‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

University Of Science and Technology

Faculty of Medicine
Batch 18
Department of Community Medicine

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SECONDHAND SMOKING AMONG CIVIL

ENGINEERING STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

Research:

(Submitted for partial Fulfillment of MBBS degree)

Prepared by:

Anas Fathalrahman Mohammed Ahmed Altayeb

Supervisor:

Dr. Mazin Ahmed

2018
 Dedication

To my mother, to my father and my beloved brothers and sisters and

my dear friends, to my supervisor Dr. Mazin, all my thanks and
respect for dedicating his knowledge and time for us wising him long,
loving and healthy life.

Anas Fathalrahman Altayeb,

 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my parents for their support and help throughout my
life.

My sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Mazin Ahmad, for his dedication

and invaluable guidance.

He did not hesitate to devote his knowledge, effort and time for me, giving
his guidance and best advice in navigating the world of research.
 Abbreviations

ETS Environmental Tobacco Smoke.

SHS Secondhand Smoke.

SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

THS Thirdhand Smoke.

U.S. United States.

UST University of Science and Technology.

 Abstract

Smoking is a growing public health problem in Sudan, Secondhand

smoke, known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is a mixture of the
side-stream smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar
and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. This cross-sectional
descriptive study was designed to assess the knowledge about secondhand
smoking and its risks in university of science and technology. The study was
conducted during 2018 by using predesigned self-administered
questionnaire. The total sample size was 100 non-smoker students. The
result showed that 92% of the study population know about secondhand
smoking and it also revealed that about 97% of them are aware about its
risks. The study results concluded that most of the study population know
about secondhand smoking and its risks. Therefore, educational campaigns
about smoking and secondhand smoking should be done and smoking must
be banned permanently in the university.
 ‫المستـخلص‬

‫التدخين هو مشكلة عامة متفاقمة في السودان‪ ،‬والتدخيـن السلبي هو خليط بين الدخـان‬
‫المنبعث من الجانب المحترق في السيجارة وما بين الدخـان المنبعث من رئـة المدخن‪ .‬وقد تم تصميم‬
‫هذه الدراسة لتقييم معرفة طالب الهندسة في جامعة العلوم والتقانة بالتدخين السلبي ووعيهم‬
‫بمخاطره‪ ،‬أجريت هذه الدراسة خالل العـام ‪ 2018‬بواسطة إستبيان ُمعد مسبقاً‪ ،‬وكان مجموع‬
‫الطالب المشاركين في هذه ‪ 100‬طالب من غير المدخنيـن‪ ،‬وقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن ‪ %92‬من‬
‫الطالب يعرفون ما هو التدخين السلبي‪ ،‬وأن منهم حوالي ‪ %97‬يعُـون تماما ً بمخاطره‪ .‬وخلصت‬
‫الدراسة إلى أن أغلبية الطالب يعرفون جيدا ً ما هو التدخين السلبي وما هي مخاطره‪ .‬فبالتالي‪ :‬من‬
‫المفترض أن تقام حمالت تثقيفية توعوية عن التدخيـن وعن التدخيـن السلبي ومخاطرهما‪ ،‬والبُد‬
‫أيضا ً من منع التدخيـن تماما ً داخل الحـرم الجامعـي‪.‬‬
 Table of Contents

Dedication i
Acknowledgement ii
Abbreviations iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures viii
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1
1. Introduction 2
1.2 Justification 4
1.3 Objectives 5
1.3.1 General objective 5
1.3.2 Specific objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW 6
 2. Literature Review 7
CHAPER THREE : METHODOLOGY 10
3.1 The study design 11
3.2 Study area 11
3.3 The study population 11
3.4 Sampling 11
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria. 11
3.4.2 Exclusion criteria 11
3.5 Data collection 11
3.5.1 Sampling size 11
3.6 Data collection 11
3.7 Data analysis 11
3.8 Ethical considerations 12
CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS 13
4. Results 14
CHAPTER FIVE : DISCUSSION 25
5. Discussion 26
CHAPTER SIX : CONCLUSION 28
6. Conclusion 29
CHAPTER SEVEN : RECOMMENDATIONS 30
7. Recommendations 31
ANNEX 32
1. References 33
2. Questionnaire 36
 List of Figures

No. Title Page

No.
Figure 1 Age group distribution. 15
Figure 2 Gender distribution. 16

Figure 3 The portion of population who sit beside smokers. 17

Figure 4 The distribution of type of smoking. 18

Figure 5 The portion of study population who are feel discomfort when 19
they sit beside a smoker while smoking.
Figure 6 Knowledge of the study population about SHS. 20

Figure 7 Source of informations of the study population. 21

Figure 8 Knowledge of study population about the risks of SHS. 22

Figure 9 Opinions of study population about the risks that might be caused 23
by SHS.

Figure 10 Opinions about the possibilities of deaths because of SHS. 24

 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background:

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also called environmental tobacco

smoke (ETS). It’s a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that come from burning
tobacco Mainstream smoke that is The smoke which is exhaled by a
smoker and Sidestream smoke which is the Smoke from the lighted end of
a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, This type of smoke has higher concentrations of
cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) and is more toxic than mainstream
smoke. It also has smaller particles than mainstream smoke. These smaller
particles make their way into the lungs and the body’s cells more easily.

When non-smokers are exposed to SHS it’s called involuntary

smoking or passive smoking. Non-smokers who breathe in SHS take in
nicotine and toxic chemicals the same way smokers do. The more SHS you
breathe, the higher the levels of these harmful chemicals in your body.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) has the same harmful chemicals that

smokers inhale. There is no safe level of exposure for secondhand smoke
(SHS). Secondhand smoke is known to cause cancer. It has more than 7,000
chemicals, including at least 70 that can cause cancer. SHS causes lung
cancer – even in people who have never smoked. There’s also some
evidence suggesting it might be linked in adults to cancers of the:
Larynx (voice box), Pharynx (throat), Nasal sinuses, Brain, Bladder,
Rectum, Stomach and Breast It’s possibly linked in children to: Lymphoma,
Leukemia, Liver cancer and Brain tumors. There is clear scientific evidence
of an increased risk of lung cancer in non-smokers exposed to SHS. This
increased risk is estimated at 20% in women and 30% in men who live with
a smoker [1]. Similarly, it has been shown that non-smokers exposed to SHS
in the workplace have a 16 to 19% increased risk of developing lung cancer
[2]
. The risk of presenting lung cancer increases with the degree of exposure.
The Californian Environmental Protection Agency estimates that SHS
causes 3000 deaths each year due to lung cancer in non-smokers. Inhaling
[1,2]
secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in nonsmoking adults .
Approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year among adult
nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand
smoke [2].

Secondhand smoke can be harmful in many ways. For instance, it

affects the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack and
[3]
stroke in non-smokers . It has also been shown that non-smokers exposed
to SHS have a 25 to 35% increased risk of suffering acute coronary diseases
[4]
. Chronic respiratory conditions are also more frequent in non-smokers
exposed to SHS [4]. There is evidence linking SHS to other adverse effects in
adults including exacerbation of asthma and reduced lung function.

There is no research in the medical literature as of yet showing that

lingering tobacco smoke odors or residuals from it cause cancer in people.
Research does show that particles from secondhand tobacco smoke can
settle in dust and on surfaces and remain there long after the smoke is gone.
Some studies suggest the particles can last for months. Even though it’s no
longer in the form of smoke, researchers often call this thirdhand
smoke (THS) or residual tobacco smoke [5].

1.2. Justification:

1.2.1. Topic selection:

Millions of people are breathing in secondhand smoke in
their daily life which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality
especially to children.

1.2.2. Area selection:

University of science and technology (UST) engineering
compound because engineering students are away from medical field
and their knowledge about the risks may be limited.

OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 General objective:

To determine the knowledge about secondhand smoking among Civil

engineering students, in university of science and technology 2018.

1.3.2 Specific objectives:

1.3.2.1 To assess the knowledge about secondhand smoking.

 1.3.2.2 To detect the awareness about the risks of secondhand
smoking.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Secondhand smoke is smoke from burning tobacco products, such as

cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.[6,9,10] SHS also is smoke that has been exhaled, or
breathed out, by the person smoking.[9,10] Tobacco smoke contains more than
7,000 chemicals, including hundreds that are toxic and about 70 that can
cause cancer.[6] There is no risk-free level of secondhand smoke exposure;
even brief exposure can be harmful to health.[6,7,10]

Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health

problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.[6]

Health effects of SHS In children include: ear infections, more frequent and
severe asthma attacks, respiratory symptoms (for example, coughing,
sneezing, and shortness of breath), respiratory infections (bronchitis and
pneumonia), and A greater risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
[6,7,8]

In adults who have never smoked, SHS can cause Heart disease and
lung cancer[10,11]. For nonsmokers, breathing secondhand smoke has
immediate harmful effects on the heart and blood vessels.[6,8] It is estimated
that SHS caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–
2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.[6] In the other hand, SHS
exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–
2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.[6]

It has been estimated that SHS is responsible each year for 22,000
hospitalizations, between 150,000 and 300,000 cases of bronchitis and
pneumonia, between 8000 and 26,000 cases of asthmas only in the U.S.[8]

A recent article on the USA Today mentioned that 87% of lung-

cancer patients are smokers or ex-smokers. The remaining percentage of
lung-cancer patients may be those who were exposed to SHS, either as
children with smokers in the home, or as employees who worked for years
with smokers[12]. A preliminary study shows that smoking infringes on non-
smokers’ health more than they may be aware. Some 35,000 non-smokers
die each year from heart disease caused by SHS[13]. Not just long-term
exposure appears to matter; Experts estimate that just 20 minutes of
breathing smoke-filled air makes a non-smoker’s blood platelets almost as
sticky as the platelets of pack-a-day smokers–and therefore more likely to
form clots that could cause a heart attack or stroke[14].

In 2009, a research is done by Kristin A. Dillon and Richard A. Chase

about Secondhand Smoke exposure, awareness and prevention among
African born women and the result was as follows:

About one third of African Born Women reported exposure to SHS in

the past month, and over one quarter of them reported exposure in the past
day, they identified four primary situations in which they are exposed to
SHS: with family or friends, passing by neighbors, at school and in public. A
lack of discipline for smoking in school, and exposure in public areas such
as streets, both of which they felt unable to avoid.
 About two thirds (68%) of women surveyed reported that in the past 6
months they asked someone not to smoke around them because they are
uncomfortable at all when someone smoke around them. Over half of the
women said they did so because of concerns about their own health. Other
common reasons for asking someone not to smoke included: smoke
bothering their eyes or breathing, they do not like the smell of smoke,
concerns about the health of a child, and concerns about the smoker’s health.

The most of the women were exposed to cigarette and cigars and few
of them (about one in ten women) were exposed to shisha in different
environment and some of them in their friends house, parties and while
visiting relatives.

The survey demonstrated a high level of personal awareness of the

health impacts of SHS, but; many gaps in knowledge were seen, particularly
in regard to whether different types of tobacco products (e.g. menthol
cigarettes, shisha, cigars) were safer than regular cigarettes.

In 2015, an article done in U.S. about tobacco related mortality

showed that smoking causes about one of every five deaths in the U.S. each
year 1.6. Cigarette smoking is estimated to cause the following [6]:

More than 480,000 deaths annually (including deaths from SHS) are
caused by smoking, 278,544 annual deaths among men and 201,773 annual
deaths among women. In particular, exposure to SHS causes an estimated
41,000 deaths each year among adults in U.S. 7333 annual deaths caused by
lung cancer, and 33,951 annual deaths because of heart diseases [16].
 CHAPTER
THREE
METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY
Study design: cross sectional qualitative study.
Study area: the study was conducted in the University Science and
technology engineering compound, in Omdurman Al-Thawra Alshengeti
Street, Khartoum Sudan.

Study population: It was include engineering students from university of

science and technology

Selection Criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

Students who was participate in the survey.

Exclusion Criteria:

Smokers, other college students and general staff (teachers, guards, and
workers) was excluded.

Sampling:

Sample size: 100 participant students out of 1325 in quota.

Data collection:

Tools of data collection:

Data was collected from people using prepared questionnaire, which

had been modified to fit the objective of the study.

Data Analysis:

Using Microsoft Office Excel 2013 for Windows.

Ethical Consideration:

1. The study was presented to the ethical review of university of science and
technology for approval of the study.

2. Each student who participated in the study was approached and asked if
he or she would be willing to take part in this study (verbal consent)

3. The students were promised anonymity and that their personal details
would be kept confidential.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
 RESULTS

The study sample is composed of 100 civil engineering students, 1% of the

sample were less than 17 years old, 25% were 17 to 19 years old, 50% were
20 to 22 years old, 18% were 23 to 25 years old and 6% were more than 25
years old. Figure (1).

51% of the sample were females and 49% were males. Figure (2).

83% of the study sample reported that they share space with smokers, while
17% do not. Figure (3).

68.2% of the study sample said that they share space with cigarette smokers,
18.2% beside shisha smokers, 8.7% beside weed smokers and 4.9% beside
other types of smokers. Figure (4).

69% of the study sample said that they feel uncomfortable while sitting
beside smokers, while 31% said that they don't mind. Figure (5).

92% of the study sample know what secondhand smoking is, while 8% do
not. Figure (6).

27% of the study sample said that their source of information about
secondhand smoking is from Internet, 20% from newspapers and magazines,
16% from television programs and 37% from their relatives and friends.
Figure (7).

96.74% of the study sample are aware about risks of secondhand smoking,
while 3.26% do not .Figure (8).

70.47% of the study sample reported that secondhand smoking may cause
lung cancer, 19% said it might cause chronic headache, 8.57% leukemias
and 1.96% dyspepsia. Figure (9).

59.8% of the study sample think that secondhand smoking may cause death
and 40.2% said that it does not cause death. Figure (10).

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1% 25% 50% 18% 6%
Below 17 17--19 20--22 23--25 Above 25

Figure (1): shows the age distribution of the study population.

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
51% 49%
Male Female

Figure (2): shows the distribution of the study population by gender.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
83% 17%
Yes No

Figure (3): Study population who sit beside smokers.

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
68.20% 18.20% 8.70% 4.90%
Cigarettes Shisha Weed Other

Figure (4): Type of smoking that the study population receives.

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
69% 31%
Yes No

Figure (5): Discomfortance of study population when they sit beside a

smoker while he is smoking.
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
92% 8%
Yes No

Figure (6): Knowledge of study population about Secondhand smoking.

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
27% 20% 16% 37%
Internet Newspapers and Magazines T.V. Family and Friends

Figure (7): Source of informations of the study population.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
96.74% 3.26%
Yes No

Figure (8): Knowledge of study population about the risks of Secondhand

smoking.
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
8.57% 70.47% 19% 1.96%
Leukemia Lung Cancer Chronic Headache Dyspepsia

Figure (9): Opinions about the risks that might be caused by Secondhand
smoking.
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
59.80% 40.20%
Yes No

Figure (10): Opinions about the possibilities of deaths because of

Secondhand smoking.
CHAPTER FIVE
 DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

The findings from this study shows that majority (69%) of the sample
population feels uncomfortable while sitting beside smokers. Researches
made among African women showed that 68% of the population were
uncomfortable while sitting beside a smoker and they used to ask the smoker
to move away from the area they were in. Considering health, they thought
that it had a bad impact on their family and friends and especially their
children’s health and it have a bothering effect on their eyes and breathe.
Many people don’t care about the smoking area which is an interesting point
of view, because many of them think that any area can be a free smoking
area and this was showed in many studies done before.

