be broadly classified in three functional groups such as :
(1) Producers
th
These are self nourishing organisms. Green plants (autotrophs) and algae are e
examples of this group.
The autotrophs take solar energy and convert it into chemical energy in the process of
photosynthesis. This stored energy is utilized by other organisms.
(2) Consumers
These are other organisms that depend on producers for their energy source (called
heterotrophs) e.g. man, birds, animals, fish, etc.
(3) Decomposers
These are mainly the bacteria and fungi that decompose the decayed niaterial.
They play a major role in converting the organic matter in to simpler compounds.
a. 3.1.2.2 Abiotic Components

~ ~ ,'-· ;-< :<>··<t-, i=i: - Sf,·~ '¢,;f. .
f{ ,.
· _ -<,,._,, , ,, __ ,)
! QQ. -3 _:z;~7~ Explaiii'._:irf 1bt;ft f;f~ bf~tf --.

- - - - - - - - _ '; - - - ( ~:'~"" - - : : ;__~ ,,;:~ ;~--~✓~--- .,f.;
These components mainly consist of non living part and can be broadly classified in
following functional groups such as :
" ' Climatic factors
These include precipitation, light, temperature, atmospheric humidity and wind.
Physiographic factors :
0 These include all such factors that have their origin in the form, behaviour and
structure of earth's surface.
0 Physical and chemical constituents of the soil, such as its structure, chemical
properties etc. fall wider this category.
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Iii Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 3-4 Concept of Ecology
~ l.2 Introduction to Ecosystems
As seen in the ~arlier sections, Ecosystem is formed by interaction between biotic and
(
abiotic factors. This interaction leads to the formation of transfer of energy from one
level to other.
These levels are called as Trophic Levels. This transfer leads to the formation of food
chain and food web, as explained below.
Syllabus Topic: Food Chain
a.. 3.2.1 Food Chain
The transfer of food energy from the source (i.e. plants) through a series of organisms
with repeated eating and being eaten is called as food chain.
There are two basic types of food chains observed in any kind of Ecosystem, as:
~ Grazing Food Chain
It comprises of producers followed by herbivores and then carnivores. Some common

examples of grazing food chains are as follows :
~ Terrestrial Food Chain
(i) Vegetation ➔ Grasshopper ➔ Shrew ➔ Hawk
(ii) Vegetation ➔ Frog ➔ Snake ➔ Peacock
(iii) Plant ➔ Butterfly ➔ Frog ➔ Snake ➔ Hawk
~ Aquatic Food Chains
(i) Phytoplankton ➔ Zooplankton ➔ Small Crustaceans.
(ii) Phytoplankton ➔ Zooplankton ➔ Fish ➔ Crane ➔ Hawk.
q, Detritus Food Chain
It starts with dead organic matter and passes through detritus feeding organisms in soil
to, organisms feeding on detritus feeder and their predators.
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~ 3.2.2 Food Web
In nature, it is very difficult to find isolated food chains, especially at lower trophic
levels. Thus, a network of food chains gets formed.
A network of food chains which are interconnected at various trophic levels, so as to

form a number of feeding connections amongst different biotic organisms is . called as
food web.
For example, the producer plants are eaten by various herbivores such as frog, sheep,
deer, elephant etc. Similarly more than one carnivore may feed on these herbivores, e.g.
frog may be eaten by a snake or some bird species.
~ l.l Major Ecosystems
Different ecosystems like pond, lake, river, stream, marine, desert etc. exist in nature.
These are the self-sustaining interacting systems in the biosphere.
The main features of any ecosystem are the biotic and abiotic components in it and their
interaction. Some of the major ecosystems are discussed in following paragraphs.
a.. 3.3.1 Forest Ecosystem
Forests are natural plant communities with dominance of trees.
India has a forest cover of just above 20% as per 2005 reports.
The major types of forests found in India include tropical rain forests, tropical
deciduous forests, temperate broad leaf forests, temperate needle leaf forests.
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Fig. 3.3.1 : Forest ecosystem
Various components of forest ecosystem are as follows :
~ Abiotic Components
These include inorganic and organic substances present in the soil and atmosphere.
The climatic factors (such as temperature, light, rainfall) and soil (viz. minerals) are
peculiar for a forest and vary from forest to forest. Litter in the forest also plays a
vital role in such ecosystem.
1& Biotic Components
Producers : Trees are the main producers in the forest ecosystem. There are
varieties of.trees in various types of forests in India. Teak, Sal, Deodar, Pine etc. are
the few amongst them. Apart from trees, shrubs and ground vegetation also form the
part of biotic components.
Consumers : The following are the main types of consumers observed in the forest
ecosystem.
Primary Consumers: Harbivores such as ants, flies, beetles, spiders, elephru:it etc.
feeding on plants and trees.
_ · Secondary Consumers : Carnivores such as snakes, birds, lizards etc. that feed on
the herbivores.
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Tertiary Consume rs Bigger carnivores like lion, tiger etc. that feed on the
secondary cons~ers .
B> · Decomposers
These comprise of various microorganisms including fungi, bacteria (such as Bacillus,

Pseudomonas etc.), and actinomycetes. The rate of decomposition is governed by_the
temperatu re range in the forest.
a.. 3.3.2 Grassland Ecosystem
.Grassland biomes are found in such places where the climate is normally cool to cold in
winter and hot in summers.
Various components of grassland ecosystem are as follows :
a- Abiotic Components
These include inorganic nutrients present in the soil and the atmospher e.
Air and soil are responsible providing various elements such as C, H, 0, N, P, S through
carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphate s etc.
Fig. 3.3.2 : Grassland ecosystem

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IGi" Biotic Components
Producers : Herbaceous plant cover and variety of grasses are the main producers in a
grass land ecosystem. The main grass species include Dicanthium, Imparata,
Saccharum etc.·Besides this, few herbs and shrubs are also the main producers.
Consumers : The following are the main types of consumers observed in the grass land
eC9system:
0 Primary Consumers : Herbivores such · as cows, buffalos, deer, sheep, rabbit,

mous~ etc. Some peculiar species observed include Leptocorisa, Cicindella that feed
on the leaves of grasses.
0 Secondary Consumers : Snakes, lizard, birds, fox etc. are common that feed on
the primary consumers.
o Tertiary Consumers : Mainly hawks that feed on the secondary consumers.
IGi" Decomposers
These comprise of various nticroorganisms including fungi (mucor, Penicillium etc.),

bacteria and actinomycetes. They help for decay of organic matter and thus help to bring
the minerals back to the soil.
a. 3.3.3 Desert Ecosystem
Desert biomes are characterized by very low rainfall (less than 25 cm). Due to water
scarcity the biota is poorly presented.
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Various components of desert ecosystem are as follows:
Peregrine falcon
I
I
I
/ Great indian Bustard
I
Gerbill /
;
I-
I \
!
!
;
\\
I Dugn Beetle
I \
i
L _ _~ \
Fig. 3.3.3 : Desert ecosystem
qa, Abiotic Components
In desert ecosystem, temperature is very high and rainfall is very scanty, resultin g in
very poor nutrient cycling.
B" Biotic Components
Produc ers : These include shrubs especially bushes, some grasses and a few trees.
Varieties of Cactus are the main amongst the producers in such ecosystems.
Consum ers : Insects, reptiles, birds, camel etc. are the main consumers in a desert
ecosystem.
Decomp osers : These ·are very few in number. This is due to the fact that vegetation is
poor in such ecosystems and thus the amount of dead organic matter is very low. Some
fungi and bacteria that can survive high temperature are found in such ecosystems;
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~ 3.4 Aquatic Ecosystem

There are various kinds of aquatic ecosystems, ranging from small t~mporary puddles to
,,,
large oceans. They have a variety of biotic and abiotic factors.
·, I\ . .·
I
\.M P \ Tertiary constm10rs
/ <!'~~), , \
I . ,~i \ (Bird of Prey)
:,..___
~~
p--~
/I / .·· ·: ... .
.
' } ; · ..
~
·
·
-.
,;,.,~ ~«!.\~~
.
\
(Mahseer)
. · .. . · \ \ Primary_~nsumers
. " .· (frout)
I
·secondary consumers
Primary Producer
II
·- = = - -- --...:...-,-'----"-
\
(Mloro Organism)
Producers
\ ~Plankton) ..
\
Fig. 3.4.1 : Aquatic ecosystem
~ 3.4.1 Pond or Lake Ecosystem
Various components of pond or lake ecosystem are as follows :
~ Abiotic Components
These include several inorganic and organic nutrients present in the water, such as
C, H, 0, N, P, S, Ca, apart from temperature, light and water.
Carbohydrates, proteins also contribute towards abiotic factors.
BF Biotic Components
Producers : These include green photosynthetic organisms and main producers in a

lake or pond ecosystem include phytoplanktons and macrophytes.
Consumers : The following are the main types of consumers observed in the lake or
pond ecosystem :
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0 Prim ary Con sum ers : The main amongst them are zoop
lanktons.
0 Seco ndar y Con sum ers : These mainly comprise of carm. that feed on the
vores
prim ary consumers and include insects and fish.
.
T erba
0
ry Con sum ers : These are mainly large fish that feed on the smal ler fish.
.
q- Decomposers
·
These comp nse f · · .
o vano us microorgan isms including fungi, bact ena and actinomycetes.
a. 3.4 .2 Riv er or Stre am Ecosystem
Runm·ng water of a strea m or a nver

• has suffic.
ient oxygen and .h ence a well developed
ecosystem can be seen in such lakes and rivers, mainly if
they are unpolluted.
Vario us components of river or strea m ecosystem are as
follows :
&> A biotic Components
Fres h wate r from non polluted strea ms and rivers and light
are the main comp onen ts in
these ecosystems.
q- Biotic Components
Prod ucer s : Thes e include green algae, phytoplanktons

and wate r grasses.
Con sum ers : Thes e include wate r insects, snails, fishes
and crocodiles. Man y birds and
anim als also get their food from rivers.
Deco mpo sers : Thes e comprise of various microorganisms

including fungi, bacte ria.
~ 3.4 .3 Ocean or Mar ine Ecosystem
Oceans cover more than 2/3nl area of the earth 's surface.
Thes e are chara cteri zed by their high concentration of salts

and mine ral ions.
Various components of ocean ecosystem are as follows :
s- Ablotic Components
"
The mari ne component has more salin ity and is one main
abiotic component f ·t
0 l .
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Dissolved oxygen, light and temperature are the other abiotic components.
Q' Biotic Components

I
Producers ·: These include mainly phytoplanktons and large marine plants. !1
Consumers : The following are the main types of consumers observed in the ocean or I:
marine ecosystem: 11
0
Primary Consumers The herbivores that feed directly on producers e.g.
:1
crustaceans, fish.
II
0 Secondary Consumers These mainly comprise of carnivores fish such as
Herring, Mackerel etc.
0 Tertiary Consumers : These are mainly large fish that feed on the smaller fish
and include Cod, Shark etc.
Decomposers : These comprise of various microorganisms including fungi, bacteria

that are responsible for the decomposition of organic matter.
0. 1 Write a short note on ecosystems.
0.2 Explain ecosystem components.
0.3 Describe food chain in respect of ecosystem.
0.4 Comment on major ecosystem.
0.5 Explain "Grassland ecosystem".
0.6 Describe the "Desert ecosystem".
o. 1 Explain ocean ecosystem.
Q.8 Explain with a neat sketch of food web.
Chapter Ends...
□□□
Module 4
. - - - - - - - -- --Ifl University Prescribed Syllabus J

lL---------,
Scope of environment
~ole and functions of Government as a planning and regulating agency.
Environment quality management and corporate environment responsibility.
✓ Syllabus Topic : Scope of Environment Management.. ................................................................................. .4-2
4.1 Scope of Environment Management ..................................................................... :.....................................4-2

GQ. 4.1.1 Write a explanatory note on scope of environment management. :...................................... 4-2
✓ Syllabus Topic : Role and Functions of Government as a Planning and Regulating Agency ...................... .4-4
4.2 Role and Functions of Government as a Planning and Regulating Agency in Environmental
Management ...............................................................................................................................................4-4
GQ. 4.2.1 Describe the role and function of government as a planning and regulating agency
in environmental management. ............................................................................................4-4
4.2.1 Functions of Government as Planning and Regulating Agency ...........................................4-4

GQ. 4.2.2 State various functions of government as planning and regulation agency......................... 4-4
✓ Syllabus Topic : Environmental Quality Management (EQM) ..................................................................... .4-6
4.3 Environmental Quality Management (EQM) ................................................................................................ 4-6

GQ. 4.3.1 Write a short on EQM ........................................................................................................... 4-6
✓ Syllabus Topic : Corporate Environmental Responsibility ............................................................................. 4-7
4.4 Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) .......................................................................................... 4-7

GQ. 4.4.1 . Describe the role of Corporate environmental responsibility ............... .......... ....................... 4.7
• Chapter Ends... ....................................;...............................................................................................4-9
Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM B) 4-2 Environment Management
Syllabus Topic : Scope of Environment Management
~ 4.1 Scope of Environment Management

- ;:;- ~- - /;-. -.- - - - -- - - . - - - - - - - - -- - .· .
:-~4. ~-'i .1 )Ntft~ a_ ;;pl~~f~~i~t/o~~~;f~J>]:,~~;;;o~~~~t. ~~~~~i~!~ -.- ·· · :

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'- - _._ - - ., ..: - ..., - · - ¾... -.-' .;:, :_ ,_ -..: • ._~ • .
.
1
- ... - - - - - - • - •
.
Note that the ecological balance and ecosystem stability both are maintained by the
nature itself but the emergence of modem industrial era has disturbed the ecological
balance through heavy industrialization, technological revolution, faster growth of
means of transportation, rapacious exploitation of resources, unplanned urbanization
etc. and thus it is essential to have proper environmental management in order to
maintain the stability of ecological balance and ecosystem showing the wide scope in the
area of environmental management.
Environmental management is, the process to improve the relationship between the
human beings and environment which may be ach_ieved through check on destructive
activities of man, conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature.
Environmental management should take into account the ecological principles and
socioeconomic requirements of the society.
Thus the environmental management has tw~ major areas of development and stability.
These major areas are as follows :
(1) Socio-econom.ic development
I
(2) Stability of biosphere in general and stability of individual ecosystems m
particular.
Environmental management is very wide in scope and includes a11 · the technical,
economical and other aspects of environment.
Following points shows the wide scope o( environment managements.
The scope of environmental management has the following objectives :
(i) To control environmental pollution and gradation.
(ii) To identify the environmental problem and to determine its solution to overcome
it.
(iii) To reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural disaster.
(iv) To restrict and regulate the exploitation and utilizat~on of natural resources.
(v) To regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural resources (renewable)
(vi) To assess the impacts of proposed projects and activities on environment.
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Environ
.. ) T fi
(Vll ~ the implementation of environmen
o ormulate laws 1or . tal protection and _
conservation programmes.
(viii) To make optimum utilization of natural resources.
. )
(IX . ; . . h ecofriendly. So .
To take review and revise the existing technologies and make t em
as to scope up with natural environment.
.
The components of environmental management are based on five fundamental aspects
. :
1. Environmental perception and public awareness
(i) Sources of environmental perception and public awareness.

(ii) Role of environmental perception in environmental planning and management.
2. Environmental education and training
Environmental education and training should be given at school, college and University
levels by professionals.
3. Resource management:
(i) Preservation of resources
(ii) Classification of natural resources
(iii) Conservation of resources
4. Control of environmental degradation and pollution
(i) Regeneration of degraded environment.
(ii) Controlof environmental degradation and pollution.
(iii) Using the suitable preventive measure to decrease the natural hazards and
disaster. '
5. Environmental impact assessment:
The environmental impact assessment consist of :
(i) Appraisal of existing and proposed production methods.
(ii) Appraisal of existing e~vironmental conditions.
(iii) Review of technology and required improvement.
(iv) Methologies and procedures.
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Syllabus Topic : Role and Functions of Government as a Planning

and Regulating Agency
~ 4.2 Role and Functions of Government as a Planning and Regulating

Agency in .Environmental Management
.- - - ~ -- - - - -:-: 7'.°· 7 :-- ·~ - - - - - - - :- - - - - - - - - - .- - ,- """ - - ..- - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - , - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - ·,
''. aQ. 4 ,2..j. . Rtefc:f-ibt the/ role aml f1mctiOV\ of governwie....t as a p(avi....ing and regulating agency :
: ,. ' . .. ,..,.. tV\ViY'Ot'\W\e....talwian.ageW\eVlt. . . ' ..
--~-----·· ~ _________________ ; ______________ ~-------------------
I
Following are the various roles to be performed by the government as a planning and
regulating agency in environmental management :
1. . To make the national waste management plan . in order to regulate municipal waste
collection, disposal of discarded equipment such as refrigerators and TVs and permits
for hazardous waste shipment.
2. To prepare the environment quality criteria for emissions and discharges of harmful
substances such as green house gases and heavy inetals to air, water and soil.
3. Government m&k,es environmental impact ·assessment which . is prerequisite for the

construction of major infrastructure _such as refineries, nuclear power plants, chemical
plant, roads, railways and oil and gas pipelines.
4. To make act on generate provisions for environmental laws ·which lays down the rules '
for granting an All-in-one permits for physical aspects.
5. To make rules and regulations for the emissions of substances harmful to environment,
released .from large companies such as chemical plants are required to obtain
environmental permits which stipulate
~ 4.2.1 Functions of Government as Planning and Regulating

Agency
. .
I ·'., --.-- -. .. -< .·, . ·: .. , .-. _.;. -'.__ : .· , , ,._ ·. - -- - - --- - -- -- _. '."'"-~ -- - - - ..-"""- ·
, aQ. 4.:Z..2. -~tate.v,arious F«~tfo~ ~f go~ernW\etit as·pta........;....g attd regu/atiot1. aget1.cy. . :
._..'- :... - :... ·- - ·-.;. - _-.;_.;.>- .;.··.. - · -· - ·•..;,.. - - · :.. .- ·- - ·- - - :... - - - ;_ - - - ·- · - - __;;:. - ·- -· .:.. __. - .. - - - ;_ ·- - ·-- - - - - - - !
There are a wide range of functions in order to protect environment.
Following are the primary responsibilities or functions of Government as planning and

regulating agency.
1. To provide environmental licens4lg.
2. To enforce the environmental law.

