TRANSLATION:

MESSAGE TO
PRODUCT
GROUP 3 CAS-02-702A
 CONTENTS

1 3
POSTTRANSLATIONAL
GENETIC CODE:
PROCESSING: MAKING THE
UNIVERSAL MESSAGE
USEFUL PRODUCT

2 TRANSLATION: HOW THE

MACHINERY WORKS
4.5.1. Genetic Code:
Universal Message
The genetic code is a universal language that tells cells how to make
proteins. It is made up of three-letter words called codons, which are
made up of the four nucleotides: A, C, G, and T. There are 64 possible
codons, but many of them are redundant. The genetic code is
essential for all life, and it is used in genetic engineering to transfer
genes from one organism to another.
4.5.2. Translation:
How the Machinery
Works
The process of translation consists of three primary steps: initiation,
elongation, and termination.
 TRANSLATION
In translation, which occurs during protein synthesis, the three steps—initiation, elongation,
and termination—take place in the ribosome.

Initiation Elongation Termination

The messenger RNA (mRNA) binds
to the ribosome's small subunit to
start the process. The amino acid
methionine is carried by initiator
tRNA (transfer RNA), which
facilitates this process. The start
codon on the mRNA is bound by
the initiator tRNA.
Amino acids are added to the The translation process is now
expanding polypeptide chain complete. A release factor connects
during this phase. The ribosome to the ribosome's A site when the
travels with the mRNA, bringing its ribosome comes across a stop
unique amino acid with it with codon on the mRNA. As a result, the
each incoming tRNA. The ribosome separates from the mRNA
and the freshly synthesised
polypeptide chain is extended by
polypeptide chain is released. During
the ribosome's catalytic creation
protein synthesis, these procedures
of peptide bonds between
are essential for the precise and
successive amino acids.
orderly assembly of amino acids into
a functional protein.
Translation
For an instance, in the given image, (a) in DNA Sense, you can see that in the given DNA sequence, the
initiation started when the promoter region is binded to the RNA polymerase, which can be the TATA box.
Moving towards the Polygenic mRNA, as the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, it synthesizes
a complementary mRNA strand. As the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, it creates a
polygenic mRNA strand complementary to the gene sequence. Nucleotides are added to the growing mRNA
chain following the base-pairing rules (A-U, T-A, C-G, G-C). Upon reaching the termination stage, the
polygenic mRNA is then released from the DNA template. The mRNA molecule undergoes post-
transcriptional modifications before leaving the nucleus for translation.
4.5.3. Posttranslational
Processing: Making the
Product Useful
Often the polypeptide formed from the ribosome must undergo further
processing before it can become truly useful.
Making Product Useful
Chaperones - important class of proteins which
assist in folding polypeptides.
Making Product Useful
Misfolded proteins (soluble) are subjected to degradation -
aggregates and form insoluble particles (i.e. inclusion
bodies).

Properly folded proteins - additional cellular processing steps

must occur to make a useful product.
Making Product Useful
The translocation of the protein across the membrane is done
cotranslationally (during translation), while in some cases
posttranslation movement across the membrane occurs.

Proteins move across a membrane, they have a signal sequence

(about 20 to 25 amino acids) which is clipped off during secretion.

The pre-form is what is made from the m-RNA, but the actual
active form is the mature form.
Making Product Useful
In procaryotes secretion of proteins occurs through the
cytoplasmic membrane.

In eucaryotic cells proteins are released by two pathways.

Both involve exocytosis, where transport vesicles fuse with
the plasma membrane and release their contents.
Making Product Useful
In procaryotes secretion of proteins occurs through the
cytoplasmic membrane.

In eucaryotic cells proteins are released by two pathways.

Both involve exocytosis, where transport vesicles fuse with
the plasma membrane and release their contents.
Making Product Useful
Transport vesicles mediate the transport of proteins and other
chemicals from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi
apparatus and from the Golgi apparatus to other membrane-
enclosed compartments.

Two pathways exist. One is the constitutive exocytosis pathway,

which operates at all times and delivers lipids and proteins to the
plasma membrane. The second is the regulated exocytosis
pathway, which typically is in specialized secretory cells.
Making Product Useful
Important aspect of posttranslational processing is N-linked
glycosylation. The glycosylation pattern can serve to target
the protein to a particular compartment or to control A
protein product may be ineffective if the N-linked
glycosylation pattern is not humanlike, as the protein may
not reach the target tissue or may be cleared (i.e., removed)
from the body before it exerts the desired action.