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INVESTIGATOR’S BROCHURE
Investigational Product
Compound Number:

Chemical or Approved
Generic Name

Trade Name (if applicable)

Effective Date: DD-MMM-YYYY

Previous Version Number Effective Date

Author Department Company

The information contained in this document is the property of [Enter client name] and
may not be reproduced, published or disclosed to others without written authorisation
from [Enter client name].

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SPONSOR SIGNATURE PAGE

Sponsor Signatory:

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Enter position

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................6

1. SUMMARY....................................................................................................7
1.1. Physical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Properties and Formulation7
1.2. Nonclinical Pharmacology.................................................................7
1.3. Nonclinical Pharmacokinetics...........................................................7
1.4. Toxicology.........................................................................................7
1.5. Metabolic Information........................................................................7
1.6. Clinical Experience............................................................................7

2. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................8
2.1. Background.......................................................................................8
2.2. Rationale for [Enter Compound Number]..........................................8
2.3. References........................................................................................8

3. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES AND

FORMULATION............................................................................................9
3.1. Pharmaceutical Presentation............................................................9
3.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Drug Substance................9
3.3. Formulation Including Excipients......................................................9
3.4. Storage and Handling.......................................................................9
3.5. References........................................................................................9

4. NONCLINICAL STUDIES...........................................................................10
4.1. Nonclinical Test Material.................................................................10
4.2. Nonclinical Pharmacology...............................................................10
4.2.1. Nonclinical Pharmacology Studies Performed.................10
4.2.2. Primary Pharmacodynamics............................................11
4.2.3. Secondary Pharmacodynamics.......................................11
4.2.4. Safety Pharmacology.......................................................11
4.2.4.1. Overt central and peripheral effects...............11
4.2.4.2. Effects on the cardiovascular system.............11
4.2.4.3. Effects on the respiratory system...................11
4.2.4.4. Effects on the kidney......................................11
4.2.5. References.......................................................................11
4.3. Pharmacokinetics and Product Metabolism in Animals..................12
4.3.1. Analytical Methods and Validation...................................12
4.3.2. Absorption and Pharmacokinetics...................................12
4.3.2.1. Single dose pharmacokinetic studies with
[Enter compound number]..............................12
4.3.2.2. Repeat dose toxicokinetic studies with [Enter
compound number]........................................13
4.3.3. Distribution.......................................................................13
4.3.3.1. In vitro studies................................................13
4.3.3.2. Whole-body autoradiography studies.............13
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4.3.3.3. Distribution into liver and muscle...................13

4.3.3.4. Central nervous system penetration..............13
4.3.3.5. Liver and blood distribution of 4-FBCl............13
4.3.4. Metabolism.......................................................................13
4.3.4.1. In vitro studies................................................13
4.3.4.2. In vivo studies................................................13
4.3.5. Excretion..........................................................................14
4.3.5.1. Rat..................................................................14
4.3.5.2. Dog.................................................................14
4.3.6. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions..................................14
4.3.7. References.......................................................................14
4.4. Toxicology.......................................................................................15
4.4.1. Single Dose Studies........................................................16
4.4.1.1. Rat..................................................................16
4.4.1.2. Dog.................................................................16
4.4.2. Repeat Dose Studies.......................................................16
4.4.2.1. Mice................................................................16
4.4.2.2. Rat..................................................................16
4.4.2.3. Dog.................................................................16
4.4.3. Genotoxicity (Mutagenicity).............................................16
4.4.4. Reproductive Toxicity......................................................16
4.4.4.1. Fertility and early embryonic development.....16
4.4.4.2. Embryofetal development..............................16
4.4.5. Local Tolerance...............................................................17
4.4.6. Carcinogenicity................................................................17
4.4.7. Other Toxicity Studies......................................................17
4.4.8. References.......................................................................17
4.5. Nonclinical Assessment of Safety...................................................18
4.5.1. References.......................................................................20

5. EFFECTS IN HUMANS..............................................................................21
5.1. Introduction.....................................................................................22
5.2. Phase I Data...................................................................................22
5.2.1. Summary of Phase I Clinical Safety................................22
5.3. Phase II Data..................................................................................22
5.3.1. Overall Conclusions of Phase II Clinical Trial Safety and
Efficacy............................................................................22
5.3.1.1. Efficacy:..........................................................22
5.3.1.2. Safety:............................................................22
5.4. Phase III Data.................................................................................22
5.5. Marketing (Phase IV) Data..............................................................22
5.5.1. Regulatory Approval........................................................22
5.5.1.1. Regulatory approval granted..........................22
5.5.1.2. Regulatory approval rejected.........................22
5.5.2. Marketing.........................................................................23
5.5.2.1. Countries where the investigational product is
marketed........................................................23
5.5.2.2. Countries where the investigational product
has been withdrawn.......................................23
5.5.3. Additional Clinical Information.........................................23
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6. SUMMARY OF DATA AND GUIDANCE FOR THE INVESTIGATOR........24