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3. To monitoring, analyzing and reporting on the environment.

4. To make environmental planning, education and guidance.
5. To enhance and project the environmental d~velopment.
6. To regulate greenhouse gas emissions.
7. To provide radiological protection.

8. To promote the waste management.
9. To provide strategic environmental assessment.
Fig. 4.2.1 shows the functions of government.

Limits for the discharge of substances harmful to the environment :
Fig. 4.2.1 : Functions of government
10. Huma n environment and transp ort inspectorate is largely responsible for ensuri
ng
the provisions of the environment management act are enforced. Enforc ement
is
also a task of the municipalities, the police and the justice system.
11. To make environmental reporting which is directed to stimul ating companies

to
make production cleaner and more environmentally friendly.
12. To order or give the notice to many companies such as these involved in metal
processing and chemical production to publish an annua l enviro nment al report
. '-\1
13. Ministry is responsible for ensuring that the reporting requir ement of the
EO
Pollut ant release and Transfer register (PRTR)·are met.
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l4. Government give the notice to the companies and organisations to prepare an
integrated PRTR report on waste; air emissions (greenhouses gases) and ·
discharges into w~ter sources.
SyUabus Topic : Environmental Quality Management (EQM)
~ 4.3 Environmental Quality Management (EQM)
Environmental Quality management play a vital role in sustainable developments in

environmental systems.
Environmental quality management provides in environmental compliance, remediation

and construction services, thus EQM is a leading environmEmt consulting remediation
and construction company which provides expertise in engineering and environmental
compliance, environmental problems, · environmental remediation and construction
services related to industrial, public and government sectors.
EQM provides a robust approach to guide in all respect of air quality permitting,
compliance outsourcing, water quality management, waste management, chemical
reporting, industrial hygiene, stack testing etc.
· Wetlands are a significant natural resource providing important habitat to many plant
and animal species.
Following are the various common concerns related to EQM.
(i) Management processes
(ii) · Documentation processes
(iii) Customer or stakeholder process
(iv) Human resource management
(v) Product or service realization process
(vi) . Monitoring and measurement process
(vii) Emission or Waste managem~nt process
(viii) E m ergen cy m anagement process
(ix) Con tinual r e improvement process
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Syllabus Topic : Corporate Environmental Responsibility
~ 4.4 . Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER)

---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------~;
~ ~~--t~-~:. ~~~~t~t~ ~~f~ :~ :orporate, .~Vtyirqr,~e~~al respo~fb{l(tt _:,_:. __ .. •~·~ _-~___ ':.J.:"2 :.·:
--------- .. ------- -
.
With increasing awareness on environmental issues and the magnitutle of coSts

associated, it has become imperative for companies to integrat~ environmental efforts
into their business strategy.
In this regard, a growing body of environmental management literature suggeSt s that

firms can gain sustainable competitive advantages by reducing the adverse impac~s of
their operations on the natural environment (Clarkson et al, 2011). Environmental
responsibility is now accepted as a norm for sustainable organizations.
Corporate environmentalism manifests either as part of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) or safety, health and environment (SHE) project of an organization.
Corporate environmental responsibility (CER) as defined by Jamison et al. (2005) takes
into account environmental commitment, whereby the company fully embraces
sustainability and has a net positive impact on environment and society.
Broadly CER can be described as precautions and policies organizations adopt to reduce ·
and prevent hazards to environment (Kusku, 2007) along wi_th stakeholder participation
to induce transparency.
With this realization and growing awareness, most polluting companies have also
initiated environmentally responsible programs. ·
a& Factors of c·orporate environmental responsibility (CEA)
Following are the factors of CER :
Two theoretical perspectives natural resource based theory (NRBV) and neo-
institutional theory are adopted to investigate the contexts in which an organization is
encouraged to undertake environmental actions and evaluate environmental strategies
associated with them.
Hoffman (2001) argues that while organizations do not simply react to the pressures
dictated by the organizational field, they also do not act completely autonomously
without the influence of external bounds.
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Institutions are the "humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic and
social interaction" (North, 1990).
Therefore, institutional mechanisms are further classified as regulatory forces, self-

regulation, and stakeholder influence.
Each of the factors of CER has a dilferent influencing mechanism, but at the same time
they are interlinked and have synergistic effect.
Following table 4.4.1 shows the classification of Institutional mechanising related to

corporate environmental responsibility.
Table 4.4.1 : Classification of Institutional mechanism
'.,,-· ,'
.Sr. ·Stak~holder._lnfli;leri~ :. ;-"
J~p. · ,;:i;::!;il~i;t1::....
1 External government Competitive (i) United Nations Social and environmental
policies factors Requirements Global compact movements.
(a) Government (market pressure, (UNGC)
regulation cost and price (ii) ·Global Reporting
(b) Public ·perfo.nnance competition) Initiative (GRI)
audits Liberalization, Bilateral/multi later
(c) Industrial privat}zation and al treaties.
associations globalization (LPG) (iii) Voluntary
industry growth Dow Jones programs
Sustainability Index, (national and
FTSE4 Good international),
EMS 14001
2 Internal organizational Civil Society Organizations
features-abilities, factors (CSOs) and ENGOs
capabilities of firm, size of activism socially responsible
firm, its position in the investment (SRI)
industry.
Community role Green .

consumerism Employees,
labor unions, owners,
shareholders, managerial
decisions-values and
beliefs, attitude toward
environment.
~ Barriers to CER
Capital budget~ keep plant managers from making wise-long~term decisions regarding
total lifespan costing of plant equipment.
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. . . ·· t ate behavio urs that

Capital planrun g is support ed by economic metrics that perpe u
. .
damage the environ ment or ignore social consequences e. g, GDp ' ROI' NPV, ROE are
. . lude environ mental
built upon beliefs and assump tions that overlook measur es that me
and social concerns.
.
Barners .
m CER can be categorized as institut ional and cogni·t·ive. .Both individ ual
cogru·t·ion and societal
· . g resis
institut ions act by force of habit, creatm · tance to change and
. .
a rejection of new forms of policy and growth indicators.
.
The effiect 1veness . nce of
or complia environmental regulati.ons 1s
. dependent on the cost of
mitigat ion, the comprehensiveness of the law in relation to the level of develop ment
of
the society; and the ability of the industr y ~ bear the costs of mitigat ion, the punitiv
e
measur es, and the probability of detection of violation.
To overcome the barriers , it is imperative to change beliefs and values assigne d to th
e
environ ment by all stakeholders. Trainin g and communication play a crucial role
in
increas ing employee awaren ess, knowledge, and underst anding of the adoptio n of EMS
(Zutshi and Sohal, 2004). ·
a& Benefits of CER
Azzone and Manzin i (1994) classify in two sets the advanta ges obtaine d from
environ mental strategi es: interna l advantages (which are a consequence of costs savings
derived from a more efficient use of natural resources, reduction of fines for pollutio n
or
harmfu l activities to the environ ment and sanctions for actions against environ mental
laws) and externa l advanta ges (marke ting benefits derived from a company's improv
ed
_image and, therefore, its social legitimating).
Margolis and Walsh, 2001, 2003; Orlitzky et aL, 2003) evaluat ed the relation ship
betwee n change s in environ mental performance and change s in financi al perform ance
using differen t methodologies and concluded that environ mental perform ance
is
positively related to financial performance.
These benefits further act as a motivating force for the organiz ations to pursue pro-
environ mental strategi es. Thus, it becomes a two-way process. The organiz ations wluch
for once have accrued benefits of cost, revenues, and reputat ion do not want to lose
it
and so continu e to go beyond compliance and gain a positive outcome.
Chapter Ends ...
□□□
Module 5
. J•1---- ------ -~
r----- ------ -~,r University Prescribed Syllabus
Total quality environment management, ISO-14000.
EMS certification
✓ Syllabus Topic: Total Quality Environmental Management, ISO-14000 ....................... ....................... ......... 5-2
5.1 Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM), ISO-14000 ................................................................ 5-2

GQ. 5.1.1 Write a short note on (TQEM), ISO-14000 ........................................................................... 5-2
5.1.1 Development Of the ISO 14000 series ....... ........................................................,................. 5-3
GQ. 5.1.2 Comment on development of the ISO-14000 series ...................... ...................... ................ 5-3
5.1.2 Various Compliance to an ISO-14000 (Total Quality Environmental Management) ........... 5-4
GQ. 5.1.3 State various compliances to an ISO-14000 for TQEM ...................... ...................... ........... 5-4
5.1.3 . Principles of ISO-14000 Series ........ .'................................................................................... 5-4
GQ. 5.1.4 State various principles of ISO-14000 series ...........................•........................................... 5-4
5.1.4 Intellectual Basis of ISO standards ...................... , ............................................................... 5-5
GQ. 5.1.5 What is basis of ISO standards ............................................................................................ 5-5
5.1.5 List of lmportanUSO 14000 series standards ...................................................................... 5-6
GQ. 5.1~6 Make a list of important ISO-1.4000 series standards ...................... ...................... .............. 5-6
✓ Syllabus Topic: EMS Certification .......................... ,......................................... .'....... :...................... .............. 5-7
5.2 Environment ManagementS ystem Certification (EMS Certification) .. ;.............. , ........................................ _

5 7
GQ. 5.2.1 Describe about EMS certification. ··:···································;························'.························5-7
• Chapter Ends ... ......................................................... :.................................................... :..................... 5-8
~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 5-2 Total Qua1l
·ty· Environmental Managemen t
Syllabus Topic : Total Quality Environmental Management, 1so-14ooo
~ 5.1 Total Quality Environmental Management

(TQEM), 1SO-14 000
,~--- -:-:,\-.,- -:--: -·-:-.7_
-:--·-:---:-,:- :-----.-.7--:----""'.·.--:-•-:--:--- ----:---:- ---7"---. .,.---:-•. · '.'":· : :
( aQ;·-s.~ '¼J y.Jri~ a ;short V\ote ··oV\ (TQEM), -ISO-:i400 0. · •, .. · •. ___. .:.-.;;;.;._:... :. 1
L __ .,.~,. · ....,;;/ _ ;;· _ •.'-,-.•¾···.i...·· - .,... ·._ -> - ·••)/_ - ·. _ . , .... .__ .., ·· - · " - - - - - - - - - - - ·· - - - - - - - - - - -
. t 1 system that
- ISO 9000 series is the internation al standard for a quality con ro
guarantee s a least performance level for products and guidelines to achieve ISO
certification. ·
ISO 14000 standards are patterned from the . 9000 series, are expected to be issued
within the next year, will encompass environmental manageme nt standards under three
organizati onal elements and three additional product-oriented elements.
The organizati onal elements to be included are :

(i) Environm ental Managem ent System.
(ii) Environm ental Auditing, and
(iii) Environm ental Performance.
The three organisati onal elements depends upon :
(i) Life cycle analysis

(ii) Environm ental labelling
(iii) Environm ental aspects of product standards.
The basis of all internatio nal standards developed by ISO is the central or prime idea of
quality manageme nt.
Successful applicatio n of any of the existing standards in the upcoming ISO 14000 series
requires a firm understan ding by the engineerin g ~d technical profession s.
Taken to ultimate conclusion, all ISO standards themselve s provide the guidelines to.
achieving ISO certification, which in tum, char_acterizes the organizati on by the very
standards it set to achieve by that certification.
ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environme ntal managem ent that exists to
help orgB-1;1izations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively affect
the environm ent (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with .
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Total Quality Environmental Management
applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and

(c) continually improve in the .above.
ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that both pertain to the
process of how a product is produced, rather than to the product itself.
The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO 14001:2015, which was published in September
2015.
Fig. 5.1.1 shows the flow chart oflSO; 14000 environmental management.
· Fig. 5.1.1 : Flow chart of ISO ; 14000 environmental management
~ 5.1.1 Development Of the ISO 14000 series .
The ISO 14000 family includes most notably the ISO 14001 standard, which represents
the core set of standards used by organizations for ·designing and implementing an
effective environmental management system (EMS).
Other standards in this series include ISO 14004, which gives additional guidelines fo~ a
good EMS, and more specialized standards dealing with specific aspects · of
environmental management.
""" . The major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is to provide "practical tools for
companies and organizations of all kinds looking to manage their environmental
responsibilities."
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The ISO 14000 series is based on a voluntary approach to environmental regulat~on. The
series includes the-ISO 14001 standard, which provides guidelines for the establishment
or improvement of an EMS.
As like ISO 9000, ISO 14000 acts both as an internal management tool and as a way of
demonstrating a company's environmental ~ommitment to its customers and clients.
~ 5.1.2 Various Compliance to an ISO-14000

(Total Quality Environmental Management)
Following are the compliance to ISO 14000 for Total Quality Environmental
management (TQEM).
1. It enhances your image and market share.
Meets your clients' registration requirements.
2. It assures customers of your commitment to demonstrable environmental· management
3. It improves cost control by identifying and eliminating waste and inefficiency.

4. It maintains excellent public relations.
5. It lessens incidents that result in liabili_ty.
6. It satisfies investor criteria and improves access to capital.
7. It improves industry-government relations.
8. It reduces your consumption of materials and energy.
9. It decreases the cost of complying with environmental regulations.
10. It facilitates the attainment of permits and autho:r;i.zations.
~ 5.1.3 Principles of ISO-14000 Series
Following points shows the principles of 1SO-14000 series :
1. To be cost.:.effective, non-prescriptive and flexible so they are able to meet the differing
needs of organizations of any type or size, worldwide.
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Total Quality Environ mental Manag ement
r extern al verific ation.

11
• As part of their flexibi lity, to be suitab le for intern al and/o
m. To result in better enviro nment al manag ement .

iv· To be scient ificall y based .
the enviro nmen tal aspec ts of
v. To encom pass enviro nment al manag ement system s and
produ cts.
rd8 ·
as users of these st anda
vi. To promo te the broad er intere sts of the public as well
vii. To be applic able in all countr ies.
a. 5.1. 4 Inte llect ual Basi s of ISO stan dard s
ed to help indus try better

The ISO 14000 series of standa rds or princi ples is being design
perfor mance .
track their own enviro nment al operat ions, compl iance, and
system s are evalu ating their
Many compa nies with existin g enviro nment al manag ement
for the variou s aspec ts of
own plans and compa ring them with the draft ISO propo sals
enviro nment al manag ement .
releas ed this year: IS9 14001
The first ofthis enviro nment al manag ement series will be
ems Protoc ol and the
and ISO 14010, the Envir onmen tal Mana gemen t-Syst
Envir onme ntal Audit s System s., respec tively.
ard (ISO 14001 ) is the
1. The Envir onmen tal Mana gemen t System s (EMS ) Stand
series .
most gener al and will also provid e the guidel ines for the entire
focus on determ ining if
2. The Envir onmen tal Audit ing Stand ard (ISO i4010 ) will
geme nt system , EMS,
organ izatio ns have imple mente d their enviro nmen tal mana
expec tation s.
meeti ng their local regula tions as well as their own intern al
tly being develo ped
3. The Envir onmen tal Label ing Stand ards (ISO 14020 ) curren
cover three types of labels , rangin g from specif ic to gener al.
14030 ) specif ies the
4. The Envir onmen tal Perfor mance Evalu ation Stand ards (ISO
nt plan.
relativ e succes s antici pated in an enviro nmen tal mana geme
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"a. 5.1. 5 List of Imp orta nt ISO 140 00 seri es stan dard s
~- ~: ~~~~ ~:-- -~:~ ::7- :- ~-- : ---- --~ -:-- :--- --r- ----
~"a~. ~.:1..o Make a list qf i&iv\portattt 1s0:...: t.400 0 series st~_
V\dar;ds,;, .
-~ -~----~ ~--;
'-- ._:-,_ - - _,_ --- - ;... - - - - -·- - · - .; . - ·- .......:... - ~--;~-- ::,_ - <- .:·.;_ .,.;.;.', ~-- - · ' - ~;_ """ ..,; ,;.·- :; .;. ·- ··-- .. - -. - ,___ .:. _ .. _.,__ ...;:
- . ,;,.-. . ;.:._ ___ __
~
Follo wing point s show s the list of ISO 14000 series stand
ards·
1. ISO 14001 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Requ ireme

nts with guida nce ·f or use
syste ms
/
2. ISO 1400 4 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Gene ral guide lines
on imple ment ation
syste ms
3. ISO 14005 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Guide lines

for a flexib le appro ach to phase d
syste ms
imple menta tion.
4. ISO 14006 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Guide lines for incor porat ing ecode sign.
syste ms
5. ISO 14015 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Envir onme ntal asses smen t of sites and
organ izatio ns (EASO)
6. ISO 1402 0 to 14025 Envir onme ntal labels and decla ration s
7. ISO/N P 14030 Gree n bond s Envir onme ntal - perfo rman ce of nomi nated
. proje cts and assets ; discu sses post- produ ction
envir onme ntal asses smen t.
8. ISO 14031 Envir onme ntal mana geme nt Envir onme ntal · perfo rman ce evalu ation
Guide lines.
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~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM S) 5-7 Total Quality Environmental Management
Syllabus Topic -: EMS Certification
~ 5.2 Environment Management System Certification (EMS

