ENERGY – capacity of the system to perform work of produced

heat
FORMS OF ENERGY – energy possessed by a body which is to be
considered when analyzing thermodynamic system.
A. STORED ENERGY – B. TRANSITION ENERGY - not
dependent upon the flow dependent on the flow of
of mass mass
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY 5. HEAT
2. KINETIC ENERGY 6. WORK (MECHANICAL)
3. INTERNAL ENERGY
4. FLOW WORK
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY – stored energy due to its elevation
✓∆PE = mg ∆z (Joule, BTU, ft-lbf)
PE -> f (m,z)
1 m
z1
2 z2
where: m – mass
∆ z
g – gravity
z – elevation / height
2. KINETIC ENERGY – stored energy of a body by virtue of its
motion (velocity)
✓∆KE = m∆ vത ² / 2g (Joule, BTU, ft-lbf)
KE -> f (m,തv)
q where: vത − velocity
m m
dx

1 2
As the coaster goes up the potential energy increases,
and when it goes down the kinetic energy increases
while the potential energy decreases.
– it is the energy required to move the fluid across the boundary of
the system
Wf -> f (P , V)

The unit for work would

be Joule (J) or ft-lbf

Derivation:
Wf= PV
𝑁
= ( 2 ∙ 𝑚3 )
𝑚
=N∙m
N∙m = J (Joule)
 P1
𝑚1
V1
SYSTEM P2
𝑚2
V2

∆ Wf = ‫𝑉𝑑𝑃 ׬‬

∆Wf = 𝑊𝑓2 − 𝑊𝑓1

∆Wf = P2 V2 − P1 V1
NOTE: V can also be
∆Wf = ∆PV expressed as 𝑉ሶ
1. A 600𝑘𝑔𝑚 hammer of a pile driver is lifted 2m above a pilling head. What
is the change of potential energy? If the hammer is released, what will be
its velocity and the instant if it sticks the pilling? Local g= 9.65 m/s2
GIVEN: m= 600𝑘𝑔𝑚
g = 9.65 m/s2 vത =?
𝑧2 = 2𝑚
𝑧1 = 0 (since it is the datum line)
𝑧2

REQUIRED: ∆PE & vത

SOLUTION:
𝑚𝑔∆𝑧 𝑚𝑔(𝑧2 −𝑧1 )
✓ ∆PE = =
𝑘 𝑘
(600𝑘𝑔𝑚 )(9.65 m/s2)(2𝑚 − 0)
= = 11580 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 11.58 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
The potential energy at 2m elevation is also the energy that will
be used when the hammer is released, that means
∆PE = ∆KE
vത =?
𝑚തv 2
∆KE =
2𝑘
600𝑘𝑔𝑚 (തv 2 ) 𝑧2
11580 J =
𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑚
2(1 )
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑚
2 1 11580𝑁𝑚 𝑚2
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2 SQUARE ROOT BOTH SIDES
vത 2 = = 38.6 2 OF THE EQUATION
600𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠
𝑚2
vത = 38.6 2 = 6.21 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠
2. The flow energy of 142 L/min of a fluid passing a boundary to a system is
108.5 kJ/min. Determine the pressure at this point.

GIVEN: 𝑉ሶ = 142 L/min Wf = 108.5 kJ/min

REQUIRED: 𝑃 =?
SOLUTION:
✓ 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑝Vሶ
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑊𝑓 108.5
𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
108.5
𝑚𝑖𝑛
CANCEL AND CONVERT
𝑃= = NECESSARY UNITS
𝑉ሶ 𝐿 𝐿 1𝑚 3
142
𝑚𝑖𝑛 142 ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000𝐿

𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 764.08 𝑜𝑟 764.08𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚2