LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF

Nflturf I`tfs

D. Ofifrdn Gdttfr

T3 _adt bs lrbgbidn pr`lfkurf0

D3 Lrbgbidn pr`lfkurf bs taf gfta`k prfslrbefk ey ndw h`r taf dpprfafisb`i dik pr`sflutb`i `h pfrs`is
dllusfk `h diy lrbgbidn `hhfisf dik h`r tafbr puibsagfit, bi ldsf `h l`ivbltb`i.

Lrbgbidn Curbskbltb`i3 L`ilfpt dik Ufqubsbtfs h`r Fxfrlbsf `h Lrbgbidn Curbskbltb`i

T3 _adt bs lrbgbidn curbskbltb`i0
D3 Lrbgbidn curbskbltb`i bs taf duta`rbty t` afdr dik try d pdrtblundr `hhfisf dik bgp`sf taf puibsagfit
h`r bt. (Kf Nbgd vs. Oufrrfr`, O.U. I`. 552?14, 4= @lt`efr 5=4?)

T3 _adt drf taf rfqubsbtfs h`r d l`urt t` dlqubrf curbskbltb`i t` try d lrbgbidn ldsf0
D3
4. [af `hhfisf bs `if wabla taf l`urt bs ey ndw
n dw Duta`rbzfk t` tdjf l`oibzdilf `h:
5. [af `hhfisf gust advf effi l`ggbttfk wbtabi bts [frrbt`rbdn curbskbltb`i: dik
<. [af ]frs`i ladrofk wbta taf `hhfisf gust advf effi er`uoat bi t` bts h`rug h`r trbdn, h`rlbeny ey
wdrrdit `h drrfst `r up`i abs v`nuitdry suegbssb`i t` taf l`urt (Ditbp`rkd Cr. vs. Odrlabt`rfid,
O.U. I`. 4<<512, 5< Kflfgefr 4222)

T3 Bs vfiuf di fnfgfit `h lrbgbidn curbskbltb`i0

D3 RF\.
RF\ . Xfiuf bs di fssfitbdn fnfgfit `h curbskbltb`i bi lrbgbidn ldsfs. Bt kftfrgbifs i`t `iny taf pndlf
wafrf taf lrbgbidn dltb`i bs t` ef bistbtutfk,
bistbtutfk, eut dns` taf l`urt tadt ads taf curbskbltb
curbskbltb`i
`i t` try dik afdr taf
ldsf. [af rfds`i h`r tabs runf bs tw`-h`nk3
4. [af curbskbltb`i `h trbdn l`urts bs nbgbtfk t` wfnn-kfhbifk tfrrbt`rbfs sula tadt d trbdn l`urt ldi `iny
afdr dik try ldsfs biv`nvbio lrbgfs l`ggbttfk wbtabi bts tfrrbt`rbdn curbskbltb`i:
curbskbltb`i:
5. Ndybio taf vfiuf bi taf n`lus lrbgbibs bs or`uikfk `i taf iflfssbty dik custblf `h advbio di
dllusfk `i trbdn bi taf guiblbpdnbty `h pr`vbilf wafrf wbtifssfs dik `tafr hdlbnbtbfs h`r abs
kfhfisf drf dvdbndenf. (Vib`i Edij `h taf ]abn. vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`. 425686, 51 Hferudry 5=45)

Curbskbltb`i `vfr taf \uecflt Gdttfr Curbskbltb`i `vfr taf ]frs`i `h taf
Dllusfk
Ds t` taf Idturf
[af p`wfr t` afdr dik kftfrgbif taf ofifrdn lndss [af p`wfr `h d l`urt t` try d ldsf wbta ebikbio
t` wabla taf pr`lffkbio bi qufstb`i efn`io. fhhflt ds dodbist di dllusfk.
(Gbtsuebsab G`t`rs ]AN L`rp. vs. E@L, O.U. I`.
5=21<=, 4? Cuif 5=46)
Ds t` a`w Curbskbltb`i bs Dlqubrfk
[abs bs l`ihfrrfk ey ndw dik, uinbjf curbskbltb`i Curbskbltb`i `vfr taf pfrs`i `h taf dllusfk gdy ef
`vfr taf pdrtbfs, ldii`t ef l`ihfrrfk `i taf l`urt dlqubrfk fbtafr tar`uoa l`gpuns`ry pr`lfss, sula
ey taf v`nuitdry dlt `r dorffgfit `h taf pdrtbfs. ds wafi af surrfikfrs t` taf p`nblf `r t` taf
(Kf C`yd vs. Gdrqufz, O.U. I`. 485;48, <4 l`urt. (Gbrdikd vs. [unbd`, O.U. I`. 461?8<, <4
Cdiudry 5==8) Gdrla 5==8)
Ds t` @ecfltb`i `h taf Curbskbltb`i
Ndlj `h curbskbltb`i `vfr taf suecflt gdttfr ldi Diy `ecfltb`i biv`nvbio taf drrfst `r taf
dnwdys ef rdbsfk diytbgf, fvfi h`r taf hbrst tbgf pr`lfkurf bi taf l`urt‒s dlqubsbtb`i `h curbskbltb`i
`i dppfdn, sbilf curbskbltb`idn bssufs ldii`t ef `vfr taf pfrs`i `h di dllusfk gust ef gdkf
wdbvfk suecflt, a`wfvfr, t` taf prbilbpnf `h efh`rf af fitfrs abs pnfd: `tafrwbsf, taf `ecfltb`i
fst`ppfn ey ndlafs. (E`st`i Fqubty Ufs`urlfs, Bil. bs kffgfk wdbvfk. (]f`pnf vs. Edkbnnd, O.U. I`.
vs. LD, O.U. I`. 4?<2;8,
4?<2;8, 42 Cuif 5=4<) 5416?1, <4 Duoust 5=48)

T3 Gdy d kfhfltbvf bih`rgdtb`i ef dgfikfk t` vfst curbskbltb`i up`i taf l`urt0

D3 Bt kfpfiks `i waftafr taf dgfikgfit bs t` ef gdkf efh`rf `r dhtfr drrdboigfit3
Efh`rf drrdboigfit Dhtfr drrdboigfit
Curbskbltb`idn kfhflts bi di bih`rgdtb`i gdy ef Dgfikgfit `h di bih`rgdtb`i t` vfst curbskbltb`i

lurfk ey1di
5=14;8, dgfikgfit.
Cuif 5=48) (Kb` vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`. up`i taf l`urt
]dgbitudi, O.U. ldii`t ef dnn`wfk.
I`. 48;2<1, (Doustbi
55 Duoust 5==6) vs.
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

@utnbif `h taf Lrbgbidn Curbskbltb`i `h L`urts

Lrbgbidn Guiblbpdn [rbdn L`urts
Ldsfs
Fxlnusbvf 4. @hhfisfs puibsadenf wbta bgprbs`igfit i`t fxlffkbio 8 yfdrs brrfspfltbvf `h taf
@rbobidn dg`uit `h hbif dik rfodrknfss `h `tafr bgp`sdenf dllfss`ry `r `tafr pfidntbfs,
bilnukbio taf lbvbn nbdebnbty drbsbio hr`g sula `hhfisfs `r prfkbldtfk tafrf`i,
brrfspfltbvf `h jbik, idturf, vdnuf `r dg`uit tafrf`h. ZE] 452, \fl. <5(5)W

I`tf3
dppnbfs[af runftaf
wafrf kbsrfodrkbio taf dg`uitey
`hhfisf bs puibsadenf `hbgprbs`igfit
taf hbif dik `tafr dllfss`ry
`r hbif `r e`ta,pfidntbfs
eut i`t
wafi taf `hhfisf bs puibsadenf ey hbif `iny.

I`tf3 [af curbskbltb`i `h taf G[L bs qudnbhbfk ey taf pardsf „Fxlfpt bi ldsfs
hdnnbio wbtabi taf fxlnusbvf curbskbltb`i
curbskbltb`i `h taf U[L dik `h taf \dikbodiedydi.‗ [abs
bikbldtfs tadt taf G[L k`fs i`t dt dnn tbgfs advf curbskbltb`i `vfr `hhfisfs
puibsadenf wbta bgprbs`igfit i`t fxlffkbio 8 yfdrs bh curbskbltb`i bs vfstfk ey ndw
fbtafr bi taf U[L, f.o., nbefn, `r \dikbodiedydi, f.o., erbefry.

5. _afrf taf `iny pfidnty pr`vbkfk h`r ey ndw bs d hbif i`t g`rf tadi ];,===
(Dkgbibstrdtbvf Lbrlundr =2-2;)

<. @hhfisfs biv`nvbio kdgdof t` pr`pfrty tar`uoa lrbgbidn ifonbofilf ZE] 452, \fl.
<5(5): UD ?824W

;. [a`sf l`vfrfk ey taf Uunfs `i \uggdry ]r`lfkurf3

] r`lfkurf3
d. Xb`ndtb`is `h trdhhbl ndws, runfs dik rfoundtb`is:
e. Xb`ndtb`is `h taf rfitdn ndw:
l. Xb`ndtb`is `h guiblbpdn
guiblbpdn `r lbty `rkbidilfs:
k. Xb`ndtb`is `h E] 55 (D.G.
(D.G. I`. ==-44-=4-\L):
f. Dnn `tafr lrbgbidn ldsfs wafrf taf pfidnty bs bgprbs`igfit i`t fxlffkbio 8
g`itas dik/`r ]4,=== hbif brrfspfltbvf `h `tafr pfidntbfs `r lbvbn nbdebnbtbfs
drbsbio tafrfhr`g: dik
h. @hhfisfs biv`nvbio kdgdof t` pr`pfrty tar`uoa lrbgbidn ifonbofilf wafrf
taf bgp`sdenf hbif k`fs i`t fxlffk ]4=,===.
\pflbdn \pflbdn curbskbltb`i `i dppnbldtb`is h`r edbn bi lrbgbidn ldsfs bi taf desfilf `h dnn U[L
cukofs bi d pr`vbilf
pr`vbilf `r lbty (E] 452, \fl. <6)

Lrbgbidn Ufob`idn [rbdn L`urt

Ldsfs
Fxlnusbvf 4. Lrbgbidn ldsfs i`t wbtabi taf fxlnusbvf curbskbltb`i `h diy l`urt, trbeuidn `r e`ky,
@rbobidn fxlfpt ta`sf hdnnbio uikfr taf fxlnusbvf dik l`ilurrfit curbskbltb`i `h taf
\dikbodiedydi:
5. @hhfisfs taf bgp`sdenf pfidnty h`r wabla fxlffks 8 yfdrs bgprbs`igfit:
<. Bi ldsfs wafrf taf `iny pfidnty bs d hbif fxlffkbio ];,=== (Dkg. Lbr. =2-2;)
;. Lrbgbidn ldsfs uikfr spflbhbl ndws3
d. Nbefn ldsfs fvfi ta`uoa puibsadenf ey prbsb`i l`rrfllb`idn (Drt. <8=, U]L:
]f`pnf vs. Fkudrtf, O.U. I`. 115<5, 58 Hferudry 422=):
e. Curbskbltb`i `h kfsboidtfk l`urts `vfr ldsfs bi vb`ndtb`i `h taf
L`gprfafisbvf Kdiofr`us Kruos Dlt `h 5==5 ds pr`vbkfk bi \fltb`i 2=
tafrf`h: dik
l. Xb`ndtb`i `h bitfnnfltudn
bitfnnfltudn pr`pfrty rboats.
6. Dnn ldsfs `i g`ify nduikfrbio fxlfpt ta`sf hdnnbio uikfr taf curbskbltb`i `h taf
\dikbodiedydi: dik
8. Fnfltb`i `hhfisfs.

Hdgbny L`urt “ Lrbgbidn ldsfs wafrf3

LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

4. @if `r g`rf `h taf dllusfk bs/drf efn`w 41 yfdrs `h dof eut i`t nfss tadi 2 yfdrs `h
dof: `r
5. _afrf `if `h taf vbltbgs
vbltbgs bs d gbi`r dt taf tbgf `h taf l`ggbssb`i `h taf `hhfisf:
<. Ldsfs dodbist gbi`rs l`oibzdenf uikfr taf Kdiofr`us Kruos Dlt:
;. Xb`ndtb`is `h U.D. I`. ?84= (\pflbdn ]r`tfltb`i `h Labnkrfi Dodbist Labnk Deusf,
Fxpn`btdtb`i dik Kbslrbgbidtb`i Dlt) ds dgfikfk ey U.D. I`. ?861: dik
6. Ldsfs `h k`gfstbl vb`nfilf dodbist w`gfi dik labnkrfi.
Dppfnndtf Dnn ldsfs kflbkfk ey taf G[Ls
G[Ls bi tafbr rfspfltb
rfspfltbvf
vf tfrrbt`rbdn curbskbltb`is.
curbskbltb`is.

\pflbdn [` adiknf fxlnusbvfny lrbgbidn ldsfs ds kfsboidtfk ey taf \uprfgf L`urt.

Lrbgbidn \dikbodiedydi
Ldsfs
Fxlnusbvf 4. Xb`ndtb`is `h3
@rbobidn d. U.D. I`. <=42 (Ditb-Ordht dik L`rrupt ]rdltblfs Dlt):
e. U.D. I`. 4<?2 (Bnn-O`ttfi _fdnta):
l. Ladptfr 5, \fltb`i 5, [btnf ?, E``j 5 `h taf U]L (Erbefry, ftl.) wafrf `if `r
g`rf `h taf dllusfk drf `hhblbdn `llupybio taf h`nn`wbio p`sbtb`is bi taf
o`vfrigfit, waftafr pfrgdifit, dltbio `r bitfrbg ldpdlbty, dt taf tbgf `h
taf l`ggbssb`i `h taf `hhfisf3
b. @hhblbdns `h taf fxflutbvf erdila `llupybio taf p`sbtb`is `h rfob`idn
kbrflt`r dik aboafr, `tafrwbsf lndssbhbfk ds Ordkf 5? dik aboafr `h taf
L`gpfisdtb`i dik ]`sbtb`i Lndssbhbldtb`i Dlt `h 4212:
bb. Gfgefrs `h L`iorfss dik `hhblbdns tafrf`h lndssbhbfk ds Ordkf 5? dik
up uikfr taf L`gpfisdtb`i dik ]`sbtb`i Lndssbhbldtb`i Dlt `h 4212:
bbb. Gfgefrs `h taf cukblbdry wbta`ut prfcukblf t` taf pr`vbsb`is `h taf
L`istbtutb`i:
bv. Ladbrgfi dik gfgefrs `h taf L`istbtutb`idn L`ggbssb`is, wbta`ut
prfcukblf t` taf pr`vbsb`is `h taf L`istbtutb`i: dik
v. Dnn `tafr idtb`idn dik n`ldn `hhblbdns lndssbhbfk ds Ordkf 5? dik aboafr
uikfr taf L`gpfisdtb`i dik ]`sbtb`i Lndssbhbldtb`i Dlt `h 4212.

I`tf3 Bt bs i`t `iny taf sdndry ordkf tadt kftfrgbifs taf curbskbltb`i `h taf
\dikbodiedydi. [af sdndry ordkf ads i` rfhfrfilf h`r fxdgpnf t` pr`vbilbdn
o`vfri`rs, vblf o`vfri`rs `r gfgefrs `h taf \dioouibdio ]dindndwbodi,
\dioouibdio ]dinuios`k, kbrflt`rs `r gdidofrs `h taf O@LLs, lbty gdy`rs, vblf
gdy`rs, lbty trfdsurfrs, dssfss`rs, fiobiffrs, trustffs `h stdtf uibvfrsbtbfs, dik
`tafr `hhblbdns fiugfrdtfk bi \fl. ;(4)(d) hr`g nfttfrs d-o `h ].K. I`. 48=8, ds
dgfikfk.

5. @tafr `hhfisfs `r hfn`ibfs waftafr sbgpnf `r l`gpnfxfk wbta `tafr lrbgfs

l`ggbttfk ey taf puenbl `hhblbdns dik fgpn`yffs gfitb`ifk bi suesfltb`i (d) bi
rfndtb`i t` tafbr `hhblf.
<. Ldsfs hbnfk pursudit t` dik bi l`iifltb`i wbta F.@. I`s. 4, 5, 4; dik 4;-D
(\fqufstrdtb`i ldsfs), bssufk bi 4218.
;. G`ify nduikfrbio ldsfs (U.D. I`. 248=, \fl. 6) l`ggbttfk ey puenbl `hhblfrs dik
prbvdtf pfrs`is wa` drf bi l`ispbrdly wbta sula puenbl `hhblfrs.
Dppfnndtf Dppfdns hr`g hbidn cukogfits, rfs`nutb`is `r `rkfrs `h rfob`idn trbdn l`urts waftafr bi
taf fxfrlbsf `h tafbr `wi curbskbltb`i `r `h tafbr dppfnndtf curbskbltb`i wafrf dnn taf
dllusfk drf `llupybio p`sbtb`is n`wfr tadi sdndry ordkf 5? `r i`t `tafrwbsf l`vfrfk ey
taf prflfkbio fiugfrdtb`i.

]ftbtb`is h`r taf bssudilf `h taf wrbts `h gdikdgus, pr`abebtb`i, lfrtb`rdrb, adefds
l`rpus, bicuiltb`i dik `tafr dilbnndry wrbts dik pr`lfssfs bi dbk `h bts dppfnndtf
curbskbltb`i dik `vfr pftbtb`is `h sbgbndr idturf, bilnukbio qu` wdrrdit`, drbsbio `r

tadt gdy
bssufk bi drbsf
42183bi ]r`vbkfk,
ldsfs hbnfk tadt
`r wabla gdy ef hbnfk `vfr
taf curbskbltb`i uikfrtafsf
F.@. pftbtb`is
I`s. 4, 5, sadnn
4; diki`t
4;-D,
ef
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

fxlnusbvf `h taf \uprfgf L`urt.

Lrbgbidn L`urt `h Dppfdns

Ldsfs
Fxlnusbvf Lrbgfs `h tfrr`rbsg
@rbobidn
L`ilurrfit _bta taf \L3
]ftbtb`is h`r lfrtb`rdrb, pr`abebtb`i, dik gdikdgus dodbist taf U[Ls.

_bta taf \L & U[L3

]ftbtb`is h`r lfrtb`rdrb, pr`abebtb`i, dik gdikdgus dodbist taf G[Ls.
Dppfnndtf Ey I`tblf `h Dppfdn3
4. Hr`g taf U[L bi taf fxfrlbsf `h bts `rbobidn curbskbltb`i, fxlfpt ta`sf dppfdndenf t`
taf \dikbodiedydi, L[D, dik \L: dik
5. Hr`g taf U[L wafrf pfidnty bgp`sfk bs rflnusb`i pfrpftud `r nbhf bgprbs`igfit
`r wafrf d nfssfr pfidnty bs bgp`sfk eut h`r `hhfisfs l`ggbttfk `i taf sdgf
`lldsb`i `r wabla dr`sf `ut `h taf sdgf `llurrfilf tadt odvf rbsf t` taf g`rf
sfrb`us `hhfisf h`r wabla taf pfidnty `h kfdta, rflnusb`i pfrpftud, `r nbhf
bgprbs`igfit bs bgp`sfk. (U@L, Uunf 55, \fl. <, ds dgfikfk ey D.G. I`. ==-6-
=<-\L)

Ey Dut`gdtbl Ufvbfw, b.f., i` I`tblf `h Dppfdn bs iflfssdry3

Hr`g taf U[L, bi ldsfs wafrf taf kfdta pfidnty bs bgp`sfk.

Ey ]ftbtb`i h`r Ufvbfw uikfr Uunf ;53

Hr`g taf U[L bi ldsfs dppfdnfk tafrft` hr`g n`wfr l`urts dik i`t dppfdndenf t` taf
\dikbodiedydi.

Lrbgbidn \uprfgf L`urt

Ldsfs
Fxlnusbvf ]ftbtb`i h`r lfrtb`rdrb, pr`abebtb`i, dik gdikdgus dodbist LD dik \dikbodiedydi.
\dik bodiedydi.
@rbobidn
L`ilurrfit _bta taf LD3
]ftbtb`is h`r lfrtb`rdrb, pr`abebtb`i, dik gdikdgus dodbist taf U[Ls.

_bta taf LD & U[L3

U[L3
]ftbtb`is h`r lfrtb`rdrb, pr`abebtb`i, dik gdikdgus dodbist taf G[Ls.
Dppfnndtf Ey ]ftbtb`i h`r Ufvbfw `i Lfrtb`rdrb3
4. Hr`g taf LD:
5. Hr`g taf \dikbodiedydi: dik
<. Hr`g taf U[L wafrf `iny di frr`r `r qufstb`i `h ndw bs biv`nvfk.

I`tf3 _afrf taf pfidnty bgp`sfk bs rflnusb`i pfrpftud `r nbhf bgprbs`igfit, dppfdn
sa`unk ef gdkf t` taf LD, i`t taf \L. (]f`pnf vs. Gdtf`, O.U. I`. 4;?8?1-1?, ? Cun.
‒=;)

T3 _bta rfspflt t` taf curbskbltb`i `h taf \dikbodiedydi, wafi bs di `hhfisf kffgfk

l`ggbttfk „bi rfndtb`i t` `if‒s `hhblf0‗
D3 [af `hhblf gust ef d l`istbtufit fnfgfit `h taf lrbgf ds kfhbifk bi taf stdtutf. Eut fvfi bh taf `hhblf bs
i`t di fnfgfit `h taf lrbgf, bt bs kffgfk l`ggbttfk bi rfndtb`i t` `if‒s `hhblf bh af pfrpftrdtfs taf `hhfisf
wabnf pfrh`rgbio, ta`uoa bi di bgpr`pfr `r brrfoundr gdiifr, abs `hhblbdn
`hhblbdn huiltb`is dik af ldii`t l`ggbt
taf `hhfisf wbta`ut a`nkbio abs puenbl `hhblf. [af tfst bs waftafr taf bih`rgdtb`i dnnfofs di bitbgdtf
l`iifltb`i eftwffi taf `hhfisf ladrofk dik taf `hhblf. (Lrbs`st`g` vs. \dikbodiedydi, O.U. I`. 465<21,
4; Dprbn 5==6)
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

T3 K`fs taf \dikbodiedydi advf curbskbltb`i `vfr d l`gpndbit h`r gdnvfrsdtb`i biv`nvbio
puenbl `hhblbdns, `if wbta \O5? dik `tafr \O5;, dik d prbvdtf bikbvbkudn0
D3 RF\.
RF\. Vikfr taf ndst pdrdordpa `h \fl. 5 `h U.D. I`. ?2?6, bh taf p`sbtb`i `h `if `h taf prbilbpdn dllusfk
bs lndssbhbfk ds \O5?, taf \dikbodiedydi ads `rbobidn dik fxlnusbvf curbskbltb`i `vfr taf `hhfisf. (Edrrbod
vs. \dikbodiedydi, O.U. I`s. 484?1;-18,
484?1;-18, 58 Dprbn 5==6)

T3 Bi fnfltb`i `hhfisfs l`ggbttfk ey puenbl `hhblfrs wbta \O5? `r aboafr, wabla l`urt ads
curbskbltb`i‛taf U[L `r taf \dikbodiedydi0

D3 [af @gibeus
fnfltb`i Fnfltb`i
`hhfisfs (\fl. 581),L`kf pr`vbkfs
waftafr tadt taf
l`ggbttfk ey dU[L sadnnbikbvbkudn
prbvdtf advf fxlnusbvf `rbobidn
`r puenbl `hhblfrcurbskbltb`i
`r fgpn`yff,t`dik
try
bi taf ndttfr bistdilf, brrfspfltbvf `h waftafr taf `hhfisf bs l`ggbttfk bi rfndtb`i t` abs `hhblbdn kutbfs `r
i`t. Bt bs taf idturf `h taf `hhfisf dik i`t taf pfrs`idnbty `h taf `hhfikfr tadt gdttfrs. (L`rpus vs.
[di`kedydi, O.U. I`. N-85=?6, 46 Dprbn 421?)

E. ]r`sflutb`i `h @hhfisfs (Uunf 44=)

Lrbgbidn Dltb`is, A`w Bistbtutfk

T3 A`w drf lrbgbidn dltb`is bistbtutfk0
D3 Lrbgbidn dltb`is sadnn ef bistbtutfk ds h`nn`ws3

@hhfisfs wafrf d prfnbgbidry
bivfstbodtb`i bs UFTVBUFK
@hhfisfs wafrf d prfnbgbidry
bivfstbodtb`i bs I@[
UFTVBUFK
Ey hbnbio taf l`gpndbit wbta taf pr`pfr `hhblfr h`r taf purp`sf `h
l`ikultbio taf rfqubsbtf prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i:
Ey hbnbio taf l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i kbrfltny wbta taf G[Ls/GL[Ls,
`r wbta taf `hhblf `h taf pr`sflut`r. Bi Gdibnd dik `tafr ladrtfrfk
lbtbfs, taf l`gpndbit sadnn ef hbnfk wbta taf `hhblf `h taf pr`sflut`r,
uinfss `tafrwbsf pr`vbkfk bi tafbr ladrtfrs. (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl.
\ fl. 4)

T3 _adt bs taf fhhflt `h taf hbnbio `h d lrbgbidn dltb`i `i taf pfrb`k `h prfslrbptb`i `h
`hhfisfs0
D3 [af bistbtutb`i `h d lrbgbidn dltb`i sadnn bitfrrupt taf ruiibio `h taf pfrb`k `h prfslrbptb`i `h taf
`hhfisf ladrofk uinfss `tafrwbsf pr`vbkfk bi spflbdn ndws. (U@L, Uunf 44=,
44= , \fl. 4)

T3 _adt bs d l`gpndbit0
D3 D l`gpndbit bs d sw`ri stdtfgfit
s tdtfgfit ladrobio d pfrs`i wbta di `hhfisf, sueslrbefk ey taf
t af `hhfikfk pdrty,
diy pfdlf `hhblfr, `r `tafr puenbl `hhblfr ladrofk wbta taf fih`rlfgfit `h taf ndw vb`ndtfk. (U@L, Uunf 44=,
\fl. <)

T3 _adt bs di bih`rgdtb`i0
D3 Di bih`rgdtb`i bs di dllusdtb`i bi wrbtbio ladrobio d pfrs`i wbta di `hhfisf, sueslrbefk ey taf
pr`sflut`r dik hbnfk wbta taf l`urt. (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. ;)