.Certification)
r- ;"' - - .- - - - ::7 .- - ,- - - .,- - - - "': - - . - - - - - - - ._ - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .,:: - - - - - - - - - I
: ~Q'. s.2..1- , D,e~cr(be
-
about '~MS certific~tio~·-
-~ - ,......._ -:.;;..,..•,;{-:~ ... : ~_t.;.,. -._:·_ L ,.·
, I
__,:., __ ._ .,;/ _ ., - _ .__ -_ ·... _ . ____ , . - . - -- ~ -: ___ .___ .... _____ .,,.. _.,. ___ ., /.
Following points shows the various phases of EMS certification :
ISO 14000 certification may be approached in seven phases:

(i) Phase one should include the development of an education p_lan for the company
that explains how the elements of the standards apply.
(ii) Phase Two is the organization of the developing environmental management
system. Objective is to organize "all current and needed documents, procedures, and
· information.
Important items to include are company quality and quality control policy, quality
.manual, organization-wide procedures for dealing with environmentally sensitive
materials, regulatory compliance documents, and company safety and emergency
procedures, especially those that may affect the environment.
(iii) Phase Three is the Internal Audit Syst.em Implementation
(iv) Phase Four is the process of selecting a registrar to perform the actual ISO
inspection or audit.
(v) Phase Five will be the official audit.
(vi) Phase Six will be the removal of non-conformities;
(vii) Phase Seven, the final ISO 14000 Registration.
Depending on the status of an organization's environmental management system, and

its size diversity, the registration process may take up to two years from the time when
the decision is made to attempt ISO certification'. ..
ISO 14000 registration should be considered by any company who is responsible for or
cares about environmental management; is concerned with certifications; or sells a
product or provides a service that may relate to an environmental issue at some t~e.
Some ISO 14000 stand_ards will be applicable to most every type of organization.
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Large organizations, i.e., large chemical companies, power utilities; and those that
already carry ISO 9000 certifications for quality management will probably be among ·
the first to become ISO 14000 certified.
Sustainable Development is an integral part of the foundation of the ISO 14000

environmental management standards, and can easily be included ·as a mechanism for
an organizatioµ to approach and ultimately achieve this ideal. It must be understood
and emphasized the nature of all ISO standards ·dictates that every certified
organization have a unique environmental management system, suited to their own
activities, goals, and mission statement.
The second easily visualized place in the curriculum where the ISO 14000 standards
a
may be taught and perhaps, even implemented is in senior design course. U is in these
courses that senior environmental engineering students are expected to solve an open-
ended design problem including all the externalities, i.e., social, ethical, econolillc, and
political issues.
Chapter Ends...
□□□
Module 6
r-------- ---...Jr1 l' - - - - - - - - - - - ,

University Prescribed Syllabus 1
General overview of major legislations like environment Protection Act,

Air (P and CP) Act
Water (P and CP) Act
Wildlife Protection Act

Forest Act
Factories Act etc.
6.1 Environment Protection Act ......................................................................................................................... 6-3
GQ. 6.1.1 What is environment protection act? ............................................................................ ;...... 6-3
6.1 .1 Major Provisions Aaddressed in Environment Protection Act .............................................. 6-4
GQ. 6.1.2 . State the various major provisions addressed in environment protection act. ..................... 6-4
✓ Syllabus Topic : Air (P and CP} Act ................................................................................................................ 6-5
6.2 Air (P and CP) Act (Air Pollution and Control of Pollution} Act ...........................·......................................... 6-5
GQ. 6.2.1 Explain Air (P and CP} Act. .........................................................................................· ......... 6-5
✓ Syllabus Topic: Water (P and CP} Act ................................................. , ......................................................... 6-7
6.3 Water (P and CP} Act .................................................................................................................................. 6-7
GQ. 6.3.1 Write a brief note on water (P and CP} Act. ......................................................................... 6-7
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~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU -SEM 8)
6-2 Gen eral Ove rview of Majo r Legi slati
ons
GQ. 6.3.2 State the various salient features of
water (P and CP) Act. .................. ......
............ ............ . 6-8
✓ Syllabus Top ic: Wildlife Protection Act
...... ............................................................
....................... ............ ..... 6-9
6.4 Wildlife Protection Act ............ ............
.............................. ...: ......................................................
.................. 6-9
GQ. 6.4.1 Writ e an explanatory note on Wildlife
protection act. ....................................
....................... 6-9
6.4.1 Objectives of Wildlife Protection Act
........................ :..........·........................
....................... 6-11
GQ• 6 •4.2 State th e van.ous ob.Jeet·1ves f ·1d1·f
o w, 1e prot ect·,on act. ..................
......................... ........... ••• 6-11
✓ Syllabus Topic : .Forest Act ............
.............................. .............................. ..............................
...... ............... 6-12
6.5 Fore st Act ............ ..............................
.................. ........................ ...._............
....... ........................................ 6-12
GQ. 6.5.1 Wha t is forest act ? ..............................
............ ............ ............................. ..................... .....
6-12
6.5.1 Functions of Forest Conservation Divi
sion .......................... ,................... ........................... 6-13
GQ. 6.5.2 Enlist the various functions of forest
conservation division ........................
........................ 6-13
6.5.2 Forest Conservation Act ............ ......
.................. ...........................................
............ ...... .... 6-13
GQ. 6.5.3 Explain fore st conservation act. ......
................................................ .................................... 6-13 .
6.5.3 Brief Provisions of Forest Conservatio
n Act, 1980 ...... :....... ...... ....... ............
............ .......... 6-14
GQ. 6.5.4 Write on a brief provision of forest cons
ervation act, 198 0.............._..................
................. 6-14
✓ Syllabus Top ic: Factories Act ......
...................................................... ......
..................................................... 6-15
6.6 Factories Act ...... ...... ..................
...... ...... ..............; ....... ...... .:..................
........................ ............ ................ 6-15
GQ. 6.6.1 Write an explanatory note on Factorie
s act. .................................... ............
....................... 6-15
• Chapter End s... ..............................

.................. ...... ....................................
....................... 6-20
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM B) 6-3 General Overview of Major Legislations
~ 6.1 Environment Protection Act
Increase in population and rapid industrializa tion in India causes degradation of

environment. Degradation of environment results into following problems. Increase in C<>:.:,
N<>:.: emission causing acid rain, ocean acidification.
Depletion of ozone layer leading damage of plants
Emission of greeil house gases leads to global warming affecting ecosystems.

Increase in infertility of soil.
Increase in smog level causing Smokey dark atmosphere. This reduces the visibility of
area.
Water pollution. Destruction of rain forest.
To reduce the effects on environment, government of India is taking several steps for
environment protection. One of the steps is the development of environment protection act.
To assists this cause ministry of environment and forest (MoEF) is helped by central
pollution control board, state pollution control board, the forest survey of India, the wildlife ·
institute of India etc.
Following acts are developed for protection of environment :
Environmen t protection act.
Water pollution act
Air pollution act
Wildlife protection act
Forest conservation act
Biodiversity act
Public liability insurance act
National environment appellate authority act
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~ Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 6-4 General Overview of Major Legislations
~ 6.1.1 Major Provisions Aaddressed in Environm ent Protectio n Act

r - - - - - - - - , - - - ..., - - - -. - ~ - - ~- -~ - - .- - - - - - . - - - - ~. - ~ ~ - - _- - - -. -- - _-: \ -~. - \- - - - , ~ - '"'." :i: i-_.,:~ :"'"':, - ,-:_~
: aQ.,•.:i..1- ~ - - -'- ·• - ~ ~-~
rt\strl -i~i~vfro~w/t::.t:kr.o.ttctt~~.~~~~·i{?Lr ..
st~te' t~e varioas :~)a·r p'r~v,(sio~-- ~dd_
- - - - ·- - - ~-- -_.._ - .... - - - ~ -.... ~ '~ ~
,i
-~ 't.·;.-~ -;..• ~~~;.-- -. -_, .-_ ... ..t - ..,.. ._-<_;,,~-L -~.,;,:.; ;;...-:;:. ,..,._:!.❖- ~-;~ i ;.. "-- -~ ~-_.,_ - - - - - -
This act extends and applicable to entire India including state of Jammu and Kashmir
As per this act no person running industry should discharge or emit pollutant in excess
of specified standards
Under this act, central government has rusticated, prohibited industry site in different
areas to safeguard the environment
As per this act, central government has power to take all suitable measures for
protection of environment
As per this act, central government or its officers may take samples of air, water, soil or
· other substance from any factory for the purpose of analysis
As per this act, a guilty person may face imprisonmen t up to five years with fine of one
lakh rupees or Rs. five thousand every day.
This act prohibit handling of hazardous substances except in compliance to regulatory

procedures and standards
As per this act, section 19, any person in addition of authorized government officials can
file complaint in court for environment al offences.
As per this act, the central governrnent can make rules for the enforcement of the act by
notification in the office gazette.
As per this act central government can establish environment al laboratories and
institutes to carry out sample checking.
As per this act, central government can plan and execute nation-wide program for the
prevention, control and abatement of environment al pollution. As per this act, central
government can lay down the standards for quality of environment al pollutions
emissions or discharge.
As per this act central government can restrict the areas where industry can establish.
This act does not lower down the powers of the suprem~ courts which can issue
directions and orders from time to time to control pollution·. As per this act any industry
cannot modernize or expand any existing industry or new projects prior to the
permission of central government or state government.
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If environment pollution offence is c~mmitted by any government department then head

of that department can take as responsible for that offence
No civil court can entertain any suit or proceeding with respect to action taken by
central government or state government or any authority under this act.
As per this act, central government appointed any person, officer, authority, state
government bound to furnish report, return, statistics, accounts and other information
to central government. As per this act, central government appointed officers, employees
of any authority while working under this act are considered to be public servants.
Syllabus Topic : Air (P and CP) Act
~ 6.2 Air (P and CP) Act (Air Pollution and Control of Pollution)
Act
This act is for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
It provide the information about central pollution control board (CPCB) and state
pollution control board (SPCB), their constitutions, terms and conditions of service of
members, delegation of powers to various officials and their functions.
This acts . authorized the boards to set the emission standards from automobiles,
industries and certain areas. This act describes the funds, accounts and auditing of the
central and state boards.
Major provisions addressed in Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
It extends and applicable to entire India.
Here state and central boards are established to stop emission of harmful ingredients
into atmosphere solid, liquid and gas etc.
Functions of these boards under air act are :
1. Advise the central and state government for improving air quality and prevention
of air pollution.
2. To start nation-wide programme for prevention of air pollution.
3. Co-ordinate and solve disputes between state and air polluters.
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4. Providing technical advice to state boards for prevention of air pollution.

5. Organise the training of persons for prevention, control or abateme nt of air
pollution:
,
6. Collect, compile and publish data related to the air pollution and take measure s to
prevent air pollution.
7. Put forwards the standard s for air quality.

8. Can inspect any control equipments, industria l plant, manufac turing process for
prevention of air pollution.
Central government can develop or assign laboratory or laboratories to check air quality.
Central government or state government after consulting with central or state board can
declare any area as air pollution control area.
Central government or state government after the consultation with central or state
board if found that any fuel other than approved fuel can cause air pollution, then by
notification prohibit the use of such fuel.
State or central board can place or direct the standard s for air pollutan ts emitted from
automobiles.
Central government or state government after the consultation with central or state
board if found that any material after burning causes air pollution in air pollution
control area, then by notification prohibit the burning of such material .
Air act, 1981, section 1541 directs that no person can develop and operate any industria l
plant in an air pollution control area without consent or permission of state board.
Air act, 1981, section 15 (5) directs that industria l plant must have control equipme nt
installed in industria l premises for air pollution control as per the specification.
If any person wants to replace control equipme nt due to technological improve ment then
he should take permissi on and consent of state board.
Any person causing air pollution has to face criminal procedure. He is punishab le up to
six years with fine up to five thousand rupees. If offence was committed by a company,
then every person who are the in charge of the company at the time of offence was
committed have to face criminal procedlll"e and punishab le under this act.
If offence was committed by the governm ent departm ent then head of that departm ent
have to face the criminal procedur e.
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Syllabus Topic : Water (P and CP) Act
~ 6.3 Water (P and CP) Act·
~ Water P and P Act (Water Pollution and Control Pollution Act)
Water Act was formulated by the government oflndia in 1974.

In is an Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water through various management
guidelines and restrictions.
The act was introduced and incorporated into the constitution of India in 1974.
One of the ' prime objectives of act is carrying out the purposes mentioned above by
assigning a set of responsibilities, powers, and functions to the Boards for the
prevention and control of water pollution.
The act was passed in pursuance of clause (1) of article 252 of the constitution.
Resolutions have been passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of the states.
The water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 was adopted by the Indian
parliament with the aim of prevention and control of water pollution in india. Some of the
important sections regulating the prevention of water pollution as per the act are as follows
(i) Section 17 of the water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 clearly lists
all functions of the respective state boards for countering water pollution. The
state board of respective states is empowered to plan a comprehensive program for
the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells, collect and
disseminate information relating to water pollution and encourage, conduct and
participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution
·and prevention.
The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the

Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis
of samples of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade
effluents.
·(ii) Section 25 of the water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 states that
Prior. Consent of the State Board under section 25 is necessary to set up any
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industry, plant or process which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent into
a stream or well or sewer or on land or bring into use any new or altered outlets for
. the discharge of sewage or begin to make any new discharge of sewage.
(iii) Section 32 of the water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 describe the
power to tak~ emergency measures in case of pollution of stream or well. Under the
act, State board may issue orders to remove the matter which is or may cause
pollution; or remedy or mitigate the pollution, or issue prohibition orders to the
concerned persons from discharging any poisonous or noxious or polluting matter.
(iv) Section 34 and 43 of the water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974
relate to prohibition on use of stream .or well for disposal of polluting matter and
penalty for contravention thereof Under the scope of the provision, no person shall
knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or .polluting mater as
determined by the State Board to enter into any stream or sewer or on land.
Anyone failing to abid~ by the laws of under is liable for imprisonment under
Section 24 and Section 43 ranging from not less than one year and six months to
six years along with monetary fines.
(v) Section 42 of the water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 states
penalities and fines for certain acts including pulling down pillars. Obstructs any
person acting under the orders or direction of the Board, Damages any works or
property belonging to the Board and Failure to furnish any officer other employee
of the Board any information required. The fine and penalty includes
imprisonment for a term which may extend up to three months or with fine to Rs.
10,000/- or both.
As per act any drinking water source which has been conventionally treated comes under
class C while water used for propagation of wildlife a.pd fisheries is demarked as class D.
Water under Class E is used for irrigation and industrial cooling along with waste disposal.
.., Salient features of water (P and CP) Act
Following are the various salient features of water (P and CP) Act
1. Under Water Act, 1974, pollution control boards were created, who are responsible for
implementation of .
2. Water Act 1974 aims to prevent and control water pollution.
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3. Unde r Wate r Act 1974, Sewa ge or pollu tants canno t be

disch arged into wate r bodie s
inclu ding lakes and it is the duty of the state pollu tion
contr ol board to interv ene and
stop such activi ty.
4. One of the impo rtant provi sion of the Wate r Act, 1974
is to main tain and resto re the
"who lesme aness ' of our aquat ic resou rces.
5. Anyo ne failin g to abide by the laws of unde r is liable for impri
sonm ent unde r Secti on 24
and Sectio n 43 rangi ng from not less than one year and six
mont hs along with mone tary
fines.
Syllabus Topic : WIidiife Protection Act
~ 6.4 Wildlife Protection Act
Majo r provi sions addre ssed in wildlife protec tion act, 1972
:
This act is provi ded for the protec tion of wild anim als
birds and plant s and matte rs
conne cted or assoc iated with them.
This act preve nts and contro ls the poach ers and smug glers
from doing wild life trade .
This act is amen ded seven times since 1972 in 1976, 1982,
1986, 1991, 1993, 2003 and
2006.
This act is applic able to entire India excep t the state of Jamm
u and Kash mir.
This act bans the sale, manu factu re and use of leg hold traps
. Leg hold traps are used by
poach ers and smug glers to bring down anima ls like tiger,
leopa rd, and peaco cks.
This act also bans beatin g, kickin g, over- riding , over- drivin
g, over- loadin g, tortu ring
leadi ng to unnec essar y pain or suffer ing to any anima ls.
This act preve nts the hunti ng of all prote cted specie s.
This act safeg uards the wildlife by havin g prote cted areas
like sanct uarie s, natio nal
parks etc . .. -
This act is divide d into three gener al types :
1. Offences of hunti ng, pickin g and uproo ting specific plant s

(S. 9, 17 A and 2(16))
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f Mai·or Legislations
.
2. Offences having unautho rized possession, transpo rt and trade (S. 40, 42, 4 3' 44'
48, 48 A and 49)
3. Offences relating to protected areas and habitat destruc tion (S. 27, 29, 29 , 3o, 31,
32, 33-A, 34, 35 (6), 35(7), 35(8), 36-A(2), 36-C(2) and 38(V(2)).
This act prohibi ts the picking, uprooting etc. of specified plants.
This act prohibi ts the cultivation of specified plants without licence.
This a'ct constitu tes a central authori ty called as central zoo authori ty for perform ing
under this act for wild life protection.
This authori ty consists of chair persons, and ten members with membe r secreta ry
appointed_by central government.
Major function of central zoo authori ty :
1. Specify the minimu m standar ds for housing and veterin ary care of animal s kept in
zoo.
2. Reorganisation or de-reorganisation of zoos
3. Co-ordination of acquisition, exchange and loading of animals for breed4 ig

purposes.
4: Evalua tion and assessm ent of zoos
5. Identification of endang ered species of wild animals, birds and plants
6. Co-ordination of training of zoo personnel.
7. Providing technical and other assistance to zoos for development and manage ment
8. Co-ordination of researc h in captive breeding
This act gives power to wildlife or forest officers for entry search, arrest and detenti on of
person, property, and vehicle.
This act proVIdes a reward to a person who helps in detection/ imposing sentenc es to
a
person, firm involve in offences comes under wild life protection.
This act gave power to state and central government to make rules related to wild life
protection.
The offences under this act are divided into cognizable, non-cognizable, bailable, non-
bailable, compoundable and non-compoundable.
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~ 6.4.1 Object ives of Wildlif e Protec tion Act
To provide national legal frame work for protectio n of wildlife.
To increase the penalties for wildlife offences.

To increase and strengthe ns the power of governm ent officers for enforcem ent better •
impleme ntation of the act. To stop unlawful internati onal trade of end3:11gered species of
wildlife.
To bar on illegal sale of materials and articles made from wild animals, birds and plants.
To increase conserva tion and managem ent of wildlife. To increase and promote research
on wildlife regardles s of location.
As per this act, under 5.51 offences related to animal can be penalize d from 3 to 7 years
with fine not less than 10,000/-
As per this act, offences, against tigers have penalty varied from 3 to 7 years with fine
not less than 50,000/- for first convictio n while in case of second convictio n penaltie s
varied from minimum 7 years and fine not less than 5,00,000/ -
As per this act, under 5.25 A there exists a time limit for completi on of criminal
proceedin gs. This time limit is 2 years from date of notificati on.
Under section 27, there exists a restrictio n on entry in sanctuar y.

Under section 30, fire causing is prohibite d.
Under section 31, Entry into sanctuar y is prohibite d.
Under section 32, there is a ban on use of injurious substanc es like RDX, fire.
Under section 34, registrat ion of arms is coinpulso ry.
. Under section 34A, encroach ment removal power is given to the officers.
Under section 42, owner certificat ion is necessar y. .
It provides statutory status to national board of wildlife and restructu ring of state wild
life advisory boards. It bans the sale of forest produced products removed from national
parks and sanctuar ies. It provides a way to alter the boundari es of national parks and
sanctuar ies for better protectio n of wildlife .
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If prevent the construction of tourist lodges, hotels, zoos, etc inside the national park
prior the permission of national board of wild life.
If leads to development of separate national tiger conservation authority from 4th

September 2006.
Wildlife protection act, 1972 had 66 sections which are divided into seven chapters
related to preliminary. Authority to be appointed. Hunting of wild animals and
protection of plants.
National parks, sanctuaries and close area. Trade of wild animals, animal articles.
Presentation and detection of crimes. Miscellaneous.
Syllabus Topic: Forest Act
~ 6.5 Forest Act
Ministry of environment, forest and climate change (Mo EF and CC) establishes forest
conservation division for forest protection.
It involves ten regional offices and one regional headquarters. Ten regional offices are
located in shilling, Chennai, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Ranchi, Nagpur, Bhopal,
Lucknow, Chandigarh and Dehradun.
Fig. 6.5.1 shows the organizational chart of forest conservation division.
Inspector General of Forest (IG (FC))
l
Additional Inspector Genral (AIG (FC))
l
Technical Officer
l
Section Officer
l
Legal cell
l
GIS Units
(TO) (SO) (Le)
L Assistant sloo Officer

(ASO)
Fig. 6.S.1 .
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6-13
a. 6.5.1 Functions of Forest Conservation Division
Receive and pass online application of forest clearance above 40 hector according to the
recommendation given by forest advisory committee.
Formulation and implementation of forest conservation policies.
Formulation and implerpentation of forest conservation rules.
a. 6.5.2 Forest Conservation Act
Nearly about 1J3nl of the total earth area is covered by forests. Forest is good natural
resources of the earth.
Deforestation leads environmental in balance and its deterioration.
Forests are classified into five types as given below :
1. Very dense forest: All lands having tree canopy density of 70% and more.
2. Moderately dense forest : All lands having tree canopy density of 40% and more
but below the 70%.
3. .Open forest : All lands having tree canopy density of 10% and more but below the
40%.
4. Scrub : It is·a degraded forest land having tree canopy density below the 10%.
5. Non-forest: All land not taken or considered in above types.
India has 6, 92,027 sq. km forest land. It is nearly 21% of the geographic area of the
country.
Table 6.5.1 below gives the forest cover of India. ·
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Table 6.S.l : Forest Cover of India
..
,_ ,,
. -
Class,. ·Area in sq~ )un/(a~proi !J:
Very Dense forest 83,500
Moderately dense forest 3,18,750
Open forest 2,95,650
Scrub 41,400
Non forest 25,48,000
Indian forest conservation act was mostly based on old forest acts. This act relates
to the
forest, transit of forest produce, forest conservation and other related forest issues
objectives
of the forest conservation act
To develop balance and complementary land
To avoid denudation of mount ains and erosion in the plain

To develop tree lands
To have sustain supply of timber
To have efficient utilization of forest product m
~ 6.5.3 Brief Prov ision s of Fore st Cons ervat ion Act, 1980
r.~- - ....- .,. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Brief provision of forest conversion act, 1980 are as follows :

This act is applicable to entire India except state of Jamm u and Kashm ir.
No state government and any other author ity withou t emission of centra l
govern ment
that any forest land or any portion of it.
1. Can use for non-forest purpose

2. Can cease to be reserved
3. Can assign to lease to -a ny private person, authority, corpor ation, agency
,
organi zation.
4. Can cut-for est trees which are natura lly grown
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Central government can establish a committee of number of ·person for advise, help,
guidance related to forest conservation.
No person can we forest land for mining purpose without precision of central
government.
This act pro".ides criminal punishment of fifteen days whoever damages forest in any
form.
If offence is done by any department of government or authority then as per this act
head of that department or authority is responsible for that offense and that head have
to face legal cases.
If a person uses trap, vehicle, vessel or weapon for offence then licence or permit for
hunting and arms licence can be cancelled.
Depending on the severity of offence, then as per section 38-J that person can be
punishable with imprisonmen t up to six month with or without fine up to two thousand
rupees or both.
This act gives power to the central government to makes rules and laid before the house
of parliament for approval.
This act defines the procedure to taken into account while declaring reserved forest,
protected forest and village forest.
This act has five sections which related t<> conservation of forests.
Syllabus Topic: Factories Act
~ 6.6 Factories Act
Various factories act lays down for protecting the health of workers and environment.
Factories should have proper drainage system, adequate lighting, ventilation,

temperature etc.
Factories Act, 1948 (Act No. 63 of 1948), as amended by the factories (Amendment) Act,
1987 (Act 20 of 1987)
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Following provisions for various as pect related to environment, safety and social :
1. Short title, extent and commencement.

2. The inspecting staff
3. Heath
4. Safty
5. Provisions relating to hazardo us processes.
6. Welfare
7. Working hours of adults
8. Employment of younger persons
9. Annual leave with wages
10. Special provisions
11. Penaltie s and procedure
Section 1 : Short title, extent and comme ncemen t
1. This Act may be called the factories Act, 1948

· 2. It extends to the whole of India.
3. It shall come into force on the 1 st day of April, 1949.
Section 2 : Interp retatio n
In this Act, unless there is anythin g repugn ant in the subject or context.
Section 3 : Refere nce to time of day
Provided that for any area in which Indian Standar d Time is not ordinar ily observed the
State Government may make rules -
(a) specifying the area
(b) defining the local mean time ordinarily observed therein and
(c) permitt ing such time to be observed in all or any of the factories situated in the
area.
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Environmental Mgmt. (MU-SEM 8) 6-17
. .· · t t b parate factories or
Section 4 : Power to declare different departmen s o e se
two or more factories to be a single factory.
Section 5 : Power to exempt during public emergency.
Section 6 : Approval, licensing and registration of factories
The state Government may make rules - requiring for the purposes of this Act, the
submi~sion of plans of any class or description of factories to the Chief Inspector or the
State Government.
Section 7 : Notice by occupier
The occupier shall, at least fifteen bays before he begins to occupy or, use any
premises as a factory, send to the Chief Inspector a written notice containing -
(a) the name and situation of the factory
(b) the name and address of the occupier;

(including the precincts thereoO referred to in section 93;
(c) the address io which communication relating to the factory may be sent.
Section 7A: General duties of the occupier
Section 7B : General duties of manufacturers, etc., as regards articles and sub-

stances for use in factories -
Section 8 : Inspectors
(i) The state Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such
persons as possessing the prescribed qualification to be inspectors for the purposes
of this Act and may assign to them such local limits as it·may think fit.
(ii) The state Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint any
person to be a chief inspector who shall, in addition to power conferred on chief ·
inspector under this Act, exercise the power of an inspector throughout the state.
Section 9 : Powers of Inspectors
Subject to any rules made in this behalf, an inspector may, within the local limits for
which he is appointed -
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Section 10: Certifyi ng Surgeon s
The state government may appoint qualified medical practitio ners to be certifyin g
surgeons for the .purposes of this Act within such local limits or' for such factory or class
or description of factories as it may assign to them respectively.
Section 11 : Cleanlin ess
- Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvia! arising from any drain,
privy or other nuisance, and in particula r -
(a) accumulation of dirt and refuse shall be removed daily by sweeping or by any
other effective method from the floors and benches of workrooms and from
staircase s and passages and disposed of in a suitable manner;
(b) the floor of every workroom shall be cleaned at least once in every week by
washing, using disinfectant where necessary, or by some other effective
method.
(c) where a floor is liable to beconie wet in the course of any manufac turing
process to such extent as in capable of being drained, effective means of
drainage shall be provided as maintained.
Section 12 : Disposa l of wastes and effluent s
1. Effective arrangem ents shall be made in every factory for the treatmen t of wastes
and effluents due to the manufac turing process· carried on therein, so as to render
them innocuous, and for their disposal.
2. The state government may make rules prescribing the arrangem ents to be made
under sub-section (1) or requiring that the arrangem ents made in accordance with
sub-section (1) shall be approved by such authority as may be prescribed.
Section 13 : Ventilat ion and tempera ture
Effect and suitable provisions shall be made in every factory for securing and
maintain ing in every workroom -
Section 14 : Dust and fume
In every factory in which, by reason of the manufac turing process carried on, there is
given off any dust or fume or other impurity of such a nature and to such an extent as is
likely to be injurious or offensive to the workers employed therein, or any dust in
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substantial quantities, effective measure shall be taken to prevent its inhalation and
accumulation in any workroom.
Section 15 : Artificial humidification
In respect of all factories in which the humidity .of the air is artificially increased, the
State Government may make rules -
(a) a prescribing standards of humidification,

(b) regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the humidity of the air.
(c) directing prescribed tests for determining the humidity of the air to be correctly
carried out and recorded..
(d) Prescribing methods to be adopted for securing adequate ventilation and cooling of
the air in the workrooms.
Section 16 : Overcrowding
No room in any factory shall be overcrowded to an extent injurious to the health of the
workers employed therein.
Section 17 : Lighting
In every part of a factory where workers are working or passing, there shall be
provided and· maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural · or artificial or
both.
In every factory all glazed windows and skylights used for the lighting of the
workroom shall be kept clean on both the inner and outer surfaces.
Section 18 : Drinking water
In every factory effective arrangements shall be made· to provide and maintain at

suitable points conveniently situated for all workers employed therein a sufficient
supply of wholes some drinking water.
Section 19 : Latrines and urinals
In every factory
(a) a sufficient latrine and urinal accommodation of prescribed types shall be provided
conveniently situated and accessible to workers at all times while they are at the
factory.
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(b) Separa te enclosed accommodation shall be provided for male and female worke
rs.
Sectio n 20 : Spitto ons
- In every factory there shall be provided a sufficient numbe r of spittoo

ns in
convenient places and they shall be mainuµned in a clean and hygienic condition.
Q. 1 Explain the "Environment Protection Act".
Q. 2 Describe Air (P and CP) Act.
a. 3 Explain Wildlife Protection Act.
Q. 4 Describe the Water (P and CP) Act.
Q. 5 Comment on Forest Act.
Q. 6 Explain "Factories Act".
Chapter Ends...
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Syllabus

Mumbai University . ear _ }

01 Introduction and Definition of Environment: Significance of Environment Management for 10

02 Global Environmental · concerns : Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, 06

03 Concepts of Ecology: Ecosystems and interdependence between living organisms, habitats, 05

04 Scope of Environment Management, Role and functions of Government as aplanning and 10

05 Total Quality Environmental Management, ISO-14000, EMS certification.

► Chapter 2 : Global Environmental Concerns .................................... •· ••· •· •· 2-1 to 2- 24

► Chapter 3 : Concept of Ecology ........................ .. ....................................... 3-1 to 3-12

► Chapter 5 : · Total Quality Environmental Management ............................... 5-1

► Chapter 6 : General Overview of Major Legislations ................................. 6-1 to 6-20

University Prescribed Syllabus

- Significance of Environment management for contemporary managers, career

- Environmental issues relevant to India

✓ Syllabus Topic : Introduction and Definition of Environment .......................................................................... 1-3

1.1 Introduction and Definition of Environment ......................................................................... ;........................ 1-3

GQ. 1.1.1 Define environment. .............................................................................................................. 1-3

1.1 . 1 Main Features of Environment. ............................................................................................. 1-3

1.1.1.1 Biotic Factors ........................................................................................................................ 1-4

GQ. 1.1.3 What is the biotic factors ? .................................................................................................... 1-4

1.1.1.2 Abiotic Factors ...........................................................................................;.......................... 1-4

GQ. 1.1.4 What is Abiotic factors ? ....................................................................................................... 1-4

1.1.2 Need of Environmental Studies ........................................................................................... 1-5

GQ. 1.1.5 · State the need of environmental studies .............................................................................. 1-5

✓ Syllabus Topic: Significance of Environmental Management.:...................................................................... 1-6

1.2 Significance of Environmental Management for Contemporary Managers ................................................. 1-6

1.2.1 Corporate Responsibilities ..................... :.............................................................................. 1-7

GQ.1.2.1 What are the corporate responsibilities? .................................................. ,.......................... 1-7

1.4.1 Engineer's Role in Achieving Sustainable Development.. ................................................. 1-13

1.4.2 Urban Sustainability·............................................................................................................ 1-13

GQ. 1.4.4 Write a note on urban sustainability................................ .............: .. .................................... 1-13

1.4.3 Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Development ................................................ 1-14

1.4.4 . Role of Engineers towards Achieving Sustainable Development.. ................................... 1-15

1.4.5 Environmental Impact Assessment ....................... .'............................................................ 1-16

• Chapter Ends... ................................................................ ............ ..........

Syllabus Topic : Introduction and Definition of Environment · ·

~ 1 • 1 Introduction and Definition of Environment

ENVIRONMENT is the surroundings or control conditions in which all living organisms

Pollution is deliberate or accidental contamination of environment. Any manmade

Hence Environmental Pollution studies are an integral part of civil engineering

~ 1.1.1 Main Features of Environment

When there is a prope r balanc e betwe en these factor s it leads

a. 1.1. 1.1 Biot ic Fact ors

a. 1.1. 1.2 Abio tic Fact ors

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These include precipitation, light, temperature, atmospheric humidity and wind.

~ 1.1.2 Need of Environmental Studies

The main basic needs of environmental studies are as listed below :

3. To maintain peace and harmony

- (i) natural resources

(ii) health care services

(iv) water, sanitation and land

6. To keep increase in crime and other social problems low.

7. To monitor problems of poor status of female and children.

Syllabus Topic : Significance of Environmental Management

~ 1.2 Significance of Environmental Management for Contemporary

Management system. Environmental management type information is increasingly

Following points shows the significance of Environment Management (EM) :

1. Environment Management draws attention in another sense, which offers an idea

2. Negotiation between the management and society helps organizations seek to

3. Pollution control bein,g burning subject of discussion environmental management

4. Environmental management improves performance through better management of

5. Environmental management is helpful in discharging organizational accountability

,.•.'• .. __ _,,.._ · , __ ,_ , .. - - - , .. ________ I