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24- Dimter, S, Tanasi , Z, Zagvozda, M, Ruška, F (2016)Development of tram
traffic in the city of Osijek, Elektroni ki asopisgra evinskogfakulteta
Osijek, pp. 71-79.
25- El-Bushra, E; Urbaniztion, Urban Growth and Change in The Middel East,
Bulletin of The Egyptian Geographical Society, Vol. 79, 2006. (El-Bushra,
E; 2006, p. 1).
26- Fraser, H, A. Christopher, P. Kennedy, C. Webster, T. Vardanega, P, J.
Johansson, A (2015) A new tram network for Bristol a possible scenario,
Municipal Engineer; Volume 169; Issue ME1, ICE Publishing, pp. 19-30.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/25d9/d12125c699ea9960872aaa24dde9e3a
d750d.pdf
27- Harvey, G (2012): City of Nottingham Expands Tram System; IEEE
Vehicular Technology Magazine 1 June, pp. 18-22.
28- Kovandová H. and Válka R. (2014): Experimental Study of Non-
Compatible Collision of Rail and Road Vehicle, Promet – Traffic &
Transportation, Vol. 26, 2014, No. 6, 459-466 459.
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of Traffic Engineering, NewHaven, Connecticut.
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improvements on tram network in the City of Zagreb,Technical gazette,
Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 217-223. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20151123143049
31- West of England Partnership, WEP (2010): West of England Joint Local
Transport Plan 3, 2011-2026, Engagement Draft, July 2010.

11
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This study examines one of the most significant and popular urban
electrical transport lines in Alexandria, represented in the tram network, which
started since 1862. Despite the environmental benefits of tram transport due to
the absence of ecological harmful pollutants, it faces, nevertheless, several
complications to compete against other means of land transport due to their
progress and decline of its efficiency; as a result of the destruction of
infrastructure, which was not updated almost half a century. The study aims to
compare the tram-lines in Alexandria in terms of movement, efficiency and
geographical influence. Furthermore, to evaluate the obstacles which hampered
efficiency.
This study is a field work search, conducted in June and July of both years
2017 and 2018, and January 2018 to measure the density of Passenger traffic in
stations, the geographical influence of tram lines, and identify the difficulties
facing both workers and passengers; as well as drawing tracks properly on maps.
This paper utilized indicators and coefficients to measure correlations,
seasonality, network centralization, and operating capacity.

The study concluded:

- The tram efficiency index is lower than the global indicators in terms of
efficiency, operational capacity, headway and per capita lines.
- Despite the decline of activity and the deterioration of the infrastructure of
the majority of tram lines, nevertheless, it is still the chief means of
transport, especially for the majority of residents of the suburb of Raml,
because of the cheapness and availability of safety element, which allowed
it to maintain its place among other competitor means of transport.
- Trams contribute only a small percentage in the recreation movement up to
6% for decline of trains and their equipment.

12