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DAY 2
Stimulus Motive
unlearned; responsive to external stimuli;
pushes us to investigate, and often change,
environment; ex. Curiosity, exploration,
manipulation, and contact; males more likely to
be aggressive probably because of socialization;
collectivistic cultures are more likely to seek
compromise

Social Motive
learned; need to fulfill intimacy and achievement
through relationships; not to be confused with
affiliation (need to be around people)

Power Motive glucose

learned; need to be praised by those in authority
or power
Affiliation Motive
need to be with others; anxious if isolated;
affiliation increases if danger appears (spirit de
corps-being with a sympathetic group); cant be
alone; interplay of biological & environmental
factors
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and
provides the major source of energy for body
tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and
brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the
amount of energy used

The arousal theory of motivation suggests that Levay

people are driven to perform actions in order to Gay scientist that discovered that part of
maintain an optimum level of physiological hypothalamus is larger in straight men than in
arousal. (yerkson) gay men and women

Opponent process theory is a theory of Konrad Lorenz

emotional and motivational states that is -researched incentives
proposed by psychologist Richard Solomon. -imprintment= attachment
When you experience one emotion, the other is
temporarily inhibited. With repeated stimulus, Henry Murray
the initial emotion becomes weaker, and the -psychogenic needs
opposing emotion intensifies. The second -AFFILIATION= belonging
emotion is likely to suppress the first emotion. -ACHIEVEMENT
-POWER
overjustification -APPROVAL
when extrinsic motivation replaces a persons
intrinsic motivation Basal metabolic rate
The body's resting rate of energy expenditure
-how much your body burns energy

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

-this part tells us we are satisfied
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-suppresses thirst theory that info learned in a particular situation

or PLACE is better remembered when in that
same situation or place.
Osmoreceptors
-sensory receptor found in the hypothalamus state dependent memory
-they contribute to fluid balance in the body The theory that information learned in a
particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy,
somber) is more easily recalled when in that
Anitdiuretic hormones same state of mind.
-ADH
-a small molecule that is released by the reminiscence bump
pituitary gland at the base of the brain. the empirical finding that people over 40 years
-helps us to conserve our pee to maintain more old have enhanced memory for events from
water in our body adolescence and early adulthood, compared to
other periods of their lives
CONSCIOUSNESS
our memories are surprisingly good in some
situations, and surprisingly bad in others
hidden observer
(paradox of memory)
Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's
awareness of experiences, that go unreported
Types of Mnemonics
during hypnosis
1. Pegword method (uses rhyming)
2. Method of loci (place imagery)
narcotic
3. Keyword method (language learning,
Are an addictive depressant that is used to
reminder words)
relieve pain and induce sleep. (opiates)
(morphine, heroin, etc.)
Relearning
"savings"; how much more quickly we reacquire
Housekeeping Hypothesis
something learned before
Dreams are the result of brains attempt at
incorporating the new info of the previous day
Long-term potentiation
with the info already in the brain
the gradual strengthening of the connections
among neurons from repetitive stimulation
- plays a key role in learning; hippocampus plays
Activation- Synthesis Dream Theory
a key role in forming memories
-theory that proposes dreams are nothing more
than the brain's interpreations of what is
Self-relevant effect
happening physiologically during REM sleep
By viewing new info as relevant to the self, we
- dreams seen as a biological phenomena
consider that info more fully and are better able
- brain imaging proves that our brain is very
to recall it
active during REM sleep

NMDA receptor
MEMORY a receptor site on the hippocampus that
Iconic memory was discovered by sperling influences the flow of information between
ICONIC MEMORY - 1/10th of a second neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP
ECHOIC MEMORY - 3-4 seconds
Retrieval-induced forgetting
context dependent memory
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a process by which retrieving an item from Inner scribe (processes spatial relations)
long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of
related items
What does the episodic buffer do
Consistency Bias integrates information from all other STM stores
the tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the
present
What study provides evidence for the WMM
Change bias Hitch and Baddeley ( dual tasks "B is followed
the tendency to exaggerate differences between by A")
what we feel or believe now and what we felt or KF (Verbal bad Visual Fine)
believed in the past
Brain sturctures associated with different
Egocentric bias categories of memories
the tendency to exaggerate the change between • Explicit Memory
present and past in order to make ourselves o Hippocampus
look good in retrospect o Frontal lobes
o Amydala
Persistence
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish • Implicit Memory
we could forget o Cerebellum
o Temporal lobes
What does the Central Executive do
directs attention to particular tasks and controls What is prospective memory?
the 2 slave systems (phonological loop, Remembering to do something in the future
visuo-spatial sketchpad) o Content: remembering what to do
o Timing: remembering when to do it
o Absentmindedness
What does the phonological loop do
processes and retains the order of heard Conservative focusing. Concept formation
information strategy of actively formulating hypotheses and
can be divided into 2 substores selecting instances to see if your hypotheses are
correct by focusing on only one attribute at a
time and by selecting instances that vary only in
What can the phonological loop be divided into that attribute.
phonological store (stores heard information,
inner ear)
articulatory process (subvocal repetition, inner
voice)

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do

plans spatial tasks and stores visual or spatial
information

What can the visuo-spatial sketchpad be divided

into
Visual cache (visual information)
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success, people require an especially strong

explanatory factor to compensate for said failure

As defined by social theorists and political

scientists, relative deprivation theory suggests
that people who feel they are being deprived of
something considered essential in their society
(e.g. money, rights, political voice, status) will
organize or join social movements dedicated to
obtaining the things of which they feel deprived.
(Robert k merton)

What is the Doob effect?

According to cognitive dissonance theory, the
more a person has to "work" to attain a goal, the
more they may like it. This would indicate the the
more someone intially pays for a product, the
more they will like it, producing brand loyalty for
future purchases.

What is reality negotiation?

Reality negotiation is the process people use to
examine information from their environment and
make judgments about the accuracy and
importance of that information.

3 types of concepts
conjunctive, disjunctive, relational

Conjunctive
Discounting principle: If there is a good contain conjunctions of attributes
explanation for an effect, people will disregard
other possible factors as irrelevant.
Augmentation principle: If there is a good Disjunctive
explanation for a failure, then to explain concept in which one of two or more possible
sets of attributes defines class membership
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(Example: 3 ways of acquiring canadian

citizenship)

Relational concept
Relation between attributes determines the class
into which an event will be assigned (Example:
marriage)

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) began

investigating speed of reaction time and was
able to get more precise measurements than
had previously been possible

The Hawthorne Effect occurs when individuals

adjust their behaviour as a result of being
watched or observed. For example, employees
may work harder and more diligently knowing
What part of the brain is fully developed at birth?
their manager is closely watching, or children
By birth, only the lower portions of the nervous
behave better because their parents are looking
system (the spinal cord and brain stem) are very
on.
well developed, whereas the higher regions (the
limbic system and cerebral cortex) are still rather
the preference towards parsimony
primitive.
(looking for the simplest explanation of a
complex problem)
Three enlargements are prominent: the
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain
Parkinson’s Disease
gives rise to two secondary expansions, the
involves a deterioration of dopamine-producing
telencephalon and the diencephalon. The
neurons in an area of the midbrain known as the
midbrain, which remains single, is called the
substantia
mesencephalon. The hindbrain produces two
nigra, resulting in problems with coordinating
secondary expansions called the
movements
metencephalon and the myelencephalon.
Caffeine binds to the receptor sites for
The three germ layers are the endoderm, the
adenosine, blocking it from being
ectoderm, and the mesoderm. Cells in each
detected but not actually inhibiting the neurons.
germ layer differentiate into tissues and
As a result, we don’t experience the same level
embryonic organs. The ectoderm gives rise to
of tiredness.
the nervous system and the epidermis, among
other tissues. The mesoderm gives rise to the
muscle cells and connective tissue in the body.
The endoderm gives rise to the gut and many
internal organs.
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The framing effect is a cognitive bias where

people decide on options based on whether the
options are presented with positive or negative
connotations; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.
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Functional anatomy - Allport

Rooming-in is operationalized as a process in

which mothers and their newborns stay together
for at least 23 hours a day in the hospital

What is class inclusion in psychology?

the concept that a subordinate class (e.g., dogs)
must always be smaller than the superordinate
class in which it is contained (e.g., animals).
Terror management theory (Greenberg, Jean Piaget believed that understanding the
Pyszczynski, and Solomon) holds that people concept of class inclusion represented an
specifically feel threatened by their own important developmental step.
mortality, so to allay their anxiety, they subscribe
to meaningful world-views that allow them to feel The Affective Primacy Theory, postulated by
enduring self-worth. Robert Zajonc, is the phenomenon of feeling
(and reacting) before appraising and evaluating
a situation

Empathogens or entactogens are a class of

psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of
emotional communion, oneness, relatedness,
emotional openness—that is, empathy or
sympathy—as particularly observed and
reported for experiences with
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

Receptors are found in sensory organs such as

ears, eyes, nose, mouth and internal organs.
They receive stimuli and convert into nerve
impulse and send to the central nervous system
for interpretation and processing. Effectors are
the muscles and glands that produce an action
in response to the stimulus
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