Projection of Planes

Subject: Engineering Drawing-Cad

Class: 1st Semester B.Tech
 Plane/Plate/Lamina
• A plane is a 2 dimensional object having length and
breadth with negligible thickness. Various shapes of
plane figures are shown below.
POSITIONS OF A PLANE WITH RESPECT TO THE TWO
PLANES

1. Perpendicular to both planes

2. Parallel to one plane (must be perpendicular to the other

plane)

i. Parallel to the H.P. (must be perpendicular to the V.P.)

ii. Parallel to the V.P. (must be perpendicular to the H.P.)

3. Inclined to one plane and perpendicular to the other plane

i. Inclined to the H.P. and perpendicular to the V.P.

ii. Inclined to the V.P. and perpendicular to the H.P.
 Projections of a Plane kept perpendicular
to both HP and VP
• Consider a square plane ABCD
having its surface perpendicular
to both HP and VP.
• Side view of the plane is a square
having true shape and size.
• Top and Front views are lines.
• Since the plane is perpendicular
to both HP and VP, both HT and
VT are obtained perpendicular to
XY line and are coinciding with
TV and FV of the plane.
 Projections of a Plane kept perpendicular
to HP and parallel to VP
• Consider a square plane
ABCD having its surface
perpendicular to HP and
parallel to VP.
• Front view is a square having
true shape and size.
• Top view is a line.
• Since the plane is parallel to
VP, no VT and the HT
coincides with top view of the
plane.
 Projections of a Plane kept perpendicular
to VP and parallel to HP
• Consider a square plane
ABCD having its surface
perpendicular to VP and
parallel to HP.
• Top view is a square having
true shape and size.
• Front view is a line.
• Since the plane is parallel to
HP, no HT and the VT
coincides with front view of
the plane.
 Projections of a Plane kept inclined to HP
and perpendicular to VP
• Consider a square plane
ABCD having its surface
perpendicular to VP and
inclined to HP.
• Front view is an inclined
line at θ.
• Top view is smaller in size.
• Note: The projections are
obtained in two steps and
will be discussed later.
 Projections of a Plane kept inclined to VP
and perpendicular to HP
• Consider a square plane
ABCD having its surface
perpendicular to VP and
inclined to HP.
• Top view is an inclined line
at Φ.
• Front view is smaller in size.
• Note: The projections are
obtained in two steps and
will be discussed later.
Perpendicular to Both Planes
Perpendicular to Both Planes
• Front view is a line perpendicular to xy.
Perpendicular to Both Planes
• Front view is a line perpendicular to xy.
• Top view is a line perpendicular to xy.
Perpendicular to Both Planes
• Front view is a line perpendicular to xy.
• Top view is a line perpendicular to xy.
Perpendicular to Both Planes
• Front view is a line perpendicular to xy.
• Top view is a line perpendicular to xy.
• Side view is true size and shape and must be drawn first.
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x y
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

30°

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e"

d"
30°

a"

c"

b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e"

d"
30°

a"

c"

b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

b
e

c
d

y1
Example 1:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface perpendicular to both planes. One side of the
pentagon makes an angle of 30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.

x1

e' e"

d"
d'
30°
a'
a"

c' c"
b'
b"

x y

b
e

c
d

y1
Parallel to H.P.
Parallel to H.P.
• Top view is True size and shape and shall be drawn first.
Parallel to H.P.
• Top view is True size and shape and shall be drawn first.
• Front view is a straight line parallel to xy.
Example 2:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface parallel to the H.P. and 20 mm above it. One
side of the pentagon is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.
Example 2:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface parallel to the H.P. and 20 mm above it. One
side of the pentagon is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.

x y
Example 2:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface parallel to the H.P. and 20 mm above it. One
side of the pentagon is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.

x y

b
Example 2:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface parallel to the H.P. and 20 mm above it. One
side of the pentagon is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.

x y

c
Example 2:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface parallel to the H.P. and 20 mm above it. One
side of the pentagon is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.

b' c' d'

a' e'
20

x y

c
Inclined to the H.P. and Perpendicular to the V.P.
• Top view is a deformed shape
• Front view is a straight line inclined to the xy.
Assume the plane to be parallel to H.P. initially
• Top view will become True size and shape and shall be drawn first.
• Front view is a straight line parallel to xy, the length of which will be the final length of
front view.
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

x y

c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

b' c' d'

a' e'
30

x y

c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

e e

a a

d d

b b

c c
Example 3:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o and perpendicular
to the V.P. One side of the pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

e e

a a

d d

b b

c c
 Example 4: A pentagonal plate of side 35mm is placed with its
surface vertical and parallel to VP. Draw its projections when one
of the sides is perpendicular to HP.

• Step: when the plane surface

is perpendicular to HP and
parallel to VP, Draw the FV
and project the TV.
• Draw the FV which is
pentagon with a side vertical.
• Project and get the TV as a
Line parallel to XY.
 Example 5: An equilateral triangular plate of side 50mm is kept with
its surface parallel to HP and one of the sides of the plate inclined
at 45º to VP. Draw its projections.

• Step: when the plane surface

is perpendicular to VP and
parallel to HP, Draw the TV
and project the FV.
• Draw the TV which is triangle
with a side inclined at 45º to
XY.
• Project and get the FV as a
Line parallel to XY.
 Example 6: A regular hexagonal plate of side 30mm has its surface
perpendicular to both HP and VP. Draw its projections when two of
its sides are parallel to HP.

• Step: when the plane surface

is perpendicular to both HP
and VP, Draw the Side view
on Auxiliary Vertical Plane
(AVP) and project TV & FV.
• Draw the left side view (LSV)
which is a hexagon with a
side parallel to XY.
• Project the TV which is a line
perpendicular to XY.
• Project the FV which is also a
line perpendicular to XY.
 Example 7: A pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is placed with one
side on HP and the surface inclined at 50° to HP and perpendicular
to VP. Draw its projections.

• When the plane surface is

inclined to HP and perpendicular
to VP, two steps are used
– Step 1: Assume the plane is
parallel to HP and perpendicular
to VP. Draw the TV, project the
FV, which is a line drawn as
discussed earlier.
– Step 2: Tilt and reproduce the
FV and project the TV.
• Note that horizontal and vertical
lines are drawn from TV & FV
of respective corner of the plane
to complete the TV in Step 2.
 Example 8: A hexagonal plate of size 30 mm is placed with a side
on VP and surface inclined at 45° to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Draw the projections.

• When the plane surface is

inclined to VP and perpendicular
to HP, two steps are used
– Step 1: Assume the plane is
parallel to VP and perpendicular
to HP. Draw the FV, project the
TV, which is a line drawn as
discussed earlier.
– Step 2: Tilt and reproduce the
TV and project the FV.
• Note that horizontal and vertical
lines are drawn from FV & TV
of respective corner of the plane
to complete the FV in Step 2.
Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter having its plane vertical and inclined at
30º to the V.P. Its centre is 30 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P.

50 Ø

4’ 41’
3’ 5’ 31’ 51’

2’ 6’ 61’
21’

11’ 71’
1’ 7’
30

121’ 81’
12’ 8’
91’
11’ 9’ 111’
X 10’ Y
101’
20

30º

1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
12 11 10 9 8
Projection of plane (Inclined to both the
planes)
Inclined to both the Planes
• Top view is a deformed shape
• Front view is a deformed shape
Assume the plane to be perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P. initially
• Top view will become deformed shape
• Front view shall become a straight line parallel to xy.
Further assume the plane to be parallel to H.P. initially
• Top view will become True size and shape and shall be drawn first.
• Front view is a straight line parallel to xy, the length of which will be the final length of
front view.
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

b' c' d'

a' e'
30

x y

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

e e

a a

d d

b b

c c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a

d d

b b

c c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a

d d

b
b b

c c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a

d d

b
b b

c c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a

d d

b
b b

c c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a

d d

b
b b

c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a' b' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 4:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it and also inclined at 60o to the V.P. Draw
its projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a' b' a'
30

x y

60
e e

°
a a
a
e

d d

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' e' a'
30

x y

e e

a a

d d

b b

c c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

e e

a a

m d m d

b b

c c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a

m d m d

b b

c c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a

m d m d
m

b b
d
c c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d'

c'
e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m' b' a'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m' b' a'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
 Example : A regular hexagon of side 35 mm has a corner in the HP.
Its surface is inclined at 45º to HP. The top view of the diagonal
through the corner in HP makes an angle of 60º with VP. Draw its
projections.

• When the plane surface is

inclined to HP and VP, three
steps are used (Case I)
– Step 1: Assume the plane is
parallel to HP and perpendicular
to VP. Draw TV, project FV.
– Step 2: Tilt and reproduce the
FV and project the TV.
– Step 3: Reproduce the TV such
that the diagonal makes an
angle of 60º to XY, project FV.
• Note: In the problem, one of the
inclinations will be given indirectly
by referring to a side or diagonal of
the plane.
 Example : Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of side 40 mm
which has its surface inclined at 30º to VP and a side parallel to VP and
inclined at 60º to HP.

• When the plane surface is

inclined to HP and VP, three
steps are used (Case II)
– Step 1: Assume the plane is
parallel to VP and perpendicular
to HP. Draw FV, project TV.
– Step 2: Tilt and reproduce the
TV and project the FV.
– Step 3: Reproduce the FV such
that the side makes an angle of
60º to XY, project TV.
• Note: One of the inclinations will
be given indirectly by referring to a
side or diagonal of the plane.
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m' b' m' a'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
Example 5:
A regular pentagon of 50 mm side has its surface inclined to the H.P. at 45o. One side of the
pentagon is parallel to the H.P. and 30 mm above it. The top view of the line joining the mid-
point of the parallel side to the opposite corner is inclined at 30o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

d' d'

c' c' e'

e'

45°
b' c' d' b'
a' m' e' a' m' b' m' a'
30

x y

30°
e e

a a
a
e

m d m d
m

b
b b
d
c c

c
1. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm sides, having one of its side
in the H.P. and inclined at 60 to the V.P. and its surface making an angle of 45º with
the H.P.

Plane inclined to HP
at 45°and ┴ to VP Side on the H.P. making 60°
with the VP.

Plane parallel to HP
e1’ d1’
f1’
c1’
a’b’ c’ f’ d’e’ 45º a1’
X f1 Y
f 60º b1’
a e a1 e1

b d b1 d1

c c1
2. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at 30º
to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45º to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Draw its
projections.

Keep AC parallel to the H.P. Incline AC at 30º to the H.P.

& BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of
AC as inclination of the
plane)
i.e. incline the edge view Incline BD at 45º to the V.P.
(FV) at 30º to the HP
c1’

b1’ d1’
b’
a’ d’ c’ 30º
X Y
45º 45º a1’
b1
b

a c a1 c1

d d1
3. Draw projections of a rhombus having diagonals 125 mm and 50 mm long, the smaller
diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined at 30º to
the H.P.

Keep AC parallel to the H.P. Incline AC at 30º to the H.P. Make BD parallel to XY
& BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of
AC as inclination of the
plane) c1’

d1’ b1’
b’
d’ c’
a’ 30º
X Y
a1’
125

b b1

b1
c1
a1
50

a c

c1
a1
d
d1

d1
4. A regular hexagon of 40mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface inclined at45° to the
HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes an
angle of 60° with the VP. Draw its projections.

Top view of the diagonal

Plane inclined to HP making 60° with the VP.
Plane parallel to HP at 45°and ┴ to VP

d1’

c1’
e1’

b1’
f1’
b’ c’
a’ f’ e’ d’ 45° a1’ Y
X 60°
f1
f1 e1 a1
f e

e1
b1

a d d1
a1

d1
c
1

b c
b1 c1
Q12.10: A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm X 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P. and
inclined at 30º to the H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 mm long sides

A rectangle can be seen as a F.V. (square) is drawn first Incline a1’b1’ at 30º to the
square in the F.V. only when its H.P.
surface is inclined to VP. So for
the first view keep the plane //
to VP & shorter edge ┴ to HP

60

b’ c’ b1’ c1’
30

a’ d’ a1’ d1’ b1 a1 30º

X Y
c
a a
d
b b

c c1 d1
d