L`gpndbit Bih`rgdtb`i
Ds t` taf \boibio ]drty
Bt gdy ef sboifk ey taf `hhfikfk pdrty, diy pfdlf Bt bs dnwdys sboifk ey taft af pr`sflutbio `hhblfr.
`hhblfr, `r `tafr puenbl `hhblfr ladrofk wbta taf
fih`rlfgfit `h taf ndw vb`ndtfk.
Ds t` Iflfssbty `h @dta
Bt gust ef sw`ri t` ey taf pfrs`i sboibio bt. Bt iffk i`t ef uikfr `dta sbilf taf pr`sflutbio
`hhblfr hbnbio bt bs dnrfdky dltbio uikfr abs `dta `h
`hhblf.
Ds t` _afrf bt bs Hbnfk
Bt gdy ef hbnfk fbtafr wbta taf `hhblf `h taf Bt bs dnwdys hbnfk wbta taf l`urt.
pr`sflut`r `r wbta taf l`urt.
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

T3 Bi ldsf `h vdrbdilf eftwffi taf l`gpndbit hbnfk ey taf `hhfikfk pdrty dik taf
bih`rgdtb`i bi lrbgfs dodbist ladstbty, wabla sadnn prfvdbn0
D3 Bi ldsf `h vdrbdilf eftwffi taf l`gpndbit hbnfk ey taf `hhfikfk pdrty dik taf bih`rgdtb`i bi lrbgfs
dodbist ladstbty, taf l`gpndbit l`itr`ns. [af hdbnurf `h taf bih`rgdtb`i t` stdtf tadt dllusfk rdpfk taf
vbltbg „tar`uoa h`rlf `r bitbgbkdtb`i‗ bs i`t d hdt
hdtdn
dn `gbssb`i efldusf taf l`gpndbit dnnfofk taf untbgdtf
hdlt tadt taf dllusfk rdpfk taf vbltbg „ey gfdis `h h`rlf‗. \`, dt taf `utsft, dllusfk l`unk advf rfdkbny
dslfrtdbifk tadt af wds efbio dllusfk `h rdpf l`ggbttfk tar`uoa h`rlf, d ladrof tadt suhhblbfitny
l`gpnbfs wbta Drt. <66 (]f`pnf vs. Gfikfz, O.U. I`. 4<56;8, 6 Cuny 5===)

_a` gdy hbnf tafg: Lrbgfs tadt ldii`t ef pr`sflutfk kf `hhblb`

T3 _adt drf taf lrbgfs tadt gust ef pr`sflutfk up`i l`gpndbit `h taf `hhfikfk pdrty0
D3 ZLD\DN-K
LD\DN-KWW
4. L`iluebidof dik Dkuntfry “ [af lrbgbidn dltb`i sa`unk ef bibtbdtfk ey taf `hhfikfk sp`usf, wa`
sa`unk advf taf stdtus, ldpdlbty dik nfodn rfprfsfitdtb`i dt taf tbgf `h taf hbnbio `h taf l`gpndbit.
5. \fkultb`i, Dekultb`i, dik Dlts `h Ndslbvb`usifss “ [af lrbgbidn dltb`i bs t` ef bibtbdtfk
fxlnusbvfny dik sullfssbvfny ey taf h`nn`wbio pfrs`is bi taf h`nn`wbio `rkfr3
d. Ey taf `hhfikfk w`gdi:
e. Ey taf pdrfits, ordikpdrfits `r nfodn/cukblbdn oudrkbdis `h taf `hhfikfk w`gdi bi taf
sullfssbvf `rkfr, bh taf `hhfikfk pdrty bs bil`gpftfit `r bildpdenf `h k`bio s`:
l. Ey taf \tdtf pursudit t` taf k`ltrbif `h ]drfis ]dtrbdf, wafi taf `hhfikfk pdrty kbfs `r
efl`gfs bildpdlbtdtfk efh`rf saf l`unk hbnf taf l`gpndbit dik saf ads i` ji`wi pdrfits,
ordikpdrfits, `r oudrkbdi: dik
<. Kfhdgdtb`i bgputbio t` d pfrs`i diy `h taf h`nn`wbio lrbgfs `h l`iluebidof, dkuntfry, sfkultb`i,
dekultb`i `r dlts `h ndslbvb`usifss ldi ef pr`sflutfk `iny ey taf pdrty `r pdrtbfs kfhdgfk. (U@L,
Uunf 44=, \fl. 6)

L`itr`n `h ]r`sflutb`i
T3 _a` sadnn pr`sflutf lrbgbidn dltb`is0
D3 Dnn lrbgbidn dltb`is l`ggfilfk fbtafr ey l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i sadnn ef pr`sflutfk uikfr taf
kbrfltb`i dik l`itr`n `h taf puenbl pr`sflut`r (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. 6)

T3 _afi gdy d prbvdtf pr`sflut`r ef dnn`wfk t` pr`sflutf d lrbgbidn dltb`i0

D3 [af pr`sflutb`i gdy ef dnn`wfk t` d prbvdtf pr`sflut`r up`i l`gpnbdilf wbta taf h`nn`wbio
l`ikbtb`is3
4. [af puenbl pr`sflut`r ads d afdvy w`rj slafkunf, `r tafrf bs i` puenbl pr`sflut`r dssboifk bi taf
pr`vbilf `r lbty:
5. [af prbvdtf pr`sflut`r bs duta`rbzfk bi wrbtbio ey taf Labfh `h taf ]r`sflut`r @hhblf `r taf
Ufob`idn \tdtf ]r`sflut`r (U\]):
<. [af duta`rbty `h taf prbvdtf pr`sflut`r gust ef dppr`vfk ey taf l`urt:
;. [af prbvdtf
duta`rbty pr`sflut`r `r
bs wbtakrdwi sadnn l`itbiuf
`tafrwbsf t` pr`sflutf taf ldsf uitbn taf fik `h taf trbdn uinfss taf
rfv`jfk:
6. Bi ldsf `h taf wbtakrdwdn `r rfv`ldtb`i `h taf duta`rbty `h taf prbvdtf pr`sflut`r, taf sdgf gust
ef dppr`vfk ey taf l`urt. (D.G. I`. =5-5-=?-\L: K@C Gfg`rdikug Lbrlundr I` I`.. 56)

T3 _afi gdy d prbvdtf pr`sflut`r ef dnn`wfk t` pr`sflutf taf ta f lbvbn nbdebnbty0

D3 Bi ldsfs wafrf `iny taf lbvbn nbdebnbty bs efbio pr`sflutfk ey d prbvdtf pr`sflut`r, taf afdk `h taf
pr`sflutb`i `hhblf gust bssuf bi hdv`r `h taf prbvdtf pr`sflut`r d wrbttfi duta`rbty t` try taf ldsf fvfi bi
taf desfilf `h taf puenbl pr`sflut`r. [af wrbttfi duta`rbty gust ef suegbttfk t` taf l`urt prb`r t` taf
prfsfitdtb`i `h fvbkfilf ey taf prbvdtf pr`sflut`r bi dll`rkdilf wbta \fl. 6, Uunf 44= (D.G. I`. 46-=8-4=-
\L, Ufvbsfk Oubkfnbifs h`r L`itbiu`us [rbdn `h Lrbgbidn Ldsfs, fhhfltbvf 4 \fpt. 5=4?)

\uhhblbfily `h L`gpndbit `r Bih`rgdtb`i

Bih`rgdtb`i
T3 _afi bs d l`gpndbit `r di bih`rgdtb`i kffgfk suhhblbfit0
D3 D l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i
bih`rgdtb`i sadnn ef suhhblbfit bh
bh bt stdtfs taf h`nn`wbio3
h`nn`wbio3 ZII-KDK-]GW
4. Idgf dik suridgf `h taf dllusfk
dllusfk,, `r diy dppfnndtb`i `r ibljidgf ey wabla af bs ji`wi `r ads
effi ji`wi:
5. [af Idgf `h taf `hhfikfk pdrty:
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
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<. [af dppr`xbgdtf Kdtf `h taf l`ggbssb`i `h taf `hhfisf:

;. [af Dlts `r `gbssb`is l`gpndbifk `h ds l`istbtutbio taf `hhfisf:
6. [af Kfsboidtb`i `h taf `hhfisf:
8. [af ]ndlf wafrf taf `hhfisf wds l`ggbttfk: dik
?. _afi di `hhfisf bs l`ggbttfk ey G`rf tadi `if pfrs`i, dnn `h tafg sadnn ef bilnukfk bi taf
l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. 8)

Kfsboidtb`i `h @hhfisf

T3 [af
D3 \tdtf taf rfqubrfgfits
bih`rgdtb`i ds sadnn
`r l`gpndbit t` taf
t af kfsboidtb`i `h taf `hhfisf.
stdtf3
4. [af kfsboidtb`i `h taf `hhfisf obvfi ey taf stdtutf.
I`tf3 Bh tafrf bs i` kfsboidtb`i `h taf `hhfisf, rfhfrfilf sadnn ef gdkf t` taf sfltb`i `h taf
stdtutf puibsabio bt.
5. [af dlts `r `gbssb`is l`istbtutbio taf `hhfisf: dik
<. [af spflbhbl qudnbhybio dik doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilfs.
lbrlugstdilfs . (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. 1)

T3 _adt bs taf fhhflt `h di frr`if`us kfsboidtb`i `r hdbnurf t` gdjf taf kfsboidtb`i `h taf
`hhfisf0
D3 [af frr`if`us spflbhbldtb`i `h taf ndw vb`ndtfk, `r taf hdbnurf t` gfitb`i taf spflbhbl pr`vbsb`i
pfidnbzbio taf dlt, k`fs i`t vbtbdtf taf bih`rgdtb`i bh taf hdlts dnnfofk tafrfbi lnfdrny rflbtf taf hdlts
l`istbtutbio taf lrbgf ladrofk . [af rflbtdn `h taf untbgdtf hdlts dik lbrlugstdilfs bi taf l`gpndbit `r
bih`rgdtb`i kftfrgbifs taf ladrdltfr `h taf lrbgf dik i`t taf ldptb`i `r prfdgenf `h taf bih`rgdtb`i, `r
taf spflbhbldtb`i `h taf pr`vbsb`i `h taf ndw dnnfofk t` advf effi vb`ndtfk. (]f`pnf vs. K`ib`, O.U. I`.
545146, 4 Gdrla 5=4?)

T3 _adt bs taf fhhflt wafi d qudnbhybio `r di `rkbidry doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilf bs

dttfikdit bi taf `hhfisf eut i`t spflbhbfk bi taf bih`rgdtb`i0
D3 [af doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilf ldii`t ef dpprflbdtfk bi kftfrgbibio taf pfidnty t` ef bgp`sfk . Bt bs bi
`rkfr i`t t` trdgpnf `i taf l`istbtutb`idn rboat `h di dllusfk t` ef bih`rgfk bi taf idturf `h taf dnnfofk
`hhfisf tadt af `r saf ads l`ggbttfk. A`wfvfr, bi taf lbvbn dspflt, di doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilf, fvfi bh
i`t dnnfofk bi taf bih`rgdtb`i, eut pr`vfi kurbio trbdn gdy ef gdkf edsbs h`r di dwdrk `h fxfgpndry
kdgdofs. (]f`pnf vs. Cuouftd, O.U. i`. 5=545;, 6 Dprbn 5=48)

Ldusf `h taf Dllusdtb`i

T3 A`w sa`unk d ldusf `h dltb`i ef dnnfofk bi taf l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i0
D3 [af dlts `r `gbssb`is l`gpndbifk `h ds l`istbtutbio taf `hhfisf dik taf qudnbhybio dik doordvdtbio
lbrlugstdilfs gust ef stdtfk bi taf `rkbidry dik l`ilbsf ndioudof dik i`t iflfssdrbny bi taf ndioudof
usfk bi taf stdtutf eut bi tfrgs suhhblbfit t` fidenf d pfrs`i `h l`gg`i uikfrstdikbio t` ji`w wadt
`hhfisf bs efbio ladrofk ds wfnn ds bts qudnbhybio dik doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilfs dik h`r taf l`urt t`
pr`i`uilf cukogfit. (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. 2)
T3 Ldi di dllusfk ladrofk `h d l`gpnfx `hhfisf ef l`ivbltfk `h `if `h taf l`gp`ifit
`hhfisfs0
D3 RF\.
RF\ . _afrf d l`gpnfx lrbgf bs ladrofk dik taf fvbkfilf hdbns t` supp`rt taf ladrof ds t` `if `h taf
l`gp`ifit `hhfisfs, taf kfhfikdit ldi ef l`ivbltfk `h taf `hhfisf pr`vfi. (Erboufrd vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`.
552225, 6 Cuif 5=4?)

