Motivation - A drive creates an unpleasant state,

a tension that needs to be reduced

- Condition that energizes behavior
and gives direction Incentive Theory
- Subjective
- Experienced as a conscious desire - Behavior is motivated by the pull of
- Food, drink, sex, affection, attention, external goals and reward
power - Based on expectation of
- Global mental function – a conscious consequences such as
or unconscious drive – that reinforcement or punishment
produces incentives to act Arousal Theory
- Influenced by both personal and
environmental factors - Major reason people are driven to
- Forces that act on or within an perform any action is to maintain
organism to initiate and direct the optimal level of physiological
behavior arousal
- Characterized by its - Why you need to slow down,
- Activation – initiation or production relaxed and so on
of behavior
- Persistence – continued effort to Humanistic Theory
reach a goal
- Motivated to realize their highest
- Intensity – vigor of the response or
level of human potential
behavior
- Based on idea that people also have
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION strong cognitive reasons to perform
various actions
Instinct Theory - We are motivated to satisfy needs at
each progressive level
- Motivation by innate instincts of - Needs of Hierarchy Theory –
genetic programming Presents different motivations at
- Motivated by physiologic responses different levels (Abraham Maslow)
- Instincts that labels/ describes
behavior: Theory of 16 Basic Desires
- Rivalry
- Sympathy - 16 basic desires that motivates
- Fear animal as well as humans
- Constructiveness - Considered to be genetically distinct
- Curiosity - Satiation of each basic desire
- Jealousy produces valued feeling of joy
- Self-assertion - Power
- Food-seeking - Curiosity
- Independence
Drive Theory - Status
- Social Contract
- Behavior is motivated by the desire - Vengeance
to reduce internal tension by unmet - Honor
biological needs such as hunger, - Idealism
thirst, sleep or sexuality - Physical Exercise
 - Family
- Love
- Order
- Eating
- Acceptance
- Tranquility
- Saving
Stimulus-response Theory
- States that behavior is the result of
the stimulus acting on a receptor
activating a response
- A concept in psychology that refers
to the belief that behavior manifests
as a result of the interplay between
stimulus and response
- Behavior cannot exist without a
stimulus of some sort, at least from
this perspective
- Often use in marketing
Hedonistic Theory
- Also called “Theory of psychological
Hedonism”, is the idea that human
behavior is motivated by the pursuit
of pleasure and the avoidance of
pain (or, more accurately,
displeasure)
- Individuals has a tendency to seek
pleasure and avoid pain
Voluntaristic Theory
- Factor of will
- Human conduct reflects voluntary
expression of a behavior that is
activated by motivating factor
- Rehab professionals have long held
that patient motivation affects
outcome
- High motivation patients were
found to align themselves more
closely to the aims and methods of
rehab professionals and were more
likely to understand the nature and
purpose of their rehabilitation
Positive Determinants of Motivation in
Rehabilitation
- Adequate information about
rehabilitation
- Favorable comparison with other
patients
- Desire to leave hospital
Negative Determinants of Motivation in
Rehabilitation
- Overprotection
- Lack of information and provision of
mixed messages about
rehabilitation
- Unfavorable comparison with other
patients
INCENTIVES AND REWARD
Rewards
- Anything that impels an individual
action
- Can be in form of:
- Knowledge of result
- Fear of failure
- Reward
- Punishment
- Competition
Reward and Incentive Motivation
- Reward serve as a psychological
“common currency”
- Reflects the value of each action
performed
Mesolimbic Dopamine System
- Lies in the upper brainstem
- Sends signals to the forebrain
- NTA: dopamine
 - Activated by different kinds of - Behavior is strengthened because
natural rewards negative condition is stopped as a
- Once activated, an individual is consequence of good behavior
motivated to seek for the reward
Positive Reinforcer
Drug Addiction and Reward
- Presentation of something
- Addictive drugs have the ability to dependent on the occurrence of
over-activate the reward system behavior that increases the
- Drug-induced euphoria (extreme frequency of that behavior
happiness)
- Drugs can be classified as a super- Psychiatric Application
reward - Anxiety Hierarchy
- Can cause super-activation of the - Tension Reduction Theory
mesolimbic dopamine system - Learned Helplessness Model
- Active both pleasure (liking) and - Brain Stimulation and
motivational (wanting) reward Reinforcement
system
- Addictive drugs have the ability to
produce unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms
- Tolerance development
- Addictive Drugs may produce
permanent changes in brain reward
system

REINFORCES

Reinforcer

- Anything that strengthen a desired

behavior
- 2 Types
1. Primary Reinforcer
- Food, water, security, warmth,
and sex
2. Secondary Reinforcer
- Conditioned reinforcer
- Acquire value by being related
to primary reinforcer
- 3 Categories of Secondary
Reinforcer:
- Social Reinforcer
- Token Reinforcer
- Activity Reinforcer

SUBTYPES OF REINFORCERS

Negative Reinforcer