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01. 1 Particulate Nature of Matter

Everything is made of particles. Rock, air, and water look very different. But
they have one big thing in common: they are all made of very tiny pieces,
far too small to see. For the moment, we will call these pieces particles.

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In rock and other solids, the particles are not free to move around. But in
liquids and gases, they move freely. As they move they collide with each
other, and bounce off in all directions.

from
here to
here

01. 2 Particulate Nature of Matter

There is evidence all around you that things are made of particles, and that
they move around in liquids and gases. Look at these examples.

Cooking smells can spread out into You often see dust and smoke
the street. dancing in the air, in bright sunlight.

01. 3 Diffusion
Place a crystal of potassium manganate(VII) in a beaker of water. The
colour spreads through the water. Why? First, particles leave the crystal – it
dissolves. Then they mix among the water particles.

water
particle
particles from
the crystal mix
among the
water particles

the crystal

The colour spreads through the water.

Why? First, particles leave the crystal – it
dissolves.

Abul Fazal 01 States of Matter

Bilal Hameed Marginalizer
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01. 4 Diffusion
Diffusion is the overall movement of particles from a high concentration to
a low concentration due to random movement of particles.

particles mix by colliding with each other and bouncing off in all directions. This
mixing process is called diffusion.

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The overall result is the flow of particles from where they are more concentrated
to where they are less concentrated, until they are evenly spread out.

01. 5 Kinetic Theory of Particles

The kinetic theory helps to explain the way in which matter behaves. The
evidence is consistent with the idea that all matter is made up of tiny
particles. This theory explains the physical properties of matter in terms of
the movement of its constituent particles.
• All matter is made up of tiny, moving particles, invisible to the naked eye. Different
substances have different types of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) which have
different sizes.

• The particles move all the time. The higher the temperature, the faster they move on
average.

• Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at a given temperature.

01. 6 Diffusion - Example

Place a crystal of potassium manganate(VII) in a beaker of water. The
colour spreads through the water. Why? First, particles leave the crystal – it
dissolves. Then they mix among the water particles.

water
particle
particles from
the crystal mix
among the
water particles

the crystal

01 States of Matter Abul Fazal

Marginalizer Bilal Hameed