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Sexuality
It is a central aspect of being human throughout
life which encompasses sex, gender identities and
roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure,
intimacy and reproduction.
FAMILY PLANNING
John Calvin a key figure in the development of Marx thought that feeling disconnected and unhappy at
Calvinism, emphasized certain principles that work is a natural part of the way capitalism works. He
could influence attitudes toward consumption. believed that many people in the working class would
experience this feeling. It's like feeling unsatisfied and not
Calvinism is a theological and religious tradition happy with your job because of how the system works.
that has had historical and cultural implications,
including in the realm of consumption and SPIRITUAL SELF
materialism. SPIRITUALVSRELIGIOUS
PRINCIPLES SPIRITUAL
1. Predestination and God's Sovereignty - “relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul
believe that material wealth does not as opposed to material or physical things”
necessarily indicate divine favor or a Spiritual people may engage in practices such as
guarantee of salvation. meditation, mindfulness, and self-reflection to
2. Work Ethic - The idea that work is a form of nurture their inner spirituality.
service to God and that success in one's RELIGIOUS
profession is a sign of God's blessing can someone who believes in God or group of Gods
lead some Calvinists to engage in diligent and consciously adheres to the beliefs of his/her
work and productive religion.
labor. A religious person typically adheres to organized
3. Simplicity and Moderation - choose to live a religious beliefs and practices.
more modest lifestyle, avoiding excessive
extravagance in consumption.
4. Stewardship - individuals are viewed as
stewards of the resources and wealth
entrusted to them by God.
Why is spirituality important? 3. Spiritual Experience - feeling of immediate
connection with a higher being.
Meaningless in life is a significant factor in causing 4. Unique social forms of community - unite in one
anxiety, depression, and other mental health single community called Church.
concerns.
Spiritual practices are associated with optimal
health and well-being.
Contemplative Practices
Contemplative practice can be understood as a
method to develop concentration, deepen
understanding and insight, and cultivate awareness
and compassion.
1. Meditation
2. Prayer The Major Religions
3. Yoga
4. Journaling 1. Judaism
2. Christianity
Meditation 3. Islam
Mental exercise for the purpose of reaching a 4. Hinduism
heightened level of spiritual awareness. 5. Buddhism
Prayer
A spiritual communion with God as in supplication, The Concept of Dungan - Spirit or Soul
thanksgiving, adoration, or confession. According to Socrates and Plato, the soul will
Yoga survive the death of the body.
A system of physical postures, breathing techniques St. Thomas Aquinas, each living thing has soul and
and sometimes meditation to promote physical and that physical death is not the end.
emotional well-being. The Muslims believe that the soul existed at the
Journaling same time as the body but that it will survive bodily
Help you become more aware of your death.
inner life and feel more connected to your Animism is a belief of our ancestors that souls are
experience and the world around you. quasi-physical and can exist outside the body.
In the point of view of Babaylan, “dungan” gives
The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural life, animation and sensibilities to a person.
Being and Power Tan Mulong, he guards the spirit cave that
imprisons the soul.
Religion is defined as belief and worship as a
superhuman controlling power, especially a God Rituals and Ceremonies
or gods.
A particular system of faith and worship. A ritual is a ceremony or action performed in a
customary way.
The Four Dimensions of Religion A ceremony is formal act or ritual performed
in observation of an event or anniversary.
1. Belief - generalized system of ideas and
values.
2. Rituals - repeated gestures or activities
such as prayers and mantras.
Classification of Rituals 2. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
1. Imitative Ritual - patterned after myths, and the ritual reaching the age of majority; and
repeats the myth or aspects of the myth. 3. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law.
2. Positive and Negative - positive ritual are concerned with CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH
giving blessings to an object or to an individual, while
negative ritual focus on rules of prohibition. 1.JUS SOLI (LAW OF THE SOIL) Your citizenship is
3. Sacrificial Rituals - total destruction of the sacrifice as an where you are born.
offering to a “higher being”. 2. JUS SANGUINIS (LAW OF THE BLOOD) Your
4. Life Crisis Ritual - transition of one mode or stage of life citizenship is based on your parents.
into another.
IDENTITY CRISIS: ANONYMITY AND PSEUDONYMITY IN 3. ASYNCHRONICITY (“See You When I See You”)
THE CYBERSPACE
Time is a very important element in face to face
communication but you have the luxury of time to
ANONYMITY delay in the virtual world. The pressure of real-world
is the act of communicating wherein the sender does communication was removed completely.
not openly reveal his/her identity
Taking part in online interactions sometimes require 4. SOLIPSISTIC INTROJECTION (“It’s All in the
that one’s digitally performed identity be temporarily Mind”)
concealed. We essentially communicate online through
Protection is emphasized when it involves the act of typewritten words. Verbal cues, though ever-present,
whistleblowing on certain illegalities. are not the accepted norm in interacting virtually.
Example: The question and answer website. You unconsciously recite in your head both the
PSEUDONYMITY messages you send
lies in the middle of the identity continuum and those deployed your way. You play your voice
It combines both the benefits of anonymity and the joys when you read the messages.
of assuming some semblance of identity.
Affords a user with a “Self”, albeit a stylized or
refashioned one.
Example: The satirical “Senyora” 1. DISSOCIATIVE IMAGINATION (“It’s All a Play”)
The online interaction is a game, and whose rules
THE DISINHIBITED SELF you can easily break with no perceived implications.
Online disinhibition effect is when people behave This often rationalizes criminal behavior online,
differently online than they would in real life. particularly identity theft or even sexual harassment.
There are two main categories of behavior of 2. MINIMIZATION OF STATUS AND AUTHORITY
disinhibited self: (“Your Rules Don’t Work Online”)
a. Benign Disinhibition is the digital equivalent In the online world, people are perceived to be
to “self actualization, or the act of working equal. Take notice how complete nobodies suddenly
through one’s identity. Example: Somebody have the guts to engage influential people in
with social anxiety finding a arguments on social media.