Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 201 CUCU LM REC mC Ey 9.2 Reflection of Spherical Mirrors (1 mark) . When an object is placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror, would the image formed be (i) real or virtual and (ii) diminished or magnified? (Delhi 2015C) - A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror, A point object at a distance of 20 em on the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with itself. What is the focal length of the lens? (Delhi 2014) HAN 22 marks) 3. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f. (Delhi 2015) 4, An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure. Light by Dee (i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object. (ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black? (AI 2012) 5. (a) Plane and convex mirrors are known to produce virtual images of the objects, Draw a ray diagram to show how, in the case of convex mirrors, virtual objects can produce real images. (b) Why are convex mirrors used as side view mirrors in vehicles? (Delhi 2012C) 6. (a) Drawa ray diagram for a convex mirror showing the image formation of an object placed anywhere in front of the mirror, (b) Use this ray diagram to obtain the expression for its linear magnification, (AI2012C) 7. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image by a concave mirror of an object placed beyond its centre of curvature. If the lower half of the mirror’ reflecting surface is covered, what effect will it have on the image? (AI 2011) HEMIN (3 marks) 8& (a) Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2. Find the location of image also. (b) Using mirror formula, explain why does a convex mirror always produce a virtual image. (Delhi 2016) 9. (a) A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why magnification is not uniform. (b) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered with an ‘opaque material. What effect this will have on the image of the object? Explain. (Delhi 2014) 10. Use the mirror equation to show that (a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f. (b) a convex mitror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object. (©) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image. AI 2011) 11, (a) How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected when the wavelength of the light used is increased? (b)Aconvex lens has 20 em focal length in air, What is its focal length in water? (Refractive index of air-water = 1,33, refractive index of air-glass = 1.5). (Foreign 2010)202 12, Anobject of3 cm height is placed ata di ‘of 60 cm froma convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image formed. (A1 20100) HEE (5 marks) 13, (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real, inverted and magnified image of the object. (b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification. (4/5, 2018) 14. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when the object is kept between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the magnification formula for the image formed. (Delhi 2011) 15. Derive the ‘mirror equation’ using the ray diagram for the formation of a real image by a concave mirror. (Delhi 2010C) 9.3 Refraction (1 mark) _ 16. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which media would the velocity of light be minimum? (AI 2012) 17. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another its wavelength changes but frequency remains the same. Explain. (Delhi 2011) (2 marks) 18. How does the refractive index of a transparent medium depend on the wavelength of incident light used? Velocity of light in glass is 2. 10° m/sand in air is 3 x 10° m/s. Ifthe ray of light passes from glass to air, calculate the value of critical angle. (Foreign 2015) (3 marks) 19. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident form air on a water surface. If for water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of the refracted light. (2/3, AI 2017) CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 20. Do the frequency and wavelength change when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium? (Delhi 2012C) 9.4 Total Internal Reflection (1 mark) 21. State the criteria for the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light to take place. (Delhi 2011C, Delhi 2010) ENB 02 marks) 22, (a) Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur. (b) Write the relation between the refractive index and critical angle for a given pair of optical media. (Delhi 2013) 23. A fish in a water tank sees the outside world as ifit (the fish) is at the vertex of a cone such that the circular base of the cone coincides with the surface of water. Given the depth of water, where fish is located, being ‘h’ and the critical angle for water-air interface being “i, find out by drawing a suitable ray diagram the relationship between the radius of the cone and the height ‘i. (Delhi 2012C) EINIB (3 marks) 24. Define the term ‘critical angle’ for a pair of media, A point source of monochromatic light ‘S’ is kept at the centre of the bottom of a cylinder of radius 15.0 cm. The cylinder contains water (refractive index 4/3) to a height of 7.0 em, Draw the ray diagram and calculate the area of water surface through which the light emerges in ai (Delhi 2013C) 25. A small bulb (assumed to be a point source) is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm. Find out the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge. Take the value of the refractive index of water to be 4/3. (Delhi 2013C)Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 26. (a) State the necessary conditions for producing total internal reflection of light. (b) Draw ray diagrams to show how specially designed prisms make use of total internal reflection to obtain inverted i of the object by de and (ii) through 180°, 27. Define total essential condi (S marks) 28. Under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light observed ? Obtain the relation between the critical angle of incidence and the refractive index of the medium, (3/5, Delhi 2019) 29. Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fibre optics. (2/5, Delhi 2011) age ig rays (i) through 90° (AL 20110) nternal reflection. State its (Delhi 2010) 9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses (1. mark) 30. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What is the nature of the lens? (Delhi 2015) 31. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason. (AI2014) 32. A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refractive index of the material of the sphere is 3. Air (Foreign 2014) 203 33, When red light passing through a convex lens is replaced by light of blue colour, how will the focal length of the lens change? (AI 2013C) 34. Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive index act as a plane glass sheet when immersed in a liquid? (Delhi 2012) 35. How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer. (Foreign 2012) 36. ‘Two thin lenses of power ~4 D and 2D are placed in contact coaxially. Find the focal length of the combination (AI2012C) 37. A. glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of refractive index of the liquid? (Delhi 2010) 38. A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens, both the lenses being of equal focal lengths. What is the focal length of the combination? (AI 2010) (2 marks) 39. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a convex lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam at 15 cm from point P. At what point does a beam converge ifthe convex Jens has a focal length 10cm? (AI2019) 40. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm, The image formed is real and three times the size of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the mirror, (al 2019) 41. An equiconvex lens of focal length ‘f is cut into two identical plane convex lenses. How will the power of each part be related to the focal length of the original lens? A double convex lens of +5 D is made of glass of refractive index 1.55 with both faces of equal radii of curvature, Find the value of its radius of curvature, (Foreign 2015) 42. A convex lens of focal length 25 emis placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens offocal length 20 cm. Determine the power ‘of the combination, Will the system be converging or diverging in nature? (Delhi 2013) 43. A convex lens of focal Tength fy is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f, Find the focal length of the combination (AI 2013) 44, A beam of light converges at a point P. A concave lens of focal length 16 cm is placed in the path of this beam 12 cm from P. Draw a ray diagram and find the location ‘of the point at which the beam would now converge. (Delhi 20110) 45. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal length of the lens is 12 em, find the refractive index of the material of the lens. (Delhi 2010) (3 marks) 46. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved along the axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and repeating the experiment, the distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive index of the liquid in terms of x and y. (2018) 47. A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1,55, with both faces of the same radius of curvature. Vind the radius of curvature required, if the focal length ts 20 em, (1/3, AL2017) 49. 51. 52. (GEBEI.CASE Champion Physics Class 12 In the following diagram, an object ‘O" is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens Ly cof focal length 20 cm and the final image is formed at [at a distance of 80 cm from the second lens L;. Find the focal length of the lens 1 22g — (Foreign 2016) ‘A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept at 15 cm from each other. A point object lies 60 cm in front of the convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image by the combination. Determine the nature and position of the image formed. Al 2014 ‘A-convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm at a distance of 30 cm apart from each other. A beam of light coming parallel to the principal axis is incident on the convex lens. Find the position of the final image formed by this combination, Draw the ray diagram showing the formation of the image. (AL 2014) A convex lens of focal length 20 em is placed. coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm. ‘The two are Kept L3 cm apart, A point object is placed 40 em in front of the convex lens, Find the position of the image formed by this combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation (Al 2014) You are given three lenses Ly, Ly and Ly each of focal length 20 cm, An abject is kept at 40 ‘em in front of Ly, ay shown, The final real image is formed at the focus “fof Ly. Bind the separations between L, Ly and Ly.Ray Optics and Optical Instruments nn 2ocm (AI 2012) 53. Define power of a lens, Write its units Deduce the relation thin lenses kept in contact coaxially. (Foreign 2012) 54, Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed on the axis of a convex refracting surface of radius of curvature ‘R, separating the two media of refractive indices ‘m,’ and ‘n,’ (nm, > m): Use this diagram to deduce the relation T_T aT where u and v represent vu respectively the distance of the object and the image formed. (Delhi 2012C) 55. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33. (a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases? (b) How will its focal length change in the two media? (AI 2011) 56. With the help of suitable ray diagram, derive a relation between the object distance (u), image distance (v) and radius of curvature (R) for a convex spherical surface, when aray of light travels from rarer to denser medium. (Delhi 20110) 57. Anilluminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the focal length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size of the object. (AI 2010) (5 marks) 58. Three lenses of focal lengths +10 cm, -10.cm and +30 cm are arranged coaxially as in the figure given below. Find the position of the final image formed by the combination. 205 410m 10cm + 30cm 30 em Sem 1em (2/5, Delhi 2019) 59. (a) Using the ray diagram for a system of two. lenses of focal lengths f, and f; in-contact with each other, show that the two lens system can be regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, where Be fh f Also write the relation for the equivalent power of the lens combination. (b) Determine the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in the figure. fe#10,-10, 430m ee i Sem 10cm (Al 2019) 60. (a) Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices m and ny of two media and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface. Consider the object to be a point source lying on the principle axis in rarer medium of refractive index m, and a real image formed in the denser medium of refractive index 1. Hence, derive lens maker's formula. (b) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. ‘The distance of light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed ? (AI2016) 61. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two thin convex lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this combination in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses. (2/5, AI 2015)206 62. (a) A point object ‘O' is kept in a medium of refractive index n, in front of a convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second medium of refractive index 1, from the first one, as shown in the figure. Draw the ray diagram =m showing the image ~goie-{-ye—™ formation and deduce the relationship between the object distance and the image distance in terms of m,n and R. (b)_ (i) When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave spherical surface separating the medium m, from n, (ry > m), draw this ray diagram and write the similar (similar to (a)) relation. (ii) Hence obtain the expression for the lens maker's formula. (Delhi 2015) 63. Drawaray diagram showing the formation of the image by a point object on the principal axis of a spherical convex surface separating two media of refractive indices n, and 1, when a point source is kept in rarer medium of refractive index n,. Derive the relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium and radius of curvature of the surface. Hence obtain the expression for lens-maker’s formula in the case of thin convex lens. (Delhi 20140) 64. (a) A point object is placed in front of a double convex lens (of refractive index =n,/n, with respect to air) with its spherical faces of radii of curvature R, and Ry. Show the path of rays due to refraction at first and subsequently at the second surface to obtain the formation of the real image of the object. Hence obtain the lens-maker's formula for a thin lens. (b) A double convex lens having both faces of the same radius of curvature has refractive index 1.55. Find out the radius of curvature of the lens required to get the focal length of 20cm. (AI 2014C) 65. Obtain lens makers formula using the expression mm _Oa=m) vu CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Here the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index (n,) to a denser medium of refractive index (1) is incident ‘on the convex side of spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R. (Delhi 2011) 66. Figure shows a convex spherical surface with centre of curvature C, separating the two media of refractive indices m, and 7. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image of a point object O lying on the principal axis. Derive the relationship between the object and image distance in terms of refractive indices of the media and the radius of curvature R of the surface 7 RT (3/5, Delhi 2010C) 9.6 Refraction through a Prism (mark) 67. How does the angle of minimum deviation of aglass prism vary, ifthe incident violet light is. replaced by red light? Give reason. (AI 2017) 68. Write the relationship between angle of incidence ‘i, angle of prism ‘A’ and angle of minimum deviation §,, for a triangular prism. (Delhi 2013) (2 marks) 69. A ray PQ incident 4 normally on the refracting 7 face BA is refracted in gy the prism BAC made of of refractive Complete the 8 path of ray through the prism. From which face will the ray emerge? Justity your answer. (Al 2016) 70, ‘Two monochromatic rays oflight are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-angled prism ABC. The reftactive indices of the glass prism for the two rays “V’ and ‘2’ are respectively 1.33 and 1.45. ‘Trace the path of these rays after entering the prism,Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 7. ™ ® ‘ (AN 2014) Figure shows @ ray: of light pasting through fe prism. If the refracted ray QR is parallel to the base BC, show that (i) r= 7) = AM2. (i) angle of minimum deviation, Dy, = 21-4 (Foreign 2014) ‘Three rays of light, red (R), green (G) and blue (B), are incident on the face AB of a right angled prism, as shown in the figure. “The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue are 1.39, 1.44 ‘and 1.47 respectively, Which one of the ‘three rays will emerge out of the prism? Give ‘reason to support your answer. = ” & (Foreign 2013) ‘A ray of light, incident on an equilateral ylass prism (1, = 13) moves parallel to the base une of the prism inside it, Find the angle of ancadence lor this ray (Della 2012) Trace the path of » ray of Ligat passing soy « yas prison (ABC) a» shown in the figure If the refractive index of glass is /3, nd out of the value of the angle of emergence {rom the prism o ‘ (Foreign 2012) 2 75. ‘The following table gives the values of the angle of deviation, for different values of the angle of incidence, for a triangular prism famphe of | 33° | ae [ a2" [52° [oor [71"] | tneidence | b | | Angle of Tor 0 | wl wr (LDevieton | kk. Li J (a) For what ealue of the angle of incidence. ie the angle of emergence likely to be expual to the angle of incidence itvelf? (b) Draw a ray diagram, showing the paeeage of 4 ray of light throngh this prism when the angle of incidence has the above value (Dethe 20100) BENE 3 mares) 76. (a) Plot a graph for angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence for + triangular prism (b) Derive the relation for the refractive index of the prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and angle of prism. Ai 2019) 77. The igure shows a ray of light tailing normaily on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism 3 having refractive index ~. places un water of refractive index : Will this ray watfer ‘otal internal reflection on striking the face AC? Justify your anower. (4 20nd) TH. (1) Arayof hght inciahent on face AB of an equilateral plas pevum, shows miniman deviation of f° \. BO" Cals ulate the ypewst ‘of tight through the prion (4) Pind the angle of inctdwace at face AB ¥0 that the conergent ray graze along the fase AC (Deis 2017)208 79. Three rays (I, 2, 3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles right angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47 and 1.52 respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get only refracted from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of necessary calculations. A as ()—>—_ @—+—_] @—+>—_ Bl 4c (Foreign 2016) 80. Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light entering through a triangular glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and angle of the prism. (AI 2012C) HEE (5 marks) 81. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum 3 deviation when the angle of incidence is > of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism, (2/5, Al 2017) (i) Plot a graph to show variation of the angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence for light passing through a prism. Derive an expression for refractive index of the prism in terms of angle of minimum deviation and angle of prism. (ii) A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is totally reflected as +}>-——+ shown in figure. What must be the minimum value of refractive index of glass ? Give relevant calculations. (3/5, Delhi 2016) 82. CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 83. (a) A ray PQ of light is incident on the face AB of a glass prism ABC (as shown in the figure) and emerges out of the face AC. Trace the path of the ray. Show that Zit LZe=ZLA+Z6 where § and ¢ denote the angle of deviation and angle of emergence respectively i t Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence. State the condition under which Z8is minimum. (b) Find out the relation between the refractive index (1) of the glass prism and ZA for the case when the angle of prism (A) is equal to the angle of minimum deviation (5,,). Hence obtain the value of the refractive index for angle of prism A= 60°, (Ar2015) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation. (3/5, Delhi 2011) (i) A ray of monochromatic light is incident on one of the faces of an equilateral triangular prism of refracting angle A. Trace the path of ray passing through the prism. Hence, derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of the prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and its refracting angle. (i) Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on the right angled prism abe at face ab. ‘The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are respectively 1.39, 144 and 1.47. Trace the paths of these rays reasoning out the difference in their behaviour. 85.Ray Optics and Optical Instruments B o—>—_ r—>—_| 6 451 N\c (Foreign 2011) 9.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight (1 mark) 7 86. Why does sun appear red at sunrise and sunset? (AI 2016, Foreign 2015) 87. Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky? (AI2015) 88. Why does the sky appear blue? (Foreign 2010) 89. Under what condition does a rainbow is observed? (AI2010C) HEN 02 marks) 90. Write the conditions for observing a rainbow. Show by drawing suitable diagrams, how one understands the formation of a rainbow. (AI 2014C) 91. The bluish colour predominates in clear sky. why? (Delhi 2010) 9.9 Optical Instruments WSN 2 marks) 92. Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope when the final image is formed at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope has short focal lengths? Explain. (Delhi 2017) 93. Why should the objective of a telescope have large focal length and large aperture? Justify your answer, (Delhi 2017) 94. You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece. (AI 2015) vr. 209 95. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects in normal adjustment? If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens? (AI 2015) 96. Draw a schematic arrangement ofa reflecting telescope (Cassegrain) showing how rays coming from a distant object are received at the eye-piece. Write its two important advantages over a refracting telescope. (Delhi 2013C) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two advantages over the refracting telescope. (AI2012) 98. Explain why both the objective and the xp! y i eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths. (A12012C) ERNIE (3 marks) - 99. Drawa labelled ray diagram ofan astronomical telescope in the near point adjustment position, A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m and an eyepiece of focal length 1.0 cm. If this telescope is used to view the Moon, find the diameter of the image of the Moon formed by the objective lens. The diameter of the Moon is 3.48 x 10° m, and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 x 10* m, (Delhi 2019) 100. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation of a distant object by a refracting telescope. Write the expression for its angular magnification in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses used. State“the important Considerations required to achieve large resolution and their consequent limitations. (AI 2019) 101.(@) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation ofimage by a reflecting telescope. (©) Write two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. (AI2017)210 102. (a) Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation of theimage by anastronomical telescope in normal adjustment. (©) You are given the following three lenses, Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give reason, Lenses - Power(D) | Aperture (em) | (AI 2017) 103. (a) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope, (b) You are given the following three lenses, Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct a compound microscope? Lenses | Power(D) | Aperture (cm) Ly, 3 8 cm 6 1 | Lb 10 1 | (2/3, AI 2017) 104. Draw a schematic ray diagram of reflecting telescope showing how rays coming from a distant object are received at the eye-piece. Write its two important advantages over a refracting telescope. (Delhi 2016) 105. (i) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. Ifan eye Piece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope? (ii) Ifthistelescopeis used to view themoon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 x 10° m and the radius oflunar orbit is 3.8 x 10m. (Delhi 2015, AI 2011) 106. Which two of the following lenses 1, L», and L; will you select as objective and eyepiece for constructing best possible (i) telescope (ii) microscope? Give reason to support your answer. CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Lens | Power (P)_ | Aperture (A) | 4 6D] -tem Ly 3D | Bem [4 [10 lem (Delhi 2015C) 107.(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of a final image by a compound Microscope at least distance of distinct vision, (b) The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is focussed on a certain object. The distance between the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 cm. If least distance of distinct vision is 20 em, calculate the focal length of the objective and the eye piece. (Delhi 2014) 108. (i) Draw a schematic labelled ray diagram ofa reflecting type telescope. (@) Write two important advantage justifying why reflecting type telescopes are preferred over refracting telescopes. Li) ‘The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (compared to the eyepiece). Why? Give reasons, (Foreign 2013) 109.(a) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0 cm. Find the magnifying Power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when (i) the telescope is in norm: Gi) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct Vision, b) Also find the separation between the objective lens and the eye piece in normal adjustment, (AI 20130) 110. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope when the final image is formed at the ‘al adjustment, near point, (Al 20120) 111, Two convex lenses of focal length 10 cm and 1m constitute a telescope. The telesco is focussed on a point which is Im. : ol away from, the objective. Calculate the m, agnificationRay Optics and Optical Instruments produced and the length of the tube, if the final image is formed at a distance of 25 em from the eyepiece, (Dethi 20110) 112. (a) (i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram fof an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. Gi) Explain briefly its working. (b) An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1D. What is its ‘magnifying power in normal adjustment? (AI 2010) 113.(i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a compound microscope. Explain briefly its working. (ii), Why must both the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths? (AI 2010) 114, Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain), Write two important advantages that the reflecting telescope has over a refracting type. (Foreign 2010) 115. Explain, with the help of a ray diagram, the working of an astronomical telescope. “The magnifying power of a telescope in its normal adjustment is 20. If the length of the telescope is 105 cm in this adjustment, find the focal lengths of the two lenses. (AI 20100) (5 mark) 116. Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. (1/5, 2018) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying power, Youare given threelenses of power 0.5 D, 4D and 10 D to design a telescope. (a) Which lenses should he use as objective and eyepiece ? Justify your answer. (b) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large ? (12016) 118, (i) Draw a labelled schematic ray diagram of astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. 120. 121. 122. 123, an (ii) Which two aberrations do objectives of refracting telescope suffer from? How are these overcome in reflecting telescope? (Foreign 2016) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation of a distant object by a refracting tclescope, Define its magnifying power and write the two important factors considered to increase the magnifying power. Describe briefly the two main limitations and explain how far these can be minimized ina reflecting telescope. (Foreign 2015) (a) Draw a ray diagram showing image formation in a compound microscope. Define the term ‘limit of resolution’ and name the factors on which it depends. How is it related to resolving power of a microscope? (b) Suggest two ways by which the resolving power of a microscope can be increased (©) ‘A telescope resolves whereas a microscope magnifies? Justify this statement. (Foreign 2015) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Obtain expression for total magnification when the image is formed at infinity. (3/5, AI 2015 ) (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope to show the image formation of a distant object. Write the main considerations required in selecting the objective and eyepiece lenses in order to have large magnifying power and high resolution of the telescope. (b) A compound has an objective of focal length 1.25 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5 cm, A small object is kept at 2.5 cm from the objective. If the final image formed is at infinity, find the distance between the objective and the eyepiece. (Foreign 2014) microscope Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by acompound mictoscope, Hence obtain expression for total magnification when the image is formed at infinity. (3/5, Delhi 2013)212 124, Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write the expression for it. Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type telescope. (AI 2013) 125. Define magnifying power of a telescope Write its expression, Asmall telescope hasan objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eye piece of focal length Sem. Ifthis telescope is used to view a 100m high tower 3 km away, find the height of the final image when it is formed 25 cm away from the eye piece, (Delhi 2012) 126. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope? The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in order to 1. of a concave mirror, the image formed is real and magnified. 2: L iq <{ P <{ M M (@) &) From figure, focal length of lens = OP = 20 cm 1 3. From mirror formula, 1 v f Now fora coneave mirror, [<0 and for an object on ‘Sfthe left of the mirror, u <0 1 u Z 11 * Uf-s- afcucf af uF th 2 sal a f When an object is placed between f and 2f CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 obtain an angular magnification of 30 in hormal adjustment. (Delhi 2012) 127. Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope, Deduce an expression for the total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point. In a compound microscope, an object is Placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the Objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the near point, estimate the magnifying power of the microscope. (Delhi 2010) 128. Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope. Why should both the objective and the eyepiece have small focal lengths ina microscope? (2/5, Delhi 2010C) 129. Write any two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. (2/5, Delhi 2010C) ‘This implies that v < 0 so that image is formed on left. Also the above inequality implies 2f>v or 2] < || ( 2fand v are negative] ‘ies the real image is formed beyond 2f 4 (i) 4 M dD (ii) Position of image unchanged and intensity will decrease, F(t) Iaplane or a convex mirtoris placed ij the path of rays converging to a point, the rays get rellected to a point in front of the mirror Rest image can be obtained on a screen, N will remain same/ of imageRay Optics and Optical Instruments Real (b) The convex mirror is used as side view mirrors in vehicles as it gives a wide field of view of the traffic. 6. (a) Figure shows the formation of image A’B’ of a finite object AB by a convex mirror. (b) Now, AABP~ AA’B’P A‘B’ _ PB’ AB PB Applying the new Cartesian sign convention, A'B' = hy, AB = hn, PB! = v, PB=-u One would naturally think that image will be half of the object, but taking the laws of reflection to be true for all points of the mirror, the image will be of the whole object. However,asithe area of the reflecting surface has reduced, the intensity of the image will be dim. 8. (a) Here, R=- 20cm, f=R/2=-10cm 2 (image is real) ject distance, v = image distance 213 v m= -—=9v=2u u 11 1 Using mirror formula, + +—=— viu Agha s uw 10 2u 10 u=-15em Hence, v = 2u = -30em (b) For convex mirror: f>0,u<0 v>0 This implies that image of object placed in front of a convex mirror is always formed behind the mirror which is virtual in nature. 9. (a) The formation of the image of the cell phone is shown in figure. The part which is at R will be imaged at R and will be of the same size, ie. QR = QR. The other end P of the mobile phone is highly magnified by the concave mirror. ‘Thus the different parts of the mobile phone are magnified in different proportions because of their different locations from the concave mirror. (b)_ Refer to answer 7. 10, (a) Refer fo answer 3. (b) Refer to answer 8(b). (©) From mirror formula, For a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object located between the pole and focus of a concave mirror, f C= 413° Critical angle, 1 19. Given : wavelength in air, 2, =589nm _ 5.89 x 107 m Refractive index of water f= 133 speed of light in vacuum, c= 3 x 10" m/s frequency, y= 8 = 2510 ls 5.09310! He 5.89107 m (cr speed in air ~ ¢) Now, speed of light in water, v= —— Hy 8 = 2X10 mls _ 9 2605%10" m/s 1.33 Wavelength in water, i,, = v 5.891077 m 1337 7443x107 m ‘Thus, for the refracted light Wavelength, 2, = 4.43 x 107 m Frequency, v = 5.09 x 10" Hz and Speed, v= 2x 10° m/s 20. When the light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, its frequency remains unchanged bbut wavelength decreases. Its because, frequency is an inherent property of light. Since energy of a photon of light is Mv, its energy will remain the same, 21. Essential conditions for total internal reflection: (i) Light should travel from a denser medium to rarer medium, (li) Angle of incidence in denser medium should be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media in contact, 22, (a) Refer toanswer 21 a 1 (0) “Hy = yer Wheve d and b are the rarer and denser media respectively and C is the h critical angle for the given pair of optical media,Ray Optics and Optical instruments 23. Radius, 24. ‘The angle of incidence in denser medium for which the angle of refraction in rarer medium is 20" is called the critical angle (j) for the pair of media, 25. The light rays starting. from bulb can pass through the surface if angle of incidence at surface is less than or equal to critical angle (C) for water air interface. If h is the depth of bulb from the surface, the light will emerge only through a circle of radius r given by r s 2 Area of water surface = 1 2 = 2080) om? 7.33)" =1 217 26. (a) Refer to answer 21 (b) () To deviate a ray of light through 90°: co A totally reflecting prism is used to deviate the path of the ray of light through 90°, when it is inconvenient to view the direct light. In Michelsonis method to find velocity of light, the direct light from the octagonal mirror is avoided from direct viewing by making use of totally reflecting prism, (ii) To deviate a ray of light through 180°: When the ray of light comes to meet the hypotenuse face BC at right angles to it, it is refracted out of prism as such along the path RS. The path of the ray of light has been turned through 180° due to two total internal reflections, 27. (i) When light passes from an optically denser medium toa rarer medium at the interface, under certain conditions the incident light can be made to be reflected back into the same medias Without any loss of intensity, This phenomenon ia called total internal reflection, (ii) Refer to answer 21, 28. Essential conditions for total internal reflection (Light should be travel from a denser medium toa rarer medium. (ii) Angle of incidence in denser medium should be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media in contact, Relation between refractive index and critical angle When i=C, r= 90° From Snelfs law, jy sinC =, sin90° =, « 1 Me ay, -—! Hy sinC218 29. Optical fibre is made up of very fine quality glass or quartz of refractive index about 1,7. Alightbeam incident on one end ofan: optical fibre at appropriate angle reftacts into the fibre and undergoes repeated total internal reflection. This is because the angle of incidence is greater than critical angle. The beam of light is received at other end of fibre with nearly no loss in intensity. ‘To send a complete image, the age of different portion is send through separate fibres and_ thus a complete image can be transmitted through an optical fibre. cladding = 1.5 glass core w= 17 30. Focal length of a concave lens is negative. Using lens maker's formula, 5 fe “Yr ms fF \Ym RR Here, y= 1.5, Hyy = 1.65 ‘Also, PE <1,s0 { HL -1 | is negative and focal Brn Ho length of the given lens becomes positive. Hence, it behaves as a convex lens. 31. The Jens will act as a diverging lens as the refractive index of water is greater than that of lens. 32, From Snelflaw, we have; 2 sin(r) ALA, i= 60% p= V3 Now, sin(r) = sn) sin(60°) _1 = sinlt)= => oi 2 o 72 30° 33, Focal length of the lens decrease when red light is replaced by blue light. CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 34. When the refractive index of the biconvex lens isequalto the refractive index of the liquid in which lens is immersed then the biconvex lens behaves as aplane glass sheet. In this case, + =O or f+ 1 1 1 35. know —=("-)] 7-- 3 5 Weknow pth na) 1 s (u-D ‘The increase in refractive index would result in decrease of focal length of lens. Hence, we can say that replacing red light with violet light, decreases the focal length of the lens used. and Hy > He 36. Net power P= P, +P,=-4+2=-2D Focal length f= 1 =+.m=-05m = -50cm Pp -2 37. The value of refractive index of the liquid is 1.45. 38. f,={ (for converging lens), Jo=~f (for diverging lens) Focal length of their combination is ‘2 cee detest Fh fh 39. f= 10cm, u= 15 cm, v=? 30 “w => x=lem Distance of object from the mirror, x = 10 em. 41. (i) ‘The focal length of original equiconvex lens is f.Ray Optics and Optical instruments Let the focal length of each part after cutting be F. (ii) From lens maker formula, we have 1 1 rt of RR ) where P= Power of lens = +5 D efractive index of the lens = 1.5 Ry = Radius of curvature of first face (+Ve) R, = Radius of curvature of second face (~ve) Given: Ry =R)=R 7 1 + 2 -»(4-+) 5=(1.55-1) (2) 5 Re (155-0) R s(2}=e 055%? _, R=022m R 5 ‘The radius of curvature of the lens is 22 em. 42. Given that focal length of convex lens, P = 55 (fi = + 25 cm and focal length of concave lens, A Equivalent focal length, tox FR m Fi Power of the combination, P= —!_ = 1. _ Fm) -Im “The focal length of the combination= 1 m = 100m. ‘The system will be diverging in nature as the focal length is negative. For convex lens rime 1 ses-- oni) f u 219 For concave lens (ii) Ta + 44. Given, in the absence of the lens the rays converge at P. If the lens is place at O, then the distance OP is the object distance of virtual object atP. u=l2cem,f=- 16cm = = = v=48cm v 12 16 Thus, the beam converges at a distance 48 cm from the lens or 48 ~ 12 = 36 cm after P. 48 em—__> 45. Here R; = 10 cm, Ry=~15em,j Using lens formula, we have “fit Wel 46, Clearly, equivalent focal length of equiconvex lens and water lens, f= x220 Focal length of equiconvex lens f, = y Focal length f, of water lens is given by 1 iaiiit ae ff fh x yoy xy a ‘The water lens formed between the plane mirror and the equiconvex lens is a planoconcave lens, For this lens, R,=-RandR, =0 Using lens maker's formula, i 1 t daft fae li | or or or 1.55, f= 20cm (let) For double convex lens as R, > 0 and R, <0 So, Ry = Rand R ‘Using lens maker's equation, 1 1 1 7g} “Sa Fross-a(t +t) 20 RR f=ossx2 20 R => R=055x2x20cm=22cm “The radius of curvature is 22 cm, 48. As per the figure, The image formed by lens L; is at P. ‘Therefore, using lens formula = vow As per the parameters given in the question w= 15em,f,, = 20cm So, the image distance will be CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Now, this image is acting as an object for the lens 1, We can again use the lens formula and other parameters given in the question and question figure to find the focal length of lens L. nape tte % % Sf, Here, up, = v + (20) = - 60 - 20 = - 80 cm 0c a Ii, fiz = 40cm So, the focal length of the lens L, = 40 cm. u=~60cm, gives v= +30.cm For the convex mirror u=+(30- 15) m= 15 em, me vu f Final image is formed at the distance of 30 cm from the convex mirror (or 45 cm from the convex Jens) to the right of the convex mirror, The final image formed isa virtual image, gives v= +30.cm 50. Let us first locate the ii object $ formed by the convex u=-s0cmand f= 20cm mage of the point lens. Here From the lens formula, we have: 4 14 v = Wan” * Gem The image 1, is formed in front of the mirror and hence, acts as a real source for the mirror. ‘The concave mirror forms the image I, For the concave mirror, u = ~ 30 cm and f=-10 cm Using mirror formula, Hence, the final images formed at I,atadistance of 15 cm from the concave mirror. — 15 em (50/3) em | on For the lens u u =~ 40 cm, f= +20 cm. This gives y= + 40 cm “This image acts as a (virtual) object for the convex mirror 2. u=(+40-15)cm= 25cm Also s=+2 cm=+10em From ‘We get y= 2am = 16.67 cm ‘The final image is, therefore formed at a distance 0 of 16.67 cm (- cm) to the right of the convex mirror. 221 {ata distance of 31.67 cm ( 2 cm] to the right of the convex lens. 52. Forlens L, For Ly tad Sow 4s uy =2, f= + 20m, v5 = 20cm aa 20 20 w= It shows that L, must render the rays parallel to the common axis. It means that the image (I,), formed by L,, must be at a distance of 20 cm from L; (at the focus of L,) ‘Therefore, distance between L, and L, (= 40 + 20) = 60 cmand distance between L, and L; can have any value. bb 53. Power of lens length of a lens. It is the reciprocal of focal 1 P=— (fisin metre) F F Unit of power of lens : Dioptre AB un ae An object is placed at point O. The lens A produces aan image at I, which serves as a virtual object for lens B which produces final image at I Given, the lenses are thin, The optical centres (P) of the lenses A and B coincide with each other. For lens A, we haveey i) For lens B, we have 1 vy Adding equations (i) and (ji ae Aili) f efi) If two lenses are considered as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f; then li Tati (iv) From equation (ii) and equation (iv), we can write at PRE 54, Refraction at convex spherical surface When object is in rarer medium and image formed is real. men InAOAG i=a+y and in AAIC,y=r+B or r=y-B sini j§ a+y i Ys law 4 By Snell aw 'n, = 2 £ faa or my—n,p=na+ny or (ny-mY=mo+ nf oni) As a, B andy are small and P and N lie close to each other, AN _ AN , em tang = SN, AN $0, awtna= 2595 AN or alii) PC PO. PI where, PC= + R, radius of curvature CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 PO =~ u, object distance PL= + v, image distance ny =n So This gives formula for refraction at spherical surface when object is in rarer medium. 55. Here, “jt, = 15 Let fi be the focal length of the lens in air, ‘Then, or (4-2) oe ~@ RR) fair (i) When lens is dipped in medium A Here, “4 = 1.65 Let fa be the focal length of the lens, when dipped in medium A. Then, 1 A > Asay de i. G R Using the equation (i), we have As the sign of fy is opposite to that of f,, the lens will behave as a diverging lens. Gi) When lens is dipped in medium & Here, “jy = 1.33 Let fy be the focal length of the len: in medium B, Then, ss When dipped (: Using the equation (i), we have I 15 }e a Jp M133 fair VI3fy OF fy= 391 fy As the sign of fy is same as that of behave asa converging eng, "th ens wil 56. Refer to answer 54, arrRay Optics and Optical Instruments 57. Asthe image of the objectis formed by the lens fon the screen, therefore the image is rea Let the object is placed at a distance x from the lens. As the distance between the object and the screen is 90 cm, Therefore the distance of the image from, the lens is (90 x). According to new Cartesian sign conventions, w=-xv=+ (90-2) Magnification m= + w=-30cm, v= 60cm Let fbe focal length of the lens. According to thin lens formula 6 2 4 1 i. aria ae 60 30 f f=+20cm A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is required. 58, Forlens L,: 4 v where, f= + 10cm oe vy, 10 30 2 — = y =15cm y% 30 1 For lens Ly: v, = 15cm, u= 10cm, Position of final image, fo Lat op yy fu 10 10 = v=o 2 For third lens Ly object is at infinity, hence final image is formed at focus of L, at a distance of 30cm. 59. (a) Refer to answer 53. (b) Refer to answer 58. 223 60. (a) Refer to answer 54. For refraction at spherical surface XP, ¥, object is at O and image is at I’ So, object distance is u and image distance is ¥. Also, ray of light is travelling from rarer medium (m) to denser medium (n,) =m mon So, (i) Roovou For refraction at spherical surface XP,Y, point I” behaves as virtual object and image is formed at [ Also, ray of light is travelling from denser medium (ny) to rarer medium (7) mom mom 7, Tu (ii) Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), we get Jat | ae vuln RR cae When the object is at infinity, light rays incident on lens are parallel and are converged at common, point on principal axis known as principal focus Foflens, So, when w= —<° then v = + f (focal length) Clb ‘This gives the “Lens maker's formula” when the lens of glass of refractive index n is placed in any medium of refractive indéx m, (b) R= 20cm, ny = 1.5, 0) (iv) 1 100 40 100 200 v.20 200 or v= > x 15 = 100em So, a real image is formed on the other side, 100 cm away from the surface.224 61. @ Consider two lenses placed close to each other. The focal lengths of lens A and B is f; and f, respectively. For lens A, For lens B, tiselonpes vv F ii) Adding (i) and (ii), 1h, SIE 62. (a) Refer to answer 54. (b) (i) Relationship between the object distance and image distance in terms of m, ny and R for a concave spherical surface. my ny. R (ii) Refer to answer 60 (a). 63. Refer to answer 60 (a). From (iii) and (iv), we have |CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Hence, this is the required expression for lens- marker’s formula for the thin lens. 64. (a) Refer to answer 60 (a). 1 1 2 &) Faq-vf tt (an) Here f= 20 cm, 11 = 1.55, R, 1 7 1 2 55 =(1.55-1)] —+— | or — =0.55x— 20 (F i or R=055x2x20=22cm. 65. Refer to answer 60 (a). 66. Refer to answer 54, 67. *> Mea? Anes and AoeL + Heed © Hyiotet ‘ s(n) ps2 wsiotr > Bm)eed (A sins 68. The relation between the angle of incidence #, angle of prism A, and the angle of minimum deviation 8,, for a triangular prism is given by, A+B, “Saat 69. Ray will emerge from the face AC As sinh Here sin i,=1/1.5=0.67, i, =42° Zion face AC is 30° which is less than Zi,. Hence the ray will get refracted at the face AC. 70. Critical angle for ray‘: p, =—! sinc,ay Optics and Optical Instruments Both the rays will fall A onthe side AC with angle of incidence, i equal to fis 45°. Critical angle of ray ‘I’ is greater than i Hence, it’ will emerge from the prism as shown in the figure, Gfitical/angle of ray 2’ i less than i. Hence, it will be internally reflected as shown in the figure. 71. (i) When QRis parallel to the base BC, we have ize n=n We know that ntn=Asrtrsa r=Al2 (ii) Also, we have A+D=ite Substituting, D = D,, and i= e AtDy=it mn Dy = 2i~ 72. Critical oe for (Red lightis sinc, or =46° (ii) Green light is sin or =44a° 1 iii) Blue light is sine, = = 0.6802 (Gi) Blue lights sine, = or @=43° As angle of incidence i = 45° of red light ray on face AC is less that its critical angle of 46°, so red light ray will emerge out of face AC. A Bo Go R> 73. Here, te = V3 Angle of prism, A = 60° 225 Since inside the prism the light moves parallel to theb fore the prism is under the minimum dev AO ay According to the Snell’ law, Hsin’ = pisinr ()xsini = V3sin30° sini! At the interface AC, By Snell’ law sin sinr on, But sin i At the interface AB, Applying Snell’ law sin30°_ 7, sine ny e= 60° 75. (a) Since 3=1+ 854 ‘The angle of incidence is likely to be equal to 52° = v3sin30° => (b) Using the equation 8 =i+e-A 40° = 52° + e - 60° => e = 48° 76, (a) If graph is plotted between angle of incidence i and angle of deviation §, it is found that the angle of deviation 8 first decreases with increase in angle of incidence i and then becomes minimum ‘6,’ when i increase in angle of incidence i, Fi path of a ray of light suffering refraction through a prism of refracting angle ‘A’(b) At minimum deviation, the inside beam travels parallel to base of the prism, (i) --(ii) So, angle of incidence using equation (i) A+, 2 Now refractive index of the material of prism . (2) sin a, _sini 2 2 =. ae Sine a 2 where A is the “refracting angle” of the prism and A = 60° for an equiangular prism, angle of refraction r -4 77. Critical angle for the given pair of media “| sino, = 8-089 9 Now, sin 60° (HEZED CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 On face AC, angle of incidence is less than that of critical angle, so there will be no total internal reflection. 78. (i)'The refractive index of the material of prism, [1] sin eo) A sin 2 Given : A = 60°, 8, = 30° sin45°_ 1 we ee ye 2 3x10% =2.12%10'mst c 1414 (ii) E 79. Refer to answer 72, 80. Refer to answer 76, 81. For equilateral prism A = 60° For minimum angle of deviation, ise=A45,, i= A 2x3A . fe A= A+ by 60Ray Optics and Optical Instruments . 2 " (‘) sin 2 (4) sin Om we pe hed? 7071 ag (3) sin30° 0.5, sin[ © weal ¢ _3x108 - ya fa 3X10 5 1216x108 ms A a4 82. (i) Refer to answer 76, Gi) At point B, for total internal reflection, wsini21 83. Refer to answer 76. 84. Refer to answer 76. 85. (i) Refer to answer 76. (ii) Refer to answer 72. 86. During sunrise or sunset, the sun is near the horizon. Sunlight has to travel a greater distance, so shorter waves of blue region are scattered away by the atomsphere, red waves of longer wavelength are least scattered and reach the observer. So the sun appears red. 87. ‘The amount of scattering as per Rayleigh’s law depends upon wavelength. 1 Scattering x As hy m=-10 113. (i) Compound microscope is used to see extremely small objects. It consists of two lenses. Objective lens of short aperture and short focal length f,. Eye lens of large aperture and short focal length f,. For ray diagram of a compound microscope, Refer to answer 103(a). Working : A real, inverted and enlarged image AB’ of a tiny object AB, is formed by objective. Bye lens is so adjusted that A’B’ lies between its optical centre and principle focus F,..A virtual and. magnified image A”B” (erect w.r.t, A’B’ ) is formed by the eye lens. (ii) Both, the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope should have short focal lengths to have greater magnif ‘magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by “ile: fe232 where length of microscope tube least distance of distinct vision, 114, Refer to answer 96. 115. Refer to answer 112(a). Numerical Here m = 20, L = 105 cm, fy=?, f = 20f, = 2=f fe fe AlsoL=105 = fy +f,=105 20f.+ f= 105 => 21f,= 105 105 f= yum f= 20f.= 20x 5 = 100 cm Therefore, focal length of objective fy is 100 cm and focal length of eye piece f, is 5 cm. 116. A concave mirror of large aperture has high gathering power and absorbs very less amount of light than the lenses of large apertures. The final image formed in reflecting telescope is very bright. So even very distant or faint stars can be easily viewed. Due to large aperture of the mirror used, the reflecting telescopes have high resolving power. 117. (i) Refer to answer 112 (a) (i). Magnifying power: It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye, by the final image, to the angle which the object subtends at the lens, or the eye. (i) (a): Foratelescope, power of objective =0.5D Power of eyepiece = 10 D ‘This choice would give higher magnification as m= L 118. (i) Refer to answer 112 (a) (i), (ii) Refracting telescope suffer from chromatic and spherical aberrations, Chromatic aberration : ‘The inability of a lens in which image formed by white object is coloured and blurred. ‘This inability of lens to form a clear image is known as chromatie aberration. BEES CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Spherical aberration ; The inability of a lens to form a point image of an object is called spherical aberration. Inthereflecting-typetelescope, the objective lensis replaced by the concave parabolic mirror of a large aperture required for observing fainter objects ‘The use of parabolic mirror makes the resolving power of the telescope high. The parabolic mirrors are free from chromatic and spherical aberrations, 119. When final image is formed at infinity Objective Eye piece When the final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision : Magnifying power of refracting telescope (M) is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by the image (B) at the eye to the angle subtended by the distant object at the unaided eye («), m=8 a We can increase the mage telescope by |. Increasing the focal length of the objective, 2. Decreasing the focal length of eyepiece, ‘Iwo limitations of refractive 1, ‘The lenses used expensive, 2. ‘Thelensesused for making refrac ingtelescope have chromatic aberration and distortions ‘They can be minimised by using ret telescope, which use concave mirro a lens for the objective. Reflecting ty has the following advantages : fying power of telescope are: xt in refractive telescope are tlecting type rather than ype telescopeRay Optics and Optical Instruments 1, They are free from chromatic aberration as mirror is used instead of lens. 2. There is no problem for mechanical support because weight of mirror is much less than the weight of the lens. It can be supported easily. 120. Refer to answer 107 (a). Limit of resolution : ‘The minimum distance between two objects at which they can be seen separately by an optical instrument is known as limit of resolution of the instrument. Limit of resolution depends upon the wavelength of the light used and the cone angle of light rays entering the microscope from the object. Bs | RP of the microscope where, RP is the resolving power and d is the limit of resolution. (b) Resolving power of a microscope can be increased by (i) decreasing the wavelength of light used (i) increasing the diameter of objective lens of the microscope. (©) Through telescope, we see the objects that are at infinite distance from the observer. These objects are already far apart from each other, but due to infinite distance from the observer, they do not appear distinctly. Thus, the telescope resolves these distant objects, so that we can see them distinctly. On the other hand, a microscope magnifies extremely small objects. Thus, one can say that “a telescope resolves whereas a microscope magnifies” 121. When image is formed at infinity the magnifying power of compound microscope is given by 233 Magnification due to objective, my So Angular magnification due to eyepiece, ym, = Total magnification when the final image is formed at infinity, D £2 fo fe Obviously, magnifying power of the compound ‘microscope is large when both f, and f, are small. 122. (a) Refer to answer 112 (a) (i). In order to have a large magnifying power and high resolution of the telescope, its objective lens should have a large focal length and the eyepiece lens should have a short focal length. (b) Distance between the objective and the eyepiece, L = vy + |x) To find vp, we have : Yq = 9 cm and fy = 1.25 cm m=ny xm, or v= 2.5m To find u,, we have : ve=eoand f,=5 cm Calculating using the same formula as above, we 5+ 5=7.5m 123. Refer to answer 121. 124, Refer to answer 119, ‘The magnifying power of a telescope is measured by the ratio of angle (B) subtended by the final image on the eye to the angle (ct) subtended by object on eye. M==4 (normal adjustment) or M=- Afi +h ) (practical adjustment) where fis focal length of the objective and fis the focal length of eye piece. ‘Two limitations of refracting type telescope (SRB234 (ii) Image is not free from chromatic aberration due'to refraction. 125. Refer to answer 119. Here, f, = 150 cm, f,= 5m Angle subtended by 100 m tall tower at 3 km is 100 1 3x1000 30 If his the height of image formed by the objective, then rad ‘Magnification produced by eyepiece mele} (2s Height of final image = hx m,=5x6= 30cm 126. (a) Telescope Microscope 1. | Resolving power | 1. | Resolving power should be higher is not so large but for certain | | the magnification magnification. should be higher. 2.| Focal length of |2. | Both objective and objective should be| | eyepiece should kept larger while] | have less focal eyepiece focal |_| length for better length should. be| | magnification. small for better magnification. | A 3. | Objective should | 3. | Eyepiece should be be oflarge aperture. |__| of large aperture. 4, | Distance between |4. | Distance between objective and| | objective and eyepiece is adjusted |cpepiece is fixed. to focus the object} | For focusing an at infinity. | object. distance lof objective is |_| changed. (b) Here, fo = 1.25 em, f, = 5 em, m = 30 In normal adjustment, image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, D=25cm. lar magnification of eyepiece |CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 me[inz bed) Total angular magnification, m = mM ‘Angular magnification of the objective is a0 Ss m6 [As the objective forms the real image ‘Therefore, the object should be held at 1.5 cm in front of the objective lens. 127. Formation of microscope: A schematic diagram of a compound microscope is shown in figure : image compound by a a tana h/D~ Yo % As the eyepiece acts as a simple microscope, so (" f As the object AB is placed close to the focus F, of the objective, therefore, fy Also image A’ B’ is formed close to the eye lens whose focal length is short, therefore vy = L = the length of the microscope tube or the distance between the two lenses. Here my == 4Ray Optics and Optical instruments mat [42] [for final image at D] fo\ Se Numerical; ug = -1.5 em, fo = 1.25 em, f. = 5 om, D=25em 235 ‘Magnifying power, M = “1 + 2) ty fe = F3(02)- -5(1 +5) = -30 LS § 128.(i) The magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final virtual image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. (ii) Refer to answer 113 (ii). 129. Refer to answer 96 (b). 4444@)y>> | |