Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K. Venkatesh
K. Venkatesh
1 INTRODUCTION 01-02
2 DEFINATION 02-03
10 REFERENCESES 25
Hospital and its Organization 20VH1R0050
INTRODUCTION:
DEFINITION:
“An institution of community health/ a specialized complex organization, that makes use of
physicians, surgeons & team of technical staff, in order to provide facilities for diagnosis,
therapy, rehabilitation, prevention, education & research.
FUNCTIONS OF HOSPITAL:
• Medical hospital - medical hospital includes the treatment and management of patients
by a team of doctors.
• The hospital's financial activities must be planned, guided, and coordinated for
• Prepare a job and financial plan for services and initiatives, as well as funding
projections.
• The quality, efficacy, and outcomes of health services for various groups and
populations are shaped by the structure and dynamics of healthcare organizations; the
policy repercussions for future health care reform initiatives and patients in the
hospital.
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS:
Primary hospitals:
➢ Primary care hospitals provide the services of the day-to-day healthcare facilities by
health care practitioners. In such hospitals, the health care provider act as the principal
and main point of contactors for continuing care of the patient and may co-ordinate
other specialists for the care of the patient if need. This type of hospital provides
mostly basic health care facilities and consider as a gateway to receive more specialty
➢ These are those hospitals which contains less than 100 beds, they providing minimal
health care and preventive care they include general practitioners, family physicians
and physiotherapist.
➢ The staff includes in primary hospitals are a medical officer a staff nurse and
paramedical support staff
This type of hospital provides the first level of recommendation services which are more
complicated and beyond the scope and capacity of the primary level. This level is allocated to
provide some specialist care services mostly in Internal Medicine, General Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Paediatrics. Such level of a hospital usually provides 50200
bedded capacities.
Secondary care is when your primary care provider refers you to a specialist. Secondary care
means your doctor has transferred your care to someone who has more specific expertise in
whatever health issue you are experiencing.
Specialists focus either on a specific system of the body or a particular disease or condition.
➢ Such a level of hospitals deals to provide highly specialized care services at regional or
central-level hospitals. Like teaching hospitals, super-specialized hospitals like;
Cancer hospitals, Chest hospitals, Infectious Disease hospitals, and Mental Disease
hospitals are also included in this level of care. These institutions provide
recommendation support to primary and secondary level health care. This also
includes Divisional and National Level Hospitals. if you are hospitalized and require a
higher level of specialty care, your doctor may refer you to tertiary care. Tertiary care
requires highly specialized equipment and expertise.
• Dialysis
• Plastic surgeries
• Neurosurgeries
1. General Hospital: General hospitals provide a wide range of medical services and
treat various conditions. They have multiple departments and offer comprehensive
healthcare for different specialties.
2. Cardiac Hospital: Cardiac hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and
management of heart-related conditions. They have advanced cardiac care units,
specialized equipment, and skilled cardiologists.
3. Orthopaedic Hospital: Orthopaedic hospitals focus on the treatment of
musculoskeletal conditions, including bone and joint disorders, fractures, sports
injuries, and spinal conditions. They often have specialized orthopaedic surgeons and
physical therapists.
4. Paediatric Hospital: Paediatric hospitals cater exclusively to the medical needs of
children and adolescents. They have specialized paediatricians, paediatric nurses, and
child-friendly facilities to provide comprehensive care for paediatric conditions.
5. Maternity Hospital: Maternity hospitals, also known as maternity centres or birthing
centres, specialize in prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care for expectant mothers.
They have obstetricians, midwives, and neonatologists to ensure the well-being of
both the mother and the newborn.
6. Cancer Hospital: Cancer hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and
management of various types of cancers. They have oncologists, radiation therapy
departments, surgical units, and other specialized services for cancer care.
7. Psychiatric Hospital: Psychiatric hospitals provide specialized mental health services
for individuals with psychiatric disorders. They have psychiatrists, psychologists,
therapists, and other mental health professionals to diagnose, treat, and support
patients with mental health conditions.
8. Rehabilitation Hospital: Rehabilitation hospitals focus on providing specialized care
and therapy for patients recovering from surgeries, injuries, or debilitating conditions.
They offer physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation services to
help patients regain functional independence.
9. Eye Hospital: Eye hospitals specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of eye
disorders, including vision correction procedures, cataract surgeries, and treatment of
retinal conditions. They have ophthalmologists and optometrists with expertise in eye
care.
10. Geriatric Hospital: Geriatric hospitals cater to the medical needs of elderly patients,
particularly those with age-related conditions such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease,
and mobility issues. They provide comprehensive geriatric care, including specialized
geriatricians, nurses, and rehabilitation services.
Hospitals can be categorized based on the client group they serve. Here are some common
types of hospitals based on the client group:
1. General Hospitals: These hospitals serve a wide range of clients, including adults,
children, and seniors. They provide comprehensive medical services, including
emergency care, surgery, maternity care, and specialized departments such as
cardiology, neurology, and paediatrics.
2. Paediatric Hospitals: These hospitals specialize in providing medical care
exclusively for children and adolescents. They have paediatricians and other
specialists who are trained to address the unique healthcare needs of young patients.
3. Women’s Hospitals: These hospitals focus on women’s health issues, including
obstetrics, gynaecology, and reproductive health. They provide services such as
prenatal care, labour and delivery, fertility treatments, and breast health care.
4. Geriatric Hospitals: Geriatric hospitals cater to the healthcare needs of older adults,
particularly those with age-related illnesses, chronic conditions, and complex medical
needs. They may have specialized programs for geriatric assessment, memory care,
and rehabilitation for seniors.
5. Psychiatric Hospitals: Psychiatric hospitals provide specialized mental health
services for individuals with psychiatric disorders or behavioural health issues. They
offer comprehensive evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation programs for patients
dealing with mental illnesses.
6. Rehabilitation Hospitals: Rehabilitation hospitals focus on providing intensive
rehabilitative care for patients recovering from injuries, surgeries, or illnesses. They
have specialized rehabilitation programs for individuals with physical disabilities,
stroke, spinal cord injuries, and other conditions that require therapy and support.
7. Specialty Hospitals: Specialty hospitals are dedicated to specific medical specialties,
such as cancer centres, orthopaedic hospitals, cardiac hospitals, or eye hospitals.
These facilities have a high level of expertise and advanced equipment to offer
specialized care in their respective fields.
8. Teaching Hospitals: Teaching hospitals are affiliated with medical schools or
universities. They provide training to medical students, residents, and fellows, while
also offering patient care services. These hospitals often have advanced research
programs and access to the latest medical technologies.
9. Rural Hospitals: Rural hospitals are located in remote areas and serve communities
with limited access to healthcare services. They play a crucial role in providing basic
medical care, emergency services, and some specialized care to rural populations.
10. Military Hospitals: Military hospitals provide medical care to active-duty military
personnel, veterans, and their families. These hospitals are operated by the military
and offer a wide range of services, including general healthcare, trauma care, and
specialized care for service-related injuries.
It’s important to note that while these categories provide a general overview, many hospitals
offer a combination of services and may cater to multiple client groups.
Hospitals around the world typically adopt different systems of medicine for treatment,
depending on the region, culture, and medical practices prevalent in that area. Here are some
of the commonly recognized systems of medicine and the hospitals associated with them:
3. Budget Hospitals: These hospitals are for moderate budget and low
budget users, e.g., civil hospitals, corporation hospitals, etc.
Organizations that have this sort of requirement usually take on a vertical organizational
structure – having many layers of management, with most of the organization's staff working
in very specific, narrow, low-authority roles. The numerous layers of management are
designed to make sure that no one person can throw the system off too much. This structure
also ensures that tasks are being done exactly and correctly.
Boards of Directors:
Hospitals are corporations and are therefore overseen by boards of directors. Nonprofit
hospitals have boards that often consist of influential members of health care and local
communities. Many hospitals were founded by a religious group and maintain religious
affiliation. These hospitals often include clergy and congregation leadership in their boards.
Educationally affiliated hospitals are often overseen by universities. Therefore, university
boards of trustees or regents may double as the board of directors for a hospital. Multihospital
systems, particularly for-profit ones, usually have one board of directors overseeing
numerous facilities.
These employees are responsible for the upkeep of the facility and basic human needs
of the residents. Their duties include landscaping and lawn care, handling garbage
disposal, and cleaning the facility’s public areas, resident rooms, bathrooms and office
areas. Support employees also serve as the kitchen staff, preparing meals for residents
and staff members on a daily basis. There is often a kitchen manager leading the
kitchen staff and a custodial manager leading employees in charge of
Medical staff’s members are those licensed healthcare providers (physicians, nurses, allied
health professionals and other healthcare workers) who are authorized by the state law and
hospital’s bylaws to provide medical care within a healthcare establishment
• In most hospitals, these healthcare professionals are organized into a medical staff
organization to promote patient safety and clinical performance accountability.
Members of medical staff organizations perform significant functions in the hospitals,
despite most being independent medical practitioners and aren’t fulltime hospital
employees. The core responsibility is to provide the best quality patient safety and
care. The members are free to act as a team to communicate with staff leaders and the
governing board regarding matters concerning the organization and the staff.
Medical staff leaders are responsible for the leadership and management of a medical
organization.
• Fully understand their roles to avoid mediocre or poor leadership. Get educated,
attend medical and leadership seminars, conferences, programs, and read relevant
materials.
• Be goal-oriented. Create goals that will boost excellent patient care and satisfactory
patient experience.
• Take necessary actions to solve problems. A wise staff leader doesn’t wait for an
issue to go away on its own. He or she knows when and how to implement viable
solutions to address the problem.
• Lead by example. Be a role model to fellow staff leaders and members.
• Develop a great working relationship with fellow staff leaders and members.
Motivate the members and leaders to work together harmoniously towards healthcare
success.
• Stand firm on decisions concerning patient care and safety. The members of the
medical staff organization rely upon the staff leaders for their firm decision-making
skills. Healthcare leaders don’t back down on issues that are critical to achieving
quality patient care.
• Promote teamwork. A wise medical staff leader does not do everything on his or her
own. He or she encourages everyone to initiate working on necessary tasks and
support them with appropriate resources.
• Manage efficient and effective meetings. The objectives and outcomes of these
meetings are critical to the success of the entire organization and its journey to better
patient care.
• Be open to new ideas. Changes are inevitable to every organization. Be open to your
staff members’ ideas, suggestions, and concerns. Listening to their voice and
implementing necessary changes or improvements can make progressive impacts on
your hospital and medical staff organization.
Just be mindful during the decision-making and implementation processes. The plan should
be well-thought-out, achievable, and equipped with the right resources.
➢ The medical staff services are a department that supports medical staff organization
activities. They are headed by the director of medical staff services (DMSS).
➢ The DMSS leads, manages, and oversees operational medical staff service. He or she
works collaboratively with other medical staff leaders to plan, organize, direct, and
coordinate activities that will support the organization to attain goals and realize plans.
➢ The director has to obtain and maintain knowledge relevant to credentialing,
accreditation requirements, etc. to ensure that the organization is following the
relevant regulatory and accreditation bodies.
• Empathy
• Emotional stability
• Attention to detail
• Incomplete privileges
• They may have to be in this designation for a number of months while their
colleagues evaluate their care, or they may have
Consultants:
These physicians do not admit patients, but rather they are called in to consult on particular
patients who have been admitted by other physicians’ Honorary Medical staff:
• Emeritus professor
• National awards
The medical unit of the hospital comprises the following personnel according to
their designation and they are assigned to perform various activities as given below:
• Doctors
• Nurses
• Support staff
Functions:
• Senior Consultants: These are the specialist doctors who see the
patients at specific time intervals mostly during the ward rounds and
meetings.
• Registrars: These are the senior doctors and are responsible to
supervise residents, interns, and student doctors.
• Residents: The resident doctors are responsible to look after patients on
the ward and are under training for specialization. The resident doctor is
based on the ward and is typically the patients often get in more contact.
• Interns: These are the medical students and they are engaged in further
training after finishing graduation.
• Student Doctors: These are undergraduate medical student doctors who
are supervised by the attending physician.
Nurses manage most of the ongoing care and treatment services in a hospital. They assess,
plan and administer the dose of the drug on a daily treatment basis.
Functions:
• Nurses are responsible for carrying out the treatment plan established by
the physician.
• Nurse Unit Manager – runs the ward.
• Associate Nurse Unit Manager – helps and acts as nurse unit manager
when he/she is off-site.
• Nurse Practitioners – highly skilled, have an advanced level of training.
hearing issues) and for people who are not able to communicate in the
commonly spoken language.
• Rapid Response Team: These are the groups of designated hospital
staff, mostly a doctor, nurses, and respiratory therapists. These teams are
very alert and quickly come to a patient’s room if there is any warning
that the patient’s condition is deteriorating.
• Ward Clerks: These are the hospital staff and are available 24 hours on
the ward reception desks.
Following are the overall functions of the medical staff with respective of patient care and
hospital management policy.
Conclusion:
India’s health scenario currently presents a contrasting picture. While health tourism and private
healthcare are being promoted, a large section of Indian population still reels under the risk of
curable diseases that do not receive adequate attention of policymakers. India’s National Rural
Health Mission is undeniably an intervention that has put public health care upfront. Although the
government has been making efforts to increase healthcare spending via initiatives like the
National Rural Health Mission, much still remains to be done. The priority will be to develop
effective and sustainable health systems that can meet the dual demands posed by the growth in
non-communicable diseases and peoples’ needs for better quality and higher levels of health care.
This paper provides a quantitative estimation of efficiency and effectiveness changes following the
implementation of the PC hospital model in a major region of Italy. Taking advantage of a quasi-
experimental setting and a detailed administrative dataset, we perform an ex-post evaluation of
innovating the hospital organization by switching from a traditional functional model to a PC
organizational one. We provide robust evidence, at the average MDC, of a statistically significant
and positive effect of the introduction of the PC model on both effectiveness and efficiency. In
particular, the increase in efficiency emerges from the reduction of the average length of stay,
while for efficacy, our results such as reduction in re-hospitalization rates of hospitals that
switched to a PC organization. These results are in line with our theoretical framework which
suggests an increase in efficiency and effectiveness of PC hospitals and provides a sound example
of a quantitative evaluation of an organizational intervention adopting a counterfactual approach.
Our review underpins the notion that compliance with accreditation standards has multiple
plausible benefits in improving the performance in hospital settings and outcomes. Despite
inconclusive evidence on causality and minor unintended negative consequences of hospital
accreditation, such as those on job stress, we conclude that introducing hospital accreditation
stimulates performance improvement and patient safety. In synchronization with other health
policies, efforts to incentivize and modernize accreditation are recommended to move towards
institutionalization and sustaining the performance gains.
References: