Definition of Chemistry: Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and its properties, how and why

substances combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy.
It's often referred to as the "central science" because it connects other sciences to each other, like
biology, physics, geology, and environmental science.

Atomic Structure: At the heart of chemistry is the atom, the basic unit of matter. Each atom consists
of a nucleus containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge), surrounded by
electrons (negatively charged) orbiting in shells. The number of protons determines the chemical
element.

Periodic Table: The Periodic Table organizes all known chemical elements in an informative array.
Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number and grouped according to similar chemical
properties. Groups (columns) indicate elements with similar properties.

Chemical Bonds: Atoms bond together to form molecules through ionic or covalent bonds. Ionic
bonds occur between metals and non-metals and involve the transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds,
usually found between non-metals, involve sharing electrons.

States of Matter: Matter exists in different states – solids, liquids, gases, and plasma – largely
determined by the intermolecular forces and conditions like temperature and pressure. Changes in
these conditions can lead to phase changes, like melting, freezing, vaporization, and condensation.

Chemical Reactions: Chemistry studies chemical reactions, where reactants transform into products.
These reactions are governed by the laws of conservation of mass and energy. Understanding the
types of reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion) is
key.

Laboratory Safety: Safety in the chemistry lab is paramount. Knowledge of proper lab procedure,
including the handling and disposal of chemicals, use of protective equipment, and emergency
protocols, is essential for conducting experiments safely.