You will be able to:

1. discuss standard watchkeeping arrangement, standard tasks to be performed

2. define UMS and name circumstances when going UMS is prohibited
3. define requirements for UMS ships
4. define safety precautions required to be observed before/after going UMS
5. speak about operation of DMA system; system’s peculiarities
6. discuss periodic safety routines and safety checklists requirements
7. discuss watch duties/actions to be carried out under certain circumstances
8. discuss watch duties/actions to be carried out under certain circumstances
9. name fuel oil system components and actions to be carried out under certain circumstances
when transferring fuel oil on board
10. discuss tanks soundings procedures and name means for soundings taking
11. discuss methods and tools used in manual sounding taking
12. discuss the principal things to consider when taking/handing over or keeping engineering
watch
13. discuss the principal things to consider when keeping engineering watch under
adverse/emergency conditions
14. discuss the principal concepts and objectives of the MLC
Essential competency: exchange information on effective engine room watchkeeping in terms
of OCEW duties and responsibilities

Lesson 1
Understanding watchkeeping arrangement

ENGAGE:

a) Share your understanding of:

ENGINE ROOM WATCH is

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

b) Answer the following questions.

 How many departments are there on board a vessel?

 What are the three levels of responsibility among personnel?
 Identify the difference between:
- management and operational levels in terms of responsibility sphere;
- operational and support levels in terms of responsibility sphere.
 Where can the information about the requirements for crew be found?
 c) Read and complete the following information using the tips from the box.

All the machines of the ship’s engine room should be checked on a __regular___ basis
when the ship is at sea. In order to carry out these functions, the following ______________
should be taken:
 day hours are divided into ____ equal ____ intervals of time
 each interval is ______________ to the officer in charge
 these intervals are also _ known __ as watches
 each watch is usually a 4-hour period
Therefore, if there are 4 officers on board, then each officer will have two watches per
day with a rest period of _______ eight hours. However, watchkeeping _arrangement__ may be
different depending on the company’s _ policy ____, ship type, etc.
The __roster_ of watch keeping for all the officers is prepared by the ____ chief _____
engineer. The type of machinery ______________ to an officer depends on the type of the ship,
type of the machinery and _ experience ____ and __qualification__ of the officer. The person in
charge of the watch at a _patricular__ time acts as the chief engineer’s ______________ and is
responsible for the safe and ______________ operation of the ship.

representative regular arrangement qualification

allotted measures chief roster
equal known policy minimum
particular allotted experience efficient

d) Comprehension questions.

 Is that required to check machinery operation when the ship is at sea?

 _____________________________________________________________________
 What is the standard watchkeeping arrangement?
 _____________________________________________________________________
 Is the watchkeeping arrangement the same on board all ships?
 _____________________________________________________________________
 What is known as the roster? Who is in charge of that?
 _____________________________________________________________________
 What does the term “chief engineer representative” consider?
 _____________________________________________________________________
ACTIVATE I:
a) Read the texts.

The watch consists of an Engineer Officer in charge with one or more ratings. Each
member of the watch should have a through knowledge of his duties, the safety equipment in the
machinery space and the survival procedures in case of emergency. In addition with being
familiar with the location and operation of the fire-fighting equipment, he should be able to
distinguish the different alarms and perform the action required, use the communication systems
to summon help and be aware of the escape route from the machinery space.
At the beginning of the watch the Engineer Officer in charge should note if there are any
special orders or instructions relating to the operation of the main machinery or auxiliaries. He
should verify the current operational parameters and the condition of all machinery and see if
these correspond to the log readings.
 All records are importaint but a careful watch should be kept on exhaust temperatures. A
sudden rise in the temperature of the exhaust gas from the cylinder is a certain indication that
some part in that cylinder needs attention.
Upon taking over duty the Engineer Officer should verify that the amount of fuel oil in
the service tank is sufficient for the duration of the watch. The level of the other tanks containing
fresh water, lubricating oil, slop, etc. should also be checked.
At appropriate intervals inspections should be made of the main propulsion plant,
auxiliary machinery and steering gear spaces.
Any routine adjustment may then be made and malfunction and breakdowns can be
noted, reported and corrected. During these tours of inspection bilge levels should be noted,
piping and systems observed for leaks and local indicating instruments can be read.
In addition to these regular tasks other repair or maintenace tasks may be required of the
watchkeeping personnel. Bridge orders must be promptly carried out and a record of any changes
in speed and direction should be kept. When under standby or manoeuvring conditions with the
machinery being manually operated the control unit or console should be continually manned.
Where a situation occur in the machinery space which may affect speed, manoeuvrability,
power supply or other events essential for the safety of the ship, the bridge should be informed as
soon as possible.
This notification should preferably be given before any changes are made to enable the
bridge to take appropriate action.
The Engineer in charge should notify the Chief Engineer of any serious occurrence or a
situation where he is unsure of the action to take, as for example, if any machinery suffers severe
damage or a malfunction occurs which may lead to serious damage. However, where immediate
action is necessary to ensure the safety of the ship, its machinery and crew, it must be taken by
the Engineer in charge.

b) Complete the following.

The watch consists of ______________. Each member of the watch should have a
through knowledge of his duties, the safety equipment in the machinery space and the
______________ . In addition with being familiar with the location and operation of the fire-
fighting equipment,
◦ he should be able to ______________ and
◦ perform the action required,
◦ use the communication systems to summon help and
◦ be aware of ______________.
At the beginning of the watch the Engineer Officer in charge should note if there are any
special orders or ______________ relating to the operation of the main machinery or
______________ . He should verify the current operational parameters and the condition of all
machinery and see if these correspond to the log ______________.
All records are importaint but a careful watch should be kept on ______________. A
sudden rise in the temperature of the exhaust gas from the cylinder is a certain indication
______________. Upon taking over duty, the Engineer Officer should verify that the amount
______________ for the duration of the watch. The level of the other tanks containing fresh
water, lubricating oil, slop, etc. ______________.

c) Fit the following phrases in the right place below.

noted reported and during these tours of at appropriate

 corrected inspection intervals

- inspections should be made of the main propulsion plant, auxiliary machinery and steering
gear spaces
____ at appropriate intervals _______________________________
- any routine adjustment may then be made and malfunction and breakdowns can be
__________________ noted __________________________________________
- bilge levels should be noted, piping and systems observed for leaks and local indicating
instruments can be read
________during these tours of inspection_________________________

d) Supply the right term.

In addition to these regular tasks other repair or maintenace tasks may be __required___
of the watchkeeping personnel. Bridge orders must be promptly ______________ out and a
record of any changes in speed and direction should be ______________ . When under standby
or manoeuvring conditions with the machinery being manually operated the control unit or
console should be continually __manned___.
The Engineer in charge should notify the ______________ Engineer of any serious
occurrence or a situation where he is unsure of the action to take, as for example, if any
machinery ______________ severe damage or a malfunction occurs which may lead to
_serious___ damage. However, where __immediate action is necessary to ensure the safety of
the ship, its machinery and crew, it must be taken by the Engineer in _charge__.

e) Supply the right preposition.

Where a situation occur ___ the machinery space which may affect speed,
manoeuvrability, power supply or other events essential ___ the safety ___ the ship, the bridge
should be informed as soon as possible. This notification should preferably be given ___ any
changes are made ___ enable the bridge ___ take appropriate action.

f) Comprehension questions.

- Which system of watches is usually adopted on board traditionally manned vessels?

- What must each watchkeeper be perfectly acquainted with?
- What should each crew member be able to do in case of emergency?
- Why must the engineer first look at the Notice-board (engine room black board) when taking
over the watch?
- Why must particular attention be given to the exhaust temperatures?
- When is the watchkeeping engineer required to be at the control unit or console?
- What may personell be required to do besides current watchkeeping tasks?
- What orders come there from the bridge?
- What is the situation the bridge should immediately be informed on?
- When should the Chief Engineer be summoned to the engine room?

STUDY:

a) Examine the sentence below.

 At appropriate intervals inspection should be made of the main propulsion plant, auxiliary
machinery and steering gear spaces.
In the sentence, the phrase “make inspection of” may be replaced by the verb inspect:
At appropriate intervals the main propulsion plant, auxiliary machinery and steering gear
should be inspected.
( Note the different arrangement of words )

b) Identify and replace the phrasal verbs in the following sentences with the single
verb, as in the example from the previous task.

1. Adjustment can be made in the timing of fuel injection by raising or lowering the plunger.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. All records are importaint but a careful watch should be kept on exhaust temperatures.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Notification of events essential for the safe operation of the ship should be given to the
bridge.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. A record of any changes in speed and direction should be kept.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Immediate action must be taken by the engineer in charge to ensure the safety of the ship, its
machinery and crew.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Reversal of engines can speedily be made when the ship is moving slowly.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Every revolution of the engine makes its contribution to wear.
_____________________________________________________________________

c) Define if the statements below are TRUE or FALSE. If FALSE, state why.

1. The word “watch” refers only to the time period of machinery spaces attendence.
2. The watchkeeping arrangement and make up of the watch may be decided by the Chief
Engineer.
3. It is usual for the Chief Engineer to keep watch.
4. The watch engineer takes full responsibility for the operation of the propelling machinery
and auxiliaries as well as full authority over men at his watch.
5. The engineer in charge alone is responsible for carrying out all orders received from the
bridge.
6. In case of malfunction or damage to machinery the officer-of-the-bridge must be informed in
the first instance.
7. The engineer of the watch is to take certain immediate action as he may consider necessary
for the safety of the ship, machinery and crew without advising the Chief Engineer.
8. The watch engineer may leave the engine room at any time during his watch provided
someone is there.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Complete the following.

The watch consists of Engineer Officer in charge with one or more ratings.
Each member of the watch should know
______________________________________________
Each member of the watch should distinguish ____alarm____________
Each member of the watch should use ___communication like walkie-talkie_____________
Each member of the watch should be aware __of all of the escape
route__________________________________
At the beginning of the watch the Engineer Officer in charge should note_standing orders
At the beginning of the watch the Engineer Officer in charge should verify
___________________
All records are importaint but
______________________________________________________
A sudden rise in the temperature of the exhaust gas from the cylinder
________________________
Upon taking over duty the Engineer Officer should verify _sufficient level of service tanks
__________________
At appropriate intervals inspections should ___________________________________________
Any routine adjustment can then be made and malfunction and breakdowns can be noted,
reported and corrected ___
During tours of inspection bilge levels should __ be noted _____________________________
Bridge orders must __be carried out and
record____________________________________________________________
Records of any changes in the engine log
book________________________________________________________
When under standby or manoeuvring conditions with the machinery being manually operated the
control unit or console should
______________________________________________________
Where a situation occur in the machinery space which may affect speed, manoeuvrability, power
supply or other events essential for the safety of the ship,
_________________________________
This notification should preferably be given before any changes are made
_____________________________________
The Engineer in charge should notify the Chief Engineer of
_______________________________
Where immediate action is necessary to ensure the safety of the ship, its machinery and crew, it
must _________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2
Understanding UMS
ENGAGE:
a) Choose the most suitable synonyms.
to show
to invite
to show up
to be invited
to visit
to attend
to use
to appear
to adjust
to be at
to be present
 to be there
to complete
to perform
to carry out
to check in
to go to
b) Phrase match.
a meeting
to control
to attend an engine
to a board
a lesson
a noise
fire-fighting equipment
a briefing
a space
a room

c) Expand the abbreviation.

UMS stands for ______________________________________________________________
d) Answer the questions.

 What sort of space is that?

 Why is it called that way?
 Is that considered to be a reliable control?
 What is its arrangement on board?

ACTIVATE I:

a) Consider the following.

1) What essential difference is there between a traditionally manned and an unattended

machinery space? In a traditionally manned space, engineers are all times to operate,
monitor, and maintain the machinery. UMS relies on automated systems, reducing
the need for continuous human presence. Since continuous presence of staff is not
required in UMS operation, how is watchkeeping carried out? During his watchkeeping
period he will make tours of inspection about every four hours
2) What are the tasks of an engineer officer during watchkeeping? monitoring machinery
parameters, keeping records, and responding to alarms.
3) How is the safety of operation ensured during the period of unattendance? By automatic
control systems and advanced monitoring.
4) Are routine duties, repair and maintenance tasks carried out in the same way as in the
conventionally operated engine room? Routine duties, repair, and maintenance tasks may be
carried out similarly to traditionally manned engine rooms during the daywork period
5) How are the parameters of main and auxiliary equipment logged on board modern vessels?
Electronically on engine control unit
6) What advantages do computers and satellite communication systems offer to marine
engineering operation? They provide real-time data monitoring and enhance safety
through rapid response to alarms and data analysis.
 b) Read the text and check your answers’ accuracy.

Where the machinery space is unattended, a duty engineer will be responsible for
supervision. He will normally be one of the three watchkeeping engineers. During his
watchkeeping period he will make tours of inspection about every four hours. The tour of
inspection will be similar to that for conventional watch due consideration given to the
unattended mode of machinery operation.
Trends in parameter readings must be observed and any instability in operating
conditions must be rectified. A set list or mini-log of readings may have to be taken during the
tours.
Between tours of inspection a duty engineer will be on call and should be ready to
investigate any alarm relayed to his cabin or other public spaces. A duty engineer should not be
out of range of these alarms without appointing a reliever and informing the bridge.
Regular duties, such as fuel transfer, pumping of bilges, etc., should be carried out during
the daywork period, but it remains the responsibility of a duty engineer to ensure that they are
done.
The main log book readings will be taken as required while on tour of inspection.
Engine rooms of some recent vessels have a computer installed which continuously stores
machinery data and the head office is able to access the information via satellite and read it off
without any intervention by the shipboard staff. Indeed, they are unlikely even to be aware that
the computer is being interrogated.

c) Complete the text suggesting the most suitable words/phrases.

Where the machinery space is ______________, a duty engineer will be responsible for
supervision. He will normally be one of the three watchkeeping ______________ . During his
watchkeeping period he will make tours of ______________ about every four hours. The
______________ of inspection will be similar to that for conventional watch due consideration
given to the unattended mode of ______________ operation.
Trends in parameter ______________ must be observed and any instability in operating
conditions must be rectified. A set list or mini-log of readings may have to be ______________
during the tours.
Between tours of inspection a duty engineer will be ______________ and should be
ready to investigate any alarm relayed to his ______________ or other public spaces. A duty
engineer should not be ______________ these alarms without appointing a ______________
and informing the bridge.
Regular duties, such as fuel transfer, pumping of bilges, etc., should be ______________
during the daywork period, but it remains the responsibility of a duty engineer to
______________ that they are done.
The main log book readings will be taken as ______________ while on tour of
inspection.
Engine rooms of some recent vessels have a computer ______________ which
continuously stores machinery data and the head office is able to ______________ the
information via satellite and ______________ it ______________ without any intervention by
the shipboard staff. Indeed, they are unlikely even to be ______________ that the computer is
being interrogated.

STUDY:

a) Consider the following sentences and circle the words that refer to deficiency or
improper operation of an engine in general.
Ë Any routine adjustment may then be made and malfunctions and breakdowns can be noted,
reported and corrected.
Ë The engineer in charge should notify the Chief Engineer if any machinery suffers damage or
a malfunction occurs which may lead to serious damage.

b) Name other common terms that refer to deficiency or improper operation of an

engine.

Failure misfunction Defective problematic issueble

c) Match the words with their meanings. In some cases, more than one way is possible.

1. malfunction (noun) 11 partial or complete breakage or wear

of element essential to functioning
2. trouble (noun) 13 sudden failure of electric power
supply
3. defect (noun) 9 non – performance, omission to
function, breakdown
4. defective (adjective) 12 cause partial or complete breakage or
wear of element
5. fault (noun) 4 imperfect, deficient, faulty

6. faulty (adjective) 13 stoppage, failure

7. breakdown (noun) 5 imperfection, defect, damaged part

8. break down (verb) 6 defective, imperfect

9. failure (noun) 3 imperfection, deficiency, fault

10. fail (verb) 2 difficulty; disturbance

11. damage (noun) 8 stop functioning, fail to operate

12. damage (verb) 1 bad, abnormal functioning, irregular

operation; irregularity
13. blackout (noun) 10 be unable to continue functioning,
omit to function, break down

d) Complete the following sentences choosing the correct word.

1. A minor engine trouble, if not recognized and corrected in its early stages, may easily develop
into a major ______________.
a) fail b) blackout c) breakdown

2. If the ______________ lies in the governor itself, the special governor instruction book should
be consulted.
a) fault b) faulty c) defective

3. Ringing a bearing with the light hammer strokes is one of the methods used when inspecting
bearings which ______________.
a) have damaged b) have failed c) have troubles
4. If the controllable pitch propeller system______________ it is possible to manually reverse
and start the engine.
a) breaks down b) breakdown c) failure

5. ______________ casting is a possible cause of many failures.

a) Defect b) Malfunction c) Faulty

6. The alarm systems are extended to the bridge area and the “off duty” rooms of the engineer to
indicate any ______________ that may occur in an unattended machinery space.
a) faulty b) faults c) fails

7. If one or more cylinders ______________ to fire, the cause may be: low compression or
presence of water.
a) fail b) trouble c) break down

8. Water may get into the fuel oil by leakage through ______________ riveting or welding of
tanks.
a) malfunction b) defect c) defective

ACTIVATE II:

a) Define if the statements are TRUE or FALSE.

 Personnel should never enter or remain in an unmanned machinery space alone.

 Staff may only be sent to carry out a specific task which they may be expected to complete in
half an hour time.
 Before entering the space, crew must report by engine telegraph immediately.
 If it is the engineer officer in charge who enters the machinery space alone, he shouldn’t
report to the deck officer.
 Notice of safety precautions to be observed by personnel working in unmanned machinery
spaces should be clearly displayed at all entrances to the space.
 Unmanned machinery spaces should be adequately illuminated when in port.
 During preparation to departure, no vessel is to operate with the machinery spaces
unmanned.

b) Read the text and check if you were right.

Personnel should never enter or remain in an unmanned machinery space alone, unless
they have received permission from, or been instructed by the engineer officer in charge at the
time. They may only be sent to carry out a specific task which they may be expected to complete
in a comparatively short time.
Before entering the space, at regular intervals whilst in the space and on leaving the
space, they must report by telephone, or other means provided, to the duty deck officer. Before
they enter the space the method of reporting should be clearly explained. Consideration should
be given in appropriate instances to using a `permit-to-work'.
If it is the engineer officer in charge who enters the machinery space alone, he too should
report to the deck officer.
Notice of safety precautions to be observed by personnel working in unmanned
machinery spaces should be clearly displayed at all entrances to the space. Warning should be
given that in unmanned machinery spaces there is a likelihood of machinery suddenly starting
up. Unmanned machinery spaces should be adequately illuminated at all times.
 When machinery is under bridge control, the bridge should always be advised when a
change in machinery setting is contemplated by the engine room staff, and before a reversion to
engine room control of the machinery.
On any ship certified for unmanned operation, the machinery spaces may be unattended
for a maximum period of 16 consecutive hours.

c) Consider the following and share your knowledge, ideas.

No vessel is to operate with

the machinery spaces unmanned
in the following circumstances:
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

d) Order the words in the following sentences to check if you were right.

No vessel is to operate with the machinery spaces unmanned in the following circumstances:
- preparation / departure / during / for
_______________________________________________________________________

- operation / during / or / standby / maneuvering

_______________________________________________________________________

- etc. / or / when / chief engineer / Master / requires / to be / due to / at sea / adverse weather /
manned / at anchor / the / the / the engine room / traffic / or
When Chief Engineer or Master reauires the engine room is to be manned at sea or
at anchor due to adverse weather . traffic or
etc__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

- variable load / steam generating / cargo handling / on the / plant / when the / plant / a high /
electrical or / places / and
When the electrical plant places a high load on the steam generating plant or during cargo
handling.
- engine room / when / any / port / unmanned / prohibit / regulations
___When engine room unmanned regulation prohibit any
port___________________________________________________

- including / major alarm / fire detection / with any / safety system / any fire / or / inoperative /
isolated / any / system zones
With any major alarm or fire detection system inoperative or isolated including any fire
zones or safety system
- back up / if any / provision / propulsion / is / equipment / inoperative
_ If any provision back up propulsion equipment is inoperative, ___

- communication / with / major control / system / inoperative / any / or

_____ With any major control system or communication
inoperative.______________________________________
- is / the / if / inoperative / console / bridge
- If the bridge console is inoperative.
- have been / the chief / for operating / before / complied with / unmanned condition / specific
instructions / in the / engineer’s
_ before __ The chief engineer's specific instructions for operating in the
unmanned condition have been complied with

Lesson 3
UMS. Vol. 2

ENGAGE:
a) Consider the following.

Ë Any vessel is equipped with means enabling UMS operation.

Ë MARPOL has mandatory regulations for ships operating with periodically unattended
machinery spaces.
Ë Further mandatory regulations may be imposed by the National Administration with which
the ship is registered.

b) Read and complete the information provided with the tips below.
Various regulatory authorities at the international level issue __rules and
regulations______ for the installation and operation of control equipment onboard ships.
The IMO has mandatory regulations for ships operating with periodically unattended machinery
spaces and these are contained in SOLAS Further mandatory regulations may be imposed by the
National Administration with which the ship is __registered
__ and these usually take the form of an interpretation of SOLAS regulations.
The international __classification societies____, such as Lloyd’s Register of Shipping,
Det Norske Veritas, American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas and Germanischer Lloyd,
issue detailed rules specifying the __ minimum controls ____, __alarm___ and safeguards _
that need to be fitted for the ship to be assigned a classification _ notation____. The
classification societies meet through the forum of IACS (International Association of
Classification Societies) to ensure that there is no significant difference __ between their
minimum requirements and that the SOLAS regulations will also be _complied______ with
through the classification process.
It is important to appreciate that when a ship is assigned the ____UMS___ notation (or
equivalent); the flag authority will normally __permit__ some dispensation on the engineering
manning level. This dispensation is only permitted while the UMS notation remains __valid___
and accordingly the classification societies periodically ______________ the controls, alarms
and safety systems through the ship’s __service life__. If defects were found in the control
engineering installations, which _affect___ the UMS notation, it would be _suspended_.
UMS stands for “___unmanned___ or unattended machinery spaces”; these ships
generally have __lesser___ manpower due to sophistication and hence need more stringent
methods of ensuring ___ seaworthiness ___ of ships.

difference service life complied rules and UMS

regulations
survey safeguards seaworthiness unmanned alarms
 valid registered SOLAS permit lesser

suspended affect notation classification minimum

societies controls
c) Share your opinion on the following.
REQUIREMENTS FOR UMS SHIP

ACTIVATE I:

a) Phrase match. Upon completion, the list of requirements for UMS ship shall be
obtained.

1. Control of propulsion 2 control

2. Centralized 7 generator for essential services
3. Automatic fire 5 alarms and pumping systems
4. Comprehensive machinery 8 control of essential services
5. Fire 9 system for the boiler
6. Automatic high bilge level 3 detection and alarm system
7. Automatically started emergency 5 control station
8. Local (manual) 1 equipment from the Bridge
9. Automatic control 4 alarm system

b) Read the requirements and complete the chart below.

A control system to operate the main machinery must be provided on the bridge. The
bridge watch keeper must have easy access to the emergency control system.
A centralized control room that is easily accessible is to be provided with the adequate
instrumentation and equipment. The equipment installed therein shall capable of monitoring and
operating all main and auxiliary machinery.
A detection and alarm system, which operates very rapidly, should also be capable of
giving an early warning of fire in the machinery spaces especially for the following: (a) The
Boiler (b) The Scavenge air belt of the Main Engine (c) The Crankcase of the Main Engine Oil
mist detectors are to be installed for engines of 2250 kW and above, or when the engine bore
exceeds 300mm – especially in hazardous areas. These detectors are numerous, well sited and
respond quickly.
This system should be capable of displaying (by means of a mimic panel) any
abnormality of the machinery, both on the Bridge, as well as in the Accommodation spaces,
including the Duty Engineer’s cabin, the Chief Engineer’s cabin and all public rooms. The power
supply for this alarm system should have a back-up from the emergency switchboard, in case of
a blackout, and there should be an alarm, to indicate this condition.
In addition to conventional portable extinguishers, it is mandatory to have a fire station
that is remotely located from the machinery space. The station must facilitate the control of
emergency pumps, generators, valves, ventilators, extinguishing media, etc.
In order to ensure protection against flooding, bilge wells are to be monitored for
excessive levels under normal angles of heel and trim. For auto bilge pumps, a ‘long-run’ alarm
should be provided. This indicates excessive filling of the bilge, since the pump is generally not
able to cope with the ingress of water. The controls for the bilge pump and remote valves should
be easily approachable and above the possible level of flooding. Sensing devices in bilges with
alarms and hand or automatic pump control is provided.
This generator is almost always connected to separate emergency bus bars in a dedicated
switchboard, located away from the main generating station. The primary function of such a
generator is to automatically overcome electrical blackout or a dead ship conditions within (a
maximum of) 45 seconds.
Local controllers operate certain machinery that cannot be controlled automatically or
which is best controlled manually.
The boiler system is controlled automatically with the help of a level controller and
amplifier; in addition there is a combustion control system with many safety features
incorporated to prevent fires.

Control of
propulsion
equipment
from the
Bridge

Centralized
control

Automatic fire
detection and
alarm system

Comprehensiv
e machinery
alarm system

Fire control
station

Automatic
high bilge level
alarms and
pumping
systems

Automatically
started
emergency
 generator for
essential
services

Local (manual)
control of
essential
services

Automatic
control system
for the boiler

c) Comprehension questions.

 What does the requirement state regarding the control from the Bridge?
 What is the requirement for the equipment in the centralized CR?
 What is the requirement for detection and alarm system?
 What are the cases for OMD to be installed?
 What does the comprehensive machinery alarm system display?
 What are the locations the comprehensive machinery alarm system should be capable of
displaying in?
 How is the comprehensive machinery alarm system’s power supply secured?
 What is the fire control station used for?
 What means are used on board UMS ships for flooding prevention?
 How and when is EDG used?
 What is the purpose of local controls?
 What is the arrangement of boiler automatic control system?

STUDY:

a) Consider the following. Place them according to the part of speech.

require required requiring requirement

Part of speech Function Example
Verb action or state (to) be, operate
Noun thing or person being, operation
Adjective describes a noun being, operating
Preposition links a noun to another word for, by, of, to, in, on

b) Complete another requirement for UMS ship changing words in brackets into the
proper part of speech. Mind prepositions.

Requirement in/for/at Safety Systems

Ë The arrangements should ensure _____safety_________ in/on/at all conditions, which
should be equivalent with/under/to running to/with/for __manned___ machinery spaces. (to
save, to man)
Ë Adequately ______________ safety systems are to be provided from/for/before the
automatic shutdown of/with/to the main engine, auxiliary engines or the boiler, in case
if/of/when any serious ______________. (to design, to malfunction)
Ë Auxiliary engines used for/in/with power ______________ must be capable in/on/of
automatic starting and loading in/under/at case of ______________ with/of/in the running
machine. This can be done in/on/by means at/with/of a standby feature. (To generate, to fail)
Ë In the case at/of/for electrical power systems, means should be provided of/for/from shedding
______________ load, e.g. a preferential trip, which will shed the load that is
______________ nonessential for/after/at the immediate running for/of/on the main engine
(e.g. galley power, deck machinery, etc.). (to exceed, to consider)
Ë All pumps essential for/in/at the ______________ of the main engine must be provided in
duplicate and an auto stand-by ______________ shall also be provided. (to run, to facilitate)
Ë The stand-by pump shall be capable in/with/of automatically starting, on ______________
of/with/from failure of the ______________ pump, e.g. with/by/at means of a pressure
switch. (to detect, to run)
Ë Each pump must be capable in/of/with ______________ the duty independently. (to perform)
Ë ______________ gear at/in/for U.M.S. operation must be of/with/on the type, such that it can
automatically isolate and regain steering control, in case of a single failure, by/on/in
automatic operation of the ______________ valves, e.g., the safe-matic steering system. (to
steer, to isolate)
Ë There should be two ______________ steering gear pumps, which can independently help
in/for/to steer the vessel, and one from/of/in them must have its power ______________
through the ______________ switchboard, such that it will continue to work, in spite if/of/on
a blackout, by/with/from drawing its power to/with/from the emergency supply. (to separate,
to supply, to emerge)
Ë There must be an ______________ system with/in/for ensuring safety of the personnel
______________ the machinery spaces, during U.M.S. operation, at/in/for responding to
alarms or carrying out essential ______________; for example, there is a ______________
man alarm system. (to approve, to enter, to repair, to die)
Ë The alarm operates with/by/if means of/at/with a timer, which is ______________ when the
duty engineer ______________ the machinery space. (to activate, to enter)
Ë It must be manually reset, after a ______________ time interval, with/at/by means of reset
switches ______________ on/in/from the engine room. (to predetermine, to locate)
Ë In case of/with/from incapacitation from/at/of the Duty Engineer, ______________ to reset
the timer will sound the alarm in/under/on the Bridge, and someone can be deputed to/at/for
investigate and take ______________ action. (to fail, to require)

c) Summarize the 10th requirement for UMS ship completing the following.

The arrangements should ensure safety in all conditions, which should be equivalent to
____running manned machinery
spaces_____________________________________________________________
Adequately designed safety systems are to be provided for the automatic shutdown of the main
engine, auxiliary engines or the boiler, in case of
___serious
malfuntions________________________________________________________________
Auxiliary engines used for power generation must be capable of automatic starting and loading
in case of
____running machine______________________________________________________
This can be done by means of
__standy feature______________________________________________________________
In the case of electrical power systems, means should be provided for shedding excessive load,
e.g. a preferential trip, which will
_____which will shall the load that is excessive
_________________________________________________________
All pumps essential for the running of the main engine must be provided in duplicate and an auto
stand-by facility shall also be provided. The stand-by pump shall be capable of automatically
starting, on
__ on detection of failure of the running
pump________________________________________________________________
Each pump must be capable of performing the duty
________indepedently___________________________________________________________
_
Steering gear for U.M.S. operation must be of the type, such that it can automatically isolate and
regain steering control, in case of a single failure, by
__ automatic operation of the isolating
valve_______________________________________________________
There should be two separate steering gear pumps, which can independently help to steer the
vessel, and one of them must have its power supply through
___emergency switchboard
__________________________________________________________
There must be an approved system for ensuring safety of the personnel entering the machinery
spaces, during U.M.S. operation, for responding to alarms or carrying out essential repairs; for
example, there is
__dead man alarm system
________________________________________________________________

ACTIVATE II:

a) Answer the questions.

 How many requirements for UMS ships can you name? 10 requirements
 Do you believe the requirements for UMS ships are essential to be followed? Yes it very
importaint because it directly affects on the safety of
the ship
 What might happen if they are not followed? Emergency situation or defective work of
equipment
 There is another requirement, that hasn’t been discussed yet. Can you guess it?
 . UMS ships require reliable communication between onboard systems, remote
control centers, and possibly other vessels to ensure seamless operation and
response to emergencies.
 The requirements cover most of potential technical dangers. Which non-technical danger
hasn’t been highlighted? Human error
 Could you suggest any measures to be taken in order to eliminate it? Trainings

b) Do the text quiz. Title it.

________________________________________________________
 There should be ______________ (1) inspections or rounds, before and after the
______________ (2) of the machinery spaces. The modern trend is towards a centralized control
room, using a totally ______________ (3) system for all aspects of ship operation, including
______________ (4), cargo, navigation and general administration.
In any system, most controlled elements will have one or more of the following points of
operation: a) ______________ (5) manual control b) ______________ (6) manual control c)
______________ (7) control.
______________ (8) control implies that the point of control is in the immediate area of
the device, whereas for ______________ (9) control the point of control is at some
______________ (10) away from the device, such as in a control room.
The operation of a bilge suction valve in the engine room by its ______________ (11) is
an example of local ______________ (12) control. If the valve was fitted with an extended
spindle through to the deck above and was operated from that point, it would be
______________ (13) manual control. In both these cases, a ______________ (14) would
operate the valve. If the bilge valve was fitted with a hydraulic motor to operate the valve, and
the valve opened and closed according to the position of a float controller in the bilge well, this
would be an ______________ (15) control system. The human element is ______________ (16)
in this case.

1. a) night b) periodic c) infrequent

2. a) unmanned b) manning c) unmanning
3. a) integrated b) closed c) innovative
4. a) deck b) radio c) engineering
5. a) place b) standard c) local
6. a) remote b) distant c) local
7. a) manual b) remote c) automatic
8. a) remote b) local c) automatic
9. a) remote b) local c) automatic
10. a) part b) distance c) time
11. a) spring b) hand wheel c) button
12. a) manual b) automatic c) immediate
13. a) local b) remote c) automatic
14. a) console b) software c) human operator
15. a) local b) automatic c) remote
16. a) supplied b) provided c) eliminated

Lesson 4
UMS. Vol. 3

ENGAGE:
a) Give definition.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
WHEN?
WHERE?
WHY?
WHAT?

b) Check the list of safety precautions below, define if they are reasonable and tick those
related to ship equipment operation.
 Stay alert and stay alive
 Wear the right clothes
 Use the right tools
 Learn how to lift
 Be tidy
 Don’t be a prankster
 Reporting is important
 Get first aid immediately
 Never take a chance
 Back your safety program
 Wear a mask in indoor public places
 Stay 6 feet away from others
 Avoid crowds and poorly ventilated indoor spaces
 Wash your hands often
 Monitor your health daily

c) Think over the safety precautions and checks that should be followed when running
UMS.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
STUDY:

a) Match the words with their definitions.

1. header tank 3 fix or attach (something) firmly so

that it can’t be moved or lost
2. mist 4 internal water line specific for the
provision of fire protection
3. secure 8 suitable or proper in the
circumstances
4. fire loop 5 closed or unavailable
5. sealed 2 visible watery vapor suspended in the
atmosphere
6. rag 7 put or hide away, as in a safe place
7. stow away 6 piece of old cloth
8. appropriate 1 reservoir that maintains a gravity feed
or a static fluid pressure in an
apparatus

b) Match the following to make phrases.

1. day 5 position
2. room and steering 8 tanks
3. oil 7 materials
4. public 12 loops
5. in auto 2 gear door
 6. stand-by 9 secured
7. cleaning 13 lubricating oil
8. header 4 rooms alarms
9. properly 6 pumps
10. confirm UMS 11 by position
11. in stand- 1 service tanks
12. fire 10 before leaving
13. fuel and 3 mist detector

1. on bridge 4 doors
2. high 2 levels alarms
3. on auto- 6 empty
4. fire 7 weather doors/openings
5. are 10 call alarms
6. are 12 E/R unmanned
7. watertight and 1 control
8. steering gear 13 spills
9. flammable 11 sensors
10. engineer’s 3 start
11. fire detection 8 motors
12. stopped when 5 active
13. oil 9 liquids
ACTIVATE I:

a) Define if the statements below are TRUE or FALSE. Consider amendments, where
applicable.

Before going UMS:

Ë Duty engineer must report fuel day service tanks are empty.
Ë An inspection for lubrication oil leakage to be carried out.
Ë ME is to be on bridge control.
Ë ME oil mist detector is to be deactivated.
Ë Bilges are to be emptied and high-level alarms are to be tested.
Ë Bilge pump is to be deenergized.
Ë Emergency DG is to be started.
Ë Steering gear motors are to be started.
Ë OWS is to be stopped and overboard valve is to be secured.
Ë Fire loops are to be activated.
Ë Watertight and fire doors are to be closed.
Ë Purifier room is to be opened and easily accessible.
Ë The Bridge is to be informed on going UMS.
Ë ER spare parts are to be placed near ME.
Ë Alarms are to be deactivated.

b) Complete the information with the phrases from the previous task to restore the
instructions.

c) Before going UMS, the Duty Engineer must ensure that all day service tanks for fuel,
cylinder oil and header tanks for cooling water, lubricating oil, etc are full. An inspection
of all active and operational machinery and systems in all the machinery spaces,
particularly for fuel and lubricating oil leakage, is to be carried out.
d) That the main engine is on bridge Control
e) Check that all bilges and seawalls are empty.
f) Test Oil Mist Detector alarm on M.E , test bilge wells High Levels Alarms , test Boiler
High/Low/Cut out alarms where applicable
g) Check that bilge pump is in auto position.
h) Check that Emergency DG is in stand-by position.
i) Check that Stand-by DG is on auto-start.
j) Check that steering gear motors are in stand-by position.
k) Check that all stand-by pumps are on auto-start.
l) Check that OWS overboard valve is secured (OWS stopped when E/R unmanned and if
not automatic discharge).
m) Check that all fire loops are activated.
n) Check whether all watertight and weather doors/openings are closed.
o) Check that the Purifier Room and Steering Gear door is closed
p) Check cabin / public rooms alarms prior to the engine room being unmanned.
q) Inform bridge and confirm UMS before leaving E/R
r) Check that all flammable liquids are in sealed canisters.
s) Check that all oil spills etc have been cleaned up.
t) Check that all waste, rags and other cleaning materials are stowed away.
u) Check that all Engine Room gear, spare parts etc are properly secured.
v) Check that all alarms are active.
w) Check that all fire detection sensors are active.
x) Check that all fire doors are closed.
y) Test the “Deadman” alarm and Engineer’s Call Alarms, ensuring they are sounding in
public rooms, Bridge, Cargo Offices and appropriate cabins.
z) Comprehension questions.

1. Which tanks shall be full before going UMS? Why?

 Day service tanks for fuel, cylinder oil, and header tanks for cooling water,
lubricating oil, etc., should be full before going UMS. This is to ensure that
essential supplies are available for the unmanned period, maintaining the
continuous operation of the machinery.
2. Why is it required to inspect all active and operating machinery and systems?
 The inspection ensures that all machinery and systems are in proper working
condition and that there are no leaks or issues that could lead to malfunctions or
accidents during the unmanned period.
3. Where is the main engine (ME) controlled from when going UMS? What does that
mean?
 The main engine is controlled from the bridge when going UMS. This means that
the control of the main engine is transferred to the bridge, allowing remote
operation and monitoring.
4. What shall be the level in bilges before going UMS? Why?
 Bilges and seawalls should be empty before going UMS. This is to prevent any
potential flooding during the unmanned period, ensuring a dry and safe machinery
space.
5. What is required to be tested? Why is testing so essential?
 Various alarms, including the Oil Mist Detector alarm, bilge wells High Levels
Alarms, and Boiler High/Low/Cut out alarms, need to be tested. Testing is
essential to ensure that these alarms and safety systems are functional and can
provide timely warnings in case of any issues.
6. Is there any special requirement for the bilge pump? Explain what may happen if it
is not met.
  The bilge pump should be in the auto position. If this requirement is not met, the
bilge pump may not operate automatically in case of water accumulation, leading
to potential flooding and damage to the machinery.
7. What shall be the mode of the emergency DG? Why so?
 The emergency DG should be in stand-by position. This ensures that the
emergency power source is ready to start immediately if needed during the
unmanned period.
8. What other systems are to be in stand-by position? Explain what may happen if it is
not met.
 Other systems, such as stand-by pumps and steering gear motors, should be in
stand-by position. Failure to meet this requirement may result in delayed response
or failure of these systems in case of an emergency.
9. What shall be the mode of OWS? Why so? Explain what may happen if it is not
met.
 The OWS (Oily Water Separator) overboard valve should be secured. If not
secured, the OWS may continue to discharge, leading to environmental pollution
and regulatory non-compliance.
10. What are the requirements concerning fire loops, fire sensors, and fire doors?
 Fire loops should be activated, fire sensors should be active, and fire doors should
be closed. These requirements are essential for fire safety and to prevent the
spread of fire in the machinery spaces.
11. Why are the watertight and weathertight doors/openings to be closed?
 Closing watertight and weathertight doors/openings is crucial to maintaining the
integrity of the ship's structure, especially in the event of flooding or adverse
weather conditions.
12. What is the requirement for flammable liquids and oil spills?
 Flammable liquids should be in sealed canisters, and oil spills should be cleaned
up. This is to prevent fire hazards and environmental pollution.
13. Why are spare parts to be secured? What might happen if they are not?
 Securing spare parts is important to prevent them from becoming projectiles
during rough sea conditions. Failure to secure spare parts may result in damage to
equipment or injury to personnel.

STUDY II:

a) Consider the following. Highlight Passive Voice examples in the abstract below.

A Critical Operations Checklist, is to be developed, maintained and used for ensuring all
necessary checks are made prior to going unmanned. Once the checklist has been completed, the
engine room alarms should be set to “UMS Mode” and the Bridge notified of the engine room
status and engineer on duty. An entry should be made in the engine room log book.

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an
action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most
important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses
it.)
The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the
repairs.)
 Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express
who performed the action.
I noticed that a window had been left open.
Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
All the cookies have been eaten.
My car has been stolen!

b) Complete the following information changing verbs into Passive voice, where
applicable.

Entering / Leaving the Engine Room During Unmanned Period

The Bridge must be notified (to notify) duty engineer officer when he is entering and
leaving the machinery spaces. Whenever the duty engineer _is required__ (to require) to enter
the machinery spaces during UMS periods, including attendance for evening rounds and to
respond to alarms, the “Deadman” alarm system __ is operated___ (to operate), where
__fitted__ (to fit). On vessels without a “Deadman” alarm system, the Bridge must be
contacted (to contact) duty engineer every 15 minutes to verify his safety.
In the case of an alarm, the cause of the alarm __ is verified _ (to verify) the duty
engineer officer, and necessary measures must be taken (to take) to rectify the cause. If
necessary another engineer officer _is__called_ (to call). In the case of fire, flooding, serious
machinery or electrical generation malfunction or similar threat to safety, the Bridge and the
chief engineer _ is informed____ (to inform) duty engineer officer.
Two full log entries of the engine room machinery parameters must be made (to make)
during the 8 hr manned period, and one log entry for the unmanned period. The chief engineer _
is required _ (to require) to issue standing instructions specific to the vessel detailing the
operation of the machinery during the unmanned period.
Means ___ are adopted_ (to adopt) to ensure that entry into unmanned machinery spaces
outside normal working hours _ is restricted_ (to restrict) to the duty engineer and any other
persons as authorised by the chief engineer. Access doors are to carry appropriately worded
"Entry Prohibited" signs indicating the times during which the special restrictions are applicable.
c) Complete the sentences below.

If the Bridge hasn’t been informed on duty engineer officer entering/leaving the ER during UMS
__ the “Deadman” alarm system __ is operated___
Where applicable, the Deadman alarm system is to be operated, otherwise
___________________
__ the Bridge must be contacted (to contact) duty engineer every 15 minutes to verify his
safety.______________.
Where there is no Deadman alarm system, the duty engineer officer must
____________________
_______ the Bridge is contacted (to contact) duty engineer every 15 minutes to verify his safety
________________.
Whenever the alarm is triggered when running UMS, the duty engineer officer must
___________
_take necessary measures______________________________________________________.
Whenever the emergency situation arises immediate action must be taken by the duty engineer
officer to address the situation and ensure the safety and integrity of the machinery spaces..
The log entries of the ____ engine room machinery parameters are made (to make) during the 8
hr manned period, and one log entry for the unmanned
period.________________________________________________________.
The entry into unmanned machinery spaces outside normal working hours should be restricted to
the duty engineer and any other authorized personnel
"Entry Prohibited" signs _ signs indicating the times during which the special restrictions are
applicable.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Complete the table below.

Before going UMS Entering/leaving ER during Circumstances prohibiting

UMS to go UMS
_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Lesson 5
Deadman alarm familiarization

ENGAGE:

a) Identify the purpose of the following piece of equipment.

b) Answer the questions below.

¶ Why is it required to install the equipment?

¶ Where on board is it required to be installed?
¶ Who is in charge of operating the equipment?
¶ Have you ever operated it yourself?
¶ What is the procedure of operating the equipment?

c) Comment on the following scheme.

 According to the image, where on board the alarm system is being activated?
 According to the image, where on board the alarm system had been activated before?
 According to the image, where on board the alarm system shall be stopped?

d) Watch the video and check if you were right.

ACTIVATE I:

a) Suggest the phrases to match with the definitions below.

Marine accident an event, or a sequence of events, that has resulted in the death of, or
serious injury to, a person; the loss of a person from a ship; the loss,
 presumed loss or abandonment of a ship; material damage to a ship; the
stranding or disabling of a ship, or the involvement of a ship in a
collision; material damage to marine infrastructure external to a ship, that
could seriously endanger the safety of the ship, another ship or an
individual; or severe damage to the environment, or the potential for
severe damage to the environment, brought about by the damage of a ship
or ships, which has occurred directly in connection with the operations of
a ship.
Buzzer a signaling apparatus similar to an electric bell but without hammer or
gong, producing a buzzing sound by the vibration of an armature
External of or relating to the outside or outer part
Hold down prevent something from rising
Push button a device designed to close or open an electric circuit when a button or
knob is depressed, and to return to a normal position when it is released
Pilot light an indicator light showing where a switch or circuit breaker is located
or whether a motor is in operation or power is on
Alarm a device or series of devices, which emit or transmit an audible or remote
visual or electronic alarm signal, which is intended to summon response
One-Man consisting of or done by or for one man
Operaten/ One
Person
Operaten
Unmanned not having or needing a crew or staff
Summon to order someone come to a particular place or to officially tell someone
to be present
Alert something (such as a message or loud sound) that tells people there is
some danger or problem: an alarm or signal of danger
Flashing beacon means a light flashing at regular intervals
Escalite increase rapidly
wheelhouse a room or shelter on a ship, where the wheel used for steering is located
Timer a device for controlling machinery, appliances, or the like, in a specified
way at a predetermined time
Predefined decided, set, or arranged before something is done

b) Decipher the following.

ERWAS
WAS
UMS
OMO or OPO

c) Join the following to make phrases.

1. audio alerts 6 alarm
2. reset 10 Master
3. watch 18 interval
4. marine 16 time
5. bridge 12 application
6. personnel 13 alarm
7. flashing 22 WAS
8. duty 11 holding down
9. the reset 21 help from
 10. alerts the 20 respond
11. pressing and 19 3 seconds
12. field of 5 panel
13. an audible 1 generated by
14. activate at 7 beacon
15. external 9 pushbutton
16. a pre-defined 4 accident
17. ability of the 15 alarm system
18. at the preset 17 duty personnel
19. more than 3 timer
20. unable to 8 personnel
21. summon 14 intervals of
22. reset the 2 panel

d) Complete the following.

Complete the following. A deadman/watch alarm system (also known as ______________ )

is used to monitor the presence of an operator or detect his/her disability that could
result in a _MARINE accident __. The system monitors the _ability of the duty personnel_
and automatically __alerts the Master____ or another qualified person if the duty
personnel is __unable to respond _____ to a series of visual and __audio alerts generated
by _ the watch alarm system. ______________: a) UMS b) OMOL c) ERWAS The system can
be preset to ______________ 5, 10, 15 or 20 minutes. Upon activation of the ______________,
the WAS will alert the duty personnel by means of a pilot light (or ______________) and
______________ (using a buzzer or sounder). The duty personnel will be required to
______________ by pressing ______________ located on the main panel or ______________. If
the duty personnel successfully resets the system, the next alarm will be activated
______________. However, if the ______________ does not reset the system in ______________,
the alarm is escalated to the optional ______________, ship alarm system or any other
______________. The WAS also allows the duty personnel to ______________ the
wheelhouse/Master in situations of emergency. This is achieved by ______________ the
reset pushbutton for ______________.STUDY:

a) Read the rules. Do the exercises below to practice.

PREFIXES are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word
with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to
the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of
time, place or manner. Here are some examples:
base word prefixed word type of meaning
proper improper opposite
able unable opposite/negation
compliance non-compliance negation
set preset time (before)
load overload manner (too much)

b) Produce words using the most common prefixes.

 prefix meaning examples
anti-: antifreeze, anti-inflammatory,
anti- against/opposed to
antivirus
auto- self auto-: automatic, automobile, autopilot
de- reverse or change de-: deactivate, decode, defrost
dis- reverse or remove dis-: disappear, disapprove, disconnect
down- reduce or lower down-: downhill, downsize, downturn
extra-: extraordinary, extracurricular, extra-
extra- beyond
large
hyper-: hyperactive, hypersensitive,
hyper- extreme
hyperbole
il-, im-, in-, ir-: illegal, impossible, invisible,
il-, im-, in-, ir- not
irregular
inter- between inter-: interact, international, interconnect
mega- very big, important mega-: megabyte, megaphone, megastar
mid- middle mid-: midnight, midday, midsummer
mis- incorrectly, badly mis-: misunderstand, misinterpret, misplace
non- not non-: nonfiction, nonstop, nonexistent
over-: overachiever, overestimate,
over- too much
overthrow
out- go beyond out-: outside, outdo, outlook
post- after post-: postgraduate, postwar, postscript
pre- before pre-: preview, prepay, prehistoric
pro- in favour of pro-: proactive, professional, proclaim
re- again re-: rebuild, reconsider, rewrite
semi- half semi-: semifinal, semicolon, semiannual
sub- under, below sub-: submarine, submerge, substandard
super-: superstar, superimpose,
super- above, beyond
supernatural
tele-: television, telecommunication,
tele- at a distance
telescope
trans- across trans-: transform, translate, transmit
ultra- extremely ultra-: ultraviolet, ultramodern, ultrasound
un- remove, reverse, not un-: undo, unhappy, uncertain
under-: underdog, underestimate,
under- less than, beneath
underground
up- make or move higher up-: upgrade, uphill, uplift

c) Read the rules. Do the exercises below to practice.

A SUFFIX is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new
word. The new word is most often a different word class from the original word. In the table
below, the suffix -ful has changed verbs to adjectives, -ment, and -ion have changed verbs to
nouns. If you see a word ending in -ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment,
contentment).
 words suffix new words
mind, use -ful mindful, useful
equip, agree -ment equipment, agreement
distribute, produce -ion distribution, production

d) Produce words using the most common suffixes.

Noun suffixes
suffix examples of nouns
-age -age: marriage, package, message
-al -al: arrival, survival, denial
-ance/-ence -ance/-ence: resistance, dependence, importance
-dom -dom: kingdom, freedom, wisdom
-ee -ee: employee, trainee, referee
-er/-or -er/-or: teacher, doctor, writer
-hood -hood: childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood
-ism -ism: socialism, optimism, racism
-ist -ist: scientist, artist, activist
-ity/-ty -ity/-ty: equality, integrity, creativity
-ment -ment: development, improvement, adjustment
-ness -ness: kindness, happiness, darkness
-ry -ry: bakery, gallery, victory
-ship -ship: friendship, leadership, ownership
-sion/-tion/-xion -sion/-tion/-xion: discussion, creation, connection

Adjective suffixes

suffix examples of adjectives

-able/-ible -able/-ible: adjustable, visible, responsible
-al -al: cultural, natural, personal
-en -en: golden, wooden, soften
-ese -ese: Japanese, Chinese, Burmese
-ful -ful: helpful, beautiful, joyful
-i -i: Iraqi, Israeli, Pakistani
-ic -ic: specific, historic, scientific
-ish -ish: childish, foolish, selfish
-ive -ive: creative, effective, informative
-ian -ian: Canadian, musician, historian
-less -less: fearless, endless, careless
-ly -ly: friendly, lovely, quickly
-ous -ous: dangerous, curious, delicious
-y -y: happy, sunny, rainy

Verb suffixes

suffix examples of verbs

-ate -ate: activate, educate, communicate
-en -en: strengthen, shorten, enlighten
 -ify -ify: simplify, clarify, identify
-ise/-ize -ise/-ize: organize, realize, prioritize

Adverb suffixes

suffix examples of adverbs

-ly -ly: quickly, happily, smoothly
-ward(s) -ward(s): forward, upward, towards
-wise -wise: likewise, clockwise, otherwise

ACTIVATE II:

a) Read and find as many words produced by prefixes and suffixes in the text as
possible.

Designed for any type of vessel

where a one-man watch in the ER is
not permitted without an automatic
personnel dead man’s alarm system
for presence supervision and
monitoring.
SELMA implements the
design, development and installation
of dead man alarm (DMA) system to
monitor and supervise the presence of
ship personnel in unattended positions
of ERs based on a PLC
(programmable logic controller)
central control system and remote
reset stations.

DMA system location of reset positions

There are 3 DMA reset positions in the vessel, from where the system can be manually
operated:
1. ECR system main control unit
2. ER Entrance Station 1 (E/R Remote ON/OFF, Reset Station 1)
3. ER Entrance Station 2 (E/R Remote ON/OFF, Reset Station 2)
DMA system operation
Every time the engineer on duty enters the ER, the DMA should be activated. The system
is set in operation mode, by pressing the OPERATION MODE button to ON at which point the
dormant period (base time) countdown starts and should be reset within the preset time limit
from the reset station.
This is to acknowledge the entrance of the engineer on duty in the ER. After exiting the
ER, the engineer must set the system to OFF position from any of the ON/OFF positions.
Base time
DMA system base time can be set to: 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes (default) or 25
minutes.
1st Stage
If reset is not pressed, following the end of the base time, a pre-warning signal is
activated on the ECR and ER sounders.
 2nd Stage
If reset is not pressed,
following the end of the 1st stage base
time, a second stage timer, adjustable
between 3 and 30 minutes, starts a
countdown. At the end of the
countdown the alarm remote station
on the Bridge conning position is
activated. Resetting the alarms can
only be performed from the ER.
Auto activation
If any alarm of the ER is activated, the DMA system automatically switches ON and the
base timer countdown starts. The base timer can be reset only after the ER alarm is
acknowledged.

Emergency call function

An emergency call function is available on the ON/OFF positions and the reset stations.
If the DMA reset button is pressed for more than 3 seconds, then the emergency call is activated
during the 1st and the 2nd stages.

b) Name the text’s parts. Complete the text.

_____________________________________
Designed for any type of vessel where _____________________________ in the ER is
not permitted without an automatic personnel dead man’s alarm system for
_____________________________ and monitoring.
SELMA implements the design, development and installation of dead man alarm (DMA)
system to monitor and supervise the presence of ship personnel in unattended positions of ERs
based on a PLC (programmable logic controller) central control system and
_____________________________.
_____________________________________
There are 3 DMA _reset station_______________ in the vessel, from where the system
can be manually operated:
1. __main station ___________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
_____________________________________
Every time the engineer on duty enters the ER, the DMA ____activated ________. The
system is set in operation mode, by pressing the _operation mode__ button to ON at which
point the dormant period (___base time __) countdown starts and ___should be reset _______
within the preset time limit from the reset station.
This is to acknowledge the entrance of _____________________________ in the ER.
After exiting the ER, the engineer must ___turn off_______ from any of the ON/OFF positions.

_____________________________________
DMA system base time can be set to: _____________________________.
1st Stage
 If reset is not pressed, following the end of the base time,
_____________________________ is activated on the _____________________________ and
_____________________________ sounders.
2nd Stage
If reset is not pressed, following the end of the 1st stage base time, a second stage timer,
adjustable between _____________________________, starts a countdown. At the end of the
countdown the alarm remote station on the _____________________________ is activated.
Resetting the alarms can only be performed from the _____________________________.

_____________________________________
If any alarm of the ER is activated, the DMA system _____________________________
and the base timer countdown starts. The base timer can be reset only
_____________________________.

_______Emergency oepariton ___

An emergency call function is available _____________________________. If the DMA
reset button is pressed _____________________________, then the emergency call is activated
during the 1st and the 2nd stages.

c) Complete the table.

DMA system For safety and monitoring

purpose

DMA system
reset
positions
DMA system
operation

DMA system
base time
settings
DMA system
auto
activation
DMA system
emergency
call function

Lesson 6
Watch duties. Vol. 1

ENGAGE:
 a) Define the purpose of the following. Choose the best definition.

CHECKLIST

Ë a series of names or other items written or printed together in a meaningful grouping or

sequence so as to constitute a record.
Ë is a list of all the things that you need to do, information that you want to find out, or things
that you need to take somewhere, which you make in order to ensure that you do not forget
anything.
Ë is a list of items needed to be purchased by a shopper. Consumers often compile a shopping
list of groceries to purchase on the next visit to the grocery store.

b) Answer the questions below.

 How many kinds of checklists have you seen or signed?

 What is the checklist you normally sign once on board?
 What is the purpose of that checklist?

c) Study the following. Identity the kind and complete.

N YES NO N/A

1. Has location of fire and engineers alarm been identified?

2. Has the ER emergency escape exit been identified?

3. Has location and function of remote operated quick closing

valves been identified?

4. Has location and function of emergency stops for vent fans been
identified?

5. Has location and function of emergency remote fuel / lub. oil

pumps been identified?

6. Is the change-over operation to emergency steering understood?

7. Has location of the emergency bilge suction been identified?

8. Has location of all bilge well suction and overboard valves been
identified?

9. Is change-over from bridge control to ER control to emergency

control (where applicable) for ME maneuvering understood?

10. Are locations of all machinery stop/start controls identified?

11. Have locations of all fire-fighting equipment been identified?

 12. Is the operation of the emergency fire pump understood?

13. Is the operation of the emergency alternator (where applicable)

understood?

14. Is the operation and function of Foam / CO2 / Halon smothering

understood?

15. Has location and operation of fire/smoke detection system been

identified?

16. Is the correct use and operation of the OWS and 15ppm
equipment fully understood?

17. Is the correct operation of the shipboard incinerator fully

understood, including correct operation, use of safety devices /
interlocks and as required by MARPOL VI reg. 16?

Upon joining a vessel, the Chief Engineer, every Engineer and Cadet shall familiarize
themselves with the fire and safety systems of the machinery spaces. To assist in this matter
the above list must be used and followed, then signed accordingly.

Chief
Engineer…………………………………………………………………………………….

Joining
Engineer…………………………………………………………………………………….

ACTIVATE I:

a) Consider the following.

WATCH DUTIES may be divided into:

PAPER WORK ENGINE TOUR

b) Check the list and distribute its points into corresponding column of the previous
task.

¶ Observing for leaks

¶ Any hazards or limitations
¶ Orders or instructions regarding ME or AE
¶ Inspection of bilge levels
¶ Observing instruments
¶ Operational parameters should correspond to the log readings
¶ Any work in progress
¶ Operation of oily water separators (environmental considerations)

c) Share your ideas on the following.

PERIODIC SAFETY ROUTINES

Equipment To be done

Emergency
generator

Emergency fire
pump

CO2 cylinder
storage room

Smoke
detectors

Fire pushbutton
alarms
Machinery
space
ventilators
/skylights

Fire
extinguishers

Fire hoses and

nozzles

Emergency
batteries

Lifeboat
engines
Valves and
equipment
operated from
the fire control
point
 Watertight
doors

d) Define the piece of safety equipment requiring the following.

- __________________________________________ should be observed in their correct

location and checked to ensure they are operable.
- __________________________________________ should be checked for operation, where
this is possible.
- __________________________________________ for lighting or emergency generator
starting, should be examined, have the acid specific gravity checked, and be topped up, as
required.
- __________________________________________ should be run and the deck fire main
operated for a reasonable period. All operating parameters should be checked.
- __________________________________________ should be tested to ensure operation and
correct indication on the alarm panel. Aerosol test sprays are available to safely check some
types of detector.
- __________________________________________ should be run for a reasonable period.
Fuel oil and lubricating oil levels should be checked.
- __________________________________________ should be operated and greased, if
necessary, to ensure smooth, rapid closing should this be necessary.
- __________________________________________ should be tested, by operating a
different one during each test.
- __________________________________________ should be visually examined. The
release box door should be opened to test the alarm and check that the machinery-space fans
stop.
- __________________________________________ should be opened and closed by hand
and power. The guides should be checked to ensure that they are clear and unobstructed.
- __________________________________________ should be started and run for a
reasonable period. Fuel oil, lubricating oil and cooling water supplies and tank levels should
be checked.
- __________________________________________ should likewise be observed in their
correct places. The __________ should be tried on the hose coupling. Any defective
__________ should be replaced.

e) Complete the periodic safety routines below with the most suitable words.

¶ Fire ___________________ should be ___________________ in their correct location and

___________________ to ensure they are ___________________.
¶ All valves and equipment ___________________ from the fire ___________________ point
should be checked for ___________________, where this is possible.
¶ Any emergency batteries, e.g. for ___________________ or emergency generator
___________________, should be examined, have the ___________________ specific
gravity checked, and be ___________________ up, as required.
¶ Emergency ___________________ pump should be ___________________ and the deck
fire ___________________ operated for a ___________________ period. All operating
___________________ should be checked.
¶ One smoke ___________________ in each circuit should be ___________________ to
ensure operation and correct indication ___________________. Aerosol test
___________________ are available to safely check some types of ___________________.
¶ All lifeboat ___________________ should be run for a reasonable period. Fuel oil and
___________________ levels should be checked.
¶ Any machinery space ___________________ or skylights should be operated and
___________________, if necessary, to ensure smooth, rapid ___________________ should
this be necessary.
¶ Fire pushbutton ___________________ should be tested, by operating
___________________ during each test.
¶ Carbon dioxide cylinder ___________________ should be visually examined. The
___________________ should be opened to test ___________________ and check that the
machinery-space ___________________ stop.
¶ Any ___________________ doors should be opened and closed by ___________________.
The ___________________ should be checked to ensure that they are clear and
unobstructed.
¶ Emergency generator should be ___________________ and ___________________ for a
reasonable period. ___________________, ___________________ and
___________________ supplies and tank levels should be checked.
¶ Fire hoses and ___________________ should likewise be observed in their
___________________ places. The ___________________ should be tried on the
___________________. Any ___________________ should be replaced.

STUDY:

a) Consider the following.

Which grammar tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an indefinite time in the
past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and continued to the present time (e.g., he
has grown impatient over the last hour)?
This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.

b) Study the Grammar bank.

FORM: have/has + the past participle.

Statement: I/you/we/they have flown… He/she/it has flown…
Negative: I/you/we/they haven’t flown… He/she/it hasn’t flown…
Question: Have I/you/we/they flown…? Has he/she/it flown…?

USE EXAMPLE
Situations and states that started in the past He has had the certificate for a year.
and are still true
A series of actions continuing up to now We have tested LSA, FFE ME and AE, all in
the last 24 hours.
Completed actions at a time in the past which Have you ever operated OWS before?
is not mentioned
Completed actions where the important thing I have already started and run the EG.
is the present result
Phrases such as: It’s the first/second/etc. It’s the second time I have worked as an
time engine cadet.

c) Write down the periodic safety routines statements as if they have been performed
by ER crew.
Ë fire extinguishers/observe/ in their correct location/check/ensure they are operable.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë all valves and equipment operated from the fire control point/check/for operation.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë all emergency batteries, e.g., for lighting or emergency generator starting/examine/ acid
specific gravity/check/top up.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë emergency fire pump/run/the deck fire main/operate/ for a reasonable period. All operating
parameters/check.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë one smoke detector in each circuit/test/ensure/operable/correct indication on the alarm panel.

aerosol test sprays/use/to safely check certain types of detectors.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë all lifeboat engines/run/for a reasonable period. Fuel oil and lubricating oil levels/check.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë all machinery space ventilators or skylights/operate/grease/smooth, rapid closing/ensure.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë fire pushbutton alarms/test.

_______________________________________________________________________

Ë Carbon dioxide cylinder storage room/examine. The release box door/open/the alarm/test and
check.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë all watertight doors/open/close/by hand and power. The guides/check/ensure/clear and

unobstructed.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë emergency generator/start/run/for a reasonable period. Fuel oil, lubricating oil and cooling
water supplies and tank levels/check.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Ë fire hoses and nozzles/observe/in their correct places. The nozzles/try on/the hose coupling.
The defective hose/replace.
_______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________

ACTIVATE II:

a) Study another checklist. Prove the checks have been successfully completed as in the
example.

