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ALKANES

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QUES
• Sodium salt of which acid will be needed for the preparation of
propane ? Write chemical equation for the reaction.

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Physical properties
1.PHYSICAL STATES
C1-C4 →Gases
C5-C17 → Liquids
C18-Cn →Solids

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1
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2.Combustion
(a)Alkanes on heating in the presence of air or dioxygen
are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with
the evolution of large amount of heat.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

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CONFORMATION
The spatial arrangement of atoms which can be converted into one another
by rotation about the C-C single bond is called conformation. There are
three types of conformations
• Eclipsed conformations: In this conformation, hydrogen atoms attached
to two carbons are as close as possible, resulting in an increase in
electron cloud repulsion. It has high energy due to greater repulsion and
less stable.
• Staggered conformations- In this, electron clouds of C-H are as far apart
as possible resulting in decrease in electron cloud repulsion. It has least
energy due to minimum repulsion and more stable.
• Skew conformations
• Any other intermediate conformation is called a skew conformation.

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• Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one double

bond.
• The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n.
• They are also called olefines meaning oil forming.

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Geometrical isomerism arises due to the restricted rotation about C=C.

Conditions for Geometrical isomerism

1.There should be a double bond.

2.Two atoms or groups attached to the double bonded C atom must be
different.
QUES
1.Will But-1-ene show geometrical isomerism?
2.Draw the geometrical isomers of 1-phenyl prop-1-ene.

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Physical properties
1.PHYSICAL STATES
C1-C4 →Gases
C5-C15 → Liquids
C16-Cn →Solids
2.BOILING POINT
The BP of alkenes show regular gradation with increase in number of C
atoms.(?)

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MECHANISM

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• Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple

bonds.
• The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n-2.
• The simplest member is ethyne C2H2 which is also called acetylene.
• It shows chain and position isomerism.

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ACIDIC NATURE OF ALKYNES

Alkynes have the maximum percentage of s character (50%), and thus
have highest electronegativity .It attracts the shared electron pair of the
C-H bond of (ethyne)alkyne to a greater extent than that of the sp2 and
sp3 hybridised orbital of carbon in alkane and alkene.Thus in alkyne,
hydrogen atoms can be liberated as protons more easily as compared to
alkene and alkane.

These reactions are not shown by alkenes and alkanes, hence used for
distinction between alkynes, alkenes and alkanes.
QUES
What happens when but-1-yne and but-2-yne reacts with Na metal?

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3.Cyclic polymerisation of ethyne:

Ethyne on passing through red hot iron tube at 873K undergoes
cyclic polymerization.

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MECHANISM OF NITRATION

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STRUCTURE OF BENZENE
Elucidation of benzene structure
1. Molecular formula of benzene, C6H6, indicates a high degree of
unsaturation.
2. Benzene forms a triozonide which indicates the Presence of three double
bonds.
3. Benzene produces one monosubstituted derivative which indicated that all
the six carbon and six hydrogen atoms of benzene are identical.

Kekule’s structure of Benzene

Resonance and stability of benzene

RESONANCE AND BONDING IN BENZENE-

All C atoms are sp2 hybridised.

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AROMATICITY

CONDITIONS FOR AROMATICITY

1. Molecule must be planar
2. ∏ electrons of the compound must be delocalized in the ring.
3. It must follow Huckel’s rule or (4n+2) ∏ electron rule. The total number
of ∏ electrons in the ring should be (4n+2) where n is the number of
rings.

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QUES

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