TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PULCHOWK CAMPUS

REPORT ON
"INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX"

SUBMITTED BY; SUBMITTED TO;

BHUMI HANG RAI (009) ASST. PROF. RINA BAJRACHARYA
DIPSON KC (012) ASST. PROF DR. ASHIM RATNA BAJRACHRYA
KUSUM KHADKA (018)
MANOJ LAMA (019)
NISCHAL CHAND (022)
ABSTRACT
Being students, we need guidance on every project, which can be given by our elders. Also for our
design report on indoor sports complex our teachers, friends, seniors helped us with completion of the
report. This kind of project needs huge guidance and assistance which we have gotten from valuable
people. Overall, the guidance and support let us for completion of the report and we would thank for
it.
For this project, we are grateful to the IOE Pulchowk Campus and respect Asst. prof. Dr. Asim Ratna
Bajracharya sir for giving an opportunity for the report on the indoor sports complex report. Besides
his excellent teaching, and busy schedule, he had given the guidance and support for the completion
of the project.
We are with great guidance by Ar. Rina Bajracharya, for giving continuous guidance and support
along with correcting us on our mistakes. She has provided valuable time for the completion of our
project's completion. We would also like to be thankful to the sports complex for providing the
valuable time and information as per our demand to carry out the report successfully.

We are also thankful to our two indoor complex staff’s for providing the information on the sports
complex. We are also thankful to our seniors for the guidance and support for the success of the
project. Besides that, we also wanted to thank our friends for the project's completion.

We would like to be thankful to the department of architecture, IOE, for giving us the opportunity to
research the project. We learnt how to design an indoor sports complex with the structure and
planning. However, this project boosted our visual perspective for the indoor sports complex.
Table Of Contents

1. Introduction and History

2. Background of Sports in Nepal
3. Objectives
4. Limitation
5. Methodology
6. Literature Review
Anthropometric Data
6.1 Volleyball
6.2 Futsal
6.3 Swimming Pool
6.4 Components of Indoor Sports Complex
6.4.1 Sports Hall
6.4.2 Five Court Hall
6.4.3 Zoning: Planning For Safety
6.4.4 Changing Rooms:
6.4.5 Storage Lockers:
6.4.6 Spectators Seating:
6.4.7 Acoustics:
6.4.8 Standards and technicalities
7. Surrounding Landscape
8. Lighting
9. Fire Hazard and Safety
10. Materials: Floor, Roof, Ceiling, Structure
11. Structure
12. Construction Technology
13. User Experience
14. Global Trends
15. Fitness And Wellness
16. Accessibility
17. Community Engagement
18. Crowd Control
19. Sustainability
20. Technology Integration
21. Case Studies
21.1. National Case Study
21.1.1.
21.1.2.
21.2. International Case Study
21.2.1.
21.2.2.
22. References

Introduction and History

The indoor sports stadium is a sports facility which has a covered roof in which the games are
played.Indoor sports complexes have become increasingly popular due to their ability to provide year-
round practice and play spaces for various athletic programs. These facilities offer a versatile
environment for a wide range of sports, such as basketball, soccer, tennis, and many others. Investing
in an indoor sports complex can be a game changer for communities and sports organizations,
promoting health and wellness while also creating opportunities for events and tournaments.
Building an indoor sports facility has many advantages. Besides ensuring uninterrupted practice
sessions and games regardless of weather conditions, these complexes can also be designed to cater to
the unique needs of various sports and athletes, offering customized floor layouts, equipment, and
amenities. Furthermore, indoor sports complexes provide economic benefits by attracting sports
tourism, driving revenue for local businesses, and creating employment opportunities.
When planning an indoor sports complex, it is essential to consider factors such as location, size, and
functionality. Taking into account the specific needs of the sports to be hosted, along with the
interests of potential users and the surrounding community, will ultimately contribute to the overall
success and sustainability of the project.

Sports are more than exciting games or competitive challenges. For many individuals, the
ability to play a sport in a safe, clean and controlled environment is an essential part of their
everyday lives. Athletes strive to improve their stats and define their own success. Adults use
recreational pick-up games and club leagues as their source of exercise, stress-relief and
excitement. Children step up to the plate and swing for the fences, hoping to one day live
their dream in the major leagues.
Sports are a priority, and your athletic facility design needs to cater to the importance these
children, women and men place on their performance.
Grand Slam Safety knows the sports facility planning and design process is a difficult task
that requires thorough attention to detail in every corner of the complex. As the sports fencing
solutions that sports complex managers trust, we're here to offer our advice and help you
design an indoor sport facility layout that is versatile, practical and most importantly, safe.

The wide world of sports is getting larger by the day. If there was a "traditional" sports
complex, those limited gymnasiums are far from what is needed and expected now. Sports
complexes are as diverse as their clientele. Basketball, racquetball and court volleyball are
being played next to yoga, dodge ball and mixed martial arts. Soccer, baseball, football and
even golf are moving indoors. Amenities and activities such as tanning beds, rock climbing
walls, dance studios and arcades demand their own space.
There is no longer a distinction between sports you need to offer, programs you could offer
and activities you will want to offer. Athletes and casual fans alike crave variety which means
that the more you can accommodate, the more people will want to use your complex. Instead
of waiting out the winter wishing it was spring, baseball players and golfers can enjoy your
indoor baseball field and golf simulator any time of the year. Consider which sports your
multipurpose facility could offer.
Traditional indoor sports
 Basketball
 Gymnastics
 Racquetball
 Floor and roller hockey
 Handball
 Running
Outdoor-turned-Indoor sports
 Football
 Baseball
 Soccer
 Rock climbing
 Golf
 Rowing
 Softball
 Lacrosse
Additional sports and activities
 Wrestling
 Dancing
 Martial arts and boxing
 Cheerleading
 Cycling
 Roller derby
 Yoga
Additional amenities
 Exercise equipment
 Locker rooms with showers
 Tanning beds
 Therapy pools
 Massage chairs
HISTORY

Not withstanding the primitive quality of the depiction, paintings from the Lascaux caves in France,
which date back approximately 17,300 years, are the earliest known examples of anything
approximating sport. In reality, several of these artefact, many of which show athletes at their most
primitive level, have been discovered throughout the world, including in Mongolia (7000 BC), Egypt
(6000 BC), Sumeria (3000 BC), and even Meso- America (1000 BC).{History of Sport}{Scott
Jonathan Myers,2014.

The timeline below is primarily developed on the basis of readings from {Lyngsgård, 1990},
{Eichberg, 1998}and {Nielsen, 2005}, and provides a total overview of the present section ‘From pre-
sport to modern sport

Evolution of stadium
The earliest Panhellenic stadiums in Greece are where the original legacy of the sports arena begins,
with its old marble stands. The "stadion" (as it was formally renamed in the Roman period) was little
more than an extended circle enclosing a straight track; it received its name from the Olympic single
race before coming to denote the tiers of seating surrounding any playing field, racecourse or stage
{Spampinato}.Roman Colosseum, which was finished in 80 AD, continues to this day to be given the
distinction of most famous stadium i

The different configurations that the stadium has undergone can be split down into five groups or
"generations," as follows: (Spampinato)

1.The First Stadium (pre-1950s)

2.The Equipped Stadium (1950-1980s)
3.The Commercial Stadium (1990s)
4.The Flexible Stadium (late 1990s-2000s)
5.The Urban Icon Stadium (2000s)

Throughout the past 150 years, the stadium's function and perception within the community have
undergone a significant transformation, going from practical to idealistic and everything in between.
But as we approach the next stage of sports architecture, it is abundantly evident that changes are
required if the stadium is to continue to be a viable and sustainable part of the urban fabric.
Background of sports in Nepal

Nepalese people’s passion for sports is immense. The Nepalese people play many sports
at national as well as at international level. The most common sport played in Nepal is
cricket followed by football. The Nepal national cricket team has achieved great things in
comparison to other sports including participation in World Cup (World T20), gaining
the One Day International status and also on individual level cricketer Sandeep
Lamichhane's participation in international leagues. Nepal's national sport is Volleyball -
officially declared on 23 May 2017 (wikipedia.org, n.d.) before then “Dandi-Biyo” was
considered as a national sport.

At this moment, Dashrath Stadium is only the national standard stadium where national
level sports are organized. Recently, the 13th South Asian Games was mainly organized in
Dashrath stadium and Pokhara stadium. Also in this tournament Nepal performed better as
compared to the past tournaments and has bagged 51 gold medals (record in SAG for Nepal),
60 silver medals and 91 bronze medals. But still there is a lot to do as we have seen the proof
Nepal can do much better if there are sufficient sports training sites and facilities available.

Influence of Sports on Human Society

● It teaches us to make a difference in the world on a daily basis
● sports have a special significance for humans.
● Integrity and morality are two values that may be learned via participation in sports.
● Sports may transform the foundation of human civilization by teaching a variety of crucial
values.
● Participating in sports teaches people that social, political, and ethnic barriers do not exist.
Sports are important on a personal level because they motivate people to maintain a healthy
level of activity.
● Sports are essential for boosting a country's economy.
● The world of sports plays a significant role in building a healthier society by bringing people
from all walks of life
Impact of sports facility
1. Health impact: Sport and physical exercise both lower the risk of over 20 diseases, such as
cardiovascular disease and various malignancies. Regular exercise can save health care expenses by
£1,750 to £6,900 per person.
2. Social and cultural impact: Increased participation in sports demonstrates how sport benefits
education by raising achievement levels, reducing absenteeism and dropout rates, and promoting
further education. For instance, young individuals who participate in sport have an average 8%
increase in their numeracy results compared to non-participants. According to other research, sports
programmed designed for young people at risk of criminal behavior can boost self-esteem and lower
re offending
Objectives
The main objective of this design studio is to make students familiar with the design of the long span
structures along with the technology, form development and functionality associated with it. The
design task for this studio includes the design of a sports club that involves the design of an indoor
sports hall, along with other facilities for additional functions. The Indoor sports complex is proposed
for the local community. Sporting events can be a great facilitator for community engagement and
interaction, helping build stronger bonds within the neighborhoods. Community-based sports complex
provide the means of physical fitness, get trained in different sports and avoid boredom to the people
regardless of their age, abilities or backgrounds

Limitation

● Nowadays sports become the major source of income for many people after the involvement
of stakeholders and sponsors but have some cultural and political limitations as well as the
site restriction.

● The sports investment of Nepal is low, affecting the sports industry.

● The indoor sports stadium construction needs a great amount of investment, technology and
skilled manpower which is lacking in Nepal.

● Government policies for the management of development of the sports stadium need
improvement.

Methodology

Sources of the report:

 1. Primary source: web, text books, reports, research papers.
2. Secondary sources : Case study

The required information for the project is gathered through the literature review of
books, reports, articles, research works and other related documents regarding the data
for the project. The theoretical understanding of the project is carried out to know
related issues of the project. For such understanding literature review and case studies
helps a lot.

1. Literature Review

2. Case Studies

Volleyball

Safety run off is minimum 3m on all sides for recreational and club. For national league
play preferred safety run off should be 5m to ends and 4m to sides. For FIVB governed
World/Official competition the safety run off increases to 5m minimum to sides and 8m
minimum to ends.

• Recommended Area: Ground space is 4000 sq ft.

• Size and Dimension: Playing court is 30 X 60 ft plus 6 ft
minimum, 10 ft preferred, unobstructed space on all sides.
• Orientation: Preferred orientation is for the long axis to be north-south.
• Surface and Drainage: Recommended surface for intensive use is to be
bituminous material or concrete, but sand-clay or turf may be used for
informal play Drainage is to be end to end, side to side or corner to corner
at a minimum slope of 1 in. i n 10 ft. (Callender, 1987)
Figure 6-2: Volleyball Court (Callender, 1987)
Futsal

Futsal is not played off walls or rebound

boards and a runoff is a requirement.
Minimum recreational and club court sizes
and runoffs have been adjusted to allow
Futsal to fit into a standard four court Sports
Hall, otherwise the preferred run off of 3m
(required for national and international
play) may be reduced to 2m where space is
limited. No specific minimum height is
given. Height provision is driven by other
sports using the space. Figure 6-3:
Futsal court
• Recommended Area: Ground space is 800sq.m (2625 sq. ft.)
• Size and Dimension: Playing court is 20 X 40m (65x135ft.)
• Run-off enclosed field: 2mx2m to 3mx3m
• Run-off open pitch: 2mx2m (The futsal court, n.d.)
Swimming pool
• For indoor halls swimming pool of 164ft. (50m) length is preferred and
other dimensions are shown in the figure 8.
• Indoor swimming pool shall have a minimum depth in the shallow area
of the main swimming area of not less than 3 ft, nor more than 3 ft 6 in.
from the overflow level to the floor.
• The slope of the floor shall be uniform from the break between the diving
area and the shallow portion to the outside edge of the shallow portion and
shall not be greater than 1 ft of slope in 12 ft. (Callender, 1987)

Figure 6-4: 50-m indoor swimming pool (Callender, 1987)

 1.1 Components of indoor sports complex

1.1.1 Sports hall

The circulation pattern should enforce a sequential progression through the building. The
entrance foyer and reception with social-refreshment area leading on to changing and
toilets, to activity spaces and then back through changing. All the level must be capable
of being accessed by the disabled. Sports wheelchair require 1m. wide door steps so their
access routes must be carefully considered. When locating the building on the site, space
should be allowed for future expansion. The popularity of specific sports and need for
social accommodation will change over the life of the building and past experience
shows that sports dimensional and safety requirements can increase along with user
expectation for better equipped and more comfortable support accommodation.
The hall is a functional space with stipulated quote and safety margin dimensions and with
unobstructed clear height requirements. Surfaces must be flushed and of a consistent color.
Natural lighting invariably contributes to the hall’s ambience. But daylight source
must be concealed or screened for some games such as table tennis and badminton. A
simple and spacious circulation system that is clearly intelligible to the user and
permits easy supervision. A long narrow corridor that might confuse visitors should
be eliminated.

