AUSTRIA

FOREIGN AND ECONOMIC POLICIES

 FOREIGN POLICIES
Austria has been a European Union Member State since
January 1995.
Austria joined the NATO Partnership for Peace framework in
1995.
·Austria traditionally has been active in "bridge-building to the
east," increasing contacts at all levels with Eastern Europe
and the states of the former Soviet Union.
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Austria main trading partners are EU
member countries.

Structural Policies.

Export Subsidies Policies.

Free market economy, free trade

advocate.
FISCAL POLICIES
Support the Education.

Support theCompanies.

Natural disasters fund.

MONETARY POLICIES
Using the long term goal.

Fixed exchange rate.

Austrian money market.

 FRANCE
FOREIGN AND ECONOMIC POLICIES
 FOREIGN POLICY

France’s foreign policy is founded on several centuries of

diplomatic tradition and some fundamental principles: the right of
peoples to self-determination, respect for human rights and
democratic principles, respect for the rule of law and co-operation
among nations.

Within this framework, France’s concern is to preserve its national

independence while at the same time working to foster regional and
international solidarity.
The construction of Europe
Action at the UN
Humanitarian action
The French in the world

International security
International co-operation
French-speaking world (Francophony)
 ECONOMIC POLICY
France is ranked as the world’s seventh largest economic power, just behind the United
Kingdom and India (WEF, 2022). After suffering one of the sharpest economic
contractions among EU countries in 2020 (-8%) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, France’s
economy recovered strongly in 2021 (+6.8%).

However, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent energy crisis dampened the
recovery by reducing consumers’ purchasing power, denting confidence, and
exacerbating supply-side difficulties (IMF). Economic growth slowed down to 2.5% in
2022, and according to IMF forecasts, it should further decrease to 0.7% in 2023 before
FISCAL POLICIES
France is a relatively centralised state which
nevertheless offers some discretion to its sub-national
governmental entities in the areas of taxation and
expenditure

France operates a vertical equalisation mechanism

governed by the Finance Law

The 'golden rule' prohibits local government to finance

current expenditure through debt – borrowing can only
be used to finance capital expenditure
 MONETARY POLICY
The broad course of monetary policy is established by the Bank of France in concert
with the Ministry of Finance as part of the overall budgetary process, with the general
goal of fostering growth while maintaining domestic and external balance through price
stability and balance of payments equilibrium.
NETHERLANDS
FOREIGN AND ECONOMIC POLICIES
BREIF OVERVIEW

“Dutch’

The Netherlands became an international power

known for its strong navy.

In the 1900s, the Netherlands tried to stay neutral

during both World Wars.

The land was originally inhabited by Germanic

tribes.
 FOREIGN POLICIES
Historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state.

Since 1945, it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union
and many other international organizations.

The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic
cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international
law.
 ECONOMIC POLICY

The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade.

The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, fairly low unemployment
and inflation.

Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union.

The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.

 FISCAL POLICIES

The Netherlands is a major creditor nation

The Netherlands have run a surplus on current account since the early 1980s

The Netherlands is a major foreign assistance donor nation

Netherlands is the 18th largest in the world in 2021 in terms of GDP according to
the World bank, IMF.
 MONETARY POLICIES

Aims at exchange rate stability

Heavily dependent on foreign trade

Germany
FOREIGN AND ECONOMIC POLICIES
One of Europe’s largest countries, Germany encompasses a wide
variety of landscapes: the tall, sheer mountains of the south; the
sandy, rolling plains of the north; the forested hills of the urbanized
west; and the plains of the agricultural east.
FAST FACTS
OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Germany

FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Federal republic

CAPITAL: Berlin

POPULATION: 80,457,737

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: German

MONEY: Euro

AREA: 134,838 square miles (349,223 square

kilometers)

MAJOR RIVERS: Rhine, Elbe, Main, Danube

 FOREIGN POLICIES

European Integration
Multilateralism
Human Rights and Democracy
Economic Diplomacy
Relations with Russia
 ECONOMIC POLICY
Germany’s economic policies reflect the country’s broad consensus
on the so-called social market economy model. Policies are
supported by strong and stable institutions that guarantee sound
property rights, an open economy, an effective competition policy,
and effective social protection through a developed and constantly
evolving welfare state.
 FISCAL POLICIES
Debt Management
Balanced Budget
Social Welfare Spending
Taxation
Investment and Infrastructure
Export-Oriented Economy
European Union and Eurozone
Response to Crises
 MONETARY POLICIES

Euro as the Currency

Inflation Target
Interest Rates
Economic Condition
Exchange Rate