Kupnblbty `h taf @hhfisf:

@hhfisf: Fxlfptb`i
T3 _adt bs taf runf `i kupnblbty `h `hhfisfs0
D3 D l`gpndbit `r di bih`rgdtb`i
bih`rgdtb`i gust ladrof `iny `if `hhfisf.
`hhfisf. (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl. 4<) Di bih`rgdtb`i
bs kfhfltbvf bh bt ladrofs tw` `r g`rf kbstbilt
k bstbilt `r kbhhfrfit `hhfisfs. (]f`pnf vs. LLL, O.U. I`. 5<4256, 42
I`v. 5=41)
Udtb`idnf3
[` obvf taf dllusfk taf iflfssdry ji`wnfkof `h taf ladrof dodbist abg dik fidenf abg t` suhhblbfitny
prfpdrf h`r
h` r abs kfhfisf
kfhfisf.. [af \tdtf sa`unk i`t afdp up`i taf dllusfk tw` `r g`rf ladrofs wabla gboat
l`ihusf abg bi abs kfhfisf.
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
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T3 Bs taf runf `i kupnblbty `h `hhfisfs des`nutf0

D3 I@. [af h`nn`wbio drf taf fxlfptb`is3 ZX-\FLL-5
Z X-\FLL-5WW
4. Lrbgfs suslfptbenf `h efbio l`ggbttfk bi vdrb`us g`kfs:
5. \pflbdn l`gpnfx lrbgfs:
<. Lrbgfs `h wabla di`tafr `hhfisf bs di Fnfgfit tafrf`h (prbilbpnf `h des`rptb`i):
;. L`gp`uik dik l`gpnfx lrbgfs:
6. L`itbiubio lrbgfs `r kfnbt` l`itbiudk`: dik
8. _afrf d sbionf dlt vb`ndtfs 5 `r g`rf kbstbilt lrbgfs.

T3 _adt bs taf rfgfky `h taf dllusfk bh taf t af bih`rgdtb`i ladrofs tw` `r g`rf `hhfisfs0
D3 @rkbidrbny, di bih`rgdtb`i tadt ladrofs guntbpnf `hhfisfs gfrbts d qudsadn , eut taf hdbnurf `h taf
dllusfk t` rdbsf tabs bssuf kurbio drrdboigfit l`istbtutfs d wdbvfr,
wdbvfr , dik tafy l`unk ef l`ivbltfk `h ds
gdiy `hhfisfs ds tafrf wfrf ladrofk bi taf bih`rgdtb`i. (Hdcdrk` vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`. 42=112, 4= Cdiudry
5=44)

Dgfikgfit `r \uestbtutb`i
\uestbtutb`i `h L`gpndbit `r Bih`rgdtb`i
T3 Bs taf dgfikgfit t` bilnukf doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilfs d suestditbdn ladiof wabla
ldii`t ef k`if dhtfr pnfd0
D3 I@. [af bisfrtb`i `h taf doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilfs `h kwfnnbio dik bisunt `r kbsrfodrk `h taf rfspflt
kuf t` rdij, dof `r sfx `h taf vbltbg bs d h`rgdn, i`t d suestditbdn dgfikgfit. [afsf dgfikgfits k` i`t
advf taf fhhflt `h ladrobio di`tafr `hhfisf kbhhfrfit `r kbstbilt hr`g taf ladrof `h gurkfr ds l`itdbifk
bi taf `rbobidn bih`rgdtb`i.
bih`rgdtb`i . [afy rfndtf `iny t` taf rdiof `h taf pfidnty tadt ttaf
af l`urt gboat bgp`sf bi taf
fvfit `h l`ivbltb`i. (]f`pnf vs. [ue`ioediud, O.U. I`. 4?45?4, <4 Duoust 5==8)

T3 _afi gdy d l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i ef dgfikfk0

D3
OU33 Diy dgfikgfit, h`rgdn `r suestditbdn, gdy ef k`if wbta`ut
OU
iffk h`r nfdvf `h l`urt. A`wfvfr, wafrf taf dgfikgfit k`wiordkfs
Bh gdkf efh`rf taf pnfd taf idturf `h taf `hhfisfs ladrofk `r fxlnukfs diy dllusfk hr`g taf
l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i, taf dgfikgfit ldi ef gdkf `iny up`i
g`tb`i ey taf pr`sflut`r,
pr`sflut`r, wbta i`tblf t` taf `hhfikfk pdrty, dik wbta
nfdvf `r l`urt.
@iny h`rgdn dgfikgfits gdy ef gdkf dik bt sadnn rfqubrf nfdvf `h
l`urt dik sula dgfikgfit sa`unk i`t ef prfcukblbdn t` taf rboats `h
Bh gdkf dhtfr taf pnfd taf dllusfk. _afi d hdlt supfrvfifs wabla ladiofs taf idturf `h taf
lrbgf ladrofk bi taf bih`rgdtb`i, `r upordkfs bt t` d aboafr lrbgf, d
suestditbdn dgfikgfit gdy ef gdkf wbta d iffk h`r d rf-drrdboigfit
`h taf dllusfk uikfr taf dgfikfk bih`rgdtb`i. (U@L, Uunf 44=, \fl.
4;)

T3 _adt drf taf bistdilfs wafi di bih`rgdtb`i gdy ef suestbtutfk0

D3 Bh bt dppfdrs dt diy tbgf efh`rf cukogfit tadt d gbstdjf ads effi gdkf bi ladrobio taf pr`pfr
`hhfisf,, taf l`urt sadnn kbsgbss taf `rbobidn l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i up`i taf hbnbio `h d ifw `if
`hhfisf
ladrobio taf pr`pfr `hhfisf, pr`vbkfk taf dllusfk sadnn i`t ef pndlfk bi k`uenf cf`pdrky. (U@L, Uunf 44=,
\fl. 4;)

Dgfikgfit \uestbtutb`i
Ds t` bts Dppnbldebnbty
Bt dppnbfs t` e`ta h`rg dik suestdilf
suestdilf.. Bt dppnbfs `iny t` suestditbdn ladiofs bi taf
`rbobidn ladrof efldusf d ifw l`gpndbit `r
bih`rgdtb`i bs ladrofk ds d suestbtutf h`r taf
`rbobidn ladrof.
Ds t` Iflfssbty `h Nfdvf `h L`urt
L`urt
Dgfikgfit efh`rf taf pnfd ads effi fitfrfk ldi \uestbtutb`i `h bih`rgdtb`i gust ef wbta nfdvf `h

ef fhhfltfk wbta`ut nfdvf `h l`urt. l`urt ds taf `rbobidn bih`rgdtb`i ads t` ef

kbsgbssfk.
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
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Dgfikgfit dhtfr taf pnfd ldi ef fhhfltfk `iny

wafi tafrf bs nfdvf `h l`urt . (Uunf 44=, \fl. 4;)
Ds t` Iflfssbty `h Di`tafr ]rfnbgbidry Bivfstbodtb`i
_afi dgfikgfit bs ds t` h`rg h`rg,, tafrf bs i` iffk [afrf bs d iffk h`r di`tafr prfnbgbidry
h`r di`tafr prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i
bivfstbodtb`i.. bivfstbodtb`i dik taf dllusfk ads t` pnfdk difw
t` taf ifw l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i.
Ds t` Dppnbldebnbty `h Uunf `i K` K`uenf
uenf Cf`pdrky
Bt biv`nvfs taf sdgf `hhfisf `rbobidnny ladrofk `r Bt prfsupp`sfs tadt taf ifw bih`rgdtb`i biv`nvfs
t` di `hhfisf wabla iflfssdrbny bilnukfs `r bs d kbhhfrfit `hhfisf wabla k`fs i`t bilnukf `r bs i`t
iflfssdrbny bilnukfk bi taf `rbobidn ladrof, afilf, bilnukfk bi taf `rbobidn ladrof, afilf, taf
t af dllusfk
suestditbdn dgfikgfits t` taf bih`rgdtb`i dhtfr ldii`t lndbg k`uenf cf`pdrky. (U@L, Uunf 44?,
taf pnfd ads effi tdjfi ldii`t ef gdkf `vfr taf \fl. <)
`ecfltb`i `h taf dllusfk, h`r bh taf `rbobidn
bih`rgdtb`i w`unk ef wbtakrdwi, taf dllusfk
l`unk biv`jf k`uenf cf`pdrky.

Xfiuf `h Lrbgbidn Dltb`is

T3 _afrf sa`unk d lrbgbidn dltb`i ef bistbtutfk0
D3 OU3 [af lrbgbidn dltb`i sadnn ef bistbtutfk bi taf l`urts `h taf guiblbpdnbty `r tfrrbt`ry wafrf taf
`hhfisf wds l`ggbttfk `r diy `h bts fssfitbdn biorfkbfits `llurrfk. [af h`nn`wbio drf taf fxlfptb`is3
4. _afi di `hhfisf bs l`ggbttfk `i d rdbnr`dk trdbi, bi di dbrlrdht, `r bi diy `tafr puenbl `r
prbvdtf vfablnf bi taf l`ursf `h bts trbp “ [af lrbgbidn dltb`i gdy ef bistbtutfk dik trbfk bi taf
l`urt `h diy guiblbpdnbty `r tfrrbt`ry wafrf sula trdbi, dbrlrdht `r `tafr vfablnf pdssfk kurbio
sula trbp,
trbp, bilnukbio taf pndlf `h kfpdrturf dik drrbvdn:
5. _afrf di `hhfisf bs l`ggbttfk `i e`drk d vfssfn bi taf l`ursf `h bts v`ydof “ [af lrbgbidn
dltb`i gdy ef bistbtutfk dik trbfk bi taf pr`pfr l`urt `h taf hbrst p`rt `h fitry `r `h diy
guiblbpdnbty `r tfrrbt`ry tar`uoa wabla taf vfssfn pdssfk kurbio sula v`ydof suecflt taf
ofifrdnny dllfptfk prbilbpnfs `h bitfridtb`idn ndw. (Uunf 44=, \fl. 46)
<. Hfn`ibfs uikfr Drt. 5 `h Ufvbsfk ]fidn L`kf sadnn ef l`oibzdenf ey taf pr`pfr l`urt wafrf taf
lrbgbidn dltb`i wds hbrst hbnfk .
d. ]brdly “ gdy ef trbfk diywafrf
e. Nbefn “ [af dltb`i gdy ef bistbtutfk dt taf fnfltb`i `h taf `hhfikfk `r subio pdrty bi taf
pr`vbilf `r lbty
lbty3
b. _afrf taf nbefn`us drtblnf
drtblnf bs prbitfk dik hbrst puenbsafk:
puenbsafk:
bb. Bh `if `h taf `hhfikfk pdrtbfs bs d prbvdtf bikbvbkudn, wafrf sdbk prbvdtf
bikbvbkudn, wafrf sdbk prbvdtf bikbvbkudn dltudnny rfsbkfs dt taf tbgf `h taf
l`ggbssb`i `h taf `hhfisf:
bbb. Bh taf `hhfikfk pdrty bs d puenbl `hhblbdn, wafrf taf ndttfr a`nks `hhblf dt taf tbgf `h
taf l`ggbssb`i `h taf `hhfisf (U]L, Drt. <8=).
;. Bi ldsfs hbnfk uikfr E] 55 “ [af lrbgbidn dltb`i sadnn ef hbnfk bi taf pndlf wafrf taf laflj wds
kbsa`i`rfk `r bssufk. Bi ldsf `h lr`ssfk-laflj
lr`ssfk-laflj,, bi taf pndlf `h kfp`sbtdry `r l`nnfltbio edij:
edij :
6. Xb`ndtb`is `h UD 4=4?6 (Lyefrlrbgf ]rfvfitb`i Dlt `h 5=45) “ U[Ls advf curbskbltb`i `vfr diy
vb`ndtb`i `h taf pr`vbsb`is `h tabs Dlt, bilnukbio diy vb`ndtb`i l`ggbttfk ey d Hbnbpbi` idtb`idn,
rfodrknfss `h taf pndlf `h l`ggbssb`i (UD 4=4?6, \fl. 54)
8. Bi fxlfptb`idn lbrlugstdilfs “ [` fisurf d hdbr trbdn dik bgpdrtbdn biqubry, taf \L sadnn advf taf
p`wfr t` `rkfr d ladiof `h vfiuf `r pndlf `h trbdn t` dv`bk gbsldrrbdof `h custblf. (Drt. XBBB, \fl. 6,
pdr. ;)

T3 Kbstbioubsa d trdisbt`ry `hhfisf hr`g d l`itbiubio `hhfisf

D3
D trdisbt`ry `hhfisf bs `if wafrf s`gf dlts gdtfrbdn dik fssfitbdn t` taf lrbgf `llur bi
`if pndlf dik s`gf bi di`tafr, bi wabla ldsf, taf runf bs sfttnfk tadt taf l`urt `h fbtafr
[rdisbt`ry pr`vbilf wafrf diy `h taf fssfitbdn biorfkbfits `h taf lrbgf t``j pndlf ads curbskbltb`i
`hhfisf t` try taf ldsf, sula ds fstdhd, gdnvfrsdtb`i `r dekultb`i. (]f`pnf vs. @nfrg`, O.U. I`.

45?1;1, 4? Cuny
@if wabla, 5==<)dnn taf fnfgfits tafrf`h h`r bts l`isuggdtb`i gdy advf `llurrfk
dnta`uoa
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

bi d sbionf pndlf, yft ey rfds`i `h taf vfry idturf `h taf `hhfisf l`ggbttfk, taf
L`itbiubio vb`ndtb`i `h taf ndw bs kffgfk t` ef l`itbiubio, sula ds jbkidppbio
jbkidppbio,, bnnfodn kftfitb`i
`hhfisf wafrf taf kfprbvdtb`i `h nbefrty bs pfrsbstfit dik l`itbiubio hr`g `if pndlf t` d
di`tafr
i`tafr
dik nbefn wafrf taf nbefn`us gdttfr bs puenbsafk `r lbrlundtfk hr`g `if pr`vbilf t`
di`tafr. (Bi rf3 Vgbn vs. Udg`s, O.U. I`. 1468?, 2 Cuny 422=)

Bitfrvfitb`i `h taf
taf @hhfikfk ]drty
T3 Gdy taf `hhfikfk pdrty bitfrvfif bi taf pr`sflutb`i `h d lrbgbidn dltb`i0
D3 RF\
RF\.
dltb`i, . [af taf
wafrf `hhfikfk pdrty h`r
lbvbn dltb`i adsrfl`vfry
taf rboat
`h t` bitfrvfif
lbvbn nbdebnbty ey l`uisfn bi
bs bistbtutfk bitaf
taf pr`sflutb`i `h taf
lrbgbidn dltb`i lrbgbidn
pursudit t`
Uunf 444, A`wfvfr taf fxlfptb`is drf3 Z_DUI
Z_DUI W
4. _afrf taf `hhfikfk pdrty ads _dbvfk abs rboat t` lbvbn bikfgibty:
5. _afrf taf `hhfikfk pdrty ads Dnrfdky bistbtutfk sdbk dltb`i:
<. _afrf taf `hhfikfk pdrty ads Ufsfrvfk abs rboat t` bistbtutf d sfpdrdtf lbvbn dltb`i (\fl. 48): `r
;. _afrf hr`g taf idturf `h taf lrbgf dik taf ndw kfhbibio dik puibsabio bt, I` lbvbn nbdebnbty drbsfs
bi hdv`r `h taf `hhfikfk pdrty. (U`krboufz vs. ]`ihfrrdkd, O.U. I`s. 4666<4-<;, 52 Cuny 5==6)

L. ]r`sflutb`i `h Lbvbn Dltb`i (Uunf 444)

Uunf `i Bgpnbfk Bistbtutb`i

Bistbtutb`i `h Lbvbn Dltb`i
Dltb`i wbta Lrbgbidn Dltb`i
T3 _adt bs taf ofifrdn runf o`vfribio taf bistbtutb`i bistbt utb`i `h lrbgbidn dik lbvbn dltb`is0
D3 [af lbvbn dltb`i h`r taf rfl`vfry
r fl`vfry `h lbvbn nbdebnbty dodbist taf `hhfikfr bs kffgfk bistbtutfk t`oftafr wbta
taf lrbgbidn dltb`i. (Uunf 444, \fl. 4)
Fxlfptb`is33 ZZ_DU
Fxlfptb`is _DUWW
4. _afi taf `hhfikfk pdrty pdrty _dbvfs taf lbvbn dltb`i:
5. _afi taf `hhfikfk pdrty ads Dnrfdky prfvb`usny bistbtutfk taf lbvbn dltb`i prb`r t` taf lrbgbidn
dltb`i: dik
<. _afi taf `hhfikfk pdrty pdrty Ufsfrvfs abs rboat t` bistbtutf d sfpdrdtf lbvbn dltb`i (Uunf 444, \fl. 4)

T3 _afi sa`unk taf rfsfrvdtb`i `h taf rboat t` t ` bistbtutf taf lbvbn dltb`i sfpdrdtfny ef gdkf0
D3 [af rfsfrvdtb`i `h taf rboat t` bistbtutf sfpdrdtfny taf lbvbn dltb`i sadnn ef gdkf efh`rf taf pr`sflutb`i
stdrts prfsfitbio bts fvbkfilf dik uikfr lbrlugstdilfs dhh`rkbio taf `hhfikfk pdrty d rfds`idenf
`pp`rtuibty t` gdjf sula rfsfrvdtb`i. (U@L, Uunf 444, \fl. 4)

T3 Obvf taf bistdilfs wafrf taf rfsfrvdtb`i `h taf rboat t` bistbtutf d lbvbn dltb`i sfpdrdtfny
bs I@[ dnn`wfk.
D3 Z55-\[W
4. Bi lrbgbidn dltb`is h`r vb`ndtb`i `h E] 55 (Uunf 444, \fl. 4, pdr. e)
5. Bi lrbgbidn dltb`is hdnnbio uikfr taf curbskbltb`i `h taf \dikbodiedydi (UD 15;2, \fl. ;): dik
<. Bi [dx ldsfs (UD 2515, \fl. ?, (e)(4))

T3 Ldi taf prbvdtf `hhfikfk pdrty dppfdn taf lbvbn dspflt kfspbtf taf dlqubttdn `h taf
dllusfk0
D3 RF\. Bh tafrf bs di dlqubttdn, di dppfdn `i taf lrbgbidn dspflt gdy ef uikfrtdjfi `iny ey taf \tdtf
tar`uoa taf \`nblbt`r Ofifrdn. Eut taf prbvdtf `hhfikfk pdrty gdy dppfdn taf lbvbn dspflt kfspbtf taf
dlqubttdn `h taf dllusfk bi d spflbdn lbvbn dltb`i h`r lfrtb`rdrb uikfr Uunf 86 `h taf Uunfs `h L`urt. (Kfnd
U`sd vs. LD, O.U. I`. 4482;6, 2 Hferudry 4228)

T3 Bi lrbgbidn ldsfs, wadt k`fs taf lbvbn nbdebnbty l`isbst `h0

D3
4. Lbvbn bikfgibty fx kfnblt` “ fqubvdnfit t` dltudn `r l`gpfisdt`ry kdgdofs bi lbvbn ndw:
5. G`rdn kdgdofs “ t` l`gpfisdtf h`r gfitdn pdbi dik suhhfrbio rfsuntbio hr`g d wr`io: dik
<. Fxfgpndry kdgdofs “ bi ldsfs wafrf taf `hhfikfr‒s l`ikult bs aboany rfprfafisbenf `r tafrf bs
di doordvdtbio lbrlugstdilfs.
lbrlugstdilfs. (]f`pnf vs. Cuouftd, O.U. I`. 5=545;, 6 Dprbn
D prbn 5=48)
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

_afi Lbvbn Dltb`i Gdy ]r`lffk Bikfpfikfitny

T3 _adt drf bikfpfikfit lbvbn dltb`is0
D3 Bikfpfikfit lbvbn dltb`is drf ta`sf pr`vbkfk uikfr3
4. Drtblnf <5, ILL “ huikdgfitdn rboats dik nbefrtbfs
5. Drtblnf <<, ILL “ ldsfs `h kfhdgdtb`i, hrduk dik paysbldn bicurbfs
<. Drtblnf <;, ILL “ rfhusdn `r hdbnurf ey p`nblf h`rlf t` rfikfr dbk `r pr`tfltb`i bi ldsf `h kdiofr t`
nbhf `r pr`pfrty

;. Drtblnf 54?8 “ qudsb-kfnblt

[afy gdy pr`lffk bikfpfikfitny `h taf lrbgbidn dltb`i dik sadnn rfqubrf `iny d prfp`ikfrdilf `h
fvbkfilf.. Bi i` ldsf sadnn taf `hhfikfk pdrty rfl`vfr kdgdofs twblf h`r taf sdgf dlt `r `gbssb`i. (Uunf
fvbkfilf
444, \fl. <)

T3 Bi ldsf taf prbvdtf `hhfikfk pdrty bs dwdrkfk kdgdofs bi e`ta taf lrbgbidn dik taf
bikfpfikfit lbvbn dltb`i, wabla dwdrk sadnn ef pdbk t` abg0
D3 Bh taf dwdrks gdkf bi taf tw` ldsfs vdry, taf prbvdtf `hhfikfk pdrty gdy rfl`vfr taf orfdtfr dg`uit.
[abs bs stbnn bi l`is`idilf wbta taf runf tadt taf `hhfikfk pdrty ldii`t rfl`vfr kdgdofs twblf h`r taf
sdgf dlt `r `gbssb`i.
`gbssb`i . (Dlf Adunfrs L`rp. vs. LD, O.U. I`. 45?2<5, 5< Duoust 5===)

_afi \fpdrdtf Lbvbn Dltb`i \uspfikfk

T3 _afi bs taf sfpdrdtf lbvbn dltb`i suspfikfk0
D3 Bi ldsf taf lbvbn dltb`i ads dnrfdky effi bistbtutfk efh`rf taf lrbgbidn dltb`i,
dltb`i, taf lbvbn dltb`i sadnn ef
suspfikfk uitbn hbidn cukogfit bi taf lrbgbidn dltb`i bs rfikfrfk . Bi sula ldsf, taf `hhfikfk pdrty ads
taf `ptb`i `h l`is`nbkdtbio taf lbvbn dltb`i wbta taf lrbgbidn pr`lffkbio
pr`lffkbio.. (Uunf 444, \fl. 5).

[af edr `i taf bistbtutb`i/suspfisb`i `h taf sfpdrdtf lbvbn dltb`is ads taf h`nn`wbio fxlfptb`is3 Z ]BLFW
4. _afi taf lbvbn
lbvbn dltb`i rdbsfs d ]rfcukblbdn qufstb`i:
5. Bi ldsfs `h Bikfpfikfit lbvbn dltb`is uikfr Drts. <5, <<, <;, dik 54?8 `h taf ILL:
<. _afrf taf lbvbn
lbvbn dltb`i bs L`is`nbkdtfk wbta taf lrbgbidn dltb`i: dik
;. _afi taf lbvbn
lbvbn dltb`i bs i`t `if bitfikfk t` Fih`rlf taf lbvbn nbdebnbty drbsbio hr`g taf lrbgf.

Fhhflt `h Kfdta `h Dllusfk

Dllusfk `r L`ivblt `i Lbvbn Dltb`i
Dltb`i
T3 _adt drf taf fhhflts `h taf kfdta
kfdt a `h taf dllusfk `i lbvbn dltb`is0
D3
4. Bh taf dllusfk kbfs efh`rf drrdboigfit, taf ldsf sadnn ef kbsgbssfk wbta`ut prfcukblf t` diy
lbvbn dltb`i taf `hhfikfk pdrty gdy hbnf dodbist taf fstdtf `h taf dllusfk. (]f`pnf vs. Nbpdtd, O.U.
I`. 5==<=5, 5= Dprbn 5=48):
5. Bh taf dllusfk kbfs dhtfr drrdboigfit dik kurbio taf pfikfily `h taf lrbgbidn dltb`i, dltb`i,

<. taftaf
Bh lbvbn nbdebnbty
dllusfk drbsbio
kbfs hr`gdppfdn
kurbio taf kfnblt sadnn
, abs lbvbnefdik
fxtbioubsafk . (U]L, Drt.
lrbgbidn nbdebnbtbfs drf 12, pdr. b): . (]f`pnf vs.
fxtbioubsafk
Dnbs`i, O.U. I`.I`. N-<=845, < Gdy 421<): dik
;. Bh taf dllusfk kbfs dhtfr hbidn cukogfit , taf pfluibdry nbdebnbtbfs `h taf dllusfk drf i`t
fxtbioubsafk. Lndbgs sadnn ef hbnfk
h bnfk dodbist taf fstdtf `h taf dllusfk. (Uunf 18, \fl. 6)

T3 Bi wadt ldsfs wbnn lbvbn dltb`is ef uidhhfltfk ey taf kfdta kfdt a `h taf dllusfk0
D3
4. _afrf taf lbvbn nbdebnbty bs prfkbldtfk `i `tafr s`urlfs `h `enbodtb`is (ndw, l`itrdlt, qudsb-
l`itrdlt dik qudsb-kfnblt), `r bs di bikfpfikfit lbvbn dltb`i,
dltb`i , taf dltb`i gdy ef l`itbiufk dodbist
taf fstdtf `h taf dllusfk dhtfr pr`pfr suestbtutb`i bs gdkf fbtafr ds t` taf rfndtbvfs `r taf fstdtf:
dik
5. Bh taf lbvbn dltb`i ads effi rfsfrvfk dik suesfqufitny hbnfk `r sula lbvbn dltb`i ads effi bistbtutfk
wafi taf dllusfk kbfk, sula lbvbn dltb`i wbnn pr`lffk dik suestbtutb`i `h pdrtbfs sadnn ef `rkfrfk
ey taf l`urt. (Uunf <, \fl. 48)

]rfcukblbdn Tufstb`i
T3 _adt bs d prfcukblbdn qufstb`i0
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

D3 Bi ndw, bt bs uikfrst``k t` ef tadt wabla drbsfs bi d ldsf taf rfs`nutb`i `h wabla bs taf n`obldn
ditflfkfit `h taf bssuf biv`nvfk bi sdbk ldsf dik taf l`oibzdilf `h wabla pfrtdbis t` di`tafr trbeuidn.
(K`gbio` vs. \p`usfs \bios`i, O.U. I`s. 5=<51? & 5=?2<8, 6 Dprbn 5=4?)