There are different types of cigarette smoking, the study showed that
68.2% were exposed to cigarette and 18.2% were exposed to shisha while
8.6% were exposed to weeds. Research study made among African women
showed that most of them were exposed to cigarettes and cigars and a few
were exposed to shisha in different environments and some of them in their
friends house, parties and while visiting relatives. In this research, one of the
suggested solutions were that smoking must be banned in homes and this
rule was applied by focused-groups that participated in the research.

Quite surprisingly, 96.7% of the sample population are aware about

the risks of secondhand smoking. The research made among African-born
women in America showed that many people in the study group did not
know about the dangers while others know about the risk factors and they
don’t care and this can be another issue to talk about. Knowledge about
anything can be obtained from different sources. In this research, 27% of the
study sample came to know about secondhand smoking from the internet
while 20% read about it in the newspapers and magazines and 16% saw it in
tv programs, most of the rest heard about it from their relatives. This shows
that there are many kinds of sources that a person can get to know about any
topic from. Some researches conducted concluded that to increase the
awareness among people about the secondhand smoking and its effects,
they can convince them to quit by informing them about how smoking
affects their bodies in and out.
 The findings from my study shows that the majority of study
population approved that Secondhand smoke can cause death. A study done
in United States showed that Secondhand Smoke causes an estimated 41000
deaths because of its risks, About 7333 annual deaths caused by lung cancer
and about 33951 annual deaths because of heart diseases [6].

Nevertheless, most of the people know that smoking cause lung

cancer. Increasing awareness with increasing side effects. In the past few
years, the incidence of lung cancer has increased and secondhand smoking
has been one of the risk factors.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the research has showed that most of the study

population have a good knowledge about Secondhand smoking and its risks,
but beside their knowledge and the discomfort they reported; people tend to
share space with smokers.
CHAPTER SEVEN
RECOMENDATION
 RECOMMENDATION

The Research results recommend the following:

• More educational campaigns about smoking and secondhand

smoking should be done.
• Private smoking places should be provided in public places e.g.
Restaurants, malls, airports…etc.
• Smoking should be banned permanently in the University.
• Strict rules about smoking in public places should be applied.
• Smoke prices should be more expensive.
ANNEX
 REFERENCES

[1] Correa P, Pickle LW, Fontham E, Lin Y, Haenszel W. Passive

smoking and lung cancer. Lancet. 1983;2(8350):595–7.

[2] Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ. The accumulated evidence on
lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. British Medical Journal
1997, 315: 980–8.

[3] Hole DJ, Gillis CR, Chopra C, Hawthorne VM. Passive smoking
and cardiorespiratory health. British Medical
Journal. 1989;299(6696):423–7.

[4] Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Environmental tobacco smoke
exposure and ischemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence.
British Medical Journal 1997, 315:973–80.
[5] Thomas JL, Hecht SS, Luo X, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke: A
tobacco-specific lung carcinogen on surfaces in smokers'
homes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(1):26-32.

[6] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health

Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the
Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center
for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on
Smoking and Health, 2014 [accessed 2017 Feb 21].

[7] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A Report of the

Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means
to You. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and
Health, 2010 [accessed 2017 Feb 21].

[8] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health

Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of
the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center
for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on
Smoking and Health, 2006 [accessed 2017 Feb 21].

[9] Institute of Medicine. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and

Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence. Washington:
National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, 2009 [accessed
2017 Feb 21].

[10] National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth

Edition. Research Triangle Park (NC): U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, 2016 [accessed 2017 Feb 21].

[11] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs:

Nonsmokers’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke—United States, 1999–
2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010;59(35):1141–6
[accessed 2017 Feb 21].

[12] Miller, K. E., Impact of Secondhand Smoke on Inflammation,

American Family Physician, 11/15/2004, Vol. 70, Issue 10, p1988.

[13] Pechacek TF, Babb S. Commentary: how acute and reversible are
the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? BMJ 2004: 328:980-3.

[14] David Lee at al, Secondhand smoke exposure and earaches in

adolescents: The Florida Youth Cohort Study, Journal of Public Health
Management & Practice, Jan/Feb2004, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p35.

[15] Ana Navas-Acien, Secondhand Tobacco Smoke in Public Places in

Latin America, JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association,
6/9/2004, Vol. 291 Issue 22, p2741

[16] CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life

lost, and economic costs-United states, 1995-1999. MMWR
2002:51:300-3.
QUESTIONAIRE
 ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫جامعة العلوم والتقانة‬
‫كلية الطب‬
‫قسم طب المجتمع‬
‫إستبيان عن ظاهرة التدخين السلبي‬
‫كل المعلومات سرية بغرض البحث العلمي‬

‫الباحث‪- :‬أنس فتح الرحمن محمد أحمد الطيب‬

‫‪.1‬معلومات عن المستجيب‪:‬‬

‫أ‪ /‬الجنس‪:‬‬

‫أنثى‬ ‫ذكر‬

‫ب‪ /‬العمر‪:‬‬

‫أكثر‬ ‫‪25-23‬‬ ‫‪22-20‬‬ ‫‪19-17‬‬ ‫أقل من ‪17‬‬

‫من ‪25‬‬

‫ج‪ /‬هل تجلس بجانب أشخاص يقومون بممارسة التدخين؟‬

‫ال‬ ‫نعم‬

‫د‪ /‬إذا كانت إجابتك "نعـم" ماهو نوع التدخيـن الذي يمارسه هؤالء األشخـاص ؟‬

‫شيشـة‬ ‫سجائـر‬

‫أخرى‬ ‫حشيـش‬

‫هـ‪ /‬هل يضايقك الجلوس بجانب شخص أثناء تدخينه؟‬

 ‫ال‬ ‫نعم‬

‫‪ .2‬معلومات عن ظاهرة التدخين السلبي‪:‬‬

‫أ‪ /‬هل تعرف ما هو التدخين السلبي؟‬

‫ال‬ ‫نعم‬

‫ب‪ /‬من أين سمعت عن ظاهرة التدخيـن السلبـي ؟‬

‫الصحف والمجالت‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬

‫من األهل واألصدقـاء والمعارف‬ ‫التلفزيون‬

‫‪ .3‬معلومـات عن مخـاطر ظاهرة التدخيـن السلبـي ‪-:‬‬

‫أ‪ /‬هل تعتقد أن التدخيـن السلبي له مخاطر على صحـة اإلنسـان ؟‬

‫ال‬ ‫نعم‬

‫ب‪ /‬أي من المخاطر التالية برأيك يمكن أن يسببها التدخين السلبي؟‬

‫الصداع المزمن‬ ‫سرطان الدم‬

‫سـوء الهضـم‬ ‫سرطان الرئة‬

‫ج‪ /‬برأيك‪ ,‬هل من الممكن أن يؤدي التدخـين السلبي إلى الوفـاة ؟‬

‫ال‬ ‫نعم‬
 University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Medicine

Department of Community

Questionnaire about Secondhand Smoking

By: Anas Fathalrahman M.A. Altayeb

1. Informations about the Respondents:

A. Gender:

Male Female

B. Age:

Below 17 17-19 20-22 23-25 Above 25

C: Do you sit beside smokers?

Yes No

D: If your answer is “Yes”, What is the type of smoke they use?

Cigarettes Shisha

Weed Other

E: Do you feel Uncomfortable while setting beside smokers?

Yes No
2. Informations about Secondhand smoking:

A: Did you know what is Secondhand smoking?

Yes No

B: From where you knew about Secondhand smoking?

Internet Newspapers and Magazines

T.V from Family and Friends

3. Informations about the risks of Secondhand smoking:

A: Do you think that Secondhand smoking is dangerous to the

human health?

Yes No

B: In your opinion, which of the following risks can be caused by

Secondhand smoke?

Leukemia persistent headache

Lung cancer Dyspepsia

C: In your opinion, is Secondhand smoking able to cause death?

Yes No