6.1. Development Core Safety Information............................................24
6.2. Posology and Method of Administration..........................................24
6.3. Contraindications............................................................................24
6.4. Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use........................24
6.5. Interactions......................................................................................25
6.6. Use during Pregnancy and Lactation..............................................25
6.7. Undesirable Effects.........................................................................25
6.8. Overdose.........................................................................................25
6.9. Drug Abuse and Dependency.........................................................25
6.10. Other Potentially Clinically Relevant Information for the Investigator25
6.11. References......................................................................................25

7. APPENDICES.............................................................................................26

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ABBREVIATIONS

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1. SUMMARY
This section should contain a brief (maximum of two pages) summary highlighting the
significant points included in this document. The following subheadings should be
addressed. If they are not applicable then state this.

1.1. Physical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Properties and

Formulation

1.2. Nonclinical Pharmacology

1.3. Nonclinical Pharmacokinetics

1.4. Toxicology

1.5. Metabolic Information

1.6. Clinical Experience

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Background

Briefly state the investigational product (IP) chemical name, generic name (if approved)
and trade name (if approved). List the active ingredients and confirm which
pharmacological class the IP is in. Briefly discuss its expected position within this class
(i.e., the advantages it is expected to have over other products in that class).

Identify the anticipated prophylactic, therapeutic or diagnostic indication(s) that the IP is

being developed to address.

2.2. Rationale for [Enter Compound Number]

Briefly discuss the rationale for performing research with the IP. Provide information on
the general approach to be followed in developing/evaluating the IP.

2.3. References

Insert references relating to this section.

Alternatively, if there are not a large number of references, a single reference section can
be place at the end of the document with the reference subsections being removed.

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3. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL

PROPERTIES AND FORMULATION

3.1. Pharmaceutical Presentation

Describe the IP substance. Give a brief summary of the relevant pharmaceutical

properties.

3.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Drug Substance

[Enter client name] Compound

Number:

Approved Name (USAN):

Other Names:

Chemical Name (IUPAC):

Molecular Formula:

Molecular Weight:

Physical Form:

Solubility (at ambient temperature)

3.3. Formulation Including Excipients

Describe the formulation to be used including the excipients. Justify the use of this
formula if clinically relevant. Provide information on structural similarities to other
known compounds.

3.4. Storage and Handling

Provide instructions for the storage and handling of the IP in its dosage form.

3.5. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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4. NONCLINICAL STUDIES

4.1. Nonclinical Test Material

State what material was used in the nonclinical studies and what form that material took.

4.2. Nonclinical Pharmacology

This section should include the results of all relevant nonclinical pharmacology studies.
Summarise the pharmacological aspects of the IP studied in animals and those of its
significant metabolites. Outline the methodology used and the study results and discuss
what relevance these findings have to the proposed therapeutic use in humans. Highlight
any possible unfavourable or unintended effects these results indicate might occur in
humans.

4.2.1. Nonclinical Pharmacology Studies Performed

A range of in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed in order to characterise the
pharmacodynamics of [Enter compound number]. Table 1 presents a list of the
nonclinical pharmacology studies conducted to date.

Table 1 List of Studies Investigating the Pharmacology of [Enter compound

number]

Species Number/ sex Unit Dose Route of Duration Duration of

tested of animals dose interval administration of dosing post-exposure
per group follow-up

Discuss the results of these studies including the following information:

- Nature and frequency of pharmacological effects.

- Severity or intensity of pharmacological effects.

- Time to onset of effects.

- Reversibility of effects.

- Duration of effects.

- Dose response.

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If applicable compare and discuss the therapeutic index (i.e., the effective and nontoxic
dose findings) in the same animal species. The subheadings below may be helpful.

4.2.2. Primary Pharmacodynamics

4.2.3. Secondary Pharmacodynamics

4.2.4. Safety Pharmacology

4.2.4.1. Overt central and peripheral effects

4.2.4.2. Effects on the cardiovascular system

4.2.4.3. Effects on the respiratory system

4.2.4.4. Effects on the kidney

4.2.5. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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4.3. Pharmacokinetics and Product Metabolism in Animals

The pharmacokinetics and disposition of [Enter compound number] have been

characterised chiefly in the [Enter animal species], the main species used in nonclinical
safety assessment studies. Table 2 presents a list of all pharmacokinetic studies
performed with [Enter compound number].