K. ]rfnbgbidry Bivfstbodtb`i (Uunf 445)

T3 Bt
D3 _adt
bs dibs prfnbgbidry
biqubry bivfstbodtb`i0
`r pr`lffkbio t` kftfrgbif waftafr tafrf fxbsts suhhblbfit or`uik t` fiofikfr d wfnn
wfnn--
h`uikfk efnbfh tadt d lrbgf ads effi l`ggbttfk dik tadt taf rfsp`ikfit bs pr`edeny oubnty tafrf`h dik
sa`unk ef afnk h`r trbdn. (Uunf 445, \fl. 4)

T3 _afi bs prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i rfqubrfk0

D3 Fxlfpt bi ldsfs `h ndwhun wdrrditnfss drrfsts, d prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i bs rfqubrfk t` ef l`ikultfk
efh`rf taf hbnbio `h d l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i h`r di `hhfisf wafrf taf pfidnty prfslrbefk ey ndw bs dt
nfdst ; yfdrs, 5 g`itas dik 4 kdy wbta`ut rfodrk t` taf hbif. (Uunf 445, \fl. 4)

T3 _adt bs taf idturf `h taf rboat `h taf dllusfk t` prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i0

D3 [af rboat t` prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i bs i`t d l`istbtutb`idn rboat, eut bs gfrfny d rboat l`ihfrrfk ey
stdtutf.. (\frdpb` vs. \dikbodiedydi, O.U. I`. 4;18;1, 51 Cdiudry 5==<)
stdtutf

T3 _adt bs gfdit ey pr`edenf ldusf h`r purp`sfs `h prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i0

D3 ]r`edenf ldusf ads effi kfhbifk ds taf fxbstfilf `h sula hdlts dik lbrlugstdilfs ds w`unk fxlbtf taf
efnbfh, bi d rfds`idenf gbik, dltbio `i taf hdlts wbtabi taf ji`wnfkof `h taf pr`sflut`r, tadt taf pfrs`i
ladrofk wds oubnty `h taf lrbgf h`r wabla af wds pr`sflutfk . (Udr` vs. \dikbodiedydi, O.U. I`. 4=1;<4,
4; Cuny 5===)

T3 _a` gdy l`ikult d prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i0

D3 [af h`nn`wbio gdy l`ikult d prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i3
4. ]r`vbilbdn `r lbty Hbsldn dik tafbr dssbstdits:
5. Idtb`idn dik rfob`idn \tdtf ]r`sflut`rs:
<. \ula @tafr `hhblfrs ds gdy ef duta`rbzfk ey ndw3
d. L@GFNFL
e. @geuksgdi
l. ]LOO
k. Lbty dik ]r`vbilbdn ]r`sflut`rs (Uunf 445, \fl. 5)

T3 _adt bs taf idturf dik fxtfik `h taf duta`rbty `h taf @geuksgdi t` l`ikult
prfnbgbidry
D3 [af p`wfrbivfstbodtb`i0
t` bivfstbodtf dik t` pr`sflutf orditfk ey ndw t` taf @geuksgdi bs pnfidry dik
uiqudnbhbfk. Bt pfrtdbis t` diy dlt `r `gbssb`i `h diy puenbl `hhblfr `r fgpn`yff wafi sula dlt `r
`gbssb`i dppfdrs t` ef bnnfodn, uicust, bgpr`pfr `r bifhhblbfit . [af ndw k`fs i`t gdjf d kbstbiltb`i
eftwffi ldsfs l`oibzdenf ey taf \dikbodiedydi dik ta`sf l`oibzdenf ey rfoundr l`urts. (@hhblf `h taf
@geuksgdi vs. Erfvd, O.U. I`. 4;62<1, 4= Hferudry 5==8)

I`tf3 [af @geuksgdi‒s prbgdry curbskbltb`i, dnefbt l`ilurrfit wbta taf K@C , t` l`ikult prfnbgbidry
bivfstbodtb`i `h lrbgfs biv`nvbio puenbl `hhblfrs, wbta`ut rfodrk t` bts l`ggbssb`i bi rfndtb`i t` `hhblf, adk
n`io effi sfttnfk bi A`idsdi BB vs. [af ]difn `h Bivfstbodtbio ]r`sflut`rs `h K@C, O.U. I`. 462?;?, 4<
Dprbn 5==;,
5==;, dik dhhbrgfk bi suesfqufit ldsfs. (Eusufo` vs. @hhblf `h taf @geuksgdi Gbikdid`, O.U.
I`. 4281;5, 2 @lt`efr 5=4<)

Ufs`nutb`i `h Bivfstbodtb`i
Bivfstbodtb`i ]r`sflut`r
T3 _adt sadnn taf bivfstbodtbio pr`sflut`r k` bh af hbiks pr`edenf ldusf0
D3 Bh taf bivfstbodtbio pr`sflut`r hbiks ldusf t` a`nk taf rfsp`ikfit h`r trbdn, af sadnn prfpdrf taf
rfs`nutb`i dik bih`rgdtb`i wafrf af sadnn lfrtbhy uikfr `dta tadt3
4. Af `r di duta`rbzfk `hhblfr pfrs`idnny fxdgbifk taf
taf l`gpndbidit dik abs w
wbtifssfs
btifssfs::
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

5. [afrf bs rfds`idenf or`uik t` efnbfvf tadt d lrbgf ads effi l`ggbttfk dik taf dllusfk bs
pr`edeny oubnty tafrf`h:
<. [af dllusfk wds bih`rgfk `h taf l`gpndbit dik taf fvbkfilf dodbist abg:
abg : dik
;. [af dllusfk wds obvfi di `pp`rtuibty t` suegbt l`itr`vfrtbio fvbkfilf.
fvbkfilf. (Uunf 445, \fl. ;)

T3 _adt sadnn taf bivfstbodtbio pr`sflut`r k` bh af hbiks i` pr`edenf ldusf t` a`nk taf
rfsp`ikfit h`r trbdn0
D3 [af bivfstbodtbio pr`sflut`r sadnn rfl`ggfik taf kbsgbssdn `h taf ldsf.
ldsf . I` l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i
gdy
`h tafefpr`vbilbdn
hbnfk `r kbsgbssfk ey di bivfstbodtbio
`r lbty pr`sflut`r pr`sflut`r`rwbta`ut
`r taf @geuksgdi taf .prb`r
abs kfputy.
kfputy (Uunfwrbttfi duta`rbty
445, \fl. ;) `r dppr`vdn

T3 _adt bs taf fhhflt wafi di bih`rgdtb`i wds hbnfk ey di `hhblfr wbta`ut taf rfqubsbtf
prb`r duta`rbty0
D3 Bih`rgdtb`i hbnfk efh`rf taf l`urts wbta`ut taf prb`r wrbttfi duta`rbty `r dppr`vdn `h taf pr`vbilbdn
`r lbty pr`sflut`r `r labfh stdtf pr`sflut`r, `r taf @geuksgdi `r abs kfputy l`istbtutfs d curbskbltb`idn
bihbrgbty wabla ldii`t ef lurfk ey sbnfilf, wdbvfr, dlqubfslfilf, `r fvfi ey fxprfss l`isfit. Afilf, sula
or`uik gdy ef rdbsfk dt diy stdof `h taf pr`lffkbios. (Tubsdy vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`. 54825=, 4< Cdi. 5=48)

T3 _adt bs taf rfgfky `h taf doorbfvfk pdrty hr`g taf rfs`nutb`i `h taf bivfstbodtbio
pr`sflut`r0
D3 Di doorbfvfk pdrty gdy dppfdn ey hbnbio d vfrbhbfk pftbtb`i h`r rfvbfw wbta taf \flrftdry `h Custblf,
dik ey huribsabio l`pbfs tafrf`h t` taf dkvfrsf pdrty dik taf ]r`sflutb`i @hhblf bssubio taf dppfdn
rfs`nutb`i, suecflt t` taf h`nn`wbio l`ikbtb`is3
4. [af dppfdn sadnn ef tdjfi wbtabi 46 kdys hr`g rflfbpt `h taf rfs`nutb`i , `r `h taf kfibdn `h taf
g`tb`i h`r rfl`isbkfrdtb`i/rfbivfstbodtb`i.
rfl`isbkfrdtb`i/rfbivfstbodtb`i . @iny `if g`tb`i h`r rfl`isbkfrdtb`i sadnn ef
dnn`wfk:
5. Vinfss taf \flrftdry kbrflts `tafrwbsf, taf dppfdn sadnn i`t stdy taf hbnbio `h taf l`rrfsp`ikbio
bih`rgdtb`i bi l`urt:
<. [af pdrty hbnbio d pftbtb`i h`r rfvbfw bs dnn`wfk t` hbnf d g`tb`i h`r taf suspfisb`i `h taf
drrdboigfit:
;. Bh taf \flrftdry `h Custblf hbiks taf sdgf t` ef pdtfitny wbta`ut gfrbt `r gdibhfstny bitfikfk h`r
kfndy,, `r wafi taf bssufs rdbsfk tafrfbi drf t`` uisuestditbdn t` rfqubrf rfl`isbkfrdtb`i,
kfndy rfl`isbkfrdtb`i, af gdy
kbsgbss taf pftbtb`i `utrboat :
6. Bh taf dllusfk ads dnrfdky effi drrdboifk prb`r t` taf hbnbio `h taf pftbtb`i,
pftbtb`i , taf pftbtb`i sadnn i`t
ef obvfi kuf l`ursf.
l`ursf . Bh taf dllusfk ads effi drrdboifk dhtfr taf hbnbio `h taf pftbtb`i,
pftbtb`i , diy
drrdboigfit sadnn i`t edr taf \flrftdry `h Custblf hr`g fxfrlbsbio abs p`wfr `h rfvbfw
rfvbfw:: dik
8. Bi ldsf `h di uihdv`rdenf kflbsb`i ey taf \flrftdry `h Custblf dodbist taf doorbfvfk pdrty, taf
ndttfr gdy hbnf d g`tb`i h`r rfl`isbkfrdtb`i wbtabi d i`i-fxtfikbenf pfrb`k `h 4= kdys hr`g
rflfbpt `h sula kflbsb`i.
kflbsb`i. (K@C Lbrlundr I`. ?=, < Cuny 5==`)

T3 Gdy taf l`urts rfvbfw taf hbikbios `h pr`sflut`rs0

D3 I@. [af kftfrgbidtb`i `h pr`edenf ldusf h`r purp`sfs `h hbnbio `h bih`rgdtb`i efbio fssfitbdnny di
fxflutbvf huiltb`i,
huiltb`i, taf pr`sflut`r dik taf \flrftdry `h Custblf advf wbkf ndtbtukf `h kbslrftb`i bi taf
l`ikult `h prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i. [afbr hbikbios drf i`t suecflt t` cukblbdn rfvbfw,
rfvbfw, bi taf desfilf `h
ordvf deusf `h kbslrftb`i. (Vibnfvfr ]AN, Bil. vs. [di, O.U. I`. 4?2<8?, 52
5 2 Cdiudry 5=4;)

T3 _afi gdy d wdrrdit `h drrfst ef bssufk0

D3 Bh taf cukof, dhtfr pfrs`idnny fvdnudtbio taf rfs`nutb`i `h taf pr`sflut`r dik bts supp`rtbio fvbkfilf
hbiks pr`edenf ldusf, af sadnn bssuf d wdrrdit `h drrfst `r d l`ggbtgfit `rkfr bh taf dllusfk ads dnrfdky
effi drrfstfk pursudit t` d wdrrdit. Bi ldsf `h k`uet `i taf fxbstfilf `h pr`edenf ldusf, taf cukof gdy
`rkfr taf pr`sflut`r t` prfsfit dkkbtb`idn fvbkfilf
fvbkfilf.. (Uunf 445, \fl. 6)

T3 Bi wadt ldsfs bs d prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i i`t rfqubrfk0

D3
4. Ldsfs bi wabla taf bgp`sdenf pfidnty k`fs i`t fxlffk ; yfdrs, 5 g`itas dik 4 kdy (]L gdx) :
dik
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

5. _afrf taf dllusfk wa` ads effi ndwhunny drrfstfk wbta`ut d wdrrdit ads uikfro`if biqufst
pr`lffkbio. (Uunf 445, \fl. 1)
pr`lffkbio.

T3 _adt bs di biqufst0
D3 Biqufst bs di bih`rgdn dik suggdry bivfstbodtb`i l`ikultfk ey d puenbl pr`sflut`r bi lrbgbidn ldsfs
biv`nvbio pfrs`is ndwhunny drrfstfk dik kftdbifk wbta`ut taf efifhbt `h wdrrdit `h drrfst bssufk ey taf
l`urt h`r taf purp`sf `h kftfrgbibio waftafr `r i`t sdbk pfrs`is sa`unk rfgdbi uikfr lust`ky dik
l`rrfsp`ikbiony ef ladrofk bi l`urt. (K@C Lbrlundr I`. 84, 54 \fptfgefr 422<)

T3 _adt drf taf rfgfkbfs `h taf dllusfk bh tafrf wds i` prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i0
D3
[af pfrs`i ndwhunny drrfstfk wbta`ut d wdrrdit gdy dsj h`r d
Efh`rf taf prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i,
bivfstbodtb`i, eut af gust sboi d wdbvfr `h taf pr`vbsb`is `h
l`gpndbit/bih`rgdtb`i Drt. 456 `h taf Ufvbsfk ]fidn L`kf bi taf prfsfilf `h abs l`uisfn.
bs hbnfk I`twbtastdikbio taf wdbvfr, af gdy dppny h`r edbn dik taf bivfstbodtb`i
gust ef tfrgbidtfk wbtabi 46 kdys hr`g bts bilfptb`i.
Dhtfr taf [af dllusfk gdy wbtabi 6 kdys hr`g taf tbgf af nfdris `h bts hbnbio,
hbnbio , dsj
l`gpndbit/bih`rgdtb`i h`r d prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i wbta taf sdgf rboat t` dkkulf fvbkfilf bi
bs hbnfk abs kfhfisf ds pr`vbkfk bi tabs Uunf. (Uunf 445, \fl. 8)

I`tf3 D g`tb`i h`r prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i hbnfk efy`ik taf 6-kdy rfonfgfitdry pfrb`k bs d
pr`abebtfk g`tb`i dik sadnn ef kfibfk `utrboat efh`rf taf slafkunfk drrdboigfit wbta`ut iffk `h
l`ggfit dik/`r `pp`sbtb`i. (D.G. I`. 46-=8-4=-\L, \ueafdkbio BBB, btfg i`. 5)

F. Drrfst (Uunf 44<)

T3 _adt bs drrfst0
D3 Drrfst bs taf tdjbio `h d pfrs`i bit` lust`ky bi `rkfr tadt af gdy ef e`uik t` diswfr h`r taf
l`ggbssb`i `h di `hhfisf.
`hhfisf. (Uunf 44<, \fl. 4)

Drrfst, A`w Gdkf

4. Ey di dltudn rfstrdbit `h d pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk: `r
5. Eu taf suegbssb`i `h taf dllusfk t` taf lust`ky `h taf pfrs`i gdjbio taf drrfst . (Uunf 44<, \fl.
5)

Drrfst _bta`ut _drrdit:

_drrdit: _afi Ndwhun0
4. _afi, bi abs prfsfilf, taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk ads l`ggbttfk, bs dltudnny l`ggbttbio, `r bs
dttfgptbio t` l`ggbt di `hhfisf:
`hhfisf :
5. _afi di `hhfisf ads bi hdlt cust effi l`ggbttfk , dik af ads pr`edenf ldusf t` efnbfvf edsfk `i
abs pfrs`idn ji`wnfkof `h taf hdlts dik lbrlugstdilfs tadt taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk ads
l`ggbttfk taf lrbgf:
<. _afi taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk
drr fstfk bs d prbs`ifr wa` ads fsldpfk hr`g d pfidn fstdenbsagfit `r d
pndlf wafrf af bs sfrvbio hbidn cukogfit `r tfgp`rdrbny l`ihbifk wabnf abs ldsf bs pfikbio , `r
ads fsldpfk wabnf efbio trdishfrrfk hr`g
h r`g `if l`ihbifgfit t` di`tafr
di`tafr.. (Uunf 44<, \fl. 6)
;. _afrf d pfrs`i wa` ads effi ndwhunny
ndwhunny drrfstfk fsldpfs `r bs rfslufk. (Uunf 44<, \fl. 4<)
6. _afi taf e`iksgdi drrfsts d prbs`ifr `ut `i edbn h`r taf purp`sf `h erbiobio abg t` taf l`urt:
8. _afrf taf dllusfk dttfgpts t` nfdvf taf l`uitry wbta`ut taf pfrgbssb`i `h taf l`urt . (Uunf 44;,
\fl. 5<)

Gfta`ks `h Drrfst
[af `hhblfr sadnn bih`rg taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk `h taf ldusf `h taf drrfst dik
taf hdlt tadt d wdrrdit ads effi bssufk h`r abs drrfst fxlfpt wafi af hnffs `r

Ey di @hhblfr wbta
d _drrdit h`rlbenf`hrfsbsts
obvbio efh`rf taf `hhblfr
sula bih`rgdtb`i ads `pp`rtuibty
wbnn bgpfrbn taf drrfst.t` s` `hhblfr
[af bih`rgiffk
abg,i`t
`r wafi
wadvf
afi taf
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

wdrrdit bi abs p`ssfssb`i dt taf tbgf `h taf drrfst, bh taf pfrs`i drrfstfk
rfqubrfs, taf wdrrdit sadnn ef sa`wi t` abg ds s``i ds prdltbldenf. (Uunf 44<,
\fl. ?)
[af `hhblfr sadnn bih`rg taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk `h abs duta`rbty dik taf
ldusf `h taf drrfst uinfss taf ndttfr bs fbtafr3
Ey di @hhblfr 4. Fiodofk bi taf l`ggbssb`i `h di `hhfisf:
wbta`ut d _drrdit 5. Bs pursufk bggfkbdtfny dhtfr bts l`ggbssb`i: `r
<. Fsldpfs `r hnffs, `r h`rlbeny rfsbsts efh`rf taf `hhblfr ads `pp`rtuibty
t`
tafs` bih`rg
drrfst. abg,44<,
(Uunf `r \fl.
wafi1)taf obvbio `h sula bih`rgdtb`i wbnn bgpfrbn
Af sadnn bih`rg taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk `h taf bitfitb`i t` drrfst abg dik taf
ldusf `h taf drrfst uinfss taf ndttfr bs fbtafr3
Ey d ]rbvdtf 4. Fiodofk bi taf l`ggbssb`i `h di `hhfisf:
]frs`i 5. Bs pursufk bggfkbdtfny dhtfr bts l`ggbssb`i: `r
<. Fsldpfs `r hnffs, `r h`rlbeny rfsbsts efh`rf taf `hhblfr ads `pp`rtuibty
t` s` bih`rg abg, `r wafi taf obvbio `h sula bih`rgdtb`i wbnn bgpfrbn
taf drrfst. (Uunf 44<, \fl. 2)

Ufqubsbtfs `h d Xdnbk _drrdit Drrfst

Drrfst
4. Bt sadnn ef bssufk up`i pr`edenf ldusf wabla gust ef pfrs`idnny kftfrgbifk ey d cukof dhtfr
fvdnudtbio taf rfs`nutb`i `h taf pr`sflut`r dik bts supp`rtbio k`lugfits: dik
5. [af wdrrdit gust pdrtblundrny kfslrbef taf pfrs`i t` ef drrfstfk bi l`iifltb`i wbta d spflbhbl
`hhfisf `h lrbgf. (Drtblnf BBB, \fl. 5)

Kftfrgbidtb`i `h ]r`edenf Ldusf h`r Bssudilf `h _drrdit `h Drrf Drrfst

st
T3 _adt bs gfdit ey pr`edenf ldusf bi l`iifltb`i wbta taf bssudilf `h d wdrrdit `h drrfst0
D3 ]r`edenf ldusf h`r taf bssudilf `h d wdrrdit `h drrfst bs taf fxbstfilf `h sula hdlts dik lbrlugstdilfs
tadt w`unk nfdk d rfds`ideny kbslrfft dik prukfit pfrs`i t` efnbfvf tadt di `hhfisf ads effi l`ggbttfk
ey taf pfrs`i s`uoat t` ef drrfstfk . (A` vs. ]f`pnf, O.U. I`. 4=88<5, 2 @lt`efr 422?)

T3 \tdtf taf pr`lfkurf h`r taf bssudilf `h wdrrdit `h drrfst.

D3
4. _btabi 4= kdys hr`g taf hbnbio `h taf l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i,
bih`rgdtb`i , taf cukof sadnn pfrs`idnny
fvdnudtf taf rfs`nutb`i `h taf pr`sflut`r dik bts supp`rtbio fvbkfilf.
5. Af gdy bggfkbdtfny kbsgbss taf ldsf bh taf fvbkfilf `i rfl`rk lnfdrny hdbns t` fstdenbsa pr`edenf
ldusf..
ldusf
<. Bh af hbiks pr`edenf ldusf, af sadnn bssuf d wdrrdit `h drrfst , `r d l`ggbtgfit `rkfr wafi taf
l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i wds hbnfk pursudit t` d ndwhun wdrrditnfss drrfst.
;. Bh ldsf `h k`uet `i taf fxbstfilf `h pr`edenf ldusf, taf cukof gdy `rkfr taf pr`sflut`r t` prfsfit
dkkbtb`idn fvbkfilf wbtabi 6 kdys hr`g i`tblf dik taf bssuf gust ef rfs`nvfk ey taf l`urt
wbtabi <= kdys hr`g taf hbnbio `h taf l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i.
bih`rgdtb`i . (Uunf 445, \fl. 6)

T3 Gdy taf dllusfk hbnf d g`tb`i h`r cukblbdn kftfrgbidtb`i `h pr`edenf ldusf0
D3 I@. D g`tb`i h`r cukblbdn kftfrgbidtb`i `h pr`edenf ldusf bs d pr`abebtb`i g`tb`i dik sadnn ef kfibfk
`utrboat efh`rf taf slafkunfk drrdboigfit wbta`ut iffk `h l`ggfit dik/`r `pp`sbtb`i. (D.G. I`. 46 -=8-
4=-\L, \ueafdkbio BBB, btfg i`. 5)

Kbstbioubsa ]r`edenf Ldusf `h d ]r`sflut`r hr`g tadt `h d Cukof

]r`edenf Ldusf `h d ]r`sflut`r ]r`edenf Ldusf `h d Cukof
[af pr`sflut`r pdssfs up`i waftafr tafrf bs d [af cukof kftfrgbifs waftafr d wdrrdit `h drrfst
rfds`idenf or`uik t` efnbfvf tadt taf dllusfk bs sa`unk ef bssufk dodbist taf dllusfk, b.f.b.f.,, waftafr
oubnty `h taf `hhfisf ladrofk dik sa`unk ef afnk tafrf bs d iflfssbty h`r pndlbio abg uikfr
h`r trbdn. bggfkbdtf lust`ky bi `rkfr i`t t` hrustrdtf taf
fiks `h custblf. (Lruz vs. Drf`nd, D.G. I`. U[C-=4-
U[C -=4-

Fxflutbvf bi idturf: pdrt `h pr`sflutb`i‒s c`e. 48;5,

G`rf 8 Gdrla 5==5)
pr`pfrny ldnnfk prfnbgbidry fxdgbidtb`i bs
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

cukblbdn bi idturf dik bs n`kofk wbta taf cukof.

(]f`pnf vs. Bitbio, O.U. I`. 11242, 56 Cuny 422=)

H. Edbn (Uunf 44;)

T3 _adt bs edbn0
D3 Edbn bs taf
e`iksgdi, sflurbty obvfi
t` oudrditff h`r taf rfnfdsf
abs dppfdrdilf `h ddiy
efh`rf pfrs`i
l`urtbidslust`ky `huikfr
rfqubrfk taf ndw
taf, huribsafk
l`ikbtb`isey
sftabg `rbid
h`rta
taf Uunfs. (Uunf 44;, \fl. 4)

T3 _adt bs taf purp`sf `h edbn0

D3 [` rfnbfvf di dllusfk hr`g bgprbs`igfit uitbn abs l`ivbltb`i dik yft sflurf abs dppfdrdilf dt taf
trbdn. (Xbnndnuz vs. L`urt `h Dppfdns, O.U. I`. 4?8?8=, 6 Cuif 5=4<)

T3 _adt drf taf h`rgs `h edbn h`r taf rfnfdsf `h d kftdbifk pfrs`i0
D3
4. L`rp`rdtf surfty (Uunf 44;, \fl. 4=):
5. ]r`pfrty e`ik (Uunf 44;, \fl. 44):
<. Ldsa e`ik (Uunf 44;, \fl. 4;): `r
;. Ufl`oibzdilf (Uunf 44;, \fl. 46)

Idturf
T3 _adt bs taf idturf `h taf rboat
r boat t` edbn0
D3 [af rboat t` edbn bs d l`istbtutb`idn rboat. G`rf`vfr, taf l`istbtutb`idn rboat t` edbn hn`ws hr`g taf
prfsugptb`i `h bii`lfilf
bii`lfilf bi hdv`r `h fvfry dllusfk wa
wa` ` sa`unk i`t ef suecfltfk
suecfltfk t` taf n`ss `h hrffk
hrffk`g
`g ds
tafrfdhtfr af w`unk ef fitbtnfk t` dlqubttdn, uinfss abs oubnt ef pr`vfk efy`ik rfds`idenf k`uet. (O`v‒t `h
taf V.\.D. vs. ]urodidi, O.U. I`. 4;16?4, 5; \fptfgefr 5==5)
5== 5)

T3 _adt bs taf l`istbtutb`idn edsbs `h taf rboat t` edbn0

D3 Dnn pfrs`is, fxlfpt ta`sf ladrofk wbta `hhfisfs puibsadenf ey rflnusb`i pfrpftud wafi fvbkfilf `h
oubnt bs str`io, sadnn, efh`rf l`ivbltb`i, ef edbndenf ey suhhblbfit surftbfs,
surftbfs , `r ef rfnfdsfk `i rfl`oibzdilf
ds gdy ef pr`vbkfk ey ndw. [af rboat t` edbn sadnn i`t ef bgpdbrfk fvfi wafi taf prbvbnfof `h taf wrbt `h
adefds l`rpus bs suspfikfk. Fxlfssbvf edbn sadnn i`t ef rfqubrfk. (L`istbtutb`i, Drt. BBB, \fl. 4<)

