Received December 2, 2019, accepted December 17, 2019, date of publication December 23, 2019,

date of current version December 31, 2019.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2961640

Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave

Generator Using Single Current Amplifier
HUSSAIN A. ALZAHER
Electrical Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: alzaherh@kfupm.edu.sa
This work was supported by the Saudi ARAMCO Project under Grant EE002446.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an important missing building block for mixed-mode signal processing:
a Schmitt trigger circuit based on the current amplifier. Schmitt trigger is used extensively in both the
analogue and digital areas. The transfer characteristics of the proposed design are independent on the supply
voltage. Unlike Schmitt triggers incorporating other types of amplifiers, the proposed design is totally active.
It does not require passive resistors and hence it shall be more attractive for VLSI implementation. The
proposed circuit is utilized to implement a novel current mode square-wave oscillator using a single current
amplifier that provides differential current signals. The output amplitude can be controlled without additional
circuitry. Current generators are particularly essential for bio-impedance measurement. Comparison with
their counterparts using the operational amplifier, transconductance operational amplifier, transresistance
operational amplifier, and current conveyor demonstrates several advantageous features of the proposed
circuits. The experimental results obtained from primary prototypes fabricated using standard 150 nm CMOS
process are provided. It is shown that the proposed Schmitt trigger and the square wave generator nominally
consume 8 µW and 11 µW while working in the MHz range.

INDEX TERMS Current mode circuits, the current amplifier, schmitt trigger, and square-wave generation.

I. INTRODUCTION such oscillators based on those designs may suffer from

A current amplifier (CA) based Schmitt trigger circuit has not
been available although its voltage amplifier counterpart has
been known since 1938. Owing to the remarkable boost from
applications of current mode processing, which is rapidly
superseding their voltage mode counterparts, current mode
Schmitt trigger has to be indispensable. Current mode circuits
typically have the advantages of simple circuit structure, low
power consumption, and high working frequency [1] as well
as high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) [2].
Schmitt trigger circuit is a comparator with hysteresis.
Its importance arises from its wide range of applications,
such as memory design, switching power supplies, pulse-
width modulation, signal conditioning and energy harvesting.
Schmitt triggers are also basic building blocks for relaxation
oscillators that are essential for wireless systems and biomed-
ical applications [3] and are used for instrumentation and
measurement [4]. Transistor-level Schmitt triggers have mer-
its, such as high speed and low power consumption [5], but
the output amplitude and hysteresis are often dependent on
the supply voltage and transistors parameters. Additionally,
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and
approving it for publication was Yong Chen . the CA. Sections III and IV presents the proposed circuits
start-up problems at low supply voltages as it is difficult to
provide sufficient gains to meet the initial oscillation condi-
tions [3] and [6]. Alternatively, there are numerous Schmitt
trigger versions based on devices such as the operational
amplifier (opamp), the operational transconductance ampli-
fier (OTA), and the operational transresistance amplifier
(OTRA), the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) and
the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). Although
these circuits are more impermeable to process variations,
their voltage mode operation inherently results in a supply-
dependent output amplitude and hysteresis. Also, low-voltage
rail-to-rail voltage mode comparators such as [7] or circuits in
general [8] are often achieved using rather exotic bulk-driven
transistors. Analog and mixed-signal circuits, in general, are
still being designed in classic bulk CMOS technology nodes.
The process stability, overall components’ properties, voltage
headroom, maximum current densities and cost are much
more favorable for high performance as well as low-power
analog design [9].
This paper presents a Schmitt trigger based on a single CA
that is incorporated to achieve a square-wave oscillator. The
following section highlights the fundamental advantages of

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 H. A. Alzaher: Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave Generator Using Single CA
and their CMOS realizations. The experimental results are
provided in Section V. Comparison between the proposed
circuits and their counterparts using other analog building
devices is given in Section VI.
II. ADVANTAGES OF THE CURRENT AMPLIFIER
There are several voltage mode Schmitt triggers commer-
cially available. In general, however, these circuits suffer
from limited bandwidth or the input/output ranges. Several
designs are based on switched-capacitor technique wherein
the system bandwidth is limited by the clock and sampling
rate. Schmitt triggers using opamps preserves the input/
output ranges of switched-capacitor technique and slightly
improve the system bandwidth. But they still require rela-
tively large current consumptions to operate in MHz ranges.
Whereas, OTA based Schmitt triggers, which can operate at
higher bandwidths, suffer from limited input/output ranges
particularly at low supply voltages.
The most fundamental current mode active elements are
the second generation current conveyor (CCII) and the current
feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). However, the main
problem with CCII and CFOA based circuits is the com-
plexity of their CMOS realizations (multi-input and/or multi-
output devices) that indefinitely suffer from the inclusion
of at least one voltage buffer. In particular, the CCII is a
three terminal device that basically consists of a voltage
buffer (between Y and X terminals) whose current is sensed
and convey to high output terminal Z. The CFOA incorpo-
rates two buffers. The complexity is automatically negatively
reflected in the power consumption, dynamic range and area
efficiency. Even more, unlike current followers the voltage
buffers usually suffer from limited input/output signal swings
especially for low supply voltages [10]. This will limit the
dynamic range of circuits based on CCIIs and CFOAs.
On the other hand, the current amplifier should have been
the most fundamental current mode building block as it is
the only true current mode element. In fact, the CA is a
pure current mode building block wherein the primary signal
variables are the currents. Therefore, a high voltage swing
in the CA amplifier design is not usually required. Also,
the bandwidth and the closed-loop gain of a current amplifier
are independent [11]. From a certain point of view, it is the
simplest current mode device since it is a subpart of other
devices such as CCII, CFOA and transresistance amplifier
(TRA) [12]. Consequently, CA based circuits are expected
to work at relatively higher frequencies with an improved
dynamic range, lower power consumption and less area.
For some specific applications, the CA is the natural
chose, for example, the realizations of ac current genera-
tors. Such current generators are employed in bio-impedance
measurement. Typical applications include body composition
analysis, heart rate extraction, cardiac monitoring, and early
diagnosis of cancer [13]. For the impedance measurement,
current generator should supply AC current to target tissue.
Classical advantages of square-wave generators over their
sinusoidal counterparts are low power consumption and low
186176
area [14]. In particular, this work shows that the proposed
CA-based Schmitt trigger and relaxation oscillator provide
output amplitude controls without changing the supply volt-
age or using additional circuitry. Similarly, it is shown that
differential outputs are attained inherently.
III. THE PROPOSED SCHMITT TRIGGER
Development of CA-based Schmitt trigger and relaxation
oscillators has been challenging because, different from the
opamp, OTA, and CCII, the CA does not have a high-input
impedance terminal. A CA typically has a large open-loop
gain and is often used with negative feedback to achieve a
certain desired closed-loop gain. In fact, the CA is subpart
of a CCII, CFOA, and OTRA; hence, it has the potential to
provide more power-efficient solutions. Additionally, the CA
is better suited for low-power supply voltage and wide-band
frequency operation.
A CA amplifies an input current signal and conveys it
to the output without fiddling with the output voltage level.
There are different definitions of the CA depending on
open or closed loop operation. The latter is adopted in this
work. It is basically a three terminal device with a single input
(Ix ) and two complementary outputs (Iop = -Ion ). Ideally,
the current amplifier should have infinity current gain, zero
input resistance and infinity output resistances. Therefore,
the ideal characteristics of the CA can be expressed mathe-
matically as follows:
    
Vx 0 0 0 Ix
 Iop  =  Ai 0 0   Vop  (1)
Ion −Ai 0 0 Von
where Vx is the voltage at the input terminal, Ai is the current
gain (ideally Ai → ∞), Vop is the voltage at the positive
output terminal; and Von is its counterpart at the negative
output terminal.
A CA is often