Instrumentation

Lab
 Mass :
(gnerter)

M Fapplied

>

Fapplied=Mcl=M &
stored
energy
=
Kinetic energy =

- Mat

Dushpot (damper)
-> x

,
"
1D ·
Fapplied X
b
Fapplied = bi
(c is used)

Force applied by daspot=-bi daspot

constant
 ·
v
+
=
& Vo
R +Ra
,
⑧
- -> P

In
=

V =
Vc

-un
Va
+
V v-
I
= -

if Vot
, NVg=tr+ -v -=> Val ->VoN

: the flb

When Vo = +Usat

vt =
BVsat +
Va = v -
v-

Va
-

V
BUst-Va
=
=

until BVsat
C starts mying ,
1st exportially
through R
< exceds BVsat =Vo=- Usat
if

when Vo =-Usat
 Up
Oscillati
- - Vp
17
12V
-

-
I
·
+
=
= 555

#
I T

Voltage inverter
(charge pump)

+ su
i
-

-
-

"
& st will still operate
6 -
200

=30
S
*
Voltage doubler

Vp as (en ft) r

&
#
Al #
main
zup

T
 Dual tapped winding
#
power Supply Centre
:

tapped)
Centre
HIV

3I
I2V

·
~

- F a
-
up - 12V

if we remove truse

we get HWR dual power supply

Fa
and h plap
 Calculate A
Step1 :

2 : Calculate &,
3 : Calculate &2

Normalised ripple : I-losde

method to solve
program for bisecting
for $2

4
C = .

7 MF
R =
loke

want to see the current:So we med

We also

to resistance
put a

E
I ⑧

C R

-m ⑧

1001
Ratio of polynomial in es

jot
cost) =
eart + e-
2

sin(not) -

Leint-evirty

vi
vi

S
+

↳
t
v R
L
-
V
-

V Ri i Ldi
=
=
V =

At

Assume est time

dependente
V = Ri i = CVS V =
Gi
Sc : Admittance ↓
of the
spacial impedance of the induct
I I
In T
v
Vin
Vout
???
·

m 2 ??
R

RC low
pass filter in most sensors

Second order Systems :

5 TPFBSF/notch
I filt

·
 T(s) CsL
s
=
=

+ S RCs + 1 + Sc

Sh
T(s) =

si +
Es + E

at Low
fr we use
spamps Caps
,

- ???
Vin R
Vont
·
->

TC -

+(s) =
SL + YS
Sl + R +
5
S& C
=-+
FORC+
-

SYC

= st + 1/2
5+
Es + E
#eu=I+-
=
+
=

I + fant
h

n =

-Her
=

-tank

&
=ta
=tan
 Vac 1 0 DC 12

VEE 20 DC - 12

VB 40 DC O

RG 13 1000

R 1000
&2 16
RE 52 10000

Q, 345 QMOD
05 QMOD
Q2 6

·
Model QMOD NPN (BF =
100)
* MODEL QMOD NPN (BF =
100 IS=1c -13)

DC VB - 0
.
25 0 25
.
0.
01

· Control
run

plot V(3) I
V(6)
· end control

END
Differential mode
gain :

Ad ,
R
=

~ For=-10
Iro

V = 25 MV
↑
=
Common mode
gain
:

Ac=-
Ac=-RalIRG
Re

in linear region (ilp=10mu)

olp= Sim ware

away for linear ilp=250mv

olp= distrated Square work .
->
 Dual
power supply using single battery
:

+ 6V
-

*
330-

↳
=

-
6V

for smal signal I low

power applications
this

is
dual power
supply applicable

characteristics of
M DA :
26
Sept ,
The

- -

Loading problem :

previous stage Source

:

Current Stage : Load

-

/
Vs 25
&

- Fitzs
↑ Zu
#
↓
↓
IIII
Loading factor division
du to
voltage

Loading factor :

Is
want 1
close to
we
o

=
 ·
Vo

Er
R2

111/ B==
Stable
even if R
, &R2 change pin

y
=
Au -

BAy
y(1 + BA) = An

y
=
Af=
thing with
flb) =BA
= I

B +

# ,
or
AB31 , At :
+ zenit
get
Atrbalised
If A - 00
, Af ->
+
 Ro
Vin Forf
T
5
↓ - >

J
A
R ↑
Font
~Current here is
-

4⑬ 2 ngusible

Vout + Ro Font =
A (Vin-BVout)
Vout + RoFont = Arin -

ABVont
Voutf1+BA) =
Avin- RoForT

Vont=vin-AFor mont
Rout=BA
is reduct
output resistance by faster (IBA)
Berufit3

Bengit 4
: Nor
linearity is reduced
If you want to make VI char. Of a diode
Exponential amplifier

This is voltage multiplier

 #
!
->

bias
current
F
I

-> -

for the ckt. to

junctional
be
,
bias current
is
(Very small)
needed for transister to
function .

(MA , PA ,

11 Me

11 -

↓ #
+

To bias

-All
current e
 Ladder nw Zz
El Es
. . .

- D

be I
.
- -

P2
. . .

---- -- -

Series element
↑

For -

Fin z Fout
7 ->
f
T

Vin Vont
-

: The element must be written as are

impedance

Vin = Your +2 Font

Iin= Fout
 transition
if Q is
large will be short

#A L Qu
Q

E
ofa

order
Second dow
par it
=

-
Q
- ------
·
N

Wi
 not that
important for
us
# Delta to Start is .

↑
#

but reverse i

6
degrees f freedom
.
not
possible
while start .
&
got only

Fr
= =
=z -

E3
S

zu= =Estzzzz
zl

-nwit now value :

113

T
T
use
sallen-key for higher &
is given) :-
(the feedback

Very Commonly used circuit [building blocky

don't want filte

do
We
amplification with so we

deduction
.
gain
/bec be
, each staye will
clipping of le
-
amplify
sign
at
last there
will
 2
t
T
-

-gaat
I
/
2
2 ,
C E

=
R, C = Y R2E

so
forg response in
W % transmission

mu
-

I -

=>
+

#
# Oscillator
Astable :

· V (5 to 12V)

F
4

7
T
LED BC547
&
Q, Q2 :

LED loke

v
Ry RC , Rc :

Ra Ri Re
,
: Imm

: 410 MF
~ 2 2

ve
-

,
v
-
:

Q
i i t
&

Vc Vy
V

~
-
=

V >t

VB2

VBI VBz
-

( -V) ...............
↑

< >

m/2v
T T =

RE

D
= R
,

~ R, In =
Rain

T =

T + Tz

t
7
Can
=
 charges
c discharging
-
+ Ru
7 RI
through cap R2
through

↑-
Vort
Va =

--------- &

Va

=-----------
- -

QON Q OFF PON

~

/capacitor charging)
is
R +R
through , ,

< 7

Ty T
& 3
T
Ty =
(R +R2) C In 2
,

R cm2
T
=
,

T =
Tu + Y =
(R + =c) <hi2]
,

- CRE Mi
: