Modern Optics

R. B. Guenther

Dr. R. Aalipour
Lecture 1: Electromagnetic theory
Maxwell equations
Wave equation
Interdependence of E and B
Energy density and flow
Intensity
Polarizations
Jones vector
Propagation in mediums
Propagation in conducting medium
Maxwell equations
By comparing the relative magnitude of these two terms:
Constitutive relations
Gauss law: electric field
So by approximation:
Gauss law: magnetic field

Faraday law

Ampere law

The depth at which an electromagnetic wave is attenuated to of its original energy when
propagating into a conductor: Material equations

Skin depth
 Example:
Maxwell equations
For copper:

Free space at

Maxwell equations for free space

Propagation in conducting medium
Wave equation

On the other hand:

With calculation:

Exercise:
Write wave equation for magnetic field
 Propagation in conducting medium
Wave equation

Complex refractive index:

Wave velocity

Complex wave number:

Free space

is the extinction coefficient.

If we assume that is parallel to axis:

Index of refraction For non-magnetic materials

exponential decay of a light wave propagating in a absorbing medium

Propagation in conducting medium
Wave equation

Transverse waves

Complex wave number:

From the identity: By considering other components

 Propagation in conducting medium
Interdependence of E and B

A similar equation for magnetic field:

Propagation in conducting medium
Interdependence of E and B
Maxwell equations:

Material constructive relations:

Maxwell equations in mediums with dissipation: For the magnitude of the two fields

The ratio of the field magnitudes Impedance of the medium

In a vacuum
Energy density

In a vacuum

Energy flow
Exercise: Intensity of light wave

where
Intensity of light wave Jones & Stokes vectors

The energy crossing a unit area A in time t is contained in a volume A(v t).
For getting the magnitude of the energy, multiply this volume with energy density <U>.
The expected energy flow:
Jones vectors

Normalized form

Stokes vectors
Stokes parameters Momentum

A momentum density associated with electromagnetic wave

The pressure on a surface of area A

Flux density:
so, Pressure of light:
is momentum change, which for totally light absorbing medium ,
Degree of polarization:
Expressing

Stokes parameters in terms of polarization ellipse:

Finally
Polarization of light Stokes parameters

The direction of the displacement of the transverse wave is called the direction of polarization and the plane
From polarization ellipse:
containing the direction of polarization and propagation vector is called the plane of polarization.

We use electric vector, .

??
We can write the ratio of the forces on the moving electric charge in an electromagnetic field:

For averages

If we assume the electric charge is travelling in air with the velocity of sound so
Then the force on the charge due to the electric field of the light wave would be times larger than the
force due to magnetic field. Added to both sides
Stokes parameters Polarization of light

The stokes parameters of a light wave are the measurable quantities of polarization. Polarization ellipse
The plane wave is given by
:Total intensity. When tis unit vectors are added together,
: Difference between intensities transmitted by the linear polarizers respectively oriented parallel to and axis. the results will be a set of figures called
: Difference between intensities transmitted by the linear polarizers respectively oriented at angles and . figures
: Difference between intensities transmitted by the right-circular polarizer and left-circular polarizer.

Stokes parameters in terms of phase difference and amplitude components of electric field:
We divide each component by its maximum value
Polarization of light Polarization of light

If the electric vector moves around the ellipse in a

counterclockwise direction, then

and the polarization is left-handed.

These two equations are squared and added, yielding the equation for figure

in which
This is the equation of an ellipse, which called polarization ellipse.
Polarization of light Polarization of light

Circular polarization
When and The orientation of the ellipse with respect to the x axis is

The ellipse becomes a circle. And for the electric field

If the electric vector moves around the ellipse in a clockwise direction, then The component of the electric field along the major axis of the ellipse is

and along the minor axis of the ellipse is

and the polarization is right-handed.
Polarization of light Polarization of light

The parameter of the ellipse is the slope of the straight line

Ellipticity the amount of deviation of the ellipse from a circle

and from that

Linear polarization
When Also for parameter

The ellipse collapses into a straight line with slop For the electric field vector