If,o,neactlonha,PPenedbeforeanother-weusuallyusea perfectparticipleclauseforthe

action. This can go before or after the main clause:

Having finished his coffee, Versace began to walk back to his house.
= Versacebegantowalkbacktohishouse,havingfinishedhiscoffee.
Wecanalsouseprepositions in front of-ingparticiples:
Onenteringthe darkenedroom,wenoticeda strangefigurehuddledinthecorner.
(= As we entered the room ...)
After swallowing thepill, Edwardlay downandtriedtogetsomerest.
4 Participle clauses for reason, condition and result
pro.vkiedthat.thesubiectofBOTHdausesisthesame'wecanuseparticipleclausesto
cedauses ofreason, condition andresult. Weoften dothisinwriting7
FULLCLAUSE
1 Forms PARTICIPLEPHRASE

There are several different participle forms in participle clauses: Shewill beunabletoansweryourqueries Not being qualified, shewill be unable
because she is not qualified. to answer your queries.
reason' As I hadn't beenasked, I didn't reallywant Not havingbeenasked, I didn'treally
to interfere.
want to interfere.
simple (not) repaired / had to borrow a set of keys from my landlord
continuous (not) repairing (not) being repaired because I'd forgotten to take mine. Havingforgotten to take my keys,
/ had to borrow a set from my landlord.
perfect (not) having repaired (not) having been repaired condition Ifyou treat it gently, the fabricshould lastfor If treated/Treated gently, the fabric
years.
should last for years.
Using a password, I opened the email application. (Active: I used a password.) The corporation shut down the plant, with the
Usedwith a password, the application offers complete security. (Passive: the application is used result2 The corporation shut down the plant,
result that manyworkers were left unemployed. leaving manyworkersunemployed.
by someone.) . weoftenusetheperfectParticiP'eberausea reasonorcauseusuallycomesbeforea result.
State verbs, e. g. be, own, possess 0 Unit 25. 1), can be used in participle clauses: Notethattheresultisoften notintended:/stayedatworkratherlate, missingmylasttrain home.
/ Yolandaisrichandis owningsi^-heme^ 7 Yolandais rich, owningsix homes.
1 Reduced relative clauses
2 Positioning and relationship with the subject Participle dauses^areanefficientwayofgivingmore information abouta noun and
Participle clauses give information about a noun in the main clause, so they do not usually can often be used to replace a defining relative clause (> Unit 53. 2). We caTfthese"
contain a subject. ~The subject ofthe main clause acts asthe subject ofthe participle clause: reduced relative clauses. Compare these examples:
Moaning with pain, thevictim wasexamined by a young doctor. (The victim was moaning.) Themanwholivesupstairs isverynoisy, (definingrelative clause)
A A participle clauseatthebeginning ofa sentence cannot referto theobject ofthe ^ Themanlivingupstairs isvery noisy, (active participle phrase)'
main clause: !?^tow"l'?"t'/!fd^. fcodyWMChwasfoundintheThames-(definingrelative <
X Moaning with pain, a young doctor examined thc-vietmk
(This would mean that the young doctor was moaning, not the victim.)
^ Theyhaven'tidentifiedthebodyfoundintheThames,(passiveparticiplephrase)
Unlike participle clauses, in reduced relative clauses weput the noun wearedescribing in
In formal written English the participle clause can have a subject which is related to the : oftheparticiple andwedonotusecommas to separatethe clause~from7h^resT^
subjectof the main clause, but whichisn't exactlythe same: sentence.

Hornslocked, the two stags strugglefor supremacy. (The hornsbelongto the stags.) Wecan only useparticiples in this waywhen the subject ofthe main clause andthe
I crouched in the alleyway, my eyes straining in the darkness. (My eyes are part of me.) .

For rules aboutsubjectsand objects in reduced relative clauses>. Unit 55.5
$ Clauses of time and sequence with -ing participle
We usually use these clauses when two actions happen at around the same time:
Turning the corner, we sawthehospitalin frontofus.
(= Aswewereturning the comer we sawthe hospitalin front ofus.)
In written English an -ing participle clause often describes the setting or background:
Living in Los Angeles, Brad was one ofthose ever-optimistic movie wannabes.
Standingalonein the desert, the hiigepyramiddominatedthelandscape.
clause is the same. Wecannot usea reduced relative clause if there is'another
subjectbetweenthe relative pronoun andthe verb:
/ ThehouseUvinsinisreallyoki. Y Thehousewhichweliveinisreallyold.
In^reduced relative clauses we only use an -ing form when we are describing a continuir
action or situation. We can't use an -ing form for a single completed action"or with"
state verbs:
/ The thieftakins her has hasbeenarrested.
^ Thethiefwhotookherbaghasbeenarrested, (single completed action)
y :f^o^e arcmvcstisatins themanowninsthebiimt outfactor.
^ Thepoliceareinvestigatingthemanwhoownstheburnt-outfactory, (stateverb)
We use commas around reduced non-defining relative clauses:
Thecollege,foundedinthenineteenthcentury, becamea university inthe1930s.
Pronunciation > 1. 17