1.1.1 Five Court Hall

The additional space within a 5-court hall allows more activities to take place
consecutively and creates further areas of bookable space. It also allows more sports to
be accommodated, higher levels of competition to be hosted and greater flexibility for
teaching and coaching. The recommended size for this multi-sports hall is nom inally
40.60 x 21.35 x 7.5 m.

Figu
re 6-
Zoning: Planning for safety

Having set to the orientation the next priority is

to plan the position of stadium on the site to start
thinking about the interrelationship of its major
parts; and this is best done by identifying the five
zones which make up the safety plan. The size
and location of these zones are critical to the
performance of the stadium in an emergency and
they are:
Zone one: The playing field.

Zone two: The spectator seating and standing areas.

Zone three: The internal concourses, restaurants,
bars, and other social areas.
Zone four: The circulation area between the stadium
structure and the perimeter fence.
Zone five: The open space outside the perimeter Figure 6-6: Sports Complex
fence Zoning
(Geraint John, 1994)

Figure
6-7:
Spatia
l
patter
n and
1.1.1 Changing rooms:

The design should allow a minimum of 1.6 m2 per person with a 0.5 m bench run for an
accessible open group changing area and shower areas. More space will be required
where cubicles are provided or where dedicated disabled provision is incorporated in
the general area. If there is enough capacity the internal changing can also serve
external pitches with an artificial playing surface, subject to a suitable access route with
hard paving and entrance matting. However, grass pitches must have separate provision
with direct access to and from the field and boot cleaning facilities. Changing areas
often attract criticism in facilities that would otherwise be well received.

• Always use high quality, robust and easily cleaned materials to

give an immediate and lasting impression of hygiene and
cleanliness

• Ceramic tiles need to be used on all wall surfaces in showers and

changing rooms, with slip-resistant ceramic tiles on the floors

• Whenever possible changing areas should be equipped with high

ceilings and roof lighting. Note that clerestory windows and suspended
ceilings are vulnerable to vandalism. (England, 2012)

Figure 6-
8:Changing
rooms and
showers with
minimum
dimensions
 1.1.2 Storage lockers:
The decision on the location of lockers is often dependant on the local situation and user
profile. Lockers in the main corridor can be easily supervised by staff and might help to
deter vandalism, whilst lockers in the changing room are more convenient for users. In
many centres a mixture of both are provided.

• Allow 2.5 times the assessed occupancy levels for changing

• Locate lockers in changing rooms to offer maximum convenience for users

• Typically, manufacturers supply locker units that are 0.5 m deep, 0.3 m
wide and arranged in 1.8 m high columns. These can contain either two
individuals
‘half height’ lockers or a single ‘full height’ locker. There should be a
proportion of both to suit the likely use of the centre. Some should be wider
(say 0.4 m x 1.8 m) to accommodate larger sports bags, children’s buggies and
mobility aids 12.

• Behind bench lockers save space but are inconvenient at times of

peak use. (England, 2012)

1.1.3 Spectators Seating:

Most arenas now being built are employing theatre-type upholstered seats. The
minimum recommended width is 19 in., and they should vary up to 23 in. center to
center for the prime areas. In the wedge-shaped sections in curved rows, a mix of widths
is usually used to make the ends of each row come out as flush as possible. Where risers
are 5 in. or over, seat stanchions should be riser-mounted to facilitate cleaning. Seats
should be self-rising with perforated acoustical treatment on the seat bottoms.

Figure 6-9:Spectators seating area

 1.1.4 Acoustics:
Noise and acoustic surveys that have been conducted in many indoor sports areas
have confirmed that the sound created inside the arena are not clear due to the
reverberations and echo developed within the hall and is being a major factor for unclear
listening, for the people inside the hall. Thus, formed long echo’s and reverberation can
be reduced in such halls by using various kinds of acoustic absorbing materials such
as rubber and others. These absorbing materials can reduce such noises for improving
listening, and hearing. This can minimise the acoustic problem inside the hall. (Robert
Conetta)

1.1.5 Roof Structures:

Retractable roof structures are one of the main important part of the stadium and sports
complex. It provides aesthetical as well as many other benefits rather than the fixed roofs.
Structures with such roofs can bear large number of audiences, large number of activities
that makes the visitors more convincing with the building and environment. It saves the
building from various weather condition also the natural light and ventilation can be
gained. These roofs can be rotated, folded, moved and can be used according to the
weather condition. This is more flexible and effective, thus being used in the large sports
halls, stadium and amphitheatre. These structures were primarily developed from the
ancient and with the advancement in technologies and techniques the roof system has
been modified for the maximum performance and durability. To change the capacity of
stands, increase the number of event spaces, achieve several different kinds of playing
areas, and increase or decreases the event space size, these roofs can be used. Structure
designed with such roof can be highly economic, dynamic, safe and durable for long term
use. (Alenka Fikfak, 2015)

1.1.6 Using of sustainable materials in the design of sports hall.

Establishment of any urban element in the location of the city follows certain rules and
principles that in the case of observing the success and efficiency of that element will
result in that specific location. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim to
find out the most proper place among sports complexes in Urmia to redesign. In
following, information received from opinions of experts, managers and professionals
were determined in determine the importance of the indexes and analysis and weights of
indexes. Waste Management has activated the warning signs and alerts to the
environment. Reuse, recycle and reduce the wastes is the only ways to recycle created
wastes. However, these executive cases have more space for progress. In this study, they
have investigated the use of building materials in two- thousand-seater sports hall of
Young house of Urmia that emphasis is on the recyclable materials. Recycling as one of
the strategies is to minimize wastes. And ultimately Sport Cultural of Young house has
been redesigned from sustainable materials and suggestion was designed and presented
with more details ranging from architectural maps and sections and the main structure of
the stadium in three-dimensional.
Choosing sustainable and proper materials causes to preserve the environment
and provide more health of that because these sustainable materials also cause to reduce
the adverse effects to the environment and this matter causes to reduce the
 emission of air
pollutants and greenhouse gases, it also reduces the use of natural resources and society
approaches towards sustainability criteria. (Hassani, n.d.)

The subject of the article is to show the problem of flexible design in construction.
When designing construction works, consideration should be given to the interaction of
the various systems with each other readiness for changes in the object's life cycle.
Rapid technological progress and turbulent environments are factors that generate
considerable difficulties in the design of building structures, in particular public space
facilities, including large-scale ones sports facilities. An important issue is the
possibility of preparing the project of the project taking into account readiness for
changes in its life cycle. It is flexibility in design that gives a chance adaptation to
possible changes. Traditional design has disadvantages because it is usually based on
one deterministically determined value, while the flexible approach to design allows
you to adapt objects to changing realities functioning over the life cycle of the object.
(Kośbieja, 2016)

1.1.7 The material optimized design methods of sports buildings

Indoor Sports buildings can fully reflect the material characteristics of the large span
structures and the envelope surface, however many sports architectures design in order to
meet the dazzling appearance requirements, stiffly and turgidly put the huge construction
component or decorative skin covering the rational structure system, and the unreal
shape also leads to structural imbalances. It is not only waste space and excessive
consume materials but also demean the value of sports architecture which should provide
the appropriate sports place for public. As for these huge sports architectures, if designer
are able to take the most effective use of the materials and resources during the design
process, it will certainly be more effective than any other saving measures in the life
cycle of the sports buildings. Therefore, the optimized design can provide the correct
direction and method to avoid material waste due to the exaggerated shape and irrational
structure, and create the stable "skeleton" and pleasing "skin" for sports architecture by
the refining and appropriate materials used. (Wei, 2014)

1.1.8 Parking
It is necessary in almost that parking facilities immediately adjacent to the main entrance
should be provided and situated in such a fashion that they provide a direct, unrestricted
route to the vehicles.

Cars: public parking

 A minimum of one parking space to every 10 to 15 spectators
 If FIFA recommendations are to be followed, one space to every six spectators
 An area of about 25 square meters per car (including circulation space)
Buses
 FIFA suggests one bus space per 120 spectators
 An area of 60 square meters per bus (including circulation space)
Motorcycles and Bicycle
Provision will depend very much on national and local characteristics and must be
determined as part of the brief. The demand for bicycle parking is likely to be the greatest
in Asian countries, very much less in the UK and Europe and least in North America and
Australia.

Parking for players,

Referee and coach
Parking space for team buses should be provided for each team of players. Usually
between two bus and six bus spaces may be required, but FIFA recommends at least two
bus spaces plus ten car spaces: the specific figure will depend on the sport involved and
should be searched. These spaces should always be secure and separate from other
parking areas and from each other and give direct access to the players’ changing areas
without coming into contact with the public.

For Media

Extensive areas must be provided for the increasing numbers of television and broadcast vehicles. As
many as ten may be required for a single event, and factors to be taken into account are not merely
their standings but also the widths of access roads and radii of turning circles required by these large
vehicles. Their parking spaces may be incorporated into the general parking areas, provided they are
adjacent to the cable access points provided and able to bear the weight of the heavy technical support
trucks. Provision must be made for catering, toilet and similar support vehicles adjacent to the
technical, as media crews may spend long periods at the stadium before and after events. These areas
must be fenced or protected.
For VIP
Separate parking space for VIP and VVIP near to the VIP entrance and separate from
general spectators for security point of view.

Figure 6-11:
Parking

Figure 6-13:
6.1Standards and technicalities
FIG-S- 1- zoning from outside to stands

FIG-S- 2-sight line setbacks and security

FIG-S- 3-disabled person seating and viewing angles

Figure 6-10:
Bicycle and

FIG-S- 4-
escape
FIG-S- 5-c
value angles
and slopes of
stairs

FIG-S- 6-c value

calculations
 FIG-S- 7- zoning FIG-S- 8- orientation of fields

FIG-
S- 9-

gymnasium occupancy of court

FIG-S- 10- seating dimensions FIG-S- 11- seats way dimensions

FIG-S- 12-
structures of

FIG-S- 13-
chairs allocation
FIG-S- 14-
cameras
angles and
safety

FIG-S- 16- Egress time

calculations {stadium
atlas}

FIG-S- 17-
vomitory
size and
angles
FIG-S- 25-
hammer
throw cage
{dimension.
com,stadium

FIG-S- 26-international standard high FIG-S- 27-international standard football

jump{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss,Olympic association} ground{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss,fifa}

FIG-S- 28- international standard tennis court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

 FIG-S- 29- international standard basket ball court{dimension.com,stadium
atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 30-international standard gymnastics courts{dimension.com,stadium

atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 31- international standard badminton court{dimension.com,stadium

atlas,tss}
 FIG-S- 32-international standard handball court {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 33- international standard table tennis court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 34- international standard squash court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

 FIG-S- 35-international standard 50m Olympic pool {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 36- international standard

taekewondo,karate,judo
court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}
FIG-S- 37- international standard pro kabaddi
FIG-S- 38-international standard-boxing court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss} standard circle
FIG-S- 40- international
ring{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss} kabaddi{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}
Surrounding Landscape

The surrounding landscape for the indoor sports complex can vary depending on
the location, climate, and design of the facility. Some possible ideas for the
landscape are:

 Incorporating open air and natural light into the design, such as using
skylights, windows, or retractable roofs. This can create a connection
between the indoor and outdoor spaces, and make the facility feel more
spacious and inviting1.
 Adding water features, such as fountains, ponds, or streams, to create a
soothing and relaxing atmosphere. Water can also help cool down the air
and reduce noise pollution. Water features can also reflect the natural beauty
of the region, such as lakes, rivers, or oceans2.
 Creating a green roof or a rooftop garden, which can provide insulation,
stormwater management, and biodiversity benefits. A green roof can also
offer a recreational space for the users of the facility, as well as a scenic
view of the surrounding area3.
 Planting trees, shrubs, and flowers around the facility, which can enhance
the aesthetic appeal and environmental quality of the site. Plants can also
provide shade, privacy, and noise reduction, as well as attract birds and
butterflies. Plants can also be chosen to match the local flora and fauna, or to
create a contrast with the urban context4.
 Designing a three-dimensional landscape that integrates the facility with the
terrain, such as using slopes, terraces, or bridges. This can create a dynamic
and interactive space that offers different levels of views and activities. A
three-dimensional landscape can also help blend the facility with the natural
environment, or create a distinctive landmark in the city5.

These are some of the best indoor sports complex design ideas for 2023 that I
found on the web. I hope they inspire you to create a beautiful and functional
landscape for your facility.
Lighting

Lighting your indoor stadium requires the right lights, and finding the ideal lighting choice requires some
due diligence on your part. The best stadium lighting will give longevity, adequate light distribution, and
good color rendering to create a positive experience for players and spectators. As you look at the myriad
of lighting options available, consider these tips.
1. Consider Energy-Efficiency
One of the first factors to consider in making your choice is the energy efficiency of the lighting. Stadiums
must be well-lit, and that task requires a significant number of lights, and they must remain on for multiple
hours of the day. Therefore, the amount of energy they burn is a vital part of your consideration
because this will directly impact your operating expenses. LED lighting is one of the most efficient
options available, but energy efficiency can vary significantly within LED lighting options.
Luminous efficacy is the rating that can help you understand efficiency. This metric measures how many
lumens the light produces for the electricity it consumes. The higher the luminous efficacy, the better the
efficiency of the light will be.