TABLE 11: Fire protection, detection and extinction

Yes/No Remarks
Emergency fire pump:
Ship’s side valves operating Yes Ship’s side valves have been tested and proved
freely to operate freely.
Diesel powered pumps correctly
maintained with fuel and water
services and exhaust system in
good condition free from leaks
Electric powered pump is
capable of being run from the
emergency source of power
Relief valve checked and
operative
Starting system checked and
instructions clearly displayed
and understood by crew
Fire Main /Foam Line:
Checked for condition
Expansion couplings checked
for condition
Inspected under pressure and
found free from leaks
Hydrants with handwheels in
good condition
Relief valves in good condition
Isolating valves clearly marked
and operational
Inert gas system:
Generator, scrubber, valves,
pipework, blowers, control
system, deck seal, alarms and
overboard discharge in good
condition and operating
satisfactory

b) Complete the checklist of Lloyd’s Register. Prove the checks have been successfully
completed as in the example.

TABLE 16: Machinery and electrical

Yes/No Remarks
Machinery:
Machinery spaces including Yes Machinery spaces including steering gear
steering gear space, tank tops space, tank tops and bilges have been checked
and bilges free from excess oil for excess oil and other fire hazard including
or other fire hazard including accumulations of oily waste material and
accumulations of oily waste rags. Drip trays and save alls have been
material and rags. Drip trays emptied.
and save alls should be emptied
Main machinery and essential
auxiliaries should operate
satisfactorily and with no
excessive fuel, lub oil, or water
leakages
Shielding of high pressure oil
fuel lines should be in place
Are the gauge glasses used for
indicating the level of liquid in
tanks containing oil fuel,
lubricating oil and flammable
liquids of approved type, with
self closing valves at the lower
end of the gauge glass and
where necessary the top?
Should be checked for good
condition
Exhaust pipes should be
properly insulated and the
insulation should be free of any
oil contamination
Steam pipes should be properly
insulated
Should be no excessive steam
leaks
Boiler safety valve easing gear
should be connected
Boiler gauge glasses should be
clean
Bilge pumping system should
operate satisfactorily
All sounding pipes in
machinery spaces should be
fitted with closing devices
Cooling water piping systems
should be examined for
condition
Sea chests and sea valves
should be in good condition
Remotely operated watertight
doors should be tested for
proper condition
Communication between engine
room/control room and bridge
including telegraph should be
satisfactory
Escape routes from machinery
spaces should not be obstructed
Emergency source of power – generator:
Generator should be tested on
load
Automatic start should be tested
Starting batteries and charging
arrangements should be checked
for correct operation
Secondary means of starting
should be tested
Steering gear:
Should be no hydraulic leaks
Rudder angle indicator reading
should be the same as the bridge
and clearly visible at emergency
steering position
Emergency steering gear change
over and operation instruction
should be clearly displayed
Communications with bridge
should operate satisfactorily

TABLE 21: MARPOL

Yes/No Remarks
Annex I Prevention of Pollution by Oil from Ships
Oily water separators, oil filters,
process unit(s)
Oil content meter, automatic
stopping device, pumps and
associated piping
15 ppm alarm arrangements
Indicators and recorders
Oil record book should be
properly maintained using
proper letter codes
Oil fuel and ballast water
systems should be segregated
Standard discharge for oil
residue sludge tanks should be
provided
Adequate capacity in
slop/sludge tanks for voyage
No direct discharge overboard
from sludge tank
Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
Sewage treatment plant
Sewage comminuting system,
(system for shredding solid
waste)
Holding tank should be fitted
with means of visually
indicating the tank content level
Sewage discharge connection –
check suitable bolts and gaskets
available
Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Fuel samples – must be retained
on board until fuel is used or for
12 months, whichever is greater
Ozone Depleting (OD)
substances – deliberate
emissions are prohibited,
including emissions in the
course of maintaining,
servicing, repairing and
disposing of systems or
equipment. OD’s must be
recovered from the systems
prior to maintenance
NOx Direct Monitoring
Equipment
Exhaust gas cleaning system
NOx
Exhaust gas cleaning system
SOx
Incinerator

Lesson 7
Watch duties. Vol. 2

ENGAGE:

a) Share your experience.

Ë Have you been a part of an engineering watch?

Ë What was it like? (boring/exciting/calm/nice/hard/dangerous)
Ë How long was it?
Ë Have you been staying in an engine room or in your cabin when keeping watch?
Ë What were the duties you were performing when carrying out the watch?
Ë Have you ever experienced any breakdowns/troubles when keeping watch?
Ë Have you ever been in dangerous situations caused by crew’s mistakes made when
keeping watch?
Ë What would you recommend to a newbie, who is about to keep his/her first engineering
watch?

b) Consider the following FAQs list. Suggest your answers.

Q. Describe actions to be taken by the relieving EOW before taking charge of watch.
Q. Describe the procedure for taking over an engineering watch.
Q. Describe the procedure for preparing ME, from cold, for a sea service.
Q. List with reasons, areas or items which should be checked by the duty engineer before taking
over watch.
Q. With reference to the pre-sailing test on a ship’s steering gear, list EIGHT functions of
machinery or control system which operation should be tested.
Q. Describe the procedure to be observed when taking over the responsibility for ER on a ship
that is operating under UMS conditions.
Q. As an EOW, list reasons for calling the CEO.
Q. State legal documents which may be found in ER.
Q. (a) State different ER records that are kept.
Q. (b) Explain reasons for these records to be kept.
Q.(c) State frequency the records are updated at.
Q. State the procedure to be carried out if you found no one in ER when taking over watch.
Q. Describe routine watch keeping duties carried out in the steering flat.
Q. (a) State actions an EOW would take on discovering minor oil fire in the ER bilge.
Q. (b) State FOUR good watch keeping practices that can help in preventing fires mentioned in
question A from occurring.
Q. With reference to the testing of a ship’s steering gear prior to departure, list EIGHT items of
machinery or control systems which operation must be tested.
Q. Describe the procedure for testing ship’s steering gear and associated equipment prior to
departure from port.

ACTIVATE I:

a) Read the answers to SIX of the above-mentioned FAQs and define FAQs they
answer.

FAQ: ___ List with reasons, areas or items which should be checked by the duty engineer before
taking over watch._______________________
¶ Boiler spaces
¶ Steering gear area
¶ Generator area
¶ Main engine
¶ Sewage plant
¶ Purifier room
¶ Bilges
¶ All FFE and emergency escape route.
¶ Control room (Log Book, CE standing order book, any abnormal duties discussed with
reliving engineer)
FAQ:
_ As an EOW, list reasons for calling the
CEO._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
¶ ME problem
¶ Scavenge fire
¶ Flooding
¶ Major oil spill
¶ Governor heating
¶ Blackout
¶ ER fire
¶ Oil Mist Detector Alarm
¶ Boiler Low Water Trip
¶ Any casualty due to accident
¶ Steering Gear System Failure
FAQ: State legal documents which may be found in ER._____________________
¶ Oil Record Book Part – I.
¶ Engine Log Book.
¶ CE Night Order Book.
¶ ER Tank’s Sounding Book.
¶ ISM Check List File.
¶ ER Safety Routine file.
¶ Work Permit File.
¶ Lifting Gear Record File.
¶ Machinery Running Hours Record File.
¶ Work and Rest Hour File.
¶ PMS (Planned Maintenance Schedule) and Spare Inventory file
FAQ: ) State different ER records that are
kept.__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
¶ Log Book.
¶ Bell Book.
¶ Oil Record Book.
¶ Saturday Routine Record Book.
¶ C/E Standing Order Book.
¶ C/E Night Order Book.
¶ Work and Rest Hours Record Book.
¶ Safety Equipments Record Book.
¶ LSA and FFA Records Book.
FAQ:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
¶ To maintain the machinery in proper working condition at all time.
¶ To reduce the break down maintenance.
¶ To provide correct reports to PSC and vetting inspector.
¶ For the safe operation of the ship, machinery and personnel.
¶ To provide information of the events occurred in the past to the joining crew.
¶ To save the marine environment from any accidental pollution.
FAQ: _______________ State frequency the records are updated
at.____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
¶ All tank soundings, ER Log Book, Oil Record Book, Work and Rest Hours should be
updated daily.
¶ Safety equipment records should be updated weekly.
¶ Alarm and trips records of the machinery should be updated monthly.
¶ FFE and LSA equipment records should be updated monthly.
¶ Some typical LSA equipment like Life Boat, Rescue Boat operation records should be
updated quarterly.

b) Complete the following with the words/phrases from the list below. Define the FAQs
they answer.

FAQ:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
¶ Wear proper PPE___.
¶ Check ER Log Book.
¶ Read CE instruction and __sign___.
¶ Take round ___ from top to bottom ___ of ER.
¶ Take round of _ external ___ machinery space ie. steering room, battery room, _ emergency
_____ generator room, A.C. room.
¶ Check water level of __ expansion __ tank.
¶ Check temperature and pressure of all the machinery.
¶ Check oil levels of all the tanks.
¶ Check FFE, __EEBD___. All should be in place and secured.
¶ Emergency escape route should be _clear__ and lighting all in working condition.
¶ Check all __bilge__ level.
¶ If any __doubt___, discuss with handing over watch keeper.

from top to emergency bilge doubt

bottom
expansion clear PPE external sign

FAQ:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
¶ Check the _________________ emissions (white smoke, black smoke, steam or sparks).
¶ Check _________________ gear and fridge flats.
¶ Enter the ER from the _________________. Do not use the lift.
¶ Check _________________ water header tank.
¶ Check ME cooling water __ and temperatures.
¶ Check ___piston____ cooling water returns and temperatures.
¶ Listen for any ___abnormal____ noises.
¶ Check ___turbocharger____ oil levels.
¶ Check observation tank for signs of __oil__.
¶ Check __oil_mist_ detector.
¶ Check condition of bilges.
¶ Check ____purifier____ flat and condition of the fuel oil tanks. i.e. full, empty, temperature,
___drain___ of water.
¶ Enter ECR. Check log book and note any _________________.
¶ Confirm the condition of the __electrical_ supply equipment. How many alternators on load,
amount of load on board, ____earth____ faults, Stand by machines.
¶ Read any current ___standing____ orders.
¶ The duty engineer should then inform the engineer taking over the watch of any
___abnormal____ operating conditions which have occurred during the watch. Any orders
from the ____Bridge____, recorded in the log book and pointed out. Any repairs should be
reported together with information on any machinery that has been ___dismantled_____.
The presence of any other members___ of ship’s staff in ER e.g. day workers should be
reported.

Bridge standing members dismantled oil

irregularities purifier funnel Earth electrical
abnormal turbocharger returns top piston
drain unusual steering mist cooling

FAQ: _____ Describe the procedure for preparing ME, from cold, for a sea service.
________________________
¶ Before a large diesel engine is started, it must be _________________ by circulating hot
water through the jackets etc. This will enable certain engine parts to _________________ in
relation to one another and allow the engine load to be _________________ sooner rather
than later.
¶ The lubricating oi1 should be heated and circulated around the __ bearings etc. and the piston
if ___ oil ___ cooled. Various _________________ pipes on both the water and oil systems
should be checked to ensure no _________________ and the return temperatures should be
monitored.
¶ Various _________________ tanks, filters, valves and ___ are all to be checked and opened
or closed as required.
¶ All control equipment _________________ etc. should be examined for correct operation.
¶ The indicator _________________ should be open and the turning gear __engaged__ and
started to ensure that there is no water present in the _________________. If any water
issues further investigation can be carried out to ascertain the cause.
¶ All _________________ should be checked i.e. sump, turbochargers,governors, etc.
¶ Fuel oil system can be lined up and circulated with _________________.
¶ Any _________________ blowers, if manually operated, should be started.
¶ Manually operate the cylinder _________________.
¶ The turning gear should be __removed__ and the engine blown over on air before
____closing___ indicator cocks.
¶ The engine is now available for ___stabd-by___.

increased stand by cylinders return removed

blockages alarms supply oil hot fuel
lubricators closing warmed through cocks oil levels
bearings engaged scavenge drains expand

STUDY:

a) Match phrases.
 1. emergency 4 indicator reading
2. power unit failure 8 acts as an auxiliary
3. remote 2 alarm
4. rudder angle 3 control system
5. main 1 power supply
6. header 7 to the remote control
7. alarms fitted 6 tank level
8. the second pump which 5 steering gear

b) Using the phrases, complete the answer to the FAQ below. Define the FAQ it
answers.

FAQ: Describe the procedure for testing ship’s steering gear and associated equipment
prior to departure from
port._________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
1) Operation of ___emergency control
systen____________________________________________________.
2) Operation of auxiliary steering gear or use of __ the second pump which ___acts as an
auxiliary ______.
3) Operation of the ____remote control system_____________________ from the main bridge
steering positions.
4) Operation of steering gear using the __ __________.
5) Check __rudder angle indicator reading________________ with respect to the actual
rudder angle.
6) The ___alarm fitted to the remote control system_____________ system.
7) Steering gear __________________________________.
8) Steering gear ___power unit failure alarm_________________________.

c) Get the answer to another FAQ by joining parts. Define the FAQ it answers.

1. Ensure all FO, LO and fresh 4 is on standby.

water
2. Ensure bilges are dry and 11 are secured.

3. Ensure smoke and fire 13 is removed.

4. Ensure emergency generator 7 and standby machinery are cleaned.

5. Ensure stopped diesel 12 not temporarily repaired.

6. Ensure all standby pumps and 17 to duty engineer’s cabin.

machinery
7. Ensure all strainers and filters of 1 tanks are adequately full.
running
8. Ensure all parameters are 3 sensors are operational.

9. Ensure all alarms and safety 16 proper place and good working condition.
 10. Ensure all drain tanks 14 valves are closed and hoses are
disconnected.
11. Ensure loose tens 5 generators are on standby.

12. Ensure all piping systems are 19 location of duty engineer.

tight and
13. Ensure workshop welding 2 high level alarms operational.
machine plug
14. Ensure Acetylene and Oxygen 10 are empty.
cylinder
15. Ensure ER and steering gear 18 informed of commencement time of UMS.
compartment
16. Ensure all FFE and EEBD are in 15 watertight doors are shut.

17. Ensure watch keeper control is 10 within normal range.

switched
18. Ensure ME is on Bridge control 6 systems are on auto start position.
and duty officer is
19. Ensure duty officer is aware of 9 cut-outs are operational.

FAQ: ______ Describe the procedure to be observed when taking over the responsibility
for ER on a ship that is operating under UMS
conditions._________________________________

d) Order the words/phrases to get an answer to another FAQ. Define the FAQ it
answers.
FAQ:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Check the direct communication between the bridge and steering room.

Check the oil level in tanks.

Check the rudder bearing on the carrier for grease.

Check the motor on 'Auto' mode and standby.

Check for any oil or water leakage.

Check the steering gear room and bilge well.

Check that EEBD and fire extinguisher are secure and in place.

Check that floor gratings are in place.

Check for any abnormal noise and vibration.

Check the exhaust blower on the steering gear.

ACTIVATE II:
 a) Define if the statements below are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the FALSE ones.
Define the FAQs the statements answer.

Ë Upon discovering minor oil fire in a bilge of ER, the first action is to inform CE.
Ë The second action is to inform Bridge on the emergency.
Ë Never intend to extinguish the fire yourself, call for help.
Ë Response team, who shall arrive in 5 minutes, must find out the cause and rectify it.
Ë Once the fire is extinguished, leave the area and proceed to Muster station.
Ë The best watchkeeping practice in preventing fire occurrence is to maintain bilges empty at
all times.
Ë Smoking shall be strictly prohibited when operating bilge pump.
Ë The sounding pipes from double bottom tanks inside the machinery should always be
capped.

b) Read the answers to FAQs and check if you were right.

FAQ: ______ State actions an EOW would take on discovering minor oil fire in the ER
bilge._________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
¶ Raise the alarm.
¶ Inform Bridge.
¶ Use the nearest fire extinguisher and try to extinguish the fire.
¶ Find out the cause and rectify it.
¶ Make sure that the fire will not reignite again.

FAQ: __ State FOUR good watch keeping practices that can help in preventing fires
mentioned in question A from
occurring._____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
¶ Make sure that no oily rags have been left over the day and keep the bilges free from oil.
¶ Make sure that no naked lights there are near bilges.
¶ All sounding pipes from DB tank inside the machinery space should be always capped.
¶ It should have automatically closed system (either spring loader or weight lifted).

c) Study another two answers to the FAQs. Define which of FAQs they answer.

FAQ: _____________ Describe the procedure for testing ship’s steering gear and
associated equipment prior to departure from
port._________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
¶ Check for oil leaks.
¶ Check for loose linkages, pins etc.
¶ Run pump individually 30-35 degree in 28 second.
¶ Check standby pump power supply.
¶ Standby pump should be on.
¶ Check lubricating oil tank level and low level alarm.
¶ Steering gear angle and helmsman angle should be matched.
¶ Check communication between Bridge and steering gear room.
¶ Check emergency steering.

FAQ: ______________. State the procedure to be carried out if you found no one in ER
when taking over
watch.________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
Before Entering ER
¶ Inform Bridge.
¶ Activate Dead man Alarm.
After Entering ER
¶ Inform C/E about the present situation.
¶ Read the C/E standing order.
¶ Check ER log book parameters of previous watch.
¶ Check for notice left by the previous duty engineer of the watch on notice board, if any.
¶ Take proper round of ER checking for leakages and machinery parameters.
¶ Keep on resetting the dead man alarm before its preset time.
¶ Once all is OK, inform C/E.

d) Go back to the beginning of the lesson and answer FAQs again

Lesson 8
Watch duties. Vol. 3

ENGAGE:

a) Look at the image below and define if the following condition influences one’s watch
duties. Complete or change the prompts.

List the actions to be taken by EOW to ensure safe passage in heavy weather.

ANY PRECAUTIONS?

1. Secure Loose Items in Engine Room:

 Ensure that all loose items, tools, and equipment in the engine room are properly
secured to prevent damage or injury.
 2. Monitor Oil Tanks Level:
 Regularly check and monitor the levels of oil tanks to ensure an adequate supply
for the engines and machinery.
3. Check Air Bottle Status:
 Verify the status of the compressed air bottles to ensure an adequate and
continuous supply for essential pneumatic systems.
4. Inspect Deck Plating:
 Inspect the integrity of deck plating and structural components in the engine room
to identify and address any signs of damage or stress.
5. Verify Standby Machinery Readiness:
 Confirm that all standby machinery, including generators and auxiliary engines, is
in good working condition and ready for immediate use if needed.
6. Monitor Main Engine (ME) and Auxiliary Engine (AE) Sumps Level:
 Regularly check and maintain proper lubricating oil levels in the main engine and
auxiliary engine sumps.
7. Check for Low Sea Suction:
 Monitor sea suction levels to prevent the ingress of air and ensure a consistent
flow of cooling water to the engines.
8. Ensure Standby Filters for Fuel Oil (F.O.) and Lubricating Oil (L.O.) Lines:
 Verify the readiness of standby filters for fuel oil and lubricating oil lines to
ensure clean and uncontaminated oil supply.
9. Inspect Water-Tight Doors:
 Ensure that all water-tight doors in the engine room are secure and functional to
prevent water ingress in case of heavy weather conditions.
10. Evaluate Standby Filters for Fuel Oil and Lubricating Oil Lines:
 Confirm the availability and proper functioning of standby filters for both fuel oil
and lubricating oil lines.

b) Look at the image below and define if the following condition influences the watch
duties. Ask and answer questions in order to complete designated part.

As EOW, suggest the actions to be taken to As EOW, state the precautions to be taken
ensure safe, complete bunkering against spillage, when bunkering.
operation.
1. Pre-Bunkering Checklist:
  Conduct a thorough pre-
bunkering checklist, ensuring
that all equipment, valves, and
pipelines are in good working
condition.
2. Communication:
 Establish clear communication
with the bunkering personnel
and the bridge team. Ensure
that all parties are aware of the
bunkering plan and any
specific requirements.
3. Verify Documentation:
 Check and verify that all
necessary documentation,
including the Bunker Delivery
Note (BDN), is in order and
complies with regulatory
requirements.
4. Secure Engine Room:
 Limit access to the engine
room during bunkering to
authorized personnel only.
Post warning signs and ensure
a controlled environment.
5. Monitor Tank Levels:
 Regularly monitor fuel tank
levels to prevent overfilling.
Ensure that tank ullage is
accurately measured, and there
is sufficient capacity for the
bunkered fuel.
6. Monitor Bunker Flow:
 Continuously monitor the flow
of bunkered fuel, regularly
checking for any
abnormalities or fluctuations
in pressure and flow rate.
7. Emergency Shutdown Procedures:
 Be familiar with and ready to
implement emergency
shutdown procedures in case
of any unexpected events or
emergencies during
bunkering.
8. Regular Soundings:
 Take regular soundings of fuel
tanks to accurately gauge the
quantity of fuel received and
prevent overfilling.
9. Monitoring and Recording:
 Keep detailed records of the
1. Containment Measures:
 Implement effective
containment measures, such as
drip trays and absorbent
materials, to capture any
potential spillage.
2. Regular Inspections:
 Conduct regular visual
inspections of bunkering
connections, hoses, and valves
to identify and address any
leaks promptly.
3. Emergency Shutdown:
 Be prepared to initiate an
emergency shutdown in case
of spillage, and have the
necessary equipment (such as
emergency stop buttons)
easily accessible.
4. Response Team:
 Establish a response team with
assigned roles in case of
spillage. Ensure that the team
is trained and equipped to
handle spills effectively.
5. Emergency Equipment:
 Ensure the availability and
proper functioning of
emergency response
equipment, such as spill kits
and containment booms.
6. Communication with Bunkering
Team:
 Maintain clear communication
with the bunkering team and
bridge personnel, immediately
notifying them in the event of
any spillage.
7. Compliance with Regulations:
 Adhere to local and
international regulations
regarding bunkering
operations, including
environmental protection
measures.
 bunkering operation, including
quantities received, flow rates,
and any issues encountered.
Record the start and stop
times.
10. Sampling:
 Take representative fuel
samples at regular intervals
during bunkering for later
analysis and compliance with
fuel quality standards.