_afi d Gdttfr `h Uboat: Fxlfptb`is

T3 _afi bs edbn d gdttfr `h rboat0
D3 Dnn pfrs`is bi lust`ky sadnn ef dkgbttfk t` edbn ds d gdttfr `h rboat, wbta suhhblbfit surftbfs,
surftbfs, `r rfnfdsfk
`i rfl`oibzdilf3
4. Efh`rf `r dhtfr diy l`ivbltb`i ey taf G[L: dik
5. Efh`rf l`ivbltb`i ey taf U[L `h di `hhfisf i`t puibsadenf ey rflnusb`i pfrpftud, nbhf
bgprbs`igfit `r kfdta. (Uunf 44;, \fl. ;)
<. ]rb`r t` l`ivbltb`i h`r di `hhfisf puibsadenf ey kfdta, rflnusb`i pfrpftud, `r nbhf bgprbs`igfit
wafi fvbkfilf `h oubnt bs i`t str`io. (Firbnf vs. \dikbodiedydi, O.U. I`. 54<1;?, 41 Duoust
5=46)

_afi d Gdttfr `h Kbslrftb`i

T3 _afi bs edbn d gdttfr `h kbslrftb`i0
D3 Edbn bs d gdttfr `h kbslrftb`i3
4. Vp`i l`ivbltb`i ey taf U[L `h di `hhfisf i`t puibsadenf ey kfdta, rflnusb`i pfrpftud `r nbhf
bgprbs`igfit (Uunf 44;, \fl. 6): dik
5. Bh taf U[L ads bgp`sfk d pfidnty `h bgprbs`igfit fxlffkbio 8 yfdrs, yfdrs, pr`vbkfk i`if `h taf
lbrlugstdilfs fiugfrdtfk
fiugfrdtfk uikfr pdrdordpa < `h \fltb`i 6, Uunf 44; bs prfsfit3
d. [adt af bs d Adebtudn kfnbiqufit, Tudsb-rflbkbvbst, Uflbkbvbst, `r ads l`ggbttfk taf lrbgf
doordvdtfk ey taf lbrlugstdilf `h Ufbtfrdtb`i:
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

e. [adt af ads prfvb`usny Fsldpfk hr`g nfodn l`ihbifgfit, fvdkfk \fitfilf, `r vb`ndtfk taf
L`ikbtb`is `h abs edbn wbta`ut vdnbk custbhbldtb`i:
l. [adt af l`ggbttfk taf `hhfisf wabnf uikfr ]r`edtb`i, ]dr`nf, `r L`ikbtb`idn pdrk`i:
k. [adt taf lbrlugstdilfs `h abs ldsf bikbldtf taf pr`edebnbty `h Hnboat bh rfnfdsfk bi edbn: `r
f. [adt tafrf bs Vikuf rbsj tadt af gdy l`ggbt di`tafr lrbgf kurbio taf pfikfily `h taf
dppfdn. (Firbnf vs. \dikbodiedydi, suprd)

Afdrbio `h Dppnbldtb`i h`r Edbn bi Ldpbtdn @hhfisfs

T3 _adt
D3 bs d`hhfisf
D ldpbtdn ldpbtdnbs`hhfisf0
`if wabla, uikfr taf ndw fxbstbio dt taf tbgf `h bts l`ggbssb`i dik `h taf
dppnbldtb`i h`r dkgbssb`i t` edbn, gdy ef puibsafk wbta kfdta
kfdta.. (Uunf 44;, \fl. 8)

T3 Bs d afdrbio rfqubrfk bi taf dppnbldtb`i h`r edbn bi ldpbtdn `hhfisfs0

`hhf isfs0
D3 RF\.
RF\. D suggdry afdrbio sadnn ef afnk bi `rkfr h`r taf pr`sflutb`i t` sa`w tadt taf fvbkfilf `h oubnt
`h taf dppnbldit h`r edbn bs bikffk str`io.
str`io . (Uunf 44;, \fl. 1) ]ftbtb`i h`r edbn hbnfk dhtfr taf hbnbio `h taf
bih`rgdtb`i sadnn ef sft h`r suggdry afdrbio dhtfr drrdboigfit dik prf-trbdn . Bt sadnn ef afdrk dik
rfs`nvfk wbtabi d i`i-fxtfikbenf pfrb`k `h <= kdys hr`g taf kdtf `h hbrst afdrbio, fxlfpt bi kruo ldsfs
wabla sadnn ef afdrk dik rfs`nvfk wbtabi 5= ldnfikdr kdys. (D.G. I`. 46-=8-4=-\L, \ueafdkbio BBB, btfg
i`. 4=)

T3 A`w sa`unk taf cukof l`ikult taf afdrbio bi dppnbldtb`i h`r edbn bi ldpbtdn `hhfisfs0
D3 [af l`urt sadnn fxdgbif taf wbtifssfs `i tafbr kbrflt tfstbg`ibfs `r dhhbkdvbts t` dslfrtdbi bh taf
fvbkfilf `h oubnt `h taf dllusfk bs str`io. [af l`urt‒s qufstb`is iffk i`t h`nn`w diy pdrtblundr `rkfr dik
gdy sabht hr`g `if wbtifss t` di`tafr. [af l`urt sadnn tafi dnn`w l`uisfns hr`g e`ta sbkfs t` fxdgbif taf
wbtifssfs ds wfnn. [af l`urt sadnn dhtfrwdrks afdr taf `rdn drougfits `h taf pdrtbfs `i waftafr `r i`t taf
fvbkfilf `h oubnt bs str`io. (D.G. I`. 45-44-5-\L, 58 Gdrla 5=4;)

_btabi ;1 a`urs dhtfr afdrbio, taf l`urt sadnn bssuf di `rkfr l`itdbibio d erbfh suggdry `h taf fvbkfilf
dkkulfk efh`rf bt, h`nn`wfk ey bts l`ilnusb`i `h waftafr `r i`t taf fvbkfilf `h oubnt bs str`io . \ula
l`ilnusb`is sadnn i`t ef rfodrkfk ds d prf-cukogfit `i taf gfrbts `h taf ldsf tadt bs t` ef kftfrgbifk
`iny dhtfr d hunn-en`wi trbdn . (D.G. I`. 45-44-5-\L, 58 Gdrla 5=4;)

Oubkfnbifs bi Hbxbio Dg`uit `h Edbn

T3 _adt drf taf oubkfnbifs bi sfttbio taf dg`uit `h edbn0
D3 [af cukof wa` bssufk taf wdrrdit `r orditfk taf dppnbldtb`i h`r edbn sadnn hbx d rfds`idenf dg`uit `h
edbn l`isbkfrbio prbgdrbny, eut i`t nbgbtfk t`, taf h`nn`wbio hdlt`rs3
4. Hbidilbdn debnbty `h taf dllusfk t` obvf edbn:
5. Idturf dik lbrlugstdilfs `h taf `hhfisf:
<. ]fidnty h`r taf `hhfisf ladrofk:
;. Ladrdltfr dik rfputdtb`i `h taf dllusfk:
6. Dof dik afdnta `h taf dllusfk:
8. _fboat `h fvbkfilf
fvbkfilf dodbist taf dllusfk:
dllusfk:
?. ]r`edebnbty `h taf dllusfk dppfdrbio dt taf trbdn:
1. H`rhfbturf `h `tafr edbn:
2. [af hdlt tadt taf dllusfk wds d huobtbvf hr`g custblf wafi drrfstfk: dik
4=. ]fikfily `h `tafr ldsfs wafi taf dllusfk bs `i edbn (Uunf 44;, \fl. 2)

_afi Edbn I`t Ufqubrfk

4. D pfrs`i wa` ads effi bi lust`ky h`r d pfrb`k fqudn t` `r g`rf tadi taf p`ssbenf gdxbgug
bgprbs`igfit prfslrbefk h`r taf `hhfisf ladrofk , wbta`ut prfcukblf t` taf l`itbiudtb`i `h taf
trbdn `r taf pr`lffkbios `i dppfdn:
I`tf3 D pfrs`i dllusfk `h di `hhfisf wbta d gdxbgug pfidnty `h kfstbfrr` sadnn ef rfnfdsfk dhtfr
<= kdys `h prfvfitbvf bgprbs`igfit.
5. D pfrs`i bi lust`ky h`r d pfrb`k fqudn t` `r g`rf tadi taf gbibgug `h taf prbilbpdn pfidnty
prfslrbefk h`r taf `hhfisf ladrofk sadnn ef rfnfdsfk `i d rfkulfk edbn `r `i abs `wi rfl`oibzdilf,
dt taf kbslrftb`i `h taf l`urt. (Uunf 44;, \fl. 48):
LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

<. _afi taf `hhfisf ladrofk bs d vb`ndtb`i `h di `rkbidilf, nboat hfn`iy `r d lrbgbidn `hhfisf , taf
bgp`sdenf pfidnty wafrfh`rf k`fs i`t fxlffk 8 g`itas `h bgprbs`igfit dik/`r hbif `h ]5,===
wafrf sdbk pfrs`i ads fstdenbsafk tadt af bs uidenf
uidenf t` p`st taf rfqubrfk ldsa `r edbn e`ik. Bistfdk
`h edbn, af sadnn ef rfqubrfk t` sboi bi taf prfsfilf `h 5 wbtifssfs `h o``k g`rdn stdikbio bi taf
l`gguibty d sw`ri stdtfgfit ebikbio abgsfnh, pfikbio hbidn kflbsb`i `h abs ldsf, t` rfp`rt t` taf
Lnfrj `h L`urt afdrbio abs ldsf pfrb`kbldnny fvfry tw` wffjs. (U.D. I`. 8=<8):
;. Bh efh`rf hbidnbty `h d cukogfit `h l`ivbltb`i, taf dllusfk dppnbfs h`r pr`edtb`i
pr`edtb`i,, dik i` edbn wds
hbnfk `r taf dllusfk bs bildpdenf `h hbnbio `if,
`if, taf l`urt gdy dnn`w abs rfnfdsf `i rfl`oibzdilf t`

6. tafldsf
Bi lust`ky
`h d `h d rfsp`isbenf
y`utahun `hhfikfrgfgefr `h paysbldn
afnk h`r taf l`gguibty (Uunf
`r gfitdn 44;, \fl. 5;):
fxdgbidtb`i,
fxdgbidtb`i , trbdn `r dppfdn, bh uidenf
t` huribsa edbn dik uikfr taf lbrlugstdilfs (].K. I`. 8=< “ [af Labnk dik R`uta _fnhdrf L`kf):
8. Lrbgbidn ldsfs l`vfrfk ey taf Uunf `i \uggdry ]r`lfkurf fxlfpt wafi taf dllusfk hdbnfk t`
dppfdr wafi rfqubrfk. (Uunf `i \uggdry ]r`lfkurf, \fl. 48): dik
?. Bi ldsfs i`t rfqubrbio prfnbgbidry bivfstbodtb`i i`r l`vfrfk ey taf Uunf `i \uggdry ]r`lfkurf
wafrf taf G[L cukof bs sdtbshbfk
sdt bshbfk tadt tafrf bs i` iflfssbty h`r pndlbio taf dllusfk uikfr lust`ky,
bi wabla ldsf af gdy bssuf sugg`is bistfdk `h d wdrrdit `h drrfst . (Uunf 445, \fl. 1)

Bilrfdsf `r Ufkultb`i
Ufkultb`i `h Edbn
T3 Gdy taf edbn ef bilrfdsfk `r kflrfdsfk0
D3 RF\. Dhtfr taf dllusfk ads effi orditfk edbn, taf l`urt gdy, up`i o``k ldusf, fbtafr bilrfdsf `r
rfkulf bts dg`uit. _afi taf dg`uit `h edbn bs bilrfdsfk, taf dllusfk gdy ef l`ggbttfk bit` lust`ky bh
af k`fs i`t obvf edbn bi taf bilrfdsfk dg`uit wbtabi d rfds`idenf pfrb`k . Di dllusfk rfnfdsfk wbta`ut
edbn up`i hbnbio `h taf l`gpndbit `r bih`rgdtb`i gdy, dt diy suesfqufit stdof `h taf pr`lffkbios dik
wafifvfr d str`io sa`wbio `h oubnt dppfdrs t` taf l`urt, ef rfqubrfk t` obvf edbn bi taf dg`uit hbxfk, `r bi
nbfu tafrf`h, l`ggbttfk t` lust`ky.
lust`ky. (Uunf 44;, \fl. 5=)

]dof 5=;

O. Drrdboigfit dik ]nfd (Uunf 448)

A. G`tb`i t` Tudsa (Uunf 44?)

B. ]rf-[rbdn (Uunf 441)

C. [rbdn (Uunf 442)

LUBGBIDN ]U@LFKVUF
Nflturf I`tfs

J. Cukogfit (Uunf 45=)

N. Ifw [rbdn `r Ufl`isbkfrdtb`i (Uunf 454)

G. Dppfdn (Uunfs 455, 45<, 45;, dik 456)

I. \fdrla dik \fbzurf (Uunf 458)

@. ]r`vbsb`idn Ufgfkbfs

]. Ufvbsfk Oubkfnbifs h`r L`itbiu`us [rbdn `h Lrbgbidn Ldsfs (D.G. I`. 46-=8-4=-\L)

T. Uunf `i Lyefrlrbgf _drrdits (D.G. I`. 4?-44-=<-\L)