2. Consider Beam Angle

Beam angles disperse the light across your stadium floor. A narrow beam angle spreads light over just a
tiny part of the floor, but a wide beam angle can dim the brightness of the light. You need to strike a
balance between a wide beam angle and ample brightness to light the entire space properly.
3. Look at Heat Dissipation
One of the downfalls of LED lighting is the heat they produce, and that heat can damage the diodes and
lessen the light’s lifespan. The best stadium lighting options have technology that creates heat
dissipation, funneling that heat away from the light itself. AEON LED Luminaires have proprietary
technology that prevents heat damage and moves heat away from the delicate parts of the light, so you get
better overall lifespans from the light.
4. Consider Glare and Color Rendering
You light your stadium for one reason, and that is to provide visibility. Thus, the color rendering and glare
produced by the light you choose must be part of your consideration. Glare can create problems for
spectators, players, and videographers who are in your stadium. Too much glare makes it hard to see the
field, court, and ball, leading to eye strain and fatigue.
Color rendering refers to how well the colors on the field show compared to how they would show in
daylight. You want color rendering close to natural light to ensure that the colors of the jerseys, ball, and
even decorations are accurate to viewers.
5. Evaluate Longevity
Finally, look for a lighting option that has a long expected lifespan. For example, you do not want to
spend much time changing your lights when they are mounted high in a stadium.

AEON LED Luminaires have all of these factors. With one of the longest-rated
lifespans in the industry, a high color rendering index, and excellent heat dissipation,
they make a wise investment as you are seeking LED lighting for your
stadium. Request a catalog to learn more!

-For any sport practised in an indoor facility, lighting is crucial. Good visibility prevents accidents,
enhances the venue experience and enables team members to coordinate. In this post, we discuss the
criteria that should be followed to achieve adequate lighting.
-The main aspects to consider are as follows:
Ensuring a proper experience
Spectator visibility
Accident prevention

Minimal lux level requirement for most sports activities:

 200 to 300 lux levels

Maximum lux level requirement for most sports facilities:

 Up to 1000 lux levels
Guide to Obtaining the Best Sport and Stadium
Lighting
Choosing the right lighting for sports is important for many people, including stadium
owners, architects, school owners, and project managers. High quality and proper lighting
play a significant role in sports.

This article will cover important factors to consider when choosing lighting for indoor and
outdoor multi-purpose fields. It will also give helpful tips to help you make the right choice.

What is sports lighting?

Sports lighting refers to specialized lighting systems designed specifically for sports facilities,
arenas, and stadiums. These lighting solutions ensure optimal visibility for athletes and
spectators while adhering to strict safety and performance standards.

Importance of Proper Sport and Stadium Lighting

Good sports lighting can improve athletes’ performance and give spectators a better view. It
can also help stadium owners and managers save energy and lower costs in the long run.

However, it is not just the amount of light that matters but also the quality of the lighting.
Several factors measure this, including uniformity ratio, gradient, and coefficient of variation.

Sports field lighting design ensures clear visibility of the play target, players, and
surroundings. Horizontal and/or vertical light layers help acquire the needed visibility.

The safety of players and spectators is paramount when designing sports and stadium
lighting. Maintaining adequate and uniform lighting levels across the field helps minimize
shadows and prevent accidents. Areas with high ball impact, such as goalposts or basketball
hoops, need special attention.

Investing in good sports lighting is a wise choice for those who manage sports facilities.
 What are the basic requirements for sports lighting?

Sports lighting must meet several requirements. These include uniform light distribution,
minimal glare, appropriate color rendering, energy efficiency, and compliance with safety
regulations.

Different sports and levels of competition may have specific lighting requirements based on
guidelines provided by their respective governing bodies.

 Adherence to lighting standards and codes

When installing sports and stadium lighting, it is essential to adhere to local building,
electrical codes and safety regulations. Compliance ensures the safe and efficient operation of
the facility and minimizes potential legal issues.
 Lighting Uniformity

A uniformly lit sports field provides a comfortable and level playing environment, ensuring
fair play and enhanced performance.

Lux levels for sports lighting vary depending on several factors. These include the type of
sport, level of competition, location (indoor or outdoor), and TV broadcasting.

For example, professional indoor basketball courts may require around 750 lux. For casual
soccer matches, outdoor stadiums may need to provide lighting levels ranging from 200 to
500 lux. Up to 2000 lux may be necessary for international competitions with video
broadcasting.
Elements to Consider for Sports and Stadium Lighting

LED technology
LED lighting technology has become popular in recent years thanks to its energy efficiency,
longer lifespan, and reduced maintenance costs. LED lighting has a much shorter warmup
time than traditional light sources. Compared to HID, LED lighting only takes a few seconds
to warm up instead of 20 minutes. It allows us to turn on and off the light frequently and
create different schemes.
 When choosing LED products, it is essential to consider factors such as color temperature,
color rendering index (CRI), and glare control.

 Color Temperature

The most common color temperature for outdoor fields ranges between 5000K and 6500K.
For indoor, it ranges from 4000K to 6500K.

 Color Rendering Index (CRI)

The color rendering index (CRI) is important for TV broadcasts. An adequate CRI guarantees
accurate color reproduction of objects. High-color rendition can also help to create the most
optimized broadcast experience.

 Glare Control

Glare can significantly affect the performance of athletes. This is particularly important for
lighting around key areas such as the volleyball net or the basketball hoop.

No sports lighting design would be complete without considering these other essential
factors:

 Flicker Free

Flicker can be distracting and uncomfortable, especially during fast-paced games. It is also
more likely to occur in fixtures with higher power.

Broadcasting video equipment can detect it more accurately than the human eye, so it can be
more prominent in sports field design.

 3-dimensional Lighting

The use of 3-dimensional lighting allows players to easily and swiftly recognize each other.

You must avoid unwanted shadows for a perfect 3-dimensional view of the elements.

It also significantly affects the TV broadcasting quality. In Video broadcasting, we need to

have a perfect three-dimensional view of the elements: players, ball, and field elements.

The players can easily detect the sports’ target – for example, the tennis ball. If you fail to
have three-dimensional lighting, the player could fail to detect it.

 Lighting design for players’ and spectators’ safety

The safety of players and spectators is essential when designing sports and stadium lighting.
Usually, the minimum lighting levels for the players’ personal safety are between 5 and 50
lux (0.5 and 4.6 fc).

Security and emergency lighting systems are also important in many areas. Considering field
maintenance, viewing sections, parking, entrances, and corridors is crucial.
 Sports Lighting Luminaires
The type of light fixture plays a significant role in providing high-quality sports lighting.

Choosing the correct luminaire type is essential for professional and collegiate-level fields.
The choice depends on the location and whether it is indoors or outdoors.

 Indoor stadiums

High Bay & Low Bay

 Outdoor arenas

Flood Lights

Indoor and outdoor sports facilities often serve as multi-purpose venues hosting various
events, such as concerts and conferences.

A flexible lighting design system can cater to specific sports requirements and other non-
sporting activities. Different lighting schemes/show scenarios offer players and spectators a
good experience.

Interior design
Lighting design for sports fields should complement the overall interior design style of the
facility. A well-designed lighting system can accentuate architectural features and create a
visually appealing environment that boosts the spectator experience.
In conclusion
Lighting design is essential for safety and enjoyment in sports and other activities. It requires
meeting specific quantitative and qualitative lighting levels for the playing target, players and
surrounding areas.

Creating the right design can be difficult and require expert knowledge. However, the result
is worth it for the advantages it offers athletes and fans.

Consider design, lighting and luminaires, control systems, and energy-saving solutions to
achieve an ideal atmosphere.

Explore more about sports lighting on the IES website. You can consult the ANSI/IES RP-6-
20 Sports Lighting recommendations for further information.

Fire Hazard and Safety

All elements of player, spectator and vendor safety should be addressed throughout the
facility design process. Unfortunately, some sports complex designers leave safety as an
afterthought. They won't consider safety fences or netting until the end of the project. Many
sports complexes find out too late the true cost of retrofitting a new construction with netting,
curtains, and fencing. Change orders to accommodate last minute netting on the ceiling or
fencing around a perimeter can add up to costs that will drive construction over budget.
Remember — even though your ability to facilitate programming and sports for guests is
your top priority, your efforts will fail if you don't prioritize safety as well. Keep a focus on
safety throughout your layout design and prioritize safety and protection features into the
facility during the early planning stages.
Whether you're adding an indoor softball facility or renovating your indoor soccer facility
design, this project is a significant investment that you need to rely on for years. Don't let
safety neglect blow up your budget, extend your deadline and jeopardize the safety of your
guests and staff. Integrate indoor safety solutions from Grand Slam Safety into your design
from the start.
Keep Your Indoor Sports Complex Safe With Help From Grand Slam
Safety
Grand Slam Safety can help you strategically plan for the safety of your sports complex from
the outset of the design process. Our experts will sit down with you and map your vision,
paying close attention to areas where you can maximize space, offer versatile activities and
maintain a smooth flow throughout the facility.
We offer a variety of indoor fencing, divider curtains and sports netting that can be
customized to your exact needs. We can take any space and make it the perfect setting for any
sport you desire. Our safety solutions are convenient tools that can be adjusted as needed.
Grand Slam Safety has worked with facilities of all sizes that accommodate the full spectrum
of sports. Our experienced team will integrate the safest fencing system on the market into
your multipurpose facility.
Maximize safety to maximize play. Keep players and spectators safe with indoor fencing,
divider curtains, sports netting and other safety solutions from Grand Slam Safety. Call us
today and let us help you develop a safe indoor sports complex design that knocks
expectations out of the park!

Fire Safety at Sports Venues

Fire safety is an important consideration when designing and constructing any sport and leisure
facility, particularly for larger venues and stadiums. The consequences of failing to address this area
do not need to be stated in full. Suffice to say that any loss of life and/or damage to the building could
be something that a sports facility never truly recovers from. This is another area that is easier to get
right at the construction stage.
Whilst every sports facility is different, fire safety can be broadly split into three areas.
Fire prevention - Every aspect of design and construction should be implemented with fire prevention
in mind. This is specifically important for any kitchen areas and sound and lighting areas which will
involve large amounts of electricity.
Evacuation - How quickly and easily can large numbers of people be evacuated out of the facility?
The venue must be designed to ensure that any fire can be contained to a small area, thus reducing the
number of people at risk. Signage of fire exits and fire safety policy must be evident.
Coping with a fire - Ensure you have the correct extinguishers to deal with several types of fire and
place them at fire points throughout the facility. It would also be an excellent idea to have an
automatic link to the local fire service when a fire alarm is activated.
Regular fire drills are advised, however inconvenient this may be.

Materials: Floor, Roof, Ceiling, Structure

A. FLOORING
flooring materials for indoor sports complexes underscores the critical role that flooring plays in providing a
safe, high-performance surface for various sports activities. Various factors, including shock absorption,
durability, and maintenance, play a crucial role in determining the suitability of flooring materials.

1. Shock Absorption:
Research emphasizes the importance of shock absorption in preventing injuries, especially in high-impact
sports. Athletes engage in activities that involve sudden movements, jumps, and falls, making it essential for the
flooring to absorb and distribute the impact forces effectively.
Flooring Materials: Resilient materials such as rubber flooring, polyurethane, and certain types of synthetic
sports surfaces are commonly recommended for their shock-absorbing properties.

2. Durability:
Durability is a key consideration in sports facility design, as the flooring must withstand heavy foot traffic,
equipment use, and potential impacts without significant wear and tear. Durable flooring contributes to the long-
term cost-effectiveness of the facility.
Flooring Materials: Wood, synthetic materials like polyurethane, and certain types of rubber flooring are
frequently mentioned in the literature for their durability. Hardwood floors, for example, are known for their
ability to withstand years of use in basketball courts.

3. Friction and Traction:

The literature often discusses the importance of providing adequate friction and traction to prevent slips and
falls. The flooring should strike a balance between providing enough traction for performance and not causing
injuries due to excessive friction.
Flooring Materials: Indoor sports flooring materials such as hardwood, synthetic surfaces, and certain types of
rubber are chosen for their ability to offer optimal friction and traction.

4. Surface Consistency:
Consistency in the playing surface is crucial for athletes in sports like basketball, volleyball, and tennis.
Irregularities or variations in the surface can affect the ball bounce and player movements.
Flooring Materials: Wood and synthetic sports surfaces are praised for their ability to provide a consistent
playing surface, ensuring fair and predictable game conditions.

5. Maintenance Requirements:
Proper maintenance is essential to preserve the performance and aesthetics of the sports flooring. Regular
cleaning, repairs, and refinishing may be necessary to extend the lifespan of the surface.
Flooring Materials: Literature often discusses the maintenance requirements of different materials. For example,
hardwood floors may require refinishing over time, while synthetic surfaces may need periodic cleaning and
maintenance.

6. Environmental Impact:
In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on environmentally friendly flooring options. Studies
highlight the importance of choosing sustainable materials that minimize environmental impact during
production, use, and disposal.
Flooring Materials: Sustainable options such as recycled rubber flooring, bamboo, or other eco-friendly
materials are gaining attention for their reduced environmental footprint.
In conclusion,the choice of flooring materials should be well-informed, considering the specific needs of the
sports activities conducted within the facility. Advances in material science and sports biomechanics continue to
influence the development and selection of flooring materials for indoor sports complexes.

There are a variety of sports that are played indoors including basketball, volleyball, wrestling, tennis, and track
among others, and several different types of indoor sports surfaces to accommodate them. When choosing a
type of sports flooring, you must consider what the facility will be used for. Hardwood is suitable for
gymnasiums that are used for basketball and volleyball, but field houses in which other sports are played may be
better off with rubber flooring. The following are the most common types of indoor sports flooring and their
uses.
Maple Hardwood
When many people think of gym flooring, the first thing that comes to mind is maple hardwood. Maple
hardwood flooring is the most common type of indoor sports flooring and is always the preferred flooring for
basketball courts. This flooring type is durable and aesthetically pleasing, with endless design options that
include team colors and logos. Most hardwood gym floors have sub floor systems that help with shock
absorption, and it is also possible to install portable hardwood floor systems so that the flooring can be easily
removed and reinstalled. The only negative qualities of hardwood gym flooring are that it has a high cost of
maintenance and it is not as versatile as other sports flooring types that can handle many different types of
sports.

Polyurethane Athletic Flooring

Polyurethane is one of the most durable types of indoor athletic flooring as it can handle heavy impacts from
athletes and equipment, and it is the only totally seamless sports flooring type. This flooring type is common in
field houses and other multi-purpose facilities in which several different sports are played. Polyurethane floors
are also highly customizable to suit any type of gym, facility, or fitness center.

Recycled Rubber Flooring

Recycled rubber flooring can be used for many different purposes, but is especially ideal as weight room
flooring and flooring for training and fitness centers. This type of flooring is one of the most economical
athletic floors and it is also very durable, easy to maintain, water and stain resistant, shock absorbing, and it has
a seamless appearance.
Vulcanized Rubber
Vulcanized rubber athletic floors are among the most durable and high performing indoor sports floors in the
industry. They may consist of multiple layers to provide maximum comfort and shock absorbency for a wide
range of uses from weight room flooring to multi-purpose field houses. The top layers are highly slip resistant,
anti-microbial, non-porous, and easy to maintain while the lower layers provide maximum shock absorbency
and stability. Vulcanized rubber can also resist compression and handle bleachers and other heavy equipment.

A lot of sports including baseball, football, soccer, track and field, lacrosse, tennis, and others are played
outdoors and they each require the appropriate playing surface. Outdoor sports surfaces must be durable enough
to withstand the elements, as well as the activities of the sport, to continue to provide traction and shock
absorbency. The two main types of outdoor athletic surfaces in use are track and field surfaces and artificial
turf.

Track and Field

Track surfaces are often made from recycled rubber materials that provide excellent traction and shock
absorbency to avoid common injuries to the legs, feet, and ankles. Track surfaces are also designed to
effectively drain rainwater to keep the surface dry and safe. The vulcanized rubber for tracks is safe, durable,
consistent, and easy to maintain. They are also eco-friendly as they are often made from recycled materials free
of CFC's and other harmful substances, and these surfaces themselves are recyclable.

More schools and sports facilities have been using artificial turf for their surfaces because they mimic the look
and feel of natural grass without the maintenance required for natural grass surfaces. Artificial turf surfaces
consist of durable filament fibers to recreate the look and feel of grass, as well as rubber infill to act as the “dirt”
and provide shock absorbency and stability. These surfaces have become very common for soccer, football,
baseball, and other sports that are traditionally played on natural grass surfaces.
B. WALL
The materials used for walls in indoor sports complexes are critical for creating a functional
and safe environment. Considerations such as insulation, sound absorption, and impact
resistance are key factors in selecting appropriate wall materials. Here's an exploration of commonly
used materials for walls in indoor sports complexes, focusing on these important considerations:

1. DRYWALL:
While standard drywall itself doesn't provide significant insulation, it can be paired with insulation
materials such as fiberglass or mineral wool to enhance thermal performance.
Sound Absorption: Drywall alone has limited sound-absorbing properties. Additional measures like
acoustic panels or specialized drywall products may be used to improve sound absorption.

Impact Resistance: Regular drywall may not be highly resistant to impact. However, impact-resistant
drywall or adding protective features can enhance its durability in high-impact areas.

2. PLYWOOD:
Plywood provides some thermal insulation but is often used in combination with other materials for
better insulation properties.
Sound Absorption: Similar to drywall, plywood has limited inherent sound-absorbing properties.
Acoustic treatments may be added for improved performance.
Impact Resistance: Plywood is generally more impact-resistant than standard drywall and can withstand
higher levels of stress.
3. CONCRETE BLOCK:
Insulation: Concrete blocks offer better thermal mass, providing moderate insulation.
Additional insulation layers or exterior finishes may be added to improve energy efficiency.
Sound Absorption: Concrete blocks have good sound-blocking properties but may reflect
sound. Acoustic treatments can be applied to address sound absorption.
Impact Resistance: Concrete blocks are highly impact-resistant and are often used in areas
where structural integrity and durability are paramount.

4. INSULATED METAL PANELS (IMPS):

IMPs have a foam core that provides excellent thermal insulation, contributing to energy
efficiency.
Sound Absorption: The metal surfaces of IMPs may reflect sound, but the insulation core helps
in reducing noise transmission. Acoustic treatments can be applied for further sound control.
Impact Resistance: IMPs are durable and impact-resistant, making them suitable for sports
complexes where structural stability is crucial.
5. ACOUSTIC PANELS:
Acoustic panels are primarily designed for sound absorption and may not contribute
significantly to thermal insulation.
Sound Absorption: Acoustic panels are highly effective in absorbing and diffusing sound,
making them essential in spaces where controlling echo and reverberation is crucial.
Impact Resistance: While acoustic panels are not typically impact-resistant, they serve a specific
function in addressing sound-related challenges.

6. GYPSUM BOARD WITH FIBERGLASS MAT:

Gypsum board with a fiberglass mat provides improved insulation compared to standard
drywall.
Sound Absorption: The combination of gypsum and fiberglass enhances sound absorption
properties, making it suitable for spaces where controlling noise is important.
Impact Resistance: These panels may have enhanced impact resistance, especially when
compared to traditional drywall.
Considerations for Indoor Sports Complex Walls:
Functionality and Purpose:

Different areas within the sports complex may have varying requirements for insulation, sound
absorption, and impact resistance based on their function (e.g., gymnasium, locker rooms, and
offices).
Regulatory Requirements:
Compliance with building codes and regulations related to fire safety, structural integrity, and
environmental standards should be considered.

Aesthetics and Design:

The aesthetic appeal of the chosen wall materials should align with the overall design of the
sports complex.

Maintenance and Durability:

Consideration of materials that are easy to maintain and have high durability, especially in
high-traffic areas.

Cost Considerations:
Balancing performance requirements with budget constraints is essential in the selection
process.
In conclusion, the choice of wall materials in indoor sports complexes involves a careful
consideration of insulation, sound absorption, and impact resistance to create a safe,
comfortable, and functional environment for athletes and spectators. The use of a combination
of materials and specialized treatments is often necessary to meet the diverse needs of different
areas within the sports complex.

C. ROOFING
Roofing materials play a crucial role in providing insulation and weather protection for indoor
sports complexes, contributing significantly to maintaining a comfortable environment inside
the facility. The selection of appropriate roofing materials is essential for controlling
temperature, minimizing energy consumption, and ensuring the well-being of athletes and
spectators. Here are some roofing materials commonly used for proper insulation and weather
protection, along with their roles in creating a comfortable indoor environment:

1. INSULATING ROOFING MATERIALS:

Polyurethane Foam:
Sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) is an excellent insulating material that forms a seamless and
airtight layer on the roof. It provides high R-values, reducing heat transfer and energy loss.

Insulated Metal Panels (IMPs):

IMPs consist of a foam core sandwiched between metal panels. They offer both insulation and
structural support, making them effective in maintaining a consistent indoor temperature.

2. COOL ROOFING MATERIALS:

Reflective Roof Coatings: Reflective coatings applied to roofing materials help reflect sunlight
and absorb less heat, reducing the overall temperature of the roof and the interior space.
Cool Roof Membranes: Membranes with high solar reflectance and thermal emittance properties
contribute to lower roof temperatures and, consequently, improved energy efficiency.
3. METAL ROOFING:
Standing Seam Metal Roofs: Metal roofs are durable and reflect a significant amount of sunlight.
Standing seam metal roofs, in particular, provide a sleek and weather-resistant solution.
Metal Roof Coatings: Applying reflective coatings to metal roofs enhances their solar reflectance
and thermal emittance, making them more energy-efficient.

4. GREEN ROOFS:
Vegetative Roof Systems: Green roofs, consisting of a layer of vegetation over a waterproofing
membrane, offer natural insulation and temperature regulation. They absorb sunlight, provide
additional insulation, and reduce the heat island effect.

5. SINGLE-PLY MEMBRANES:
TPO (Thermoplastic Ole fin): TPO roofing membranes are known for their energy-efficient
properties, UV resistance, and reflective surface. They contribute to maintaining a comfortable
indoor environment.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride):
PVC roofing membranes are durable, weather-resistant, and have reflective properties that
help in temperature control.

Role of Roofing Materials in Maintaining Comfort:

Temperature Regulation:
Properly insulated roofs, such as those with polyurethane foam or insulated metal panels, help
regulate indoor temperatures by preventing heat transfer.

Energy Efficiency:
Cool roofing materials, reflective coatings, and insulated roofing systems contribute to energy
efficiency by reducing the need for excessive heating or cooling, leading to lower energy
consumption and costs.

Moisture Resistance:
Weather-resistant roofing materials, including metal and single-ply membranes, protect the
interior from moisture ingress, preventing issues like mold growth and structural damage.

Day-lighting:
Some roofing materials, like translucent panels or skylights, allow natural daylight to enter the
indoor space, reducing the reliance on artificial lighting and creating a more comfortable and
visually appealing environment.

Sustainability:
Green roofs not only provide insulation but also contribute to environmental sustainability by
promoting biodiversity, reducing storm water runoff, and mitigating the urban heat island
effect.

PROGRAMMING AND MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY

SPATIAL LAYOUT:
Various studies emphasize the importance of an efficient spatial layout in indoor sports
complexes. Optimal arrangements of playing fields, spectator areas, and ancillary spaces
contribute to a seamless user experience .

Spatial organization in architecture is fundamental in creating a composition as it brings

together different shapes and forms and provides a cohesive structure to the design.
Placement of the site and its components is required to study the placement and relationship
of different site activities on the site.
Zoning is a planning control strategy used to regulate the built environment and create viable
real estate markets. It does this by separating land within a local authority's statutory area into
sections, allowing certain land uses on specific sites to influence the form of towns and cities
and facilitate diverse sorts of development. Zoning allows local and national governments to
manage and control land and property markets in order to ensure compatible uses. Zoning can
also help to speed up or slow down growth in certain locations. The allocation of different
zones or clusters within the site boundaries i.e. Residential, Commercial, Open Areas/
Landscape, Institutional, Training facilities, Water Body etc.

MULTI FUNCTIONALITY:
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT:
Indoor sports complexes are increasingly becoming community hubs. Research by White et al.
(2020) highlights the importance of incorporating spaces for community events, workshops, and
cultural activities to enhance the facility's multi functionality.

FLEXIBLE SPACES: Architectural designs that allow for adaptability and flexibility contribute
to the multi functionality of sports complexes. Transformable spaces can be used for
conferences, exhibitions, or recreational activities, extending the utility of the facility.
User Experience and Well-being:

NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION:

Studies suggest that incorporating natural lighting and ventilation positively impacts the well-
being of users. Well-lit and ventilated spaces enhance the overall experience for both athletes
and spectators.
ACOUSTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
Architectural designs should also account for acoustic considerations to create an environment
conducive to sports activities and events. Proper acoustics contribute to the comfort and safety
of users.

The design of indoor sports complexes plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall user
experience, encompassing factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and accessibility. This
literature review aims to explore key architectural considerations that contribute to an optimal
user experience in indoor sports complexes.

USER EXPERIENCE
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
a. Spatial Planning:
Effective spatial planning is fundamental to user experience. Research suggests that a well-
organized layout, considering the arrangement of different sports facilities, spectator areas, and
auxiliary spaces, enhances user flow and convenience.

b. Flexibility and Multi functionality:

Modern indoor sports complexes should be adaptable to accommodate a variety of sports and
events. Flexible design elements, such as movable seating and modular spaces, contribute to a
dynamic user experience.

AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
a. Architectural Identity:
Creating a distinctive architectural identity contributes to a memorable user experience.
Studies indicate that iconic structures can positively impact the perception and satisfaction of
users.
b. Integration with Surroundings:
The contextual integration of the sports complex within its surroundings is crucial.
Harmonizing with the local environment and considering cultural aesthetics can enhance the
overall appeal for users.

TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATION
a. Smart Technologies:
Incorporating smart technologies, such as IoT-enabled lighting, interactive screens, and
augmented reality applications, can significantly elevate the user experience by providing real-
time information and interactive elements.

b. Digital Way finding:

User-friendly digital wayfinding systems contribute to a positive experience by helping users
navigate the complex efficiently. This is particularly important in large sports facilities.

ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSIVITY

a. Universal Design Principles:
Applying universal design principles ensures that indoor sports complexes are accessible to
users of all abilities. This includes considerations for ramps, elevators, and other inclusive
design features.

b. Sensory Considerations:
Research indicates that attention to sensory factors, such as acoustics and lighting, can impact
the comfort and enjoyment of users. Implementing measures to control noise and optimize
lighting enhances the overall experience.

SUSTAINABILITY
a. Green Design:
Integrating sustainable design practices not only benefits the environment but also contributes
to a positive user experience. Natural lighting, energy-efficient systems, and green spaces within
the complex can enhance the overall atmosphere.

b. Material Selection:
Choosing eco-friendly materials contributes to a healthier indoor environment, positively
influencing user well-being.

In conclusion, an optimal user experience in indoor sports complexes is achieved through a

holistic approach that considers functional design, aesthetics, technological integration,
accessibility, and sustainability. By incorporating these key principles, architects can create
indoor sports complexes that not only meet the practical needs of users but also enhance their
overall enjoyment and satisfaction. Future research should continue to explore emerging trends
and innovations in architectural design for indoor sports facilities to further refine and improve
the user experience.

Structure and Construction

Pavilion structures mostly stand on the materials or have three types
1. Long span Wood structures
2. Long span concrete structures
3. Long span steel structures

2.5.1 Structural systems

Structural systems for long-span buildings can be classified into two groups:
Those subject to bending, which have both tensile and compressive forces
Funicular structures, which experience either pure tension or pure compression
Bending structures include the girder, the two-way grid, the truss, the two-way truss, and the
space truss.

2.5.2 Cantilever beam

A cantilever beam is a rigid structural element supported at one end and free at the other.

The cantilever beam can be either made of concrete or steel whose one end is cast or anchored
to a vertical support. It is a horizontal beam structure whose free end is exposed to vertical
loads
for small cantilever beams, the span is restricted to 2 m to 3 m. But the span can be increased
either by increasing the depth or using a steel or pre-stressed structural unit

The maximum span of a cantilever beam is generally dependent on the following factors:
 The depth of the cantilever
 The magnitude, type, and location of the load
 The quality and type of material used

2.5.3 Long span Wood structures
A wood beam's span depends on its modulus of elasticity, size, and load it has to carry.
A 4"×10" No. 1 Yellow Cedar beam (with a modulus of elasticity of 1,400 kilo pounds per square
inch) that supports a uniform linear load of 80 pounds per foot can span about 17.0 feet.
Oak wood has a modulus of elasticity of around 800,000 to 1,400,000 pounds per square inch (or
psi)

2.5.4 How do I find the span of a wood beam?

To find the span of a wood beam, let's say a 2"×8" beam (with actual measurements of

1.5"×7.5"): Determine your wood beam's modulus of elasticity (E). Let's say 1,900,000 psi.

Find the area moment of inertia (I) of your beam, where I = b × d³ / 12 = 1.5 in × (7.5 in)³ / 12
=52.73 inches to the fourth power.

Let's say our beam has to support an applied load of 15 pounds per inch. We find the span using this
equation:

Span = ∛ [(8 × E × I)/(25 × w)]

Span = ∛ [(8 × 1,900,000 psi × 52.73)/(25 × 15 lb./in)]
span = 128.81 inches≈ 10.73 ft.

Fig 30 -timber joint system hinge and bolt Fig 31 - long span timber structure hall

Glue-laminated timber can be used as a long-span material.Spruce wood. Fir, pine, larch and
Douglas fir. It can be prefabricated using metal connectors into trusses that span up to 45 meters
(150 feet).
Its most economical forms, however, are the pure compression shapes of the multiple-arch vault,
with spans up to 93 meters (305 feet), and ribbed domes, with spans up to 107 meters (350 feet)

{The constructor.org}

2.5.5 Concrete structures

 Reinforced concrete, because of its inherent strength in compression, is primarily used for
long spans in funicular compression forms including vaults, shells, and domes.

 Thin parabolic shell vaults stiffened with ribs have been built with spans up to about.

 90 meters (300 feet). More complex forms of concrete shells have been made, including
hyperbolic paraboloids, or saddle shapes, and intersecting parabolic
vaults{Britannica.com}
Fig 32 -long span concrete structure roof

2.5.6 Steel structures

 Steel is the major material for long-span structures.The members of trusses act either in
pure compression or pure tension.In the top and bottom horizontal members the forces are
greatest at the centre of the span, and in the verticals and diagonals they are greatest at the
supports.

 Trusses are highly efficient in bending and have been made up to 190 meters (623 feet) in span.

 Two-way grids can be made of either plate girders or trusses to span square spaces up
to 91 meters (300 feet) in size.These two-way structures are more efficient but more
expensive to
{build.Britannica.com}
Fig 33 -long span two way steel trusses structure

Above all structure system i am using steel Recyclable material

structure system
CONCLUSION
Light weight structure compare to other Longer span than timber and concrete
Mold to any form easily Durable
Less maintenance Better tension and compression properties
No live load on it so its more effective Strength of steel
Cost effective as compared to timber and concrete Reduce the risk of error

Skilled labour Design flexibility

Less space for working Feasibility of modification
Easy instalation Occupies 75% less space than concrete column
Local production Ease of repair
 Fig 34 -long span two way steel trusses structure

Patidar Saloni, Gandhe Vikas,InternationalJournalofAdvance Research,Ideas and InnovationsinTechnology.©

2017, w w w . I J A R I I T . c o m All Rights Reserved
Page |559


The lifting roof structure is fixed to a decided height or level.Fig.8



In expandable structure system, its expands and contracts roofing system.Fig.9

III.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF RETRACTABLE ROOF STRUCTURES

Whenever we built any building with Retractable roof structure have specific property
requirement and condition and on basis ofthis, we built the building.


Attention should be paid on its speed while opening and closing.



Multipurpose use of space when we contract retractable roof structure.



Retractable roof structure provides shade.



Open Retractable roof structure allows the wind or proper ventilation.



When we install any design or movable element attention should be paid to it.


Safety purpose from fire while opening and closing retractable roof structures.


Retractable roof structure must be in economical.



Its cost depends on the moving material used in the Retractable roof structure.
CONCLUSION
Typology of Retractable roof structure gives common instructions for designing of sports
halls and stadium. Whichfundamental aim is to give flexibility, high quality, and greatest
possible number of the events to be organized within a year.Retractable roof structure not
only protects use from weather condition but other than this it gives use various reasons
 touse the place and also gives an ideal condition. When we think to build this structure.
Predetermine plan and transformation
technique. This changes the feature of the building. It’s the combination of different types of
movement and if we
manage it sowe can do any changes in it, this feature will give away to using a space in
various ways, and they will get the same conditionwhile using it.When we design this
building its high quality. We can perform a number of activities under it, it's economical
inconstruction and it depends on maintains of such structures

Tensile Structures: How Do They Work and What Are the Different Types?

Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei Otto. Image © Jorge Royan via
Wikimedia License CC BY-SA 3.0

 Written by Matheus Pereira | Translated by Guilherme Carvalho

 Published on March 18, 2018
Historically inspired by some of the first man-made shelters—such as the black tents first developed
using camel leather by the nomads of the Sahara Desert, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, as well as the
structures used by Native American tribes—tensile structures offer a range of positive benefits
compared to other structural models.
Tensile structure is the term usually used to refer to the construction of roofs using a membrane held
in place on steel cables. Their main characteristics are the way in which they work under stress
tensile, their ease of pre-fabrication, their ability to cover large spans, and their malleability. This
structural system calls for a small amount of material thanks to the use of thin canvases, which when
stretched using steel cables, create surfaces capable of overcoming the forces imposed upon them.

+ 11
Predominantly used in coverings of sports centers, of arenas, and industrial and agroindustrial
constructions, tensile structures are based on the old systems used during the Roman Empire.
However, from the Roman period until the mid-20th century, due to the low demand, usability, and
lack of manufacturers of cables, canvasses, and connections capable of resisting the forces generated,
there were few technological advances. It was only after the Industrial Revolution and the triggering
of the era of Fordism that new developments were able to meet the intrinsic needs of this construction
system. The low cost of mass production and the demand for systems capable of adapting to the most
varied terrains with large spans, such as circus tents for example, encouraged the development of the
technique.

Save this picture!

Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei Otto. Image© Daniel via
Flickr License CC BY 2.0

The instability caused in previous models by the application of interlaced cables and very light
covers, resulting in structural deficiencies, was solved during the middle of the last century. This was
done thanks to a system of steel cables and fiber membranes with a high degree of strength, together
with layers of waterproof coatings, giving protection against ultraviolet rays, fungus, fire, and
allowing greater or less translucency and reflectivity.

Such progress was only possible thanks to the physical-structural studies initiated by German
architect and engineer Frei Otto, who since the 1950s conducted the first scientific studies and the
first works of roofing using tensioned steel cables combined with membranes.
As a student, Otto visited the office of Fred Severud, where he saw the Raleigh Arena in North
Carolina and was impressed by the bold aesthetics and propitious comfort of the project. Back in
Germany, he began to explore small-scale physical models, empirically generating several surfaces,
by means of chains, pulled cables, and elastic membranes.
Convinced by the usefulness of tensioned roofs, he developed the first large-scale project using the
system, which later enabled projects including Olympic stadiums, clubs, zoo, and pavilions. In 1957
he founded the Center for the Development of Light Construction in Berlin. Seven years later, in 1964
he created the Institute of Light Structures in Berlin at the University of Stuttgart, Germany.

Save this picture!

Raleigh Arena / Fred Severud. Image© Fæ via Wikimedia

Author of notable projects passed by experiments and technical refinement, such as the German
Pavilion for the 1967 Expo in Montreal and the Munich Olympic Stadium in 1972, the architect is
renowned for his intense research work and was honored with the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2006
and the 2015 Pritzker Prize. Frei Otto is still responsible for the first comprehensive book on tensile
structures—"Das Hangende Dach" (1958)—and intensified the idea of reinventing material
rationality, prefabrication, flexibility and luminosity over internal space, and even sustainability, when
the term was not yet used in architecture.
There are three different main classifications in the field of tensile construction systems: membrane
tensioned structures, mesh tensioned, and pneumatic structures. The first relates to structures in which
a membrane is held by cables, allowing the distribution of the tensile stresses through its own form.
The second case corresponds to structures in which a mesh of cables carries the intrinsic forces,
transmitting them to separate elements, for example, sheets of glass or wood. In the third case, a
protective membrane is supported by means of air pressure.
Structurally, the system is formalized by combining three elements: membranes, rigid structures such
as pole and masts, and cables.

The membranes of PVC-coated polyester fibers have greater ease in factory production and
installation; lower cost; and medium durability—around 10 years.

Save this picture!

Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei Otto. Image© 準建築人手札網站
Forgemind ArchiMedia via Flickr License CC BY 2.0

PTFE-coated glass fiber membranes have superior durability—around 30 years; and greater resistance
to the elements (sun, rain, and winds); however, they require skilled labor.
National Stadium of Brasilia "Mané Garrincha" / Castro Mello Architects. Image © Bento
Viana

In this system, there are two types of support: direct and indirect. The direct supports are those in
which the construction is arranged directly on the rest of the building structure, while the second case
is arranged from a raised point such as a mast.

The cables, which are responsible for the distribution of the tensile stresses and the hardening of the
canvasses, are classified in one of two ways according to the action which they perform: load-bearing
and stabilizing. Both types of cable cross orthogonally, ensuring strength in two directions and
avoiding deformations. The load-bearing cables are those that directly receive the external loads, fixed
at the highest points. On the other hand, the stabilizing cables are responsible for strengthening
the load-bearing cables and cross the load-bearing cables orthogonally. It is possible to
avoid attaching the stabilizing cables to the ground by using a peripheral fixation cable.

Further, some nomenclatures for different cables are generated according to their position: a ridge-line
cable refers to the uppermost cable; while valley cables are fixed below all other cables; radial cables
are stabilizer cables in the form of a ring. Ridge-line cables support gravitational loads while valley
cables support wind loads.
Nomenclatures of the cables (translations from Portuguese: "Cabo Periférico"=Peripheral
Cable; "Cabo de Crista"=Ridge-Line Cable; "Cabos de Vale"=Valley Cables; "Cabos
Estabilizantes"=Stabilizing Cables). Image © Matheus Pereira

Here are some projects already published on Archdaily using tensile structures:

Munich Olympic Stadium / Frei Otto + Gunther Behnisch

Save this picture!

Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei Otto. Image© Christian Scheja via
Flickr License CC BY 2.0
German Pavilion at Expo 67 / Frei Otto + Rolf Gutbrod

Save this picture!

German Pavilion at Expo 67 / Rolf Gutbrod. Image© McGill Library via Flickr License Public
Domain Mark 1.0
Millennium Dome / Richard Rogers (RSHP)

Save this picture!

Millennium Dome / Richard Rogers (RSHP). Image© James Jin via Flickr License CC BY-
SA 2.0
Denver Union Station / SOM

Save this picture!

Estação Denver Union / SOM. Image © Robert Polidori
St. Christopher's Pavilion / Sérgio Bernardes

Save this picture!

Pavilhão de São Cristovão / Sérgio Bernardes. Image Cortesia de Bernardes Arquitetura
Maracanã Stadium Roof Structure / schlaich bergermann partner

Save this picture!

Cobertura do Estádio Maracanã / schlaich bergermann partner. Image © Marcus Bredt
cortesia de schlaich bergermann partner
 National Stadium of Brasilia "Mané Garrincha" / Castro Mello Architects. Image © Bento
Viana

.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
The construction of steel truss structures over long spans involves the use of advanced construction
technologies to ensure efficiency, safety, and structural integrity. Here are some key construction
technologies commonly used for building steel truss structures with long spans:

1. Building Information Modeling (BIM):

 BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building or
structure. It facilitates the collaborative design and management of a construction project.
 BIM technology helps in visualizing the entire project, optimizing design parameters, and
detecting clashes in the design phase, improving accuracy and efficiency.
2. 3D Printing:
 3D printing technology is increasingly being used in construction, including the fabrication of
steel components for truss structures.
 This technology allows for precise and customized manufacturing, reducing material waste
and potentially speeding up the construction process.
3. Computer-Aided Design (CAD):
 CAD software is essential for the detailed design and drafting of steel truss structures.
 It aids in creating accurate and detailed plans, facilitating the visualization of the structure and
ensuring precise manufacturing and assembly.
4. High-Strength Steel Alloys:
 The use of high-strength steel alloys allows for the construction of lighter and more durable
truss structures over long spans.
  Advanced steel alloys provide the required strength while minimizing the weight of the
overall structure.
5. Prefabrication and Modular Construction:
 Prefabrication involves manufacturing components off-site and assembling them on-site. This
method is efficient and helps reduce construction time.
 Modular construction, where larger sections or modules are prefabricated off-site, can be
particularly advantageous for steel truss structures with long spans.
6. Advanced Welding Techniques:
 Welding is a critical process in the fabrication and assembly of steel truss structures.
Advanced welding techniques, such as robotic welding, ensure high precision and consistency
in weld quality.
 Automation in welding processes can enhance efficiency and reduce labor requirements.
7. Drones and Robotics:
 Drones are used for site surveying, inspection, and monitoring during the construction phase.
 Robotics can be employed for tasks like steel fabrication and assembly, improving precision
and speed.
8. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM):
 SHM systems use sensors to monitor the health and performance of a structure in real-time.
 These systems are crucial for ensuring the long-term integrity and safety of steel truss
structures, especially over extended spans.
9. Erection Equipment and Techniques:
 Specialized equipment, such as cranes and lifting systems, is employed for the safe and
efficient erection of steel truss structures.
 Innovative erection techniques may be used to reduce construction time and costs.
10. Corrosion Protection and Coatings:
 Advanced coatings and corrosion protection methods are applied to steel members to enhance
durability and reduce maintenance requirements.
11. Tensioning Systems:
 For certain types of truss structures, tensioning systems may be used to adjust and optimize
the load distribution across members.

Implementing a combination of these construction technologies allows for the successful and efficient
construction of steel truss structures over long spans, meeting the demands of modern engineering
standards and architectural design.
13. User Experience
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
a. Spatial Planning:
Effective spatial planning is fundamental to user experience. Research suggests that a well-organized layout,
considering the arrangement of different sports facilities, spectator areas, and auxiliary spaces, enhances user
flow and convenience.

b. Flexibility and Multi functionality:

Modern indoor sports complexes should be adaptable to accommodate a variety of sports and events. Flexible
design elements, such as movable seating and modular spaces, contribute to a dynamic user experience.

AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
a. Architectural Identity:
Creating a distinctive architectural identity contributes to a memorable user experience. Studies indicate that
iconic structures can positively impact the perception and satisfaction of users.

b. Integration with Surroundings:

The contextual integration of the sports complex within its surroundings is crucial. Harmonizing with the local
environment and considering cultural aesthetics can enhance the overall appeal for users.

14. Global Trends

 According to Deloitte’s 2023 Sports Industry Outlook, the growth and

transformation of the sports industry is forcing organizations to take a more
sophisticated approach—one that makes the industry more attractive for
investors, more immersive for fans, and more supportive of athletes. To
make sure this happens, it’s important for sports organizations to look ahead
for possible events and actions that can change how the future unfolds. New
opportunities to connect with fans In this global golden age of sports, 2023
is expected to bring organizations and athletes more chances than ever to
deeply connect with their fans. This includes engaging through some
 important international events, such as the Cricket World Cup (India),
Rugby World Cup (France), and the FIFA Women’s World Cup (Australia
and New Zealand). This year will also see new media deals and more
innovations from streaming providers as their influence grows. In a
challenging economic environment, sports will likely still be seen as an
attractive option for investment, with investors endeavoring to take a
responsible and sustainable approach. Technology will continue to infuse
every aspect of sports, empowering athletes and creating a more immersive
experience for fans at live events and at home. In general, 2023 will be
about making the most of these near-term opportunities while managing
associated risks with the longer term in mind1.
 Stantec’s Emerging Trends in Sports Facility Design suggests that athletic
facilities serve as an anchor for many communities—a place to congregate
and participate in or cheer on games of friendly competition. COVID-19 put
a pause to those social gatherings but only temporarily, as the world now
begins to emerge from the lockdowns of the pandemic2.
 Grand Slam Safety’s Indoor Sports Complex Design Planning suggests that
sports complexes are as diverse as their clientele. Basketball, racquetball and
court volleyball are being played next to yoga, dodge ball and mixed martial
arts. Soccer, baseball, football and even golf are moving indoors. Amenities
and activities such as tanning beds, rock climbing walls, dance studios and
arcades demand their own space3.

 According to Deloitte’s 2023 Sports Industry Outlook, the growth and

transformation of the sports industry is forcing organizations to take a more
sophisticated approach—one that makes the industry more attractive for
investors, more immersive for fans, and more supportive of athletes. To
make sure this happens, it’s important for sports organizations to look ahead
for possible events and actions that can change how the future unfolds. New
opportunities to connect with fans In this global golden age of sports, 2023
is expected to bring organizations and athletes more chances than ever to
deeply connect with their fans. This includes engaging through some
important international events, such as the Cricket World Cup (India),
Rugby World Cup (France), and the FIFA Women’s World Cup (Australia
and New Zealand). This year will also see new media deals and more
innovations from streaming providers as their influence grows. In a
challenging economic environment, sports will likely still be seen as an
attractive option for investment, with investors endeavoring to take a
responsible and sustainable approach. Technology will continue to infuse
every aspect of sports, empowering athletes and creating a more immersive
experience for fans at live events and at home. In general, 2023 will be
about making the most of these near-term opportunities while managing
associated risks with the longer term in mind1.
  Stantec’s Emerging Trends in Sports Facility Design suggests that athletic
facilities serve as an anchor for many communities—a place to congregate
and participate in or cheer on games of friendly competition. COVID-19 put
a pause to those social gatherings but only temporarily, as the world now
begins to emerge from the lockdowns of the pandemic2.
 Grand Slam Safety’s Indoor Sports Complex Design Planning suggests that
sports complexes are as diverse as their clientele. Basketball, racquetball and
court volleyball are being played next to yoga, dodge ball and mixed martial
arts. Soccer, baseball, football and even golf are moving indoors. Amenities
and activities such as tanning beds, rock climbing walls, dance studios and
arcades demand their own space3.

15. Fitness and Wellness

Indoor sports complexes have become increasingly popular due to their ability to
provide year-round practice and play spaces for various athletic programs. These
facilities offer a versatile environment for a wide range of sports, such as
basketball, soccer, tennis, and many others. Investing in an indoor sports complex
can be a game changer for communities and sports organizations, promoting health
and wellness while also creating opportunities for events and tournaments.
Building an indoor sports facility has many advantages. Besides ensuring
uninterrupted practice sessions and games regardless of weather conditions, these
complexes can also be designed to cater to the unique needs of various sports and
athletes, offering customized floor layouts, equipment, and amenities. Furthermore,
indoor sports complexes provide economic benefits by attracting sports tourism,
driving revenue for local businesses, and creating employment opportunities.
When planning an indoor sports complex, it is essential to consider factors such as
location, size, and functionality. Taking into account the specific needs of the
sports to be hosted, along with the interests of potential users and the surrounding
community, will ultimately contribute to the overall success and sustainability of
the project. The design of an indoor sports complex is crucial to its success, as it
determines the overall functionality, versatility, and effectiveness of the facility.
One must consider several factors while creating an indoor sports complex design,
including the types of sports to be facilitated, accessibility, space management, and
cost-effectiveness. When planning the facility’s layout, it is essential to identify the
sports and programming that the complex will host. This helps determine the
appropriate space allocation for different activities, ensuring smooth coordination
and transition between various sports and events. Consideration should also be
given to the accommodation of players, spectators, and vendors during diverse
events, as this will influence the overall design and functionality of the complex.
Accessibility is another significant aspect of indoor sports complex design.
Creating eye-catching and welcoming entryways and check-in areas can set the
tone for the entire facility, while also supporting smooth navigation and movement
throughout the complex. Incorporating features like ramps and wide doorways to
accommodate users with disabilities enhances the inclusivity and approachability
of the facility. In terms of space utilization, it is important to design the complex
with multipurpose areas and flexible layouts to maximize its versatility. Proper
lighting, ventilation, and acoustics contribute to creating a comfortable and
energetic atmosphere for sports enthusiasts1

16. Accessibility
a. Universal Design Principles:
Applying universal design principles ensures that indoor sports complexes are accessible to users of all abilities.
This includes considerations for ramps, elevators, and other inclusive design features.

b. Sensory Considerations:
Research indicates that attention to sensory factors, such as acoustics and lighting, can impact the comfort and
enjoyment of users. Implementing measures to control noise and optimize lighting enhances the overall
experience.

Accessibility is another significant aspect of indoor sports complex design.

Creating eye-catching and welcoming entryways and check-in areas can set the
tone for the entire facility, while also supporting smooth navigation and movement
throughout the complex. Incorporating features like ramps and wide doorways to
accommodate users with disabilities enhances the inclusivity and approachability
of the facility 123.

17. Community Engagement

Indoor sports complexes have become increasingly popular due to their ability to
provide year-round practice and play spaces for various athletic programs. These
facilities offer a versatile environment for a wide range of sports, such as
basketball, soccer, tennis, and many others. Investing in an indoor sports complex
can be a game changer for communities and sports organizations, promoting health
and wellness while also creating opportunities for events and tournaments.
Building an indoor sports facility has many advantages. Besides ensuring
uninterrupted practice sessions and games regardless of weather conditions, these
complexes can also be designed to cater to the unique needs of various sports and
athletes, offering customized floor layouts, equipment, and amenities. Furthermore,
indoor sports complexes provide economic benefits by attracting sports tourism,
driving revenue for local businesses, and creating employment opportunities.
When planning an indoor sports complex, it is essential to consider factors such as
location, size, and functionality. Taking into account the specific needs of the
sports to be hosted, along with the interests of potential users and the surrounding
community, will ultimately contribute to the overall success and sustainability of
the project. The design of an indoor sports complex is crucial to its success, as it
determines the overall functionality, versatility, and effectiveness of the facility.
One must consider several factors while creating an indoor sports complex design,
including the types of sports to be facilitated, accessibility, space management, and
cost-effectiveness. When planning the facility’s layout, it is essential to identify the
sports and programming that the complex will host. This helps determine the
appropriate space allocation for different activities, ensuring smooth coordination
and transition between various sports and events. Consideration should also be
given to the accommodation of players, spectators, and vendors during diverse
events, as this will influence the overall design and functionality of the complex.
Accessibility is another significant aspect of indoor sports complex design.
Creating eye-catching and welcoming entryways and check-in areas can set the
tone for the entire facility, while also supporting smooth navigation and movement
throughout the complex. Incorporating features like ramps and wide doorways to
accommodate users with disabilities enhances the inclusivity and approachability
of the facility. In terms of space utilization, it is important to design the complex
with multipurpose areas and flexible layouts to maximize its versatility. Proper
lighting, ventilation, and acoustics contribute to creating a comfortable and
energetic atmosphere for sports enthusiasts1234

18. Crowd Control

How your guests use your space is just as important as what they use it for. Think about the
layout of any high-traffic area such as a shopping mall, department store or amusement park.
These areas create convenient pathways to the guest's intended destination. They're also
enhanced by featuring specific amenities in appropriate areas to serve these individuals as
best as possible. These spaces keep the flow of the facility moving smoothly. Your indoor
sports complex design needs to maintain this smooth flow.
A multipurpose sports facility flows correctly when it accomplishes three key goals:
 Its design is easy to navigate for people of all abilities
 There is adequate visibility throughout the facility and wayfinding devices posted to
help individuals find their destination
 The facility is safe and secure in all areas to reduce chances of injury or theft and
ensure visitors are properly supervised
Your visitors will expect more from your facility than access to activities. They'll want to feel
welcomed and comfortable in your space. Your layout should be influenced by how your
guests will use the different areas of the complex. For instance, the locker room should be
close to the front entrance to allow guests to change clothing quickly. A swimming pool
should also be near this area to cut down on wet guests roaming the hallways. Indoor tracks
should be located near weight rooms or exercise equipment.
As your facility grows and offers more diverse services, the layout should help guests quickly
get from one area to another. Also make sure restrooms, drinking fountains and maintenance
closets are spread throughout the facility in convenient locations. You want all guests to have
easy access to the bathroom, and your facility staff should have quick access to custodial
supplies or tools should they need to tend to a problem in the area.
Do you want to maximize your space, create versatile environments and enhance the overall
flow of your multipurpose facility? Use dividing curtains and indoor fencing solutions from
Grand Slam Safety. Available in Double Wall, Elecrafold, Form-Fold, Full Acoustic Double
Wall and Walkdraw variants, our curtains and netting can cater to any space, even pitched or
sloped ceilings. Most importantly, our products deliver the reliable safety your facility needs.

19. Sustainability

a. Green Design:
Integrating sustainable design practices not only benefits the environment but also contributes to a positive user
experience. Natural lighting, energy-efficient systems, and green spaces within the complex can enhance the
overall atmosphere.

b. Material Selection:
Choosing eco-friendly materials contributes to a healthier indoor environment, positively influencing user well-
being.

In conclusion, an optimal user experience in indoor sports complexes is achieved through a holistic approach
that considers functional design, aesthetics, technological integration, accessibility, and sustainability. By
incorporating these key principles, architects can create indoor sports complexes that not only meet the practical
needs of users but also enhance their overall enjoyment and satisfaction. Future research should continue to
explore emerging trends and innovations in architectural design for indoor sports facilities to further refine and
improve the user experience.

20. Technology Integration

a. Smart Technologies:
Incorporating smart technologies, such as IoT-enabled lighting, interactive screens, and augmented reality
applications, can significantly elevate the user experience by providing real-time information and interactive
elements.

b. Digital Way finding:

User-friendly digital wayfinding systems contribute to a positive experience by helping users navigate the
complex efficiently. This is particularly important in large sports facilities.

21. Case Studies

CASE STUDY
1.NATIONAL SPORTS CENTER, CHYASAL,LALITPUR
1.LIGHTNING
a.Both natural and artificial lightning is used for lightning purpose
b.Sunlight is used during day and LED lights during night as it has bright illuminance and has uniform intensity
c. In futsal
-sunlight enter through south and southwest as well as through transparent sheet laid on roof
-a total of 6 transparent roof panels are used
-a total of 12 LED lights have been used containing 4 on 3 rows

d. In swimming pool
-a total of 8 LED light surrounds the pool
-direct sunlight during day
As for gym sunlight enters through north during day and as for night LED bulbs have been used
A total of 12 LED bulb have been used containing 4 on 3 parallel rows

As for parking area 8 street lamps have been used

Similarly,High intensity LED light has been used for badminton court
2.structure
Steel roof trusses with a central bracing have been used
The distance between two successive column is 4-5m in greater length
A truss is built over a span of 17m approx with a central bracing
AS FOR NATIONAL SPORTS CENTER
- High-Strength Steel Alloys
-erection equipments and technique
- Corrosion Protection and Coatings
Land Use Planning and Zoning Regulations:
 Research the local land use planning and zoning regulations that may affect the sports
complex.
 Understand how these regulations impact the size, height, and overall design of the
complex.

Community and Neighborhood Context:

 Examine the surrounding community and neighborhood. How does the sports
complex fit into the existing fabric of the area?
 Consider the social and economic aspects of the community and how the sports
complex contributes to or affects these aspects.

Community Impact and Social Benefits:

 Explore studies on the social and community benefits of sports complexes.
 Look into how sports complexes contribute to community development, social
cohesion, and public health.
Economic Impact:
 Examine literature on the economic impact of sports complexes on local communities.
 Consider studies on job creation, revenue generation, and the overall economic
contributions of sports complexes.
Technology Integration:
 Investigate how technology is integrated into modern sports complexes.
 Explore advancements in sports equipment, fan engagement, and facility management
through technology.
2.TAPOUT FITNESS
Location-baluwatar
Orientation-east
-LIGHTNING
Use of both natural and artificial source of light
Artificial light include high intensity evenly illuminated LED lights
It consists of joint futsal where total of 18 LED floodlight hung on steel
structure
Consists of 3 in no. each 6 rows
Enough amount of daylight due to open in all four direction
In case of parking, it is open air parking but also have one high intensity LED
floodlight

Reception and waiting area receive scarce amount daylight so mostly use of
artificial lightning such as LED bulb and florescent lamp during daytime
For fighting area,consists of 3 sections i.e,
-training mat area on center
-cardio training area on right
-strength and conditioning area on left
For training mat area , daylight enters through
-opening in roof
-top 2 small opening from west direction
-from east direction
For artificial lightning,
-13 LED floodlight lights are used consisting of 4 on each 3 rows and extra 1
for cardio section
As for strength and conditional section ,
-4 no. of openings on roof for daylight
-use of illuminaries such as LED bulb and florescent lamp

FOR GYM AREA, it had to go through washroom which includes changing

room, locker area, stem and sauna area
Had a separate section for men and women with same plan
Lack of daylight
Use of 6 LED lights containing 3 on each 2 rows

Main gym hall receives daylight from east

Also contains 24 illuminaries for night time ,consisting of 6 on each 4 rows
In which edge section contains low intensity LED bulb
For air circulation,opening on roof and UPVC window on eas

STRUCTURE
In case of futsal
Steel truss is laid over a span of approx. of 40m with a column support at the
midpoint
Height of about 10.5 -11m from ground to ridge line

The length of field is about 30m approx. with a 6m approx. gap between
successive steel column
In case of fighting area
Steel portal frame is used as
it is cost-effective structural solutions for single-storey buildings with gable-pitched roof
for a span of 15m approx
Distance between two successive steel column is about 4-5m
Ventilation
Early design options included the use of high velocity jet nozzles, a
conventional approach to condition large venues. Modelling analysis
showed that, while it was possible to achieve the temperatures
required at poolside with this system, there was an inherent
instability in the air flow patterns, which gave rise to draughts and
ultimately discomfort. There was also risk of interference with other
systems in the hall.

Thus, the chosen solution is a low velocity supply system at

poolside level relying on natural convection within the hall. As the
pool water surface absorbs heat, it draws supply air down, which is
then extracted via the pool drainage channels along the pool edge.
This also helps keep contaminated air at the pool surface and limits
migration to other areas.

The low energy pool ventilation system is integrated with the

architectural design. Services such as pool water pipework, the
movable floors and booms equipment are located within the
ventilation ducts to allow accessibility for maintenance.

Four high-performance specialist air handing units (AHUs) supply

conditioned air via the pool surround ventilation grilles, and air is
extracted through air slots integrated within overflow water
channels. The majority of air distribution is within services ducts on
each side of the pool tanks. Services such as pool water pipework,
the moveable floors and booms equipment are located within the
ducts to allow accessibility for maintenance.

All four air handling units feature double-pass plate heat exchangers
to achieve a heat recovery efficiency of up to 84%. The AHU control
adjusts the fresh air ratio into the air system to control the space
humidity level.

The low-velocity warm air supply louvres provide comfortable

conditions in the pool surrounds, while the self-balanced, low-level
air extraction service limits the build-up and spread of moisture and
pollutants. As this is dedicated to the pool surround, the total air
change over the pool hall volume is only approximately one air
change per hour.

The air is supplied at the required space temperature, typically at

30C so buoyancy is reduced. Heating is provided by other systems.

The 4,200 sq m main pool hall is enclosed under a 120m long span
roof with two temporary spectators stands on each side of the pool
hall.

Heating
The poolside area has underfloor heating. This provides comfort for
the swimmers and radiant heat to offset the radiant losses to
surrounding surfaces.

The system also provides a hidden function that, by warming the

low velocity supply air, encourages upwards air flow, thereby
reducing the risk of air recirculation by the pool surround air
extraction.

Spectator environment
Spectators will typically require different comfort conditions to
those at the warm poolside, and so are provided with separate
ventilation that is only required when events are running.

A dedicated spectator ventilation system provides conditioned

heated or cooled fresh air to underseat grilles for the 2,500
spectators in the seating areas. This system consists of perforated
plate grilles at each seat location supplying slightly cooler air down
to 26C at low velocity. Air is extracted at the top of the raked
seating area.

At peak times (midsummer with full capacity spectators) fresh air

cooling will be necessary to cool the supply air to 26C. Cooling
energy is provided by two 390kW water-cooled ammonia chillers.
Each of the two non-HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) chillers is connected
to a pair of dry air coolers and is located on the south-end of the
building, enclosed by a green wall system. The condensing water
circuits are connected with the pool heating circuit for diverting
waste heat for pool water heating, reducing the overall heating
demand.

Facade heating
Heat loss from the facades is treated separately by the use of
natural convectors fed from the heating hot water system. Along the
perimeter there is a trench heater system to offset heat losses, and
limit condensation build up. On the taller facade elements, the
mullions and transoms have integrated hot water pipes embedded
to reduce the risk of condensation and limit down draughts.

Each curtain wall is fed by a dedicated variable temperature circuit

that is weather compensation control.

The facade itself is made up of 3m by 1.5m double-glazed panels

giving an overall U-value including frames of 1.40 W/sq m K. The
facade has a light solar performance coating to limit summer time
solar gain, although generally throughout the year passive solar
gain on this facade plays a key role in reducing heat demand.

U-value comparison
Facade integrated heating system schematic

Daylighting
The facade will also enable year-round daylight in the pool hall. The
two elevations provide a uniform light level across the hall, meaning
that the electrical lighting can be switched off for most daylight
hours.

To offer protection from water surface glare, the facade has a frit
pattern whose intensity varies depending on the orientation of the
glazing. The south overhang also provides shading on the south
west elevation from the summer peaks solar gains.

The Roof
The main pool hall is enclosed by the two-way spanning steel roof,
with steel trusses of up to 16 m in depth. There is also a ceiling on
the lower surface of the roof trusses that gives a substantial roof
void zone. The roof void is a warm space insulated with 200 mm of
mineral wool insulation. This gives the roof a U-value of 0.20 W/sq m
K. Options to reduce the heated volume of the hall were
investigated but discarded. The conclusion was that the elimination
of cold bridges and interface details was essential to prevent the
risk of condensation and outside air infiltration at the joints.

The permanent roof is a warm roof construction created by

insulated cladding on the top and acoustic-lined timber cladding
facing the pool tank.

To ensure air movement in the roof space, there are a number of

circulation fans located at the walkways; the fans operate on a
cyclical basis, or when the roof void temperature falls below a set
point. The roof itself has a total design heat loss of 70 kW, so the
fans are also sized to offset this load and eliminate the risks of
downdraughts to the pools below. The roof temperature and
humidity is monitored by an array of sensors to control void
temperature above dew point at all times.

The roof has steel trusses of up to 16 metres in depth. Inside the

roof there is insulated cladding on the top and acoustic lined timber
cladding facing the pool tank.

Pool Hall Volume

The pool hall, including the roof void space, has a total volume of
180,000 m3. Fabric heat losses from surfaces account for 60% of the
pool hall space heating demand. However, the main concern with
regards to envelope heat losses was infiltration at the interfaces
between roof element and facade.

Although movement joint at the top of the facade will seal the
building. Even with a sealed building and minimal thermal bridging
and interfaces, the design air infiltration will still account for 40% of
the total envelope heat losses.

Diagram showing the envelope heat loss path.

Energy Efficiency
An energy model was built early on in the design to assess in detail
the building energy loads and to assist in understanding where the
predominant loads were and which were less significant. The model
evolved with the design and formed the basis of both the Part L
carbon emission calculation (as required for Building Control and to
demonstrate Olympics Delivery Authority efficiency targets) and of
building energy modelling in use in accordance with the ODA
requirement.

The Aquatics Centre improvement on Building Regulations Part L

2006 is 49%, based on the as-built commissioning data, but prior to
the legacy installation (such as the building air permeability test).
This is broken down into 16.5% from efficiency measures in building
services systems and the remainder from the district heating and
power systems.

The base thermal model was also used to prepare more detailed
energy performance modelling calculations to assess the building
more closely to its intended use, outside of building regulations
requirements.

A carbon emission comparison with other UK 50 m swimming pool

venues was carried out. This information is from the existing
building's Display Energy Certificate results. Each venue differs in
area and function, for example, many contain more dry area sports
facilities, which will naturally reduce the energy demand.

Conclusion
From the work carried out on the building environmental design, it is
evident that setting targets was critical to the success of
sustainability on the project. It provided the whole team with a
common objective and requirement. The energy performance is a
significant part of achieving the BREEAM Excellent rating that the
project received.

The project integrates with the Olympic Park's systems at a district

scale to achieve the best solution both for the Park and for future-
proofing the heating supply.

The involvement of building services engineers in the very early

stages of the design, not only in systems selection but in the use of
building physics, was the key to achieving the 16.5% savings in
carbon using efficiency measures alone, before applying renewable
energy sources.

Energy saving measures and further improvements

The target is indeed very challenging for the building design team,
since a conventional energy efficient approach to swimming pools
is to install CHP to power the building and utilise waste heat for
pool heating. However, as the building is connected to the district
heating network, new approaches are required to maximise the
building's energy saving potential.

Measures that have been put in place include:

 200mm insulated roof 0.20 W/sqm K;

 Insulated pool tanks and basement;
 Double glazed argon filled curtain walling 1.40W/sqm K;
 5m3/h.m2 building air permeability at 50 Pa;
 Localised climatic control;
 Use of water based systems for building envelope heating;
 Pool as heat sink for heating systems and condenser water system;
 84% sensible heat recovery in pool ventilation systems;
 Low velocity systems to achieve a volume averaged SFP of 1.6
W/(l/s);
 Passive solar gain of south-west facade to hall;
 Automatic day lighting control within the main pool hall;
 Natural ventilation in Olympics mode for spectators;
 and Variable speed pumping.

How could this be further improved in operation? The design has

incorporated this series of measures that together provide a very
efficient approach to energy savings.