Table 2 List of Pharmacokinetic and Metabolism Studies Performed During

the Development of [Enter compound number]

Type of Study Route of Dose or Concentration Species No./Sex/

Administration (mg/kg) Group

Pharmacokinetic

Toxicokinetic

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

4.3.1. Analytical Methods and Validation

Succinctly describe the analytical methods used to measure the blood and tissue levels of
the IP. Outline the validation process relating to these methods.

4.3.2. Absorption and Pharmacokinetics

4.3.2.1. Single dose pharmacokinetic studies with [Enter compound number]

Discuss the absorption and pharmacokinetic results of any single dose pharmacokinetic
studies.

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4.3.2.2. Repeat dose toxicokinetic studies with [Enter compound number]

Discuss the absorption and pharmacokinetic results of any repeat-dose toxicokinetic

studies.

4.3.3. Distribution

Discuss the results of studies in all species that have investigated IP, and metabolite,
distribution. Review both local and systemic bioavailability. The following subheadings
may be helpful.

4.3.3.1. In vitro studies

4.3.3.2. In vivo studies

4.3.4. Metabolism

Summarise the biological transformation of the IP both in vitro and in vivo.

4.3.4.1. In vitro studies

4.3.4.2. In vivo studies

4.3.5. Excretion

Discuss the excretion of the IP and its metabolites in appropriate animal species (adjust
subheadings if required).

4.3.5.1. Rat

4.3.5.2. Dog

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4.3.6. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions

4.3.7. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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4.4. Toxicology

The toxicity of [Enter compound number] has been evaluated in single and repeat dose
oral studies of up to 12 months’ duration. The reproductive and genetic toxicity of [Enter
compound number] has also been investigated. A listing of these studies is presented in
Table 3.

Table 3 List of Toxicology Studies Performed During the Development of

[Enter compound number]

Type of Study/Dose Route of Species Animals/

Duration Administration ([Enter compound number] Dosage) Sex/Group
Single Dose

Repeat Dose

Genotoxicity

Reproductive Toxicity

Local Tolerance

Other Toxicity

Key:
DRF = Dose range finding
M = male; F = female
NA = Not applicable
Discuss the results of these studies and include the following information:

- Nature and frequency of toxic effects.

- Severity or intensity of toxic effects.

- Time to onset of effects.

- Reversibility of effects.

- Duration of effects.

- Dose response.

The subheadings below may be useful.

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4.4.1. Single Dose Studies

Include information on single dose studies under the appropriate species heading.

4.4.1.1. Rat

4.4.1.2. Dog

4.4.2. Repeat Dose Studies

Include information on repeat dose studies under the appropriate species heading.

4.4.2.1. Mouse

4.4.2.2. Rat

4.4.2.3. Dog

4.4.3. Genotoxicity (Mutagenicity)

4.4.4. Reproductive Toxicity

4.4.4.1. Fertility and early embryonic development

4.4.4.2. Embryofetal development

4.4.5. Local Tolerance

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4.4.6. Carcinogenicity

4.4.7. Other Toxicity Studies

For example irritancy and sensitisation.

4.4.8. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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4.5. Nonclinical Assessment of Safety

[Enter compound number] is a [Enter drug class]

[Enter compound number] has undergone an extensive nonclinical safety evaluation

including safety pharmacology, single and repeat dose toxicity, reproductive and genetic
toxicity studies. The key toxicological findings are presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Summary of Key Toxicology Findings

Mouse Rat Rabbit Dog

Effect No Effect Effect No Effect Effect No Effect Effect No Effect
Dose Dose Dose Dose Dose Dose Dose Dose
Findings (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

NO – Not observed * Single doses

The following section should only be completed if human studies have been performed.

A comparison of systemic exposure to [Enter compound number] achieved in the

toxicology species and in humans is presented in Table 5.

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Table 5 Comparative Assessment of Mean Systemic Exposure after Oral

Administration of [Enter compound number] in Toxicology Species
and Humans

Species Dose Sex Cmax AUC(0-t) (ng.h/mL) Ratio of Animal to Human

(Duration) (mg/kg) (ng/mL) [range] Exposure
[range] Cmax AUC(0-t)
Mouse 30 M
(3 months) F
100 M
(NOAEL) F
300 M
F
Rat 3 M
(6 months) F
15 M
(NOAEL) F
100 M
F
Dog 3 M
(12 months) F
10 M
(NOAEL) F
30 M
F
Rabbit 3 F
(EFD) 10 F
30 F
(NOAEL)
Human
Single dose 100 M
10 days 100 M
Key:
EFD = Embryofetal development
NC = Not calculable

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4.5.1. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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5. EFFECTS IN HUMANS
This section should include a thorough discussion of the effects of the IP in humans. A
summary of each completed clinical trial should be provided as well as any additional
information obtained through alternative methods e.g., experience during marketing.