ACTIVATE I:

a) Answer the following questions.

¶ What does the image demonstrate?

¶ What might be the reasons leading to the following situation?
¶ Who is in charge of maintaining oily water levels? 2nd Engineer

¶ What are the actions of EOW in case of unexpected high-level bilge in bilge wells?
¶ Outline FOUR conditions that must be met for the discharge of oily water from machinery
spaces:

¶ 1-
¶ 2-
¶ 3-
¶ 4-
¶ State FOUR conditions to be met before the discharge of oily water from machinery
spaces.
Inform the appropriate authorities or personnel responsible for environmental
compliance before discharging oily water from machinery spaces. This may include
notifying the ship's master, chief engineer, or relevant maritime authorities.
 Oily water should be properly treated through an approved oily water separator or other
authorized equipment before discharge. The treated water should meet regulatory
standards for oil content to minimize environmental impact.
If oil content exceeds the permissible limits set by environmental regulations or the ship's
internal policies, additional measures should be taken to further treat the oily water or
contain it until proper treatment can be conducted.
Bilges should not be discharged directly into the sea without proper treatment. Ensure
that bilge water is processed through the ship's oily water separator or other approved
means to remove oil contaminants before discharge.

b) Read the list of actions to be taken by EOW upon discovering unexpected high-level
bilge in both: port and starboard bilge wells. Define if the statements are TRUE or
FALSE. Correct the FALSE ones.

 Take initial sounding of the bilge tank.

 Start the bilge pump and pump out into the sludge tank.
 Check the crankcase for the cause.
 If it is small leakage, do not take any actions.
 If it is major leakage, inform the Bridge and summon for assistance.
 Set the line for the emergency bilge injection system.
 Start the pump and check whether level of bilges reduces or not.
 Once bilge injection system works effectively, get back to normal operation.
 Monitor the level of water and as the water increases in bilges, open the sea suction valve, so
that pump does not lose suction.
 Once confirmed all water removed and there is no further leakage, stop the pump and close
the v/v.
 Enter into Oil Record Book the operation carried out stating the reasons and End Time.

c) Based on the list of actions to be taken by EOW upon discovering unexpected high-
level bilge in both: port and starboard bilge wells, make up the list of actions to be
taken by EOW upon discovering the water level in ER bilge rising faster than can
be contained by the bilge pump. They are SEVEN.

1) __ Start the bilge pump and pump out into the sludge tank.
Set the line for the emergency bilge injection system.
Start the pump and check whether level of bilges reduces or not.
Once bilge injection system works effectively, get back to normal operation.
Monitor the level of water and as the water increases in bilges, open the sea suction valve, so that
pump does not lose suction.
Once confirmed all water removed and there is no further leakage, stop the pump and close the
v/v.
Enter into Oil Record Book the operation carried out stating the reasons and End Time.

ENGAGE II:
a) Consider the following.

What features are provided in ER pumping systems to deal with the situation outlined in
previous tasks?

b) Share your knowledge, experience, etc. about:

Emergency Bilge Injection System

 c) Answer the questions provided.

Ë What is the purpose of an emergency bilge suction valve?

Ë What are the principal features of an emergency bilge pump?
Ë What color is an emergency bilge suction valve of?
Ë How do you test a bilge suction?
Ë What is an emergency fire pump?
Ë How is the bilge suction valve on a ship used?
Ë Is there any special procedure to be followed prior to opening up of the bilge injection valve?
Ë Is there the necessity for any checks or precautions to be carried out to maintain proper
operation of the system?

STUDY:

a) Match the words with their antonyms (antonym is a word of opposite meaning).

1. allow free
2. enclosed vented
3. remote removed
4. direct pour
5. suction differently
6. involve rejection
7. submerged distance
8. prevent deny
9. access exclude
10. similarly exit
11. penetrate near
12. proximity permit
13. stuck indirect

b) Match the words/phrases with their definitions.

1. platform a vessel for containing air

2. obstacle a wheel that is maneuvered by hand

3. approachable run toward or against; perform in a short time or at high

speed
4. branch connection at infrequent or irregular intervals; now and then

5. a matter of routine a machine used to transfer or circulate seawater for

multiple applications
6. air bell level, floor, deck

7. draw out a part of a spinning wheel that is shaped like a stick and
has a wheel or other object spinning round it
8. sea water cooling barrier, block; smth., that doesn’t let the progress
pump
9. rush provides a connection from a larger pipe to a smaller
sized pipe or a pipe of the same size
 10. occasionally ask for an official doc which says that you may do
something
11. get permit move out of a place

12. hand wheel able to be reached from a particular direction or by a

particular means
13. spindle a standard procedure

c) Grammar bank.

SHOULD
When do we use this word?
How do we use this word?

d) Read the following and define the ‘should’ meaning in the statement:

“…we have no jobs at present, but should the situation change, we will contact you”.
Should you (Should with inversion)
In formal situations, we can use should+subject (s)+verb (v) instead of if:
Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department on
01234567 (or if you should wish to cancel your order…).
Should you become worried or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to inform the
team leader (or if you should become worried or nervous…).

INVERTED CONDITIONALS

FORM:
Should I/you/he/etc … instead of If I/you/he/etc should …
Were I/you/he/etc … instead of If I/you/he/etc were …
Had I/you/he/etc … instead of If I/you/he/etc had …
USE EXAMPLE
More formal form of the 1st conditional (with Should the situation worsen, the EU is
should) prepared to send in a peacekeeping force. (=
If the situation should worsen …)
nd
More formal form of the 2 conditional Were the situation to worsen, the EU would
be prepared to send in a peacekeeping force.
(= If the situation were to worsen …)
More formal form of the 3rd conditional Had the situation worsened, the EU would
have been prepared to send in a
peacekeeping force. (= If the situation had
worsened …)

e) Change the sentences according to the requirement.

1. I think everything will be OK. (there/be/any/problems), I am sure we will be able to solve

them.
Should _______________________________________________________________________
2. I don’t want anyone to know where I am going. (anyone/ask), just say that you don’t know.
Should _______________________________________________________________________
3. If separator operation should improve, we’ll inform you immediately.
Should _______________________________________________________________________
4. CE will ask lots of difficult questions if he gets to interview a new engine cadet.
Should _______________________________________________________________________
5. If you were able to go to the port to see the city, where would go first?
Were _________________________________________________________________________
6. The world would be much better off if all environmental pollution stopped today.
Were _________________________________________________________________________
7. If the hole in the ozone layer had been discovered sooner, fewer people would have got skin
cancer.
Had __________________________________________________________________________
8. I wouldn’t have become a proficient engineer if I hadn’t had that experience.
Had __________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVATE II:

a) Read and complete the text below using vocabulary units from STUDY a) and b) or
by suggesting your ideas. Vocabulary units may be used more than once.

Bilge injection is a valve that enables the engine room bilges to be pumped out
__directly____ overboard in the event of an emergency such as flooding. The valve is normally
fitted to the end of the ___seachest__ with the main seawater suction line. This enables large
main __seawater pumps____ to be used as a bilge pump in an emergency.

Emergencies like fire and flooding __necessitate_____ the use of seawater. If there is a
fire, seawater is the biggest resource of water available in the sea. __ Similarly____, if it
involves flooding of the engine room, cargo spaces or any other place on a ship for that matter,
you would again require pumping the sea water out of a ship. In both these cases, you require
pumps. The pump is capable of working when completely _____ submerged. _____. It is a
standard centrifugal pump which is reciprocating or rotary one. The motor is _housed_____ in
an ___airlock chamber______ so that even with the compartment full of water the compressed
air in the bell _prevents_____ water gaining ____access____ to the motor.
There are two valves in close __________proximity______, namely: main injection
valve and bilge injection valve. Both of them have their own independent controls. The diameter
of the bilge injection valve is kept nearly 66% of the main valve diameter which
___draws__________ water directly from the sea through the grid. There is a SOLAS
requirement that the diameter of this injection valve is at least 2/3 times the main
__valve________, though it can be more also. The ____outles_________ of the sea inlet and
injection valves shall extend well above the engine room ___waterline_______.
Hence the injection valve is an arrangement where are the main sea chest can be bypassed
in case of emergency so that instead of the sea, water gets ____soursed____________ from
within a ship itself.
There is a strainer attached to the bilge injection valve and the pump used for this valve is
normally the largest sea water pump or pumps available in the engine room. Hence this valve is
used to suck seawater from one of the lowest points in the engine room. This basically means
that when you need to remove a lot of water from a ship, you simply need to open this valve and
run the big pumps.
Almost 100%, you can find the emergency bilge ____injection______ valve location in
engine room _____bilges_____. When you go for finding the emergency bilge suction valve,
look for red colored valve, usually the red color painted ___valve_____ will be there and that
will be your emergency bilge suction valve.

The easiest way to test the non-return valve is to stop the pump (or eductor) and
__allow____ water to flush back into the bilge line up to the non-return valve. If no water enters
the bilge, then the nonreturn valve is working correctly.
Emergency fire pump _shares __ the suction from the same sea chest as that of the main
fire pumps. This means the suction pipe must ________extend_________ the engine room. As
the pump is located ___away _____________ from the engine room space, it can be used as a
backup for the main fire pump.
Prior to opening up of the bilge injection valve always ___approval______ from CE of a
vessel.
Emergency situations can arise any time, that is why it is called emergency, so it would
not be a good idea to find out that your valve is _________________________ due to rust or
non-operation. Hence it is a good practice to check for the operation
_________________________. The space near the injection valves should be kept clear of any
_________________________ since normally one would _________________________ to
open the valve in an actual emergency, and hence should be minimal
_________________________ in the space around the valve. Not only should the valve be
easily _________________________ and operational, but it also needs to be checked regularly
for actual suction and operation. This can be done _________________________ by actually
running the pump and trying to _________________________ water from the bilge spaces using
the valve. The valves should be clearly marked since people do get confused in emergency
situations and you certainly don’t want to open some wrong valve at such a critical time.
b) Go back to answer the questions in ENGAGE II c). Check the accuracy of your
previous answers.

Lesson 9
Fuel oil system

ENGAGE:

a) Answer the following questions.

¶ How many FO tanks names can you remember?

¶ Characterize their purpose.
¶ Who is in charge of refilling FO tanks?
¶ What equipment is used for FO transfer?
¶ Specify equipment purpose.

b) Study and label the diagram below using the prompts.

 fuel pumps viscosity engine heater pre-warming
regulator bypass
transfer pump booster pump pressure heated filter double bottom
regulating valve
mixing tank flowmeter fuel return DO inlet centrifuge

three-way valve fuel injectors drain daily service settling tank

tank HO
vapor trap vent centrifuge pump daily service your idea
tank DO

c) Comment on the diagram describing equipment purposes.

STUDY I:
a) Match the vocabulary units with their definitions.

1. fuel tank 4 positioned between the deck and the tank. Can be closed to seal off
the tank. Tanks also require remote operation of the valves.
2. baffles 8 used to clean foreign materials, contaminants and the last fuel dregs
from the sump in the fuel tank.
3. fuel fill 1 a reservoir for holding diesel fuel in storage. Should have a low
line spot in which sediments and contaminants settle and can be
removed.
4. shut off 5 provides an earth to discharge the static electricity which may
valve occur during refuelling.
5. groundin 7 allows air and fumes to escape from the tank. The end of its hose
g cable should be set high on the vessel and kept well away from the
engines, the cabin space and any source of heat. Its pipe should
include a gauze flame arrester.
6. deck fill 10 this line continues to the engine via the fuel lift pump, fuel filter,
injection pump and injectors. Diesel engines have them to deliver
excess fuel back to the tank.
7. vent 9 the size of the line will vary depending upon the size of the engines
used and the volume of fuel required. It should be near the lowest
part of the tank, but high enough to avoid sucking foreign matter
and contaminants from the sump.
8. sump 3 line through which fuel is pumped into the tank. The line should
pump continue to within centimetres of the bottom of the tank to reduce
any foaming effect as fuel is delivered. The gap between the end of
the line and the fuel tank bottom should be large enough to allow
fuel to be delivered unrestricted. The lines vary in diameter
depending upon the tank size.
9. fuel 2 these are internal dividers built into the tank to contain movement
supply of the fuel in rough conditions.
line
10. fuel 6 the mouth of the fuel fill line which is fastened to the deck.
return
line

b) Match the words to make phrases.

GROUP 1
1. vent 17 interface
2. appropriate 6 point
3. proper 5 cleaned
4. tank 16 screen
5. manually 12 specifications
6. pour 2 levels
7. purifiers 13 generation
8. heating 1 screening
9. necessary 3 separation
10. settling 15 tubes
11. design 4 bottoms
12. manufacturers’ 14 results
13. moisture 7 and clarifiers
14. optimal 9 characteristics
15. sounding 10 process
16. filter 8 coils
17. oil-water 11 limits

GROUP 2
1. temperature 8 humidity
2. tank 13 pipelines
3. downstream 9 control systems
4. fuel 17 material
5. back- 14 basis
6. mesh 16 growth
7. pressure 10 throughput
8. ambient 5 flushed
9. viscosity 7 drop
10. self-cleaning 2 design
11. purifying 12 drainage
12. water 11 effect
13. scale from 1 difference
14. regular 6 screen
15. lowest 3 operations
16. bacterial 4 heaters
17. settled 10 filters

c) Consider the following. Complete the sentences suggesting your endings.

ONBOARD FUEL STORAGE, HANDLING AND TREATMENT

1) Water may accumulate in fuel storage tanks due to ______________________________.

2) Bacterial growth in storage tanks may result in _________________________________.
3) Water that accumulates in tanks may lead to ___________________________________.
4) All fuel tanks should be drained _____________________________________________.
5) Sediment consists of ______________________________________________________.
6) Debris is prevented from entering tanks by means of ____________________________.
7) Catalytic fines should be ___________________________________________________.
8) Fuel storage, settling and service tanks are designed to ___________________________.
9) Settling tank temperature should be __________________________________________.
10) Settling tanks’ bottoms should be ____________________________________________.
11) Fuel treatment comprises __________________________________________________.
12) Fuel transfer pump suction strainers may have _____________________________, while
self-cleaning filters may have _______________________________________________.
13) Self-cleaning filter operations should be checked to ensure ________________________.
14) Small-micron filter mesh in self-cleaning filters can become ______________________.
15) ER crew must maintain purifiers and clarifiers _________________________________.
16) Fuel heaters should be _____________________________________________________.
17) Pressure, temperature and viscosity control systems should be _____________________.

ACTIVATE I:

a) Read and complete the information below with the phrases matched above. Check if
your answers in the previous task were accurate.

Fuel storage
To maintain fuel condition when stored in a marine environment, certain housekeeping
actions are required:
A number of factors can contribute to water accumulating in onboard fuel storage tanks
as a result of moisture generation____. For example: ____ambienjt
humidtiy______________, ___diffirent temparature________________ between tank
internals and the ambient air where venting occurs, movement of the vessel, leaking heating
coils__, etc.
Water that is allowed to remain in fuel tanks may support the growth of bacteria at the
_oil-water interface________________________. This __bacteria
growth_______________________ can find its way into the fuel system and clog filters or
purifiers. Water that accumulates in tanks may also pass into the fuel system, damaging
machinery or leading to faulty ___downstream opeartion______________________. It is
important to ensure that all fuel tanks are drained at least daily for accumulated water. On some
vessels, and in certain conditions, tanks should be drained more frequently.
Sediment is another contaminant that may be found in onboard fuel tanks. Sediment can
comprise dirt, rust, _scale from pipeline_______________________ and storage tank internal
structures, as well as arise due to ineffective ___vent screening____________________. For
safety reasons, all fuel tank vents should have a properly sized and well-maintained ___mesh-
screen filter____________________ in place at all times, such that debris is prevented from
entering tanks. Although the fuel may meet or exceed ISO specifications, some sediment may be
entrained within the fuel.
Catalytic fines (cat fines) are similar to sediment in that the fuel may meet the conditions
laid out by the ISO specification, yet may still contain some cat fines. These cat fines must be
reduced to ____appropriate level_________________ to enable reliable consumption of the
fuel by diesel engines and other machinery.
Fuel storage, settling and service tanks onboard vessels all serve to settle water, sediment
and cat fines from fuel. Settling tanks are specifically designed to support the settling process
through _tank designed__________________________, including sloped tank bottoms.
Personnel should maintain the proper temperature in tanks to aid the __settling
proces___________________, i.e., storage tanks maintained at least 10 degrees Celsius above
the ___________pour point_________, and settling tanks at 85 degrees.
__ Water drainage____ further enables cat fines settling, since cat fines readily emulsify
with water and thus will not settle out when water is present.
If available, the use of two settling tanks will increase settling time. ___Tank
bottom______ should be cleaned on a regular basis to remove accumulated _____settled
material_____________. If not removed, this material may clog pump suctions, block ______
sounding tubes ____ or find its way into the fuel system.
Fuel treatment
Treating fuel onboard may comprise a number of different processes, including the use of
strainers, filters, __________________________________. Fuel systems are designed to treat
fuel from initial handling to end use. At one end of the fuel preparation process, fuel transfer
pump suction strainers may have a 30-by-30-mesh size, while
__________________________________ just ahead of the main engine may have a 5-micron
__________________________________. Strainers should be kept clean and wire mesh in good
condition. Strainer baskets or screens should only be replaced with units of the same sized mesh
per original design.
It is also important to keep the fuel at the proper temperature such that
__________________________________ across filters will be kept to within
__________________________________. Self-cleaning filter operations should be checked to
ensure that the filter is being cleaned on a __________________________________, though not
so frequently as to lead to excessive oil being lost. Small-micron filter mesh in self-cleaning
filters can become clogged with cat fines over time that cannot be automatically
__________________________________. In these cases, if the screen openings cannot be
maintained and the pressure drop across the unit is too high, the filter has to be
__________________________________ or replaced.
Onboard personnel should ensure that purifiers and clarifiers are operating as per
__________________________________ and that the appropriate fuel temperature and bowl
speed are maintained to enable __________________________________. Maximum efficiency
of machines can be attained by maintaining __________________________________ through
the separators. Operating purifiers in parallel, where possible, will also increase the overall
__________________________________. Sound purifier operation has the single largest overall
impact on onboard vessel fuel treatment.
Fuel handling
Onboard handling of fuel generally refers to the process by which the fuel is pumped,
heated and transferred to equipment where it is needed, via either the fuel transfer or fuel service
systems. Providing fuel at the correct temperature, pressure and viscosity is essential for
machinery to operate properly. Additionally, equipment efficiency will be adversely affected if
the fuel is not supplied with the __________________________________.
__________________________________ should be cleaned on a regular basis to ensure proper
operation. Instrumentation such as pressure, temperature and
__________________________________ should be calibrated and set up for the appropriate
equipment requirements in order to obtain __________________________________.
b) Comprehension questions.

 What are the factors contributing to water accumulating in fuel storage tanks?
 What are the potential results of water accumulation in fuel storage tanks?
 What actions should be taken to prevent water accumulation in fuel storage tanks?
 What are the sources of sediment formation?
 What actions should be taken to prevent sediment formation?
 What do you know about ‘catalytic fines’?
 What actions should be taken to prevent catalytic fines accumulation?
 What actions should be taken to maintain efficient settling process?
 What means have been specially designed to contribute to fuel treatment?
 What are the maintenance tips for fuel treatment means?
 What may be the reason of pressure drop across filters?
 What actions should be taken to prevent the pressure drop exceeding design limits?
 What are the maintenance and operation tips for purifiers and clarifiers?
 What fuel handling tips may you consider in order to obtain optimal results?

STUDY II:

a) Match the words with their synonyms.

1. residue trouble, irritation, disruption

2. major pollution, poisoning, infection
3. disturbance destroy, extinguish, remove
4. blow-down open to, existing, vacant
5. available extra, leftover, rest
6. warning notice, alarm, signal, alert
7. contamination considerable, big, important
8. issue topic, concern, point in question

b) Complete with whatever you believe suits best.

 Settling tank purpose is _____________________________________________________

 Settling tank temperature should be ___________________________________________
 Transfer of fuel to the settling tank ____________________________________________
 Settling tank drainage should be ______________________________________________

c) Match sentences’ beginnings and endings.

1. The role of settling tank is to normally be maintained between

separate heavy 60-70C for HFO.

2. To provide best performance, bottom at regular intervals.

settling tank temperature should

3. Transfer of fuel to the settling tank sludge accumulation and give early
for top up to be at frequent warming of contamination issues.
intervals, not to cause
4. Drain off water and sludge at the residue and water from the fuel
settling tank through the natural settling process.

5. It is always preferable to use lower 3 major change in temperature or

blow-down outlet to minimize the settling disturbances.
space available for

ACTIVATE II:

a) Define if the statements below are TRUE or FALSE. Comment on the FALSE ones.

¶ Fuel oils do not require treatment before passing to the engine.

¶ Storage and heating of fuel oils allow separation of water present.
¶ Coarse and fine filters remove solid particles and oil present.
¶ Centrifugal separator is used to separate two liquids, for example oil and water, or a liquid
and solids as in contaminated oil.
¶ Separation is speeded up by the use of a motor and can be arranged as a continuous process.
¶ Where a centrifuge is arranged to separate two liquids, it is known as a “clarifier”.
¶ Where a centrifuge is arranged to separate impurities and small amounts of water from oil, it
is known as a “purifier”.
¶ The separation of impurities and water from fuel oil is critically important for good
combustion.
¶ The removal of contaminating impurities from lubrication oil will increase engine wear and
possible breakdowns.
¶ The centrifuging of all but the purest clean oils is therefore an absolute necessity.

b) Read and complete the information below.

Fuel oil tanks are special compartments built into the structure of the ship for the express
purpose of _storing the ship fuel oil_______________. They are: double bottom tanks, wing
tanks (__outboard section of the hull___________), deep tanks (__large tanks above the
inner bottom of the ship_____), settling tanks (tanks adjacent to the fire room).
All fuel oil tanks have must vents and overflow connections. The vent shall not be less
than the area of the filling line. All fuel oil tanks must be constructed in order to facilitate the
_free passge of air and gases from all parts of the tank to vent pipes___. The vent pipe itself
should run vertical, if possible, but if not run vertical, it must be inclined but not less than 30°
from the horizontal. The vents shall have suitable ball check valve or another suitable approved
device to _prevent water from entering the vent during bad
weather_____________________. Fuel oil tanks must be provided with sounding devices for
___detemining liquid level_____, in lieu of sounding pipes a reliable remote level indicator
may be used.
Settling tanks or service tanks are installed to provide
_____________________________________, to maintain a reasonably large supply of oil for
immediate use, to provide a place where water and __impurities may settle out of the
oil_______________. The settling tank is fitted with heating coils to preheat the oil and lower its
viscosity, and thereby ____heat the fuel oil to the proper
temparature__________________________. They generally have an overflow line connecting
one settling tank to another or they can be arranged so that they can ___overflow to a separate
overflow tanks__________. Settlers are usually fitted with two suction valves, a high and low
suction valves. The low suction is usually used ____a gravity head on the suction side of the
fuel iol service pump_______. In the event of water in the fuel, fuel oil system is switched to
the high suction valve.
Filling system
Filling lines are provided to permit the _____________________________________.
The filling system generally has a _____________________________________ piped to the
filling and transfer manifold. From this manifold, _____________________________________
is controlled.
Transfer system
The fuel oil transfer system is the means by which oil is moved from one storage tank to
another and _____________________________________. The transfer system consists of a
pipe from each tank that connects the suction and discharge (filling) manifolds of the transfer
pump. Suction piping in the ER runs from the suction manifold to the transfer pump and
discharge piping connects the pump to the discharge manifold. The transfer pump is fitted with
_____________________________________ for protection of the piping and pump.
Fuel oil heaters
 At least two fuel oil heaters of approximately equal capacities are provided to
_____________________________________ for most efficient combustion at the burners. They
are arranged so that one may be overhauled while other is in operation. Relief valves are fitted
on the heaters _____________________________________ or the suction side of the pump.
Fuel oil strainers
Fuel oil strainers are installed in the system to protect the pumps, valves and atomizers
from becoming _____________________________________. The strainers must be of the
duplex type and designed so that the _____________________________________ for cleaning
purposes. A coarse strainer is installed before the fuel oil pumps and a fine mesh strainer is
installed after the fuel oil heaters since __the oil is less viscous after
heating_______________________________.

c) Consider the following.

As EOW, explain the safety issues to be considered when large quantities of fuel oil are
transferred from DB to storage tanks at higher level in the ship.
d) Read and comment on the procedure to be followed.

Inform Bridge, CE and Chief Officer. (Why? When?)

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Use Walkie Talkies. (Why? When?)

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Plan the quantity of fuel oil that is to be transferred. (Why? When? How?)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Keep SOPEP and FFE equipment ready. (Why? When?)

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Double check the valves of DB and storage tanks. (Which? Why? When?)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Before starting the transfer pump, inform Duty Officer, CE and CO that transfer is going to be
started.
Once confirmation is received… (What’s next?)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Enter information about fuel oil transfer into the document. (Which? When? Why?)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 Lesson 10
Understanding sounding, ullage and methods of sounding

ENGAGE:

a) Watch the simulation. Specify the term used to describe the following and answer
the questions.

 What is it called?
 Why does that happen?
 Is that dangerous for ship’s stability?
 How may the danger be eliminated?

b) Define the difference and label the image below.

SOUNDING vs ULLAGE

Free sufrace – ullage

Stricking plate
ACTIVATE I:

a) Consider the following questions.

1. What are the liquids carried on board a ship?

 The liquids carried on board a ship include fuel oil, diesel oil, and different grades
of lubricating oil. Additionally, there may be fresh water, ballast water, and other
fluids related to cargo.
2. What are they carried in?
 These liquids are carried in various tanks on the ship, such as fuel tanks,
lubricating oil tanks, ballast tanks, fresh water tanks, and cargo tanks.
3. What is known as “sounding”?
 Sounding refers to the process of checking the level of fluid in various tanks on a
ship.
4. Why is it so important for the level of fluids to be checked regularly?
  Regular checking of fluid levels is crucial for maintaining the ship's stability,
equilibrium, and safety. It ensures that the fluids are properly distributed to handle
factors like the free surface effect and prevent risks to stability.
5. How often is it required to take soundings of various tanks?
 In some cases, soundings have to be taken every watch, which means regularly
and frequently, especially during the ship's operational activities.
6. What is used for taking soundings?
 Instruments such as sounding rods or automated systems are used for taking
soundings of various tanks on a ship.
7. What are the tanks the level of which has to be checked every watch?
 The service and sump tanks on a ship are the ones for which the level has to be
checked every watch.
8. What are the tanks the level of which has to be checked once a day?
 Storage tanks, which include bunker tanks, are the ones for which the level has to
be checked once a day.
9. What are the operations dependent on the sounding values?
 The operations dependent on sounding values include ensuring the stability of the
ship, voyage planning, cargo planning, and assessing leakages or losses from
tanks.
10. What is known as “ullage”?
 Ullage is the measurement of the space between the surface of the liquid in a tank
and the top of the tank's inner surface.
11. Why is it so important for ullage to be checked regularly?
 Regular checking of ullage is important to leave room for expansion when liquids,
such as oil, are heated to higher temperatures. It helps prevent overfilling and
ensures safe conditions for transporting liquids in bulk on a ship.

b) Match the following to get meaningful phrases.

1. stability, equilibrium 12 quantities

2. feed water 16 from the tank
3. level is 18 tanks
4. free 19 liquid
5. damage to the 4 surface effect
6. sounding 10 a day
7. malfunctioning 9 expansion
8. ballast 2 system
9. leave room for 17 water
10. once 6 of the tanks
11. minimum 1 and safety
12. in bulk 14 point
13. bunkering 7 valve
14. reference 3 maintained
15. size and type 8 water
16. loss of content 5 ship structure
17. fresh 11 quantity
18. service 13 of fuel
19. surface of 15 of the ship

c) Read and complete the following with the most suitable words. Check if your
answers were accurate. БУДУТ СПРАШИВАТЬ ВОПРОСЫ ПО ТЕКСТУ
 d)

A merchant ship is built to carry tonnes of cargo from one port to another. Along with
cargo, it also has to carry oil which includes fuel oil, diesel oil and different grades of lubricating
oil _in bulk quantities______________ to run the propulsion plant and other auxiliary
machinery systems.
Ships also have tanks for __ballast water____ which are strategically located on both
the sides to stabilise the ship when it is loaded or unloaded with oil or cargo. Some tanks are also
provided for storing _fresh water__________ for provision purpose or for the __feed water
system_________________. Sewage holding tank may be constructed depending upon the ___
size and type of the ship _____, and of course, the owner’s demand. Storage tanks, bunker
tanks, fresh water and ballast tanks are constructed as per the class, size and type of the ship. To
maintain ship’s stability, equilibrium, and hence the safety ___ it is necessary that the level of
the fluids is checked at regular intervals of time. The process of checking level of fluid in various
tanks of ship is known as “sounding” of the tanks. _.
In some cases the sounding has to be taken in every watch. A ship is a floating factory
with several machinery and system working continuously. These machines require fuel oil, lube
oil and water to operate and these fluids are consumed from ___service tanks_______ or sump
tanks. The service and sump tanks on a ship need to be sounded every watch to ensure the
__level is maintained________________.The service and sump tanks levels are maintained by
filling them up with appropriate fluid using storage tanks, which are sounded __ once in a day.
The four most important operations which are dependent on the sounding values are:
Stability of the ship: The ship stability highly depends on how various fluids (oil, water,
fluid cargo etc.) are stored to tackle the __ free surface effect __, which is a very important
factor for defining ship’s stability.
Voyage Planning: The current volume of fluids (oil, water etc.) in various tanks and the
estimated volume needed to reach the next port or complete a voyage needs to be known before
the ship sails off. This is to ensure a _ minimum quantity __ is always maintained even when
ship is diverted to a longer route so that the essential fluids used to run machinery and system do
not get consumed early, which may leave the ship stranded. Also, to plan __ bunkering of fuel
__________, company needs to be intimidated well ahead of time for making arrangements in
preferred port of call, hence sounding of all tanks in a ship is very important.
Cargo Planning: The cargo loading and arrangement of the cargo at different bays or
holds are performed by the planner based on the current stability of the ship. The knowledge of
volume in various tanks is important to perform this task to avoid __ ship structure __ and to
avoid any other risk to ship’s stability.
For Assessing Leakages/ loss: Regular monitoring and keeping record of sounding for
tanks containing oil and water will be very helpful to understand leakages or _ loss of content
from the tank. ___. For e.g. An oil storage tank which is not in use if shows decrease in the
sounding value, it might be due to open/ _ malfunctioning valve ______ of the tank or due to
leakage from the tank. Also, the sounding values of service tanks in engine room are used to
determine the fuel/ lube consumption of machinery.
Ullage: This is a measurement of space between the __ the surface of liquid____ in a
tank and the top of the tank inner surface. Ship’s ullage tables are drawn up, based on the
internal volume of a tank measured from some ___ reference point______, e.g., the lip of an
“ullage” hole. This expression covers the free space left in the tanks after loading liquids in bulk.
In oil tankers, ullage is left in order to __ leave room for expansion ___ when the oil is heated
to a higher temperature before discharge. Oil can also expand with atmospheric temperature
changes so that oil tanks are customarily loaded to 98 per cent capacity.

STUDY:
 a) Decipher the following.

The following are related to measurement and sampling of cargoes on board tanker
vessels:
PSU
PMU
ROB
VCV -
VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds:
COW – Crude Oil Washing
UTI - Ullage Temperature Interface:

b) Match the terms with their meanings.

1. ullage 5 a trunk that extends above a cargo tank in an oil tanker and
that permits the change in volume resulting from
temperature changes to be accommodated by a change in
the level in the trunk
2. interface to remove something, especially by force, from
a fixed position

3. intrinsic an enclosed space in the cargo area external to a cargo tank,

safety other than a hold space, ballast space, oil fuel tank, cargo
pump-room, pump room, or any space in normal use by
personnel, (IBC Code)
4. conjunction 3 a protection technique for safe operation of electrical
equipment in hazardous areas by limiting the energy,
electrical and thermal, available for ignition

5. expansion 1 a measurement of space between the surface of liquid in a

trunk tank and the top of the tank inner surface

6. hand-held 9 sediments glued at the bulkheads, and disappears after crude

oil washing

7. void space 10 an area (land, sea, or air) in which there are special
measures taken to prevent or minimize unauthorized entry

8. dislodge 2 a point where two matters meet and interact

9. clingage 6 designed so that it can be easily used with one or two hands
 10. restricted 4 combination
area

c) Match the phrases with their definitions.

1. Dead bottom 9 to pour (a liquid) from one container into another.

sample
2. Portable 10 ullage, temperature and interface.
manual
sampling unit
PSU
3. Portable 2 intrinsically-safe device used in conjunction with a vapor
measurement control valve to obtain required cargo samples under closed
unit PMU or restricted system conditions.
4. Remaining on 6 valve fitted on a stand pipe, expansion trunk or the deck that
board ROB permits use of the portable hand-held gauging instruments
while restricting the release of vapors into the atmosphere.
5. Stand pipe 4 material remaining in a vessel’s cargo tanks, void spaces,
and/or pipelines after the cargo is discharged. ROB includes
any combination of water, oil, slops, oil residue, oil water
emulsions, sludge, and sediment.
6. Vapor control 8 organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure and easily
valve VCV form vapors at normal temperature and pressure.
7. Washing, 1 a sample obtained from the lowest accessible point in a tank.
crude oil
COW
8. Volatile 7 use of a high-pressure stream of the crude oil cargo to
organic dislodge or dissolve clingage and sediment from the
compounds bulkheads, bottom, and internal tank structures of a vessel
VOCs during the discharge operation.
9. Decanting 5 a vertical section of pipe extending from the top of a marine
vessel tank through which measurements and samples of
tank contents can be obtained. NOTE Stand pipes are
frequently fitted with vapor control valves to allow closed or
restricted operation. The pipe should extend to the floor of
the tank with the internal part (also called “stilling well” or
“still pipe”) slotted to allow free flow of tank contents while
providing guidance for gauging and sampling equipment.
10. UTI 3 intrinsically-safe device used in conjunction with a vapor
control valve to obtain required liquid level and/or
temperatures under closed or restricted system conditions.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Consider the following. Define if the statements are TRUE or FALSE.

Ë Manual sounding is considered to be the most efficient method.

Ë All important tanks on ships are provided with sounding pipes.
Ë Electronic sounding gauges are used on board tanker vessels only.
Ë Electrically powered servo-operated gauges are based on the principle of displacement
measurement.
Ë Bubbler gauges are no longer produced.
Ë Ultrasonic gauges are used for normal oil tanks as a remote measuring system.
Ë Mechanical sounding gauges are all pneumatically-operated.

b) Read and complete the following with the words from the table below. Check if your
answers were accurate.

Certain cargos carried on ships are toxic, hazardous and inflammable, hence various
methods are provided on a ship to measure the volume in the tank. Some of the most common
gauging methods used on ships are:
Manual sounding
All important tanks on ships are provided with sounding __pipe__ through which a
person can insert a sounding tape to measure the level in the tank manually. Sounding Tape
comes in meter or feet metric and is normally made up of brass and steel with a weighted
__bob______ attached at the end of the tape using a strap hook. It is the most commonly used
methods used for calculation of tank capacity. If the capacity inside a tank is more, free space of
the tank is measured which is put into calculation to draw depth of fluid in the tank. This method
is called _Ullage___ measurement.
Normally used for: __ tanks_for non hazardous
_luquid__________________________ .
Electronic sounding gauges
In electronic sounding, a __sensor___ is used which senses the pressure inside the
sounding pipe or by sensing the tank pressure and sends a signal to the __receiver___. Here the
signal is translated to the tank’s content value with the help of a PLC circuit. The __value____ is
displayed using electrical operated servo gauge or electrical capacitance gauge.
Normally used for: _____tanks for hazardous liquid__and remote
system____________________________________________.
Electrically powered servo-operated gauges
This tank gauging system is based on the principle of _ displacement __ measurement. A
small _dispalcer_ is accurately positioned in the liquid medium using a servo ___motor__. The
displacer is suspended on a measuring wire that is wound onto a finely grooved drum housing
within the instrument.
Normally used for: ___An alternative method__ tanks for hazardous liquid
________________.
Bubbler gauges
This gauging system works on principle of hydrostatic pressure measurement to
____determine liquid level. The pressure created by the actual __depth of liquid is fed to the
gauge which moves the reading until an _ equilibrium _ is reached.
Normally used for: _____________Excessive bulk inside engine
room___________________.
Differential pressure gauges
A differential pressure gauge is a visual _indicator__, designed to measure and illustrate
the __difference___ between two pressure points within a process system. The gauge usually
has two inlet ports that are each connected to the pressure points being _monitored_.
Normally used for: ___Closed machinery system level
measurement___________________.
Ultrasonic gauges
This works on principle similar to that of echo sounder wherein a ultrasonic wave is
thrown from the gauge. The sensor detects the echo from the _sufrace____ and routes it back to
the microprocessor for a digital representation of the distance between the _sensor__ and the
surface level.
Normally used for: ___ An alternative method__ tanks for hazardous
__________________.
Mechanical sounding gauges
Mechanical provisions are made inside the tank so that the quantity of tank can directly
be read through a level _marker___ or an indicator or a float level sensor. In the tank, a float
can be attached to a _pointer_ through a pulley. As the level varies, pointer reading will change
accordingly. A level gauge glass is also attached to the tank to read the __quantity___ of the
fluid inside the tank. The gauge may also be a pneumatic/hydraulic operated gauge or differential
pressure gauge.

receiver determine displacement value depth

displacer equilibrium pipe sensor difference
indicator ullage monitored quantity bob
motor surface marker sensor pointer

c) Suggest the best application way of the sounding methods mentioned above.

Electronic sounding Differential Electrically

gauges pressure gauges powered servo-operated
gauges

cargo holds carrying oil, closed machinery system cargo holds carrying oil,
hazardous cargo etc. Can be level measurement hazardous cargo etc. Can be
used for normal oil tanks too used for normal oil tanks too
as a remote measuring as a remote measuring
system system
Bubbler Manual sounding Ultrasonic gauges

lube/ fuel oil tanks inside bunker fuel oil/ lube oil cargo holds carrying oil,
engine room or with tanks, fuel/ lube oil service hazardous cargo etc. Can be
accessible bulkheads tanks, ballast tanks, fresh used for normal oil tanks too
water tanks, other non- as a remote measuring
hazardous tanks etc system

Lesson 11
Manual sounding: tools and methods

ENGAGE:

a) Look at the image and answer the following questions.

- What is the person doing?
- Why is he doing that?
- What is he using to do that?
- What other methods are available on board to do that?
- Have you been doing that when on board?
- Where must the data obtained be entered?
- How often must the procedure be carried out?

b) Consider the following.

The most efficient and reliable sounding readings can only be obtained …
MANUALLY vs AUTOMATICALLY

c) Match the sentences halves.

1. On board ship, it is very important 2 remotely or locally without

to keep the updated manually measuring and
calculating the liquid amount
inside the tank.

2. A ship is fitted with different types 4 ensuring the tanks will not
of automatic and hydraulic/ overflow or run dry in any case.
pneumatic/ mechanical sounding
measuring systems wherein the
level of the liquid can be checked
 3. One cannot entirely depend on the 1 record of the quantity of liquids (in
automation and mechanical all forms) present in various tanks.
devices, especially when it comes
to those substances, for which,

4. Manual sounding is always 3 negligence can cause oil pollution

preferred by all seafarers to recheck and machinery damages.
the level of the fluid in the tanks,

ACTIVATE I:

a) Read and complete the following with the most suitable words.

Manual sounding is taken by ship’s staff on a _________________ basis, but the

following are the operations and situations wherein the crew has to take manual sounding
without fail:
1. On a daily basis to check the level of _________________ ship’s tanks
2. When oil transfer operation is _________________, for e.g bunkering, sludge or
bilge transfer
3. When fresh water is _________________ from the port
4. When OWS is _________________, bilge tank sounding is monitored manually
5. When ship is involved in _________________ or _________________, the ship
officer from each department must check all the tank sounding to assess for any leakages
6. When _________________ is relieved by the new _________________, he/she
should check the actual level and oil quantity present onboard by manually sounding all the tanks
7. Before the ship is reaching a port, all important oil tanks are sounded and quantity
cross checked with sounding records for making the _Cargo plan
8. When ship is going to a __dry dock______ for making the docking plan
9. When ship is entering _SPECIAL AREAES__ under MARPOL Annex VI and
where fuel quality change is required
10. _Ballast__ tank sounding before approaching port, canal, channel etc.

b) Name and comment on the image below.

- What is that?
- What parts does it consist of?
- How is it used?

c) Read the text below. Identify and correct mistakes in meaning.

For manual measurement of sounding, a measuring tape normally made up of wood with
a weighted bob attached at the end of the tape using a strap hook. Sounding tape comes in meter
or feet metric with bob mostly of square shape and Torpedo shape. Torpedo (dip-weight in the
form of a rod, terminating in a truncated cone at the lower end) shape is more commonly used
for thinner liquid as the cone penetrates the oil/sludge more difficult.
A stainless steel tip on the brass dip-weight contributes to wear down. Cylindrical bob is
used for sounding of water and diesel/ lube oil and similar fluids where penetration is hard to
achieve.
The gradation in mm. continues on one flat side of the dip-weight to provide any blind
spot where the tape is connected to the weight.
Generally, the dip weights available for measuring sludge and similar fluids is approx.
400 gram. Bob weight of 700 gram to 1000 grams are most common one for oil and fats.

d) Watch the video. Comment on the application and efficiency of the product.

e) Complete the information using the words from the table below. There are words
that shouldn’t be used.

Ships ballast tanks contain _sea water____. It is difficult to trace the impression of water
on the __steel___ tape when sounding the ballast water tanks. A “water _________________
paste” can be used to identify the impression of the level of water _present__ in the tank.
Method to take sounding of the ballast water tank:
- ____Apply__ the water finding paste onto the sounding tape in the area of __estimated____
depth.
- drop the sounding tape inside the sounding __pipe______.
- ensure the bob strikes the striker _________________ at the bottom of the tank.
- Coil up__ the tape looking up for the impression.
- the level is seen as change in ___color___ of the paste. Presence of water will
___turn______ the paste color to pink from light orange.
They are normally available for water sounding and gasoline/diesel oil sounding as they
are __ transparent __ in color and difficult to __detect____ in the measuring tape. The paste is
applied on the sounding tape and when it comes in ____contact____ with the water or gas oil, it
will change it’s color, ___indicating _ the level.

detect control contact turn convert

understand color estimated present steel
pipe apply finding indicating pretending
plate pink transparent coil up sea water

STUDY:

a) Match the words/phrases with their meanings.