From experience of other large pool facilities, pool energy

consumption is also very dependent on how the building is
operated. As the operator comes on board for the legacy, what more
could be done and what could the operator do to further improve?

Measures that could be considered include:

 Controlling the pool filtration system closely on demand to reduce

pump power;
 Closely monitoring and controlling the demand based ventilation
systems;
 Raising the pool moveable floors as pool cover to reduce
evaporation at night and when pools not in use;
 Reducing the pool water temperature from 30C to 28C for leisure
use;
 Reducing the poolside air temperature accordingly to the lower
ranges of the standards;
 Demand control outside air using CO2/pollutant sensors;
 Addition of heat recovery from shower and back wash water
(propriety systems now generally available to allow this);
  and Further decarbonising the district heating in the long term.

Life Cycle Analysis Based on EVEA's Life Cycle Analyzes, roof and wall recycling via
Texyloop® has reduced environmental impacts by 50%, producing 23 tonnes of 2nd
generation raw materials. Material impact on GHG emissions : 50,00 Eco-design material :
We substantially reduced the carbon footprint of the London Aquatics Centre by primarily
using secondary aggregates and cement replacement material – in essence, recycled rather
than ‘new’ concrete. We were the first team designing 2012 Olympic venues to push beyond
the standard supplier offering of 50% coarse aggregate substitution. In the end, more than
75% secondary aggregates were used in some concrete mixes to offset limestone
aggregates used for the pool tank. We exceeded targets set by the ODA, with concrete
contributing just 3% to the building’s carbon footprint. We were awarded a BREEAM
Innovation Credit for our use of concrete mixes. Over 150,000 tonnes of concrete was used
in the Aquatics Centre and the integrated pedestrian bridge. The dedication of the team in
maximising the sustainability of the concrete achieved over 4,000 tonnes of embodied CO2
savings and substitution of over 29,000 tonnes of primary aggregate, equivalent to 28 per
cent of the total. In total, over 80 per cent of the 235,000 tonnes of loose aggregates used
were from a recycled source, a significantly higher percentage than any other venue on the
Park. Temporary stands enclosed with phthalate-free PVC. The majority of recycled
aggregate was construction and demolition waste from elsewhere in the London area. A
further 23,000 tonnes was obtained from the site-wide soil hospital which created blended
engineering materials from the soil-washing remediation process. Water management
Consumption from water network : 40 000,00 m 3 Consumption of grey water : 2 700,00 m 3
Water Self Sufficiency Index : 0,06 % Water Consumption/m2 : 0,93 m 3 /m 2 Water
Consumption/Shower/day : 2,29 m 3 /Shower/day To reduce the building’s potable water
demand by more than 40% (against standard designs), we developed a system that uses
backwash water from the swimming pool filtration plant to flush urinals and toilets. Further
savings were achieved via lowflow sanitary fittings. With greatest demand for potable water
coming from showering, incorporating low-flow showers and basins delivered 35% potable
water saving. Rainwater harvesting was also incorporated into the design, with harvested
water used to irrigate the green wall at the southern end of the building. Indoor Air quality
Indoor Air quality : We made extensive use of measures to maximise energy efficiency,
including high levels of insulation and envelope air tightness, low velocity ventilation systems
with high efficiency heat recovery, and water based heating systems with variable speed
pumps. An Ammonia chiller plant provides space cooling and-uses rejected heat for pool
water heating.

Home » London Aquatics Centre | Zaha Hadid Architects

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London Aquatics Centre | Zaha Hadid
Architects
The London Aquatics Centre, in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park at Stratford, is an indoor
facility with two 50 meter Olympic sized pools and a 25-meter diving pool with boards
and platforms up to 10 meters, dry diving zone, a state-of-the-art 50-meter station gym,
a cafe and a creche. The Centre was one of the main venues of the 2012
Summer Olympics. It was used for swimming, diving, and synchronized swimming
events. However, now it is a vibrant and an accessible facility open to the whole
community. It hosts a variety of activities including fitness and family swim sessions,
swimming and diving lessons, as well as inclusive community sessions. It also hosts a
range of national and international events.

Who Designed The Aquatic Centre 2012?

It is designed by Zaha Hadid Architects.

“After a post-Olympic makeover, London majestic Aquatics Centre is now flinging open its doors
for everyone to enjoy, whether an elite athlete or enthusiastic amateur“, Mayor of London,
Boris Johnson said.
Photography by © Helene Binet
The Concept of The London Aquatics Centre:

It was originally designed by world-renowned, award-winning architect Zaha Hadid in

2004. The architectural concept is inspired by the fluid geometries of water in motion,
creating spaces and a surrounding environment that reflects the riverside landscapes of
the Olympic park. An undulating roof sweeps up from the ground as a wave – enclosing
the pools of the Centre with a unifying gesture of fluidity, while also describing the
volume of the swimming and diving pools.
The London Aquatics Centre is planned on an orthogonal axis that is perpendicular to
the Stratford City Bridge. All three pools are aligned on this axis. The training pool is
located under the bridge with the competition and diving pools located within the large
pool hall enclosed by the roof. The overall strategy is to frame the base of the pool hall
as a podium connected to the Stratford City Bridge. The podium emerges from the
bridge to the cascade around the pool hall to the lower level of the canal.

Photography by © Helene Binet

In total an impressive 628 panes of glass and 8 external doors have all been installed in
the London Aquatics Centre, allowing lots of natural light into the pool. The Aquatics
Centre is designed with an inherent flexibility to accommodate 2,800 seats, with an
additional 1,000 seats available for major events.
The pool hall is expressed above the podium by a large roof with arches along with the
same axis as the pools. Double-curvature geometry has been used to generate a
parabolic arch structure that creates the unique characteristics of the roof.
 Photography by © Helene Binet
The building’s sustainability credentials are inherent and exemplary. It achieved a
BREEAM Innovation Credit for its unusual use of concrete mixes. Also, the design team
minimized energy efficiencies including incorporating very high levels of insulation, well-
sealed envelope, low-velocity ventilation systems with highly efficient heat recovery and
water-based heating systems with variable speed pumps. In addition, the main pool is
naturally lit. Mechanical systems have adaptable controls for maximum efficiency in use
and the building is connected to the district heating system. Potable water demands
were reduced by over 40% by reusing backwash in WCs and urinals, low-flow showers
and basins deliver 35% savings as well. Rainwater harvesting provides irrigation for the
green wall at the southern end of the building.
 Photography by © Helene Binet
Overall, the building is sensual in its form with a generosity of space. It can be
considered as a great building of our time due to its pure and powerful form.
Undoubtedly, this building will be a favorite venue for Londoners for generations to
come.

Project Info:
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
Location: Westminster, London, UK
Project Year: 2005-2011
Area: 15950 square meters
Client: Olympic Delivery Authority
Main Contractor: Balfour Beatty
Structural Engineers: Ove Arup & Partners
Services Engineers: Ove Arup & Partners
Name: Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

Location: Madrid, Spain

Area:
Architect: Ribas & Ribas
L35
GMP Architecten
Project completion: 2023
Function: stadiums
Hotels
Shopping centers

Santiago Bernabéu, the stadium of real Madrid football club, was built between 1945 to 1947 and also
located in city center of the Madrid. The football stadium which have gone through multiple
modification and redesign is nearing completion following a revamp by architecture
studios L35, Ribas & Ribas and GMP Architecten. From a stunning, wraparound facade to retractable
roof and pitch, its the ultimate upgrade, which had to be done under heavy restrictions( train line
running directly beneath the venue,tight inner-city location).

CONCEPT AND THEME

Most of the world's major stadiums are built on the outskirts, surrounded by highways and vast
parking lots. Santiago Bernabéu is an exception as it is located in the heart of the city, adjacent to
Madrid's main artery. Originally built in 1947 within an urban fabric that has since evolved, becoming
more densely populated over time. Despite its challenging urban context, the stadium has become a
potent local symbol and is intertwined with the global collective memory associated with football.

From the initial sketches for the remodeling concept, the intention was to adjust the massiveness of
the building to the scale of the city. Not least, the goal was to create a memorable image for the
Bernabéu, a new icon.

Approached as an opportunity to transform not only the building itself but also its relationship with the
users, the neighborhood, and the city. It was aimed to redefine the balance between the building, the
streets, and the squares, redesign pedestrian pathways, and properly integrate various activities, no
longer limited to sports but also including commercial, leisure, and recreational elements, with the
goal of transforming it into a sociocultural destination capable of attracting millions of visitors every
year.
The design of the entrance beneath the grand overhang facing Paseo de la Castellana provides a
face and a public entrance from the city: the grand lobby of Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. This
architectural solution addresses the absence of a previous main entrance before the remodeling
project, giving the stadium an iconic presence that establishes a strong connection with the city and
its residents, representing immediate contact with urban life.
ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Over the years there have been multiple refurbs, like the roof that was put in ahead of the 1982 world cup. Then,
in 1992, four entrance tower were added and the stadium was changed to all-seater, removing all standing room.
But in 2011, Real Madrid decided to carry out the most ambitious renovation project in clubs history.
 1982
world cup

1992

Designed to allow the stadium to be used for large-scale events, the retractable pitch will be housed in six
underground levels and feature an underground irrigation system and ultraviolet lighting to maintain the quality
of the grass.The renovation will also see the stadium's capacity raised from around 81,000 to 85,000.
Although the new envelope is shaped freely, its geometry is not accidental. The curved volumes are able to
reflect light in a changing way, its marked lines expressing energy and drive.While visually dominating its
surroundings, the stadium volume is adapted to the program behind it, swelling or shrinking without losing unity
or character.

The ventilated cladding material is designed to allow or to block sunlight through its changing pattern. The skin
geometry is line-based, which allows a building process that -despite its high-tech component- is relatively
simple and allows for large sections to be shop-assembled.
The facade will be a mega screen based on LED technology and incorporating noise mitigation measures. Inside
the stadium, there will be a 360-degree video wall, an integrated retractable roof over the pitch, and covered
spectator stands.

Work began by disassembling the old roof, which was done stages. That left spaces for new seats to
be put in at the top of east side,increasing capacity from around 81000 to 85000. to construct the new
retractable roof, 800-tonne cranes were installed, allowing two gigantic steel trusses to be built from
end of the ground to the other.176 meters in length, they were hoisted up and slotted together in ten
segments that connected in the middle. This meant constructing two new tower on the west side to
support the new roof trusses and also provide better access and evacuation points.these replace old
B and C tower which have now made way for new public space.
Due to all that weight they’re having to carry the towers had to be built with deep foundations. They’re
now sitting on 26 wide-diameters piles that go down 36 meters, which are topped with four-meter pile
cap.
Also critical to the structure of the new roof are the four longitudinal mega trusses. They had to lifted
up from outside the ground before being gradually shifted towards the centre of the stadium. Over
33000 tonnes of steel have been used on the refurbishment. At the peak of construction there were
800 workers on site everyday-even during the lockdown of 2020.

The main roof is based on the spoked-wheel principle covered by slats and consists of an inner
tension ring connected to an outer compression ring by 44 radial cables. The cable system carries the
steel structure of radial girders and V-columns. The compression ring is supported off the steel frame
structure of the existing bowl.
The retractable roof is oval in plan with dimensions of 75 × 110 m, has a textile membrane made of a
fluoropolymer-coated PTFE fabric, and allows multiple types of use, not only sporting activities, at all
times of the year.

The retractable roof has five main positions . In normal positions ,open stadium setting, there are six
trusses in the north, six in the south , little below the stadium frame also known as parking structures.

Second phase is when we close the stadium, the movement begins, six trusses from both north and
south move towards the center of field. Then the trusses are spread out from each other to the fixed
position of stabilizers bars in order to cover the entire 100 meters of the playing field.

Next is the inflated phase where cushions of fabrics run between each truss with the help fans that
are placed in buggies until they reach the pressure that is suitable for them to reach the level of upper
beam truss.

In last phase of movement, which is lifting phase where whole set of trusses will be lifted in order to
be at the level of fixed roof.
SOCIOCULTURAL ANALYSIS
The project would add 150,000 square meters of commercial space in the heart of the capital’s
financial centre. There would be new shops, entertainment and leisure facilities on the east and west
sides, more green areas and public space, as wall as five-storey underground car park. The materials
in the new roof and facades are composed of an environmentally sustainable stainless steel material,
an example of a circular economy design that is one hundred per-cent recyclable and serves several
functions – including reducing noise and light pollution. It also includes a new sky-walk with stunning
360 degree views. This “skin” on the retractable roof will also act as an insulator and temperature
regulator, reducing reliance on 1,300 heaters in Winter, which will be replaced by electric solar
powered models.
The most impressive feat of the Santiago Bernabéu redevelopment project was the successful
implementation of a retractable pitch system, which had never been used in a football stadium before.
The system consists of rectangular turf divided into trays that can be stored in a hypogeum located
underneath the stadium. This innovative solution allows for the freeing up of the field’s surface,
providing 10,000 square meters of space for Real Madrid’s business area to host events and concerts
while also protecting the sacred soccer pitch.

CHALLENGES
Upgrade was supposed to complete in 2022 due to combination of covid-19 and war in Ukraine which
led to material shortages and price rises.

CONCLUSION
Once completed, the new Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid Football Club and stadium will be a game-
changer, setting the standard for modern football stadiums worldwide. It will be a testament to Real
Madrid’s commitment to excellence on and off the field and will solidify its position as one of the most
innovative football clubs and conference and event facility in the world.