For first-time-in-human IBs this section can be deleted. Alternatively, if dose selection
for human studies is based on pharmacokinetic modelling, any relevant modelling data
can be presented in this section.

The following areas should be covered where the information is available:

- Pharmacokinetics:

o Pharmacokinetic summary including metabolism, absorption, plasma

protein binding, distribution and elimination.

o Bioavailability of the IP (absolute and/or relative).

o Differences in pharmacokinetic profile in population subgroups such as

the elderly, renally impaired etc.

o The effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile.

o The effect of other drugs on the pharmacokinetic profile. It is particularly

important to investigate drugs known to affect the cytochrome P450 (CYP)
pathway as well as drugs commonly co-prescribed for the condition being
investigated.

- Safety and Efficacy

o Summarise the safety profile of the IP and its metabolites.

o Summarise the pharmacodynamic profile of the IP and its metabolites.

o Summarise the efficacy of the IP and its metabolites.

o Discuss the observed dose response.

o It can be helpful to use tables to summarise adverse drug reactions

(ADRs).

o Discuss the important differences in ADR incidence and patterns across

subgroups or indications.

o Describe the possible risks and anticipated ADRs in future studies based
on the current experience with the IP.
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o Describe any precautions that should be taken or special clinical

monitoring that should be performed.

5.1. Introduction

A listing of clinical studies is presented in .

Table 6 List of Clinical Studies Performed During the Development of [Enter

compound number]

Study ID Objectives Study Design Population No. of subjects Dose Regimens

5.2. Phase I Data

5.2.1. Summary of Phase I Clinical Safety

5.3. Phase II Data

5.3.1. Overall Conclusions of Phase II Clinical Trial Safety and Efficacy

In summary, these studies provided the following evidence regarding:

5.3.1.1. Efficacy

1.
2.

5.3.1.2. Safety

1.
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2.

5.4. Phase III Data

5.5. Marketing (Phase IV) Data

List those countries where regulatory approval has been granted or rejected.

List those countries where the IP is currently being marketed and has been withdrawn
from the market.

Discuss any additional information gained through the marketing process.

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6. SUMMARY OF DATA AND GUIDANCE FOR THE

INVESTIGATOR
For first-time-in-human IBs, state that no data are available on the relationship of AEs to
administration of the IP, because no studies have yet been conducted in human subjects.
For IPs in early phase development, state that limited data are available on the
relationship of AEs to administration of the IP, because clinical experience is limited. In
this case, state that the guidance for the investigator is based on nonclinical data and on
the results of any Phase I/II studies.

6.1. Development Core Safety Information

[Enter compound number]

The Development Core Safety Information (DCSI) for an investigational product is
derived from all of the available safety information at the time of compilation; this
includes nonclinical safety data and data available from the clinical study programme.
The DCSI is an integral part of the Investigator's Brochure and documents the adverse
events which, based on the information available so far, could be reasonably assumed to
be associated with [Enter compound number] and therefore considered expected for the
purposes of expedited reporting to regulatory authorities and investigators. Because the
product is investigational, the DCSI is provisional and can be updated and amended at
any time. As further information becomes available, the DCSI will be reviewed to assess
the appropriateness of continued inclusion of any events or the addition of new events in
the document.

Some events presented in the DCSI may have been identified from ongoing, blinded
clinical studies. If this is the case, these data may not be presented elsewhere in the
Investigator's Brochure, however they will be described more fully once the studies have
been completed and the final data have been unblinded and analysed.

This section should provide an overall discussion of the nonclinical and clinical data and
summarise the information from various sources on different aspects of the IP. If reports
on related products have been published then these may be discussed if appropriate (i.e.,
if it could help the investigator to anticipate ADRs relating to this drug class).

The following subheadings may be helpful.

6.2. Posology and Method of Administration

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6.3. Contraindications

6.4. Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use

6.5. Interactions

6.6. Use during Pregnancy and Lactation

6.7. Undesirable Effects

6.8. Overdose

6.9. Drug Abuse and Dependency

6.10. Other Potentially Clinically Relevant Information for the

Investigator

6.11. References

Insert references relating to this section.

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7. APPENDICES
Add appendices as appropriate.

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