 1. bob 3 the fore-and-aft angle of the vessel to the water, with
reference to the cargo and ballast; the manner in which a
vessel floats on the water, whether on an even keel or
down by the head or stern
2. datum plate 6 to lean to the side

3. trim 5 the act of pressing one thing on or into the surface of

another

4. strap 8 fasten or secure with a rope, string, or cord

5. impression 1 a hanging weight, especially a metal ball on a string

6. list 7 a small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed

7. drum 2 a point, line, or level surface used as a reference in

measuring elevations

8. to tie 4 a narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass.

b) Label the images below. Identify the manual sounding method.

Sounding tape (2) Sounding pipe (2) Tank (2) Ullage value
Fluid surface (2) Striker/datum plate (2) Sounding value
 Describe the 1st and the 2nd methods. Define the difference in application.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Look at the image and name it.

 What is that?
 Is that the same for all vessels?
 What is that used for?

b) Do the text quiz.

Sounding table is a chart describing the construction, capacity and most importantly the
_________________ (1) content of the tank at given depth of sounding or _________________
(2). All vessels have their _________________ (3) sounding table documents for each tank
containing fluid in bulk. The sounding table is compiled to show the volumetric quantity of
_________________ (4) at various trims and list for the particular sounding depth in cm.
There are _________________ (5) methods to measure the level of the tank:
1. Measuring level by sounding the tank
In this method, the sounding tape is _________________ (6) in the sounding pipe and
_________________ (7) is lowered till it touches the bottom of the tank i.e. the
_________________ (8) plate. The tape will measure the complete _________________ (9) of
the liquid which will be compared to the sounding value in the sounding _________________
(10).
For e.g. Tape is _________________ (11) inside the tank till the bob touches the tank
bottom. If the tape measure 1000 cm – check the _________________ (12) or trim of the ship
and compare the volumetric _________________ (13) for the sounding depth of 1000 cm.
2. Measuring level by calculating the Ullage of the tank
When _________________ (14) level by ullage method, the sounding tape is inserted
only till the bob/ tape touches some part of the fluid _________________ (15) surface. Instead
of measuring the _________________ (16) depth of the tank, only the _________________ (17)
space (from the top of sounding pipe to liquid surface) is measured. This method is
_________________ (18) if the fluid in the tank is at a higher level. In _________________ (19)
oil tanks and viscous fluids, this method does not spoil the whole sounding tape and
_________________ (20) a false reading.
 For e.g. If the sounding tape is _________________ (21) till 500 cm and the tape
measures oil in the tape as 100 cm. The total _________________ (22) of the sounding pipe is
1600 cm. Hence the ullage is: 500cm- 100cm= 400cm, and sounding value can be
_________________ (23) as
1600 – 500 +100 = 1200 cm.
Normally ullage values are also provided in the sounding table with reference to the
_________________ (24) of the ship to get the volumetric content in the tank.

1. water volumetric fluid vapor

2. ullage signal sensor oxygen
3. identical same own good
4. fluid oil water vapor
5. three four eleven two
6. tied located inserted left
7. strap hook tape bob
8. steel datum welded value
9. depth width viscosity density
10. brochure book tape table
11. coiled up rolled picked controlled
12. anchor steering deadweight list
13. lever point value difference
14. using measuring controlling cleaning
15. top bottom free lowest
16. side average extra whole
17. free occupied wet dry
18. unsuitable bad convenient avoided
19. diesel heavy lube low-Sulphur
20. ensures avoids provokes proves
21. avoided measured lowered left
22. depth volume content control
23. left discharged lowered calculated
24. propeller trim forward aft

c) Restore the order of the steps mentioned below to take sounding on a ship using the
sounding tape. Complete with the most suitable word.

N Apply water/ oil ________________ paste to get exact readings (for water and gas oil)
N Note down the sounding in the ________________ book with signature of the officer in
charge
N Make sure the __bob is tightly held with the tape using a ___strap__ hook.
N Know the last __measurement__ of the tank in order to have a rough idea whether to take
sounding or ________________
N Check the trim and _list__ of the ship to read the correct reading for volumetric content of
the ship
N Ensure that the tape is not damaged anywhere in between to avoid _failing_ of bob or tape
inside the pipe
N Drop the tape inside the pipe and make sure it strikes the ___datumn_____ plate
N Coil up the tape and check for __impression _____ of paste and then note the sounding

d) Consider some basic maintenance of sounding tape.

 Basic Maintenance of Sounding tape
To avoid wear of the sounding tapes, following points to be taken care of:
Ensure to _clean sounding
tape______________________________________________
Sounding tape to be __stored in his
drums___________________________________________
Check __the condition of tape and strap
hoke_______________________________________________________

Lesson 12
Handing over/taking over/keeping watch

ENGAGE:

a) Share your ideas/experience on the following.

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL THINGS WHEN:

Taking over EW Handing over EW

b) Answer the questions below.

 What are the cases not to hand over watch even if your time is out?
 What are the cases to notify CE while handing over watch?
 Suggest the check list to be completed prior to taking over watch?

ACTIVATE I:

a) Read and fill in the following using the words from the table.

ensure charge prior capable

relieving performing effectively notified
fully regarding reason shall

The officer in ___________ of the engineering watch shall not hand over the watch to the
___________ officer if there is ___________ to believe that the latter is obviously not
_capable__ of carrying out the watch keeping duties _ effectively __, in which case the chief
engineer officer shall be ___________ The relieving officer of the engineering watch shall
__ensure__ that the members of the relieving engineering watch are apparently _fully__ capable
of _perfoming__ their duties effectively.
_Reason___ to taking over the engineering watch, relieving officers __sha;;__ satisfy
themselves _regarding__ the following:
 b) Read the suggested checklist. Agree/disagree with it. Share your understanding and
experience when answering questions.

BEFORE TAKING OVER EW:

1) the standing orders and special instructions of CEO relating to the operation of the ship’s
systems and machinery;

- What is “a standing order”? How many of those might be left by CEO? Are they
mandatory to be done? Suggest your actions in case of lack of time to complete the orders.

2) the nature of all work being performed on machinery and systems;

- What is the point in checking that? Why shall that be checked? What would happen if you
skipped this point? Suggest the works being performed that may endanger safety and
security of both: ship and crew.

3) the level of water bilges, ballast tanks, slop tanks, reserve tanks, fresh water tanks and
sewage tanks;

- What are “bilges”? Why are those supposed to be checked? What do engineers have to
check ballast tanks for? What are “slop and reserve tanks”? What do those have to be
checked for? Suggest your actions in case of any abnormalities with levels of fresh water and
sewage tanks (e.g., high level, low level).

4) the level of fuel in the reserve tanks, settling tank, day tank and other fuel storage facilities;

- How would you know the levels of fuel storage facilities are satisfying? What might happen
if the levels of one or more of those facilities are low? Are they mandatory to be checked?
Suggest your actions in case of one of the fuel storage facilities malfunctions (e.g., too high
temperature, too low temperature).

5) any special requirements relating to sanitary system disposals;

- What are “sanitary system disposals”? What could be the special requirements to those?
Are they mandatory to be done? Suggest your actions in case of lack of time to do the check.

6) condition and mode of operation of the various main and auxiliary systems, including the
electrical power distribution system;

- What is “electrical power distribution system”? What is it supposed to be checked for?

How is normally the check of main and auxiliary systems performed? Suggest your actions in
case of detecting any abnormality.

7) the technical condition of monitoring and control console equipment;

- What is “monitoring equipment” used for? What would you check the equipment for? What
would be the indicators of malfunctioning? Suggest your actions in case of detecting any
malfunction, which you consider to be the malfunction, but the previous engineer of the
watch doesn’t.
8) the condition and mode of operation of automatic boiler controls such as flame safeguard
control systems, limit control systems, combustion control systems, fuel-supply control
systems and other equipment related to the operation of steam boilers;

- Who is normally in charge of boilers? What would you check the equipment for? What
would be the indicators of malfunctioning? Suggest your actions in case of detecting any
malfunction, which you consider to be the malfunction, but the previous engineer of the
watch doesn’t.

9) any potentially adverse conditions resulting from bad weather, ice, or polluted or shallow
water;

- What condition is known as an “adverse” one? How may adverse conditions influence the
condition and mode of operation of the equipment?

10) any special modes of operation dictated by equipment failure;

- What particular equipment failure may dictate special modes of operation? Is that
mandatory to pay attention to? What would happen if you forgot about some equipment
failure? Suggest your actions in case of your relieving officer would identify certain negative
consequences of your negligence.

11) the type and availability of fire-fighting appliances;

- What fire-fighting appliances are there in ER? What would the checking be like? What
would be the indicators of malfunction? Suggest your actions in case of detecting any
malfunction.

12) the reports of engine-room ratings relating to their assigned duties;

- What are the reports checked for? Suggest your actions in case of finding no reports
whatsoever knowing there should be.

13) the state of completion of the engine-room log.

- What is an “engine room log”? What would you check it for?

STUDY:

a) Match the synonyms.

1. charge 3 recent
2. relieving 6 briefed
3. latter 5 complete
4. incapacity 4 disability
5. effectively 1 management
6. notified 2 freeing
7. ensure before
8. perform safeguard
9. prior adequately
10. cognizance awareness
 b) Suggest the definitions of the phrases below.

1. Standing order

2. Adverse condition

3. Assigned duty

4. Escape route

5. Internal
communication
system
6. Designated duty
officer
7. Periodic unmanned
condition

c) Decide if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

 The officer in charge of the engineering watch is not in charge of engine-room ratings, if
forming part of the engineering watch. The ratings are under responsibility of CEO and get
their tasks from and report to CEO only.
 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall not continue to be responsible for
machinery space operations when CEO is present in the machinery spaces.
 When CEO takes over the responsibility for machinery space operations, the watch engineer
shall not continue to carry out his regular duties.
 All members of the engineering watch shall be familiar with their assigned watchkeeping
duties.
 Officers, but not ratings, shall have knowledge of:
1) the use of appropriate internal communication systems;
2) the escape routes from machinery spaces;
3) the engine room alarm systems;
4) the number, location and types of fire-fighting equipment together with their use and
safety precautions to be observed.
 Any machinery not functioning properly, expected to malfunction or requiring special
service shall be noted in written form in the engine room log with any action already taken.
Plans shall be made for any further action if required.
 When the machinery spaces are in the manned condition, the officer in charge of the
engineering watch may stay in cabin, but shall always be readily capable of operating the
propulsion equipment in response to needs for changes in direction or speed.
 When the machinery spaces are in the periodic unmanned condition, the designated duty
officer in charge of the engineering watch shall be immediately available and on call to
attend the machinery spaces.
 All bridge orders shall be promptly executed.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Discuss the following. Share your experience.

Watch Engineer Responsibilities Under Standby:

 1. Ensure immediate readiness of machinery for maneuvering.
2. Maintain constant supervision of main propulsion and auxiliary systems.
3. Periodic inspections and rounds to identify malfunctions or breakdowns.
4. Notify Officer in Charge of Engineering Watch (OCEW) of potential hazards.
5. Manage personnel in the machinery space watch.
6. Take necessary action to contain damage from equipment failure or emergencies.
7. Record all events related to main and auxiliary machinery.
8. Cooperate with maintenance personnel.
9. Provide appropriate instructions and information to watchkeeping personnel.
10. Ensure machinery can be placed in manual mode in congested waters.
Watch Engineer Responsibilities Under Regular Maintenance Conditions:
1. Cooperate with maintenance personnel during preventive maintenance, damage control,
or repairs.
2. Oversee detailed repair maintenance involving electrical, mechanical, hydraulic,
pneumatic, or electronic equipment.
3. Ensure availability of air or steam pressure for sound signals.
4. Assist in the manual operation of machinery in case of automatic equipment failure.
5. Notify the bridge of any safety concerns, including fire or impending actions affecting
the ship's speed or propulsion.
6. Provide suitable records of all events related to main and auxiliary machinery.
7. Maintain readiness for immediate operation of emergency steering and auxiliary
equipment.

b) Match the words to make them meaningful phrases. Check the accuracy with
opponents.

GROUP 1
1. under constant 10 malfunctions or breakdowns
2. any impending action 7 the cognizance
3. cooperate with 8 failure
4. incapacity of any engineering watch 1 supervision
5. ship is in 9 and information
6. reserve of 3 any engineer
7. performed with 5 congested waters
8. automatic equipment 2 in machinery spaces
9. appropriate instructions 4 personnel
10. for observing and reporting equipment 6 power
GROUP 2
1. to contain the effects 6 readiness
2. interfere with their supervisory 8 of electric power
3. permanent air 7 conditions
4. resulting from 9 of the ship
5. ready for immediate 10 and auxiliary machinery
6. state of immediate 5 operation
7. potentially hazardous 1 of damage
8. alteration in the generation 3 or steam pressure
9. safety of life or 2 duties
10. events related to the main 4 machinery malfunction

c) Complete the following text with the phrases made in the previous task.
 Responsibilities of watch engineer under standby and regular maintenance
conditions

When the engine room is put in a stand-by condition, the officer in charge of the
engineering watch (FURTHER: OCEW) shall ensure that all machinery and equipment
which may be used during maneuvering is in a state of immediate readiness _ (1) and
that an adequate _____ reserve of power ______ (2) is available for steering gear and other
requirements.
OCEW shall not be assigned or undertake any duties which would __ interfere with
their supervisory duties _____ (3) in respect of the main propulsion system and auxiliary
equipment. They shall keep the main propulsion plant and auxiliary systems _ under
constant supervision _____ (4) until properly relieved and shall periodically inspect the
machinery in their charge. They shall also ensure that adequate rounds of the machinery and
steering gear spaces are made _for observing and reporting equipment _ malfunctions or
breakdowns ___ (5), performing or directing routine adjustments, required upkeep and any
other necessary tasks.
OCEW shall direct any other member of the engineering watch to inform them of ___
potentially hazardous conditions __ (6) which may adversely affect the machinery or
endanger the safety of life or of the ship. (7).
OCEW shall ensure that the machinery space watch is supervised and shall arrange
for substitute personnel in the event of the _ the incapacity of any engineering watch
personnel. __ (8).
OCEW shall take necessary action ____ to contain the effects of damage ______ (9)
resulting from equipment breakdown, fire, flooding, rupture, collision, stranding, or other
cause.
Before going off duty, OCEW shall ensure that all _ all events related to the main
and auxiliary machinery (10) which have happened during the engineering watch are
suitably recorded.
OCEW shall cooperate with any engineer __ (11) in charge of maintenance work
during all preventive maintenance, damage control or repairs.
OCEW shall ensure that any engine-room ratings who perform maintenance duties
are available to assist in the manual operation of machinery in the event of _ utomatic
equipment failure. __ (12).
OCEW shall bear in mind that changes in speed, resulting from machinery
malfunction ______ (13), or any loss of steering may endanger the safety of the ship and life
at sea. The bridge shall be immediately notified in the event of fire and of ___ any
impending action in machinery spaces ____ (14) that may cause reduction in the ship’s
speed, imminent steering failure, stoppage of the ship’s propulsion system or any _
alteration in the generation of electric power ___ (15) or similar threat to safety, to avoid a
potential marine casualty.
OCEW shall give the watchkeeping personnel all __ appropriate instructions and
information __ (16) which will ensure the keeping of a safe engineering watch. Detailed
repair maintenance involving repairs to electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or
applicable electronic equipment throughout the ship shall be __ performed with the
cognizance ___ (17) of OCEW and CEO.
OCEW shall ensure that permanent air or steam pressure _ (18) is available for
sound signals.
OCEW shall ensure that all machinery involved with the maneuvering of the ship can
immediately be placed in the manual mode of operation when notified that the __ship is in
congested waters_ (19). OCEW shall also ensure that an adequate reserve of power is
 available for steering and other maneuvering requirements. Emergency steering and other
auxiliary equipment shall be _ ready for immediate operation________ (20).

d) Consider the following.

OCEW shall notify the CEO without delay:

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Lesson 13
Engineering watch under adverse/emergency conditions

ENGAGE:

a) Choose the best definition.

Condition is …
 the state of being free from illness or injury
 the particular state that something or someone is in
 the way or manner in which something happens or is experienced, done, etc.

b) Consider as many of suitable adjectives as you can.

CONDITION

c) Identify the difference.

ADVERSE vs EMERGENCY CONDITION

d) Look through the list of certain conditions and identify adverse ones.

 fire aboard
 restricted visibility
 grounding
 collision
 shallow waters
 congested waters
 Polar waters
 blackout
 rough sea
 coastal waters

ACTIVATE I:

a) Consider the following questions. Share your ideas/experience.

  Are there any changes in performing engineering watch when there is
restricted visibility? Suggest.
 What dangers are there in congested waters? Suggest.
 Is engineering watch the same when ship is at anchor? Suggest.
b) Match the halves below to get meaningful sentences.

OCEW shall ensure that…

1. permanent air or steam pressure 5 steering and other maneuvering
requirements.

2. bridge orders relating to changes 3 is readily available.

in speed

3. auxiliary machinery used for 4 can immediately be placed in the

maneuvering manual mode of operation when
notified that the ship is in
congested waters.
4. all machinery involved with the 1 is always available for sound
maneuvering of the ship signals.

5. adequate reserve of power is 6 ready for immediate operation.

available for

6. emergency steering and other 2 or direction of operation are

auxiliary equipment is immediately implemented.

c) Suggest. Which of the above-mentioned instructions shall be followed under the

adverse conditions below? Explain your opinion.

 Coastal waters
 Congested waters
 Ship at anchor
 Restricted visibility

STUDY:

a) Study to properly use the word “condition” in a sentence.

Synonyms: circumstance, provision, situation, specification, state, etc.

Meaning: [kən'dɪʃn] (a noun) - 1. a state at a particular time 2. a mode of being or form
of existence of a person or thing 3. an assumption (suggestion) on which rests the validity (true
state) or effect of something else 4. (usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an
agreement 5. the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or
`out of condition' or `out of shape') 6. information that should be kept in mind when making a
decision 7. the procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with
a control condition. (a verb) - 1. establish a conditioned response 2. train by instruction and
practice; especially to teach self-control 3. specify as a condition or requirement in a contract or
agreement; make an express demand (requirement, request) or provision in an agreement 4. put
into a better state 5. apply conditioner to in order to make smooth and shiny.
Prepositions:
OF: ON:
The best of conditions To speak on condition of anonymity
The change of conditions To depend on conditions
The number of conditions To be based on conditions
Regardless of conditions To do on condition that
IN: TO:
To be in conditions To be a subject to conditions
To live in conditions To adjust to conditions
To work in conditions
UNDER: WITH:
To happen under conditions To be happy with conditions
To be under conditions of smth.
To work under conditions of
uncertainty
To do under conditions that
FOR:
To design for conditions

b) Complete the sentences below using proper prepositions.

1. Ship’s engine is _____________ good condition.

2. Ship’s engine is designed to work _____________ various conditions.
3. Ship’s engine’s rpm changes _____________ certain conditions.
4. Ship’s engine’s service life may be prolonged _____________ conditions of timely and
effective maintenance and operation.
5. ER crew were willing to report their colleagues _____________ condition of anonymity.
6. ER crew were unsatisfied _____________ working conditions.
7. The relieving officer was _____________ condition to perform his duties. (NEGATIVE)
8. Machinery spaces were left _____________ terrible condition.
9. _____________ what condition does pump wear out later than its warranty?
10. One _____________ the conditions in the contract is that extra time is unpaid.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Complete the text suggesting your words. Specify the adverse condition.

At an unsheltered anchorage the CEO shall _________________ with the master whether
to maintain the same engineering watch as when _underway____.
When a ship is at anchor in an open roadstead or any other virtually "at sea" condition,
the OCEW shall _________________ that:
- an __all_____ engineering watch is kept;
- periodic _________________ is made of all operating and _________________ machinery;
- main and auxiliary machinery is maintained in a state of __readiness___ in accordance with
orders from the bridge;
- _________________ are taken to protect the environment from pollution by the ship, and
that applicable pollution prevention _________________ are complied with; and
- all damage control and fire-fighting systems are in __stand-by___.

b) Define if the statements below are FACTs or SOMEBODY’s OPINIONs.

 OCEW shall pay attention to the observance of all orders, special operating procedures and
regulations concerning hazardous conditions and their prevention in all areas in his/her
charge on the condition that CEO is not present in machinery spaces.
 OCEW shall pay attention to the instrumentation and control systems, except monitoring of
all power supplies, components and systems in operation, unless he is assigned to.
 OCEW shall pay attention to the techniques, methods and procedures necessary to prevent
violation of the pollution regulations of the local authorities.
 OCEW shall not pay attention to the state of the bilges.
 OCEW shall in emergencies, raise the alarm when in his/her opinion the situation so
demands, and take all possible measures to prevent damage to the ship, persons on board and
cargo.
 OCEW is not in charge of deck officer's needs relating to the equipment required in the
loading or unloading of the cargo and the additional requirements of the ballast and other
ship stability control systems, since ER crew take no responsibility for the stability of the
vessel.
 OCEW shall make frequent rounds of inspection to determine possible equipment
malfunction or failure and take immediate remedial action to ensure the safety of the ship, of
cargo operations, of the port and the environment.
 OCEW shall ensure that the necessary precautions are taken, within his/her area of
responsibility, to prevent accidents or damage to the various hydraulic, pneumatic and
mechanical systems of the ship, except of electrical, electronic systems, since those are the
responsibility of electrical engineer only.
 OCEW shall ensure that all important events affecting the operation, adjustment or repair of
the ship's machinery are satisfactorily recorded.

c) Divide into groups (pairs). Discuss the principal instruction to be followed when
keeping watch under emergency conditions listed below. Complete the table.