244 245
 Practice 5 If you leave it for too long, oil paint will form a skin.
1B
1 Choosethe best participle forms from A-G to complete the sentences. There isone extra 6 The sea was very rough, which made mp fppl sick.
form. CBEEBListen and check.
C not giving E being given G given
A giving 7 As I am not very goodwjthfigures I'll let you do the accounts.
B not having been given D having been given F having given

1 The best part ..... to another actor, Josh felt unwilling to continue in the show. 8 This is a house which has been built 1-n last forever.
2 I've alwaystreasured the watch ..... to me on my eighteenth birthday.
3 Thepolice officersstoodateitherendofthehallway, .. Rayno chanceofescape
4 .. our tickets to the attendant, we were ushered into the antechamber of the tomb.
5 Wearedividingupthegrantaccordingto need, thelargest amount..... to thehomeless. 4 ""'.mmmv{vw4 completethetextwithParticiP'edaus^"singthewordsinbrackets
6 .. ^ one months notice by the landlord, the tenant wasableto stayon in the house. a participle clause is not possible, use a relative clause. CBEia Listen and'check'.
2 Use the information in the chart to write sentences, using a participle clause, as in
the example. Amelia Earhart
action/reason result/further information
Shewas able to make lots of newfriends. AnM^J.AR.HARLG REW up IN KANSAS- 'n a m'dd'e-class famN,
0 Hilary got a job in a cafe. (0). &^W^. ^^^. ^<>/, wf^fc(gradua^/lulll"y'
I was unable to finish the marathon.
1 I wasn't very fit. fromhighschoolin1916),shebeganherfirstjobaTspTdna
7 I left mv keys at the office. I couldn't get into my flat last night. Military Hospital, (1) r^^
(work / 'iMW.^
3 Manuela hasn't got a visa. She can't travel to the USA. asa nursing assistant). Most of the patients were soldiers k'BF':, JLA*
4 They qot home early. They found the place had been burgled. (wound / in World War I).
The old house had been restored by experts. It reqained its former glory. 'nw8she contracted SPanishinfluenzaandbecamea patient ' '.^^
5

Dave and Maria's children had left home. Theyfelt they should move to a smaller house, ^!_La!er'. (3) :.............................. (recov^ she ce lled to
6
Californiatojoin herparents,(4),,,.........,.., _;-:(^^
0 H^ng. ^t. ft.yb..l.n-..'?. ^
. .. MUwy. .^w. .?i. l?le'.to.yyw^M-f. . .wj.. frl nc(.^- ......................... (5) .. ;;........... ;;.............. (visit/an airfield)inLongBeachin 1920.
Amelia was offered
a ten-minute flight with her father andi she7e»
in in

2
lovewiththeideaofbecoming a pilot. (6)
(work /
3 ^^9^)fi^^d;rr /and;>teno9ra^hemana3edto'sav-p'^oo
that , t cost to take
15th;1923:'shel
4
fly, ng lessons. On May wa7^ntedTp;optIsTc e^ueul
5 2°0n;:::l7 :: 8:Amella
<
fle from Ne"'°undland -d -
'"^ » nw;»Po. ,

^^:--h-sss?
Rewritethefollowing sentences, replacing the underlined phrasewith a suitable participle
clause, as in the example. 5SS^Wb-^::h:^h^?°
1, ?l2 a!theage
',
ofthirty-two- she set °ff from
Newfoundland, (9) .
uvul"u"
'vldy 'UIn'

0 As_the5Lhadn'tbeenarrested, theywere ableto leavethe police station. and/ atCulmore), Northern Ireland fifteen hours later ~i""""" """"""""""""""".
. ^.^ .^Y^M fa.^^.W^^'. .^)/-^&r&-^fa^ .^ .^^&-^ .pd"^ Early in 1937, (10)
1 She fell asleep while she sat in the armchair. ^ ^P.nn^a.un^e-^, l^'s. e,eS^,^, tetra'°E>-
2 BecauseI can speakIjnmsh I managedto follow their conversation.
;^. »c;^;^^s'ops'lnsouu1 lto-e^e.
ne,, ^^.

OZ.T,'35'°°°kl'°metr°>'Thefina', partof'he'°urne^°""»"'e., ^p, c,, c"

3 Sofar nobody has claimed the money which we discovered under the floorboards. .. (leave/ NewGuinea)on July2nd.
^^FredNoon!rlheadedforHo^:^^^^^^ 10
4 After he had moved out, Danny found it difficult to find a nice place to stay. Z;,;ed;,^:^a::a^er,^d';°l;;ea;s'^^^^
about. herd;saPpearancebutthemostlikelyisthatthep\an^(u^wv0' IL'Umeone
(run out / of fuel), simply crashed into the sea.

246 247