MINOR FIRE

SEVERE FIRE
 EXTINGUISHED
FIRE

GROUNDING

COLLISION

BLACKOUT

a) Read the information provided. Title the condition. Check if you were right.

__
MINOR FIRE ____

1. Sound fire alarms and inform the Bridge and CEO about the location, intensity of the fire, and
if ME to be stopped.
2. ER air supply fans to be stopped and fan suction flaps to be closed so as to restrict the supply
of fresh air/oxygen to the fire. At the same time start the ERexhaust fans to remove the smoke
from the ER.
3. Start an emergency fire pump.
4. Restrict and fight fire with available proper equipment. (i.e. either with water or by using
suitable portable fire extinguishers).
5. Remote quick closing valves can be operated to cut off oil supply to the fire.
6. Check ER bilges and pump out as required.

__SEVERE4 FIRE

CO2 or fixed foam has to be introduced. CEO to be informed.

1. Start an Emergency Generator and put it on load.
2. As far as possible, shut off all machinery in the ER.
3. Take ER log book, Movement Book, and other important documents (if possible) from the ER.
4. Order immediate evacuation of the ER spaces and muster all the officers and Crew at the
Muster Station.
5. Take headcount of Officers and Crew and inform the Master and/or CEO.
6. CEO should operate the fixed fire extinguishing system.

_________________________

1. Sufficient time (at least 16-20 hours) is given for the fire to completely extinguish itself.
2. Two persons donning SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) must enter the ER,
preferably at the lowermost point (i.e. down through the emergency escape), to ascertain whether
the fire has been extinguished.
3. Provided the fire has been extinguished, ventilate the ER.
4. Make damage assessment and restart machinery one by one.
5. All events to be noted down in the ER log book.

_____gROUNDING______

1. Change over to high sea suction.

2. Check all ER and deck fuel tanks, particularly if they are DB tanks, at regular intervals, as
well as all DB tanks in the vicinity of the ER, for rupture of the outer plating and flooding.
3. Make an immediate visual inspection of ship side plating in way of ER and steering gear
spaces to ascertain if there are any ruptures or leakages in the plating.
4. Continuously keep checking the state of ER bilges to make sure that there are no unseen leaks
resulting in flooding of the bilges.
5. Run minimum essential machinery.
6. Monitor all parameters of running machinery.
7. Have enough power at hand to start any other machinery as required by the Bridge.
8. Check all self-closing cocks on sounding pipes are in proper position and in operating
condition.
9. In consultation with the CEO/Master, plan and execute any damage control/flood control
operations.
10. Maintain ‘stand by’ condition in ER throughout the period of grounding.
11. In consultation with the CEO/Master, plan and execute any ballasting/de-ballasting
operations.

_________________________

1. Depending upon the point of collision /impact and it’s distance from the ER, the ME speed to
be reduced or to be stopped as per instructions from the Bridge/CEO.
2. Sound all tanks, particularly DB tanks inside the ER for any flooding, and also check all ship-
side plating welded joints to ensure that no leaks or loosening of joints have taken place because
of the impact of the collision.
3. If required further, run minimum essential machinery and monitor all running machinery
parameters closely.
4. Have enough reserve power to start any other machinery as required by the Bridge.
5. Sound all ER and deck fuel oil tanks and particularly, DB tanks at regular intervals to make
sure that outer plating welds of these tanks have not given way due to shock and impact of the
collision and caused a delayed or slow leaks inside the tanks.
6. Make sure that all self-closing devices on sounding pipes of DB tanks are in closed and in
proper operating condition.
7. Maintain stand by condition in ER throughout this period of emergency and until at least
temporary damage control measures have successfully been carried out.
8. Depending upon whether the point of impact is above or below the waterline, be ready to carry
out ballasting or de-ballasting operations in consultation with the Master/CEO.
9. Transfer fuel oil if required, to a safer location to avoid potential oil spills.
10. Depending upon the location and gravity of the impact, make an attempt to carry out damage
control measures and then only proceed further either to your destination or to the nearest safer
port for further repairs.
11. Note all the events in the ER log book.

___Blackout___

1. Blackout means complete loss of power required for running the ship’s machinery.
Therefore, all the running machinery including the ME will automatically come to a stop in the
event of a blackout.
2. As soon as the blackout occurs (i.e. either running generator engine stops due to some
mechanical problems or the fault occurs due to some serious fault in the electrical systems), the
emergency generator will come on load automatically, after some pre-determined time lag and
emergency lighting in ER will come ON.
3. On older ships, if there is no provision for automatic starting of an emergency generator, the
same may have to be started manually and put on load.
4. Inform the CEO and then start the stand by generator and put it on load.
5. Ensure that there is no apparent damage to the main engine and related pumps and machinery
due to sudden stoppage and then start the main engine-related pumps/machinery one by one.
6. Provided ME parameters have not deviated from the normal range too much, open the main
starting air valve and restart the ME slowly.
7. Only after ascertaining that the ME and related machinery are running normally, increase the
ME speed slowly to Full Away speed and inform the Bridge accordingly.
8. Stop the emergency generator manually.
9. Now, restart the nonessential machinery (i.e. AC plant for accommodation, dom. Fridge
system, dom. F.w. system, sanitary s.w. system, galley power, etc.)
10. After all, machinery are running normally, inform the CEO.
11. Investigate the reasons for running generator tripping off, assess the damage if any, and
repair the same and try out the generator engine and keep it ready for further use.
12. Note all the events in the ER log book.

Lesson 14
MLC. Understanding fatigue.

ENGAGE:

a) Consider the best definition for the following.

HUMAN ERROR

b) Answer the questions below. Share your experience.

 What percentage of all marine casualties happened due to human error, to your mind?
 Have you or anyone you know ever seen or heard about cases of human error occurrence?
 What reasons, you think, might have led/contributed to human error occurrence?
 Do you believe human error/factor could have been prevented if certain measures would
have been taken?
 c) Read the citations from articles. Agree/disagree with them. Share your thoughts on
the issue.

“Of a total of 880 accidents analysed during the investigations between 2011 and 2015,
62% were attributed to erroneous human action” (EMSA 2016)

“Many of the ship accidents (60%) result from human error.” (Erol and Başar, 2015)

“It is generally stated that 80% of all accidents at sea are as a result of human error. In
fact, it is probably more correct to say that all accidents at sea are as a result of human error
because, no matter how much automation is introduced into the design or operation of a ship or
its systems, there is always a human input.” (Square et al. 2015)

“Despite advances in technology, some 80% of all accidents are, according to studies,
caused by human errors.” (Berg et al., 2013b)

“While the frequency of accidents is declining, human error continues to be a dominant

factor in approximately 80 to 85% of maritime accidents.” (Baker and McCafferty 2005)

“Marine accidents directly associated with human errors in the MAIB, the ATSB, and the
TSB reports total 82%, 85%, and 84%, respectively.” (American Bureau of Shipping 2003)

d) Check the summary of some factors involved in human error. Add to the list if you
have anything to add. Choose the factor you find to be the most influential or
serious one. Prove your idea.

According to the Maritime According to Wang and According to Suraj,

Transportation Research Zang (2000): Ramanad, and Bina
Board of the USA (2013):
(MTRB): Lack of knowledge and
Inattention. Inefficient experience. Overconfidence. Fatigue. Inadequate
bridge/ER design. Poor Recklessness (foolishness) communication. Inadequate
operational procedures. Poor in responding to commercial general technical
physical fitness. Excessive pressures. Fatigue. knowledge. Inadequate
fatigue. Excessive alcohol Discomfort, boredom, anger, knowledge of own ship
use. Excessive personnel unhappiness, illness, systems. Lack of situation
turnover. Misuse of confusion and lack of awareness and complacency.
automated equipment. adequate communication. Decisions based on
inadequate information.
Faulty standards, policies, or
practices. Poor maintenance.
Hazardous natural
environment. Complacency
– a state of mind.

e) Choose the best definition. Prove your choice.

FATIGUE is …
 degradation of human performance.
 reduction in physical and/or mental capability including: strength; speed; reaction time;
coordination; decision making; or balance.
 problem for all 24-hour a day transportation modes and industries, the marine industry
included.

f) Consider the following.

CAUSES OF FATIGUE
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

ACTIVATE I:

a) Define if the statements are FACTS or SOMEBODY’S OPINIONS.

 A seafarer is not a captive (prisoner) of the work environment.

 An average seafarer spends between three to six months working and living away from
home.
 Moving vessel cannot be the subject to unpredictable environmental factors.
 While serving on board a vessel, there is clear separation between work and recreation.
 Today’s crew is composed of seafarers from certain nationalities, who can work and live
together for long periods of time.
 The most common causes of fatigue known to seafarers are lack of sleep and poor quality of
rest.
 Causes of fatigue have been categorized into 4 general factors.

b) Read and complete empty spaces in the text by choosing best words from the table
below.

GROUP 1: Crew-specific Factors

The crew-specific factors are ___________ (1) to lifestyle behavior, personal
___________ (2) and individual attributes. However, fatigue ___________ (3) from one person
to another and its ___________ (4) are often dependent on the particular activity being
___________ (5). The Crew-specific factors ___________ (6) the following:
• sleep and rest - quality, quantity and duration of sleep - sleep disorders/disturbances - rest
breaks
• biological clock/circadian rhythms
• psychological and emotional factors, including stress - fear - monotony and boredom
• health - diet - illness
• stress - skill, knowledge and training as it relates to the job - personal problems - interpersonal
relationships
• ingested chemicals - alcohol - drugs (prescription and non-prescription) - caffeine
• age
• shiftwork and work schedules
• workload (mental/physical)
• jet lag
1. a) consisted b) combined c) related
2. a) habits b) opinion c) data
3. a) divides b) differs c) enters
4. a) effects b) affects c) effective
5. a) finished b) performed c) forgotten
6. a) include b) exclude c) contribute

GROUP 2: Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship)

The management factors ___________ (1) to how ships are managed and ___________
(2). These factors can ___________ (3) cause stress and an ___________ (4) workload,
ultimately ___________ (5) in fatigue. These factors include:
1. Organizational Factors
• staffing policies and retention (no substitute in order to go home)
• paperwork requirements
• economics
• schedules-shift, overtime, breaks
• company culture and management style
• rules and regulations
• resources
• upkeep of vessel
• training and selection of crew
2. Voyage and Scheduling Factors
• frequency of port calls
• time between ports
• routing
• weather and sea condition on route
• traffic density on route
• nature of duties/workload while in port
1. a) show b) relate c) define
2. a) operated b) maneuvered c) started
3. a) occasionally b) potentially c) always
4. a) efficient b) adequate c) increased
5. a) connecting b) resulting c) finishing

GROUP 3: Ship-specific Factors

These factors include ship design ___________ (1) that can affect/cause fatigue. Some
ship design features affect ___________ (2) (i.e., automation, equipment reliability), some affect
the crew’s ___________ (3) to sleep, and others affect the level of physical ___________ (4) on
the crew (i.e., noise, vibration, accommodation spaces, etc.). The following list ___________ (5)
ship-specific factors:
• ship design
• level of automation
• level of redundancy (excessive)
• equipment reliability
• inspection and maintenance
• age of vessel
• physical comfort in work spaces
• location of quarters
• ship motion
 • physical comfort of accommodation spaces
1. a) corners b) features c) measures
2. a) workload b) overload c) condition
3. a) desire b) ability c) readiness
4. a) stress b) training c) load
5. a) details b) contributes c) detains

GROUP 4: Environmental Factors

Exposure to excess levels of environmental factors, e.g., temperature, humidity, excessive
noise levels, can cause or affect ___________ (1). Long-term exposure may even cause harm to
a person’s health. Furthermore, considering that environmental factors may produce physical
___________ (2), they can also cause or contribute to the disruption of sleep. Ship motion is also
considered an environmental factor.
Motion affects a person’s ability to maintain physical ___________ (3). This is due to the
extra energy expended to maintain balance while moving, especially during harsh sea conditions.
There is a direct relation between a ship’s motion and a person’s ___________ (4) to work.
Excessive ship movement can also cause nausea and motion sickness.
Environmental factors can also be divided into factors external to the ship and those
internal to the ship. Within the ship, the crew is faced with elements such as noise, vibration and
temperature (heat, cold, and humidity). External factors include port and weather condition and
vessel traffic. There are a number of things that can be done to address these causes. Some
___________ (5) are more manageable than others. Opportunities for implementing
countermeasures vary from one factor to another (noise can be better addressed during the vessel
design stage, breaks can be addressed by the individual crew member, training and selection of
the crew can be addressed during the hiring process, etc.).
1. a) fatigue b) workload c) stress
2. a) pain b) discomfort c) feeling
3. a) stress b) load c) balance
4. a) ability b) desire c) dream
5. a) people b) crew c) contributors

c) Complete the table below.

What are crew-

specific factors
related to?

What are effects

of crew-specific
factors dependent
on?

Examples of
crew-specific
factors.
 What are
management
factors related to?

What are
potential
consequences of
management
factors?

Examples of
management
factors.

What do ship-
specific factors
include?

What do ship
design features
affect and why?

Examples of ship-
specific factors.

What are
environmental
factors?

What do
environmental
factors cause?

Examples of
external and
internal
environmental
factors.
STUDY:

a) Match the synonyms.

1. alertness damage
2. average attentive
3. impairment badly
4. disruption readiness
5. conscious affected
6. detrimentally motivation
7. susceptible bypass
8. omit break
9. stimuli standard

b) Complete the sentences below using the words from the previous activity.

 Alertness is the optimum state of the brain that enables us to make _________________
decisions.
 Fatigued individuals become more _________________ to errors of attention and memory.
 Fatigue can affect an individual's ability to respond to _________________, perceive
_________________, interpret or understand _________________, and it can take longer to
react to them once they have been identified.
 Fatigue is known to _________________ affect a person’s performance and may reduce
individual and crew effectiveness and efficiency; decrease productivity; lower standards of
work and may lead to errors being made.
 _________________ while resting such as being woken up unexpectedly, on call (during
port operations), or unpredictable work hours (when arriving in port) can cause fatigue.
 Everyone’s sleep needs are unique; however, it is generally recommended that a person
obtains on _________________ 7 to 8 hours of sleep per 24-hour day.
 _________________ in performance can be presented as inability to concentrate, poor
memory, slow response etc.
 Fatigue has a proven detrimental effect on _________________ - this can be readily seen
when a person is required to maintain a period of concentrated and sustained attention, such
as looking out (e.g., night watch).
 It is common for fatigued individuals to _________________ steps in a sequence.

c) Read your designated information. Choose the correct form of the verb.

Sleep
Sleep is an active process; when people sleeping/sleep/sleeped they are actually in the
state of consciousness. All sleep does not have the same quality and does not
provided/providing/provide the same recuperative benefits. In order to satisfy the needs of the
human body, sleep must have three characteristics to be most effective:
•Duration: everyone’s sleep need/needed/needs are unique; however, it is generally
recommended that a person obtain, on average, 7 to 8 hours of sleep per 24-hour day. A person
needs the amount of sleep that produces the feeling of being refreshed and alert. Alertness and
performance are directly related to sleep. Insufficient sleep over several consecutive days will
impair/impairment/impairing alertness. Only sleep can maintain or restore performance levels.
•Continuity: sleep should be uninterrupted. Six one-hour naps do not have the same
benefit as one six-hour period of sleep.
 •Quality: people need deep sleep. Just being tired is not enough to ensure a good sleep.
An individual must beginning/began/begin sleep in synch with the biological clock to ensure
quality sleep. If the time of sleep is out of synchronization with his/her biological clock, it is
difficult to sleep properly.
Many factors contributing/contribute/contributed to sleep disruption, some are within
our control while others are not: - environmental factors (e.g. ship’s violent movement, weather,
heavy vibration, noise or poor accommodation) - food and consumption of chemicals (e.g.
alcohol intake, coffee, medication, etc.) - psychological factors (e.g. stress, family worries, on-
duty responsibilities) - sleep disorders (e.g. insomnia) - operational factors (e.g. disruptions
cause/because/caused by drills, loading and unloading).
Biological Clock and Circadian Rhythm
Each individual has a biological clock. Our bodies moved/moving/move through various
physical processes and states within a 24-hour period, such as sleeping/waking, and cyclical
changes in body temperature, hormone levels, sensitivity to drugs, etc. This cycle represents the
circadian rhythm. The biological clock regulates/regulate/regulating the circadian rhythm.
The biological clock makes a person sleepy or alert on a regular schedule whether they
are work/working/worked or not. In normal conditions, the sleep/wake cycle follows a 24-hour
rhythm, however, the cycle isn’t the same for everyone. Although individual rhythms differ, each
person’s cycle has two distinctive peaks and dips. Independent of other sleep-related factors that
cause sleepiness, there are two times of low alertness (low-points or dips) in each 24hour period.
These commonly occurred/occurring/occur between 3-5am and 3-5pm. Preceding these lowest
alertness periods, are maximum alertness periods (peaks).
For many seafarers, working patterns conflict/conflicted/conflicting with their biological
clock. Irregular schedules caused by shifting rotations, crossing time zones, etc. cause the
circadian rhythms to be out of synchronization.
The internal clock can only adjusted/adjust/adjusting by an hour or two each day.
Sometimes, depending on the new schedule, it takes several days to adjust. In the meantime, the
internal clock wakes a person up when they need to sleep and puts them to sleep when they need
to be awake.
Stress
Stress occurred/occurs/occur when a person is confronted with an environment that
poses/pose/posing a threat or demand, and the individual become/becoming/becomes aware of
his/her inability or difficulty in coping with the environment. This can resulted/result/resulting
in reduced work performance and health problems.
Stress can be because/cause/caused by a number of things, including: environmental
hardships (noise, vibration, exposure to high and low temperatures, etc.), weather (i.e., ice
conditions), personal problems (family problems, home sickness, etc.), broken rest, long working
hours, on-board interpersonal relationships.

d) Complete the sentences below based on information from the previous task.

 There are three highly important _________________ sleep must have to be considered
effective: _________________, _________________, _________________.
 Sleep needs are rather _________________; however, whatever sleep duration may be
suitable for you, you should feel _________________ and _________________ upon
awakening.
 Sleep shouldn’t be _________________ due to it becomes ineffective in this case.
 The state of being _________________ doesn’t ensure sleep quality due to the sleep
dependence on the _________________.
 There is a number of _________________ influencing sleep effectiveness.
 Circadian rhythm is a _________________ of different physical processes and
_________________ one’s body moves through throughout _________________ period.
 Regardless of person’s circadian rhythm and biological clock, there are two
_________________ throughout any 24-hour period: _________________ and
_________________.
 Seafarer’s circadian rhythm is often out of _________________ due to irregular
_________________.
 Stress is the state of being exposed to a _________________ or requirement one isn’t
_________________ of coping with.
 State of stress highly _________________ work performance and may _________________
health problems.

ACTIVATE II:

a) Answer the following questions.

 Are there any regulatory tools seafarers might use in case his/her rights are being impaired?
 What is the name of the convention which sets out seafarers’ rights to decent conditions of
work? What do you know about that?
 Have you ever used the tool yourself? When? Why? What was the outcome?

b) Connect words to get meaningful phrases.

GROUP 1:
1. maritime rights
2. convention bargaining agreement
3. to set out working conditions
4. decent into force
5. to enter requirements
6. to ratify labor convention
7. to implement measures
8. collective a convention
9. to follow adopted by
GROUP 2:
1. safe and of employment
2. to comply with measure
3. fair terms a complaint
4. health labor
5. medical secure workplace
6. welfare care
7. forced or child a certificate
8. to issue protection
9. to make standards

c) Watch the video.

d) Complete the table below.

 What is the
MLC?

What was it
adopted by?

What does it set

out?

When did it enter

into force?

What does the

MLC ratification
mean?

What does the

MLC guarantee?

What are the

basic seafarers’
rights according
to the MLC?
 What is
prohibited
according to the
MLC?

How is the MLC

enforced?

When can ship be

inspected by the
PSC?

What steps can be

taken by seafarers
if there is a reason
to believe his/her
rights have been
impaired?
 SPEAKING COMPETENCY DEMONSTRATION
Safe engineering watch
List of questions

1. Departments on board. Levels of responsibility. Watch participants.

2. Duties of watch participants when operating UMS.
3. Requirements for UMS ships.
4. Safety precautions required to be observed before/after going UMS.
5. DMA system characteristics, location, operation.
6. Application of checklists in ER, their purposes and table of contents.
7. Procedure for preparing ME from cold for a sea service.
8. ER documents, their purposes, table of contents and records to be entered.
9. Procedure for taking over an engineering watch.
10. Procedure to be observed when taking over responsibility for ER when operating under
UMS condition. Reasons for calling CEO when keeping watch.
11. Actions to be taken by EOW upon discovering high-level bilges.
12. Actions to be taken to ensure safe, complete bunkering operation.
13. Fuel oil system components and actions to be taken when transferring fuel oil on board.
14. On board fuel storage, handling and treatment.
15. Tank sounding procedures and means.
16. Manual tank sounding, tools and methods, frequency.
17. Responsibilities of EOW under stand-by and regular maintenance conditions.
18. Responsibilities of EOW under adverse/emergency conditions.
19. MLC: purpose, table of contents.
20. Fatigue: causes, symptom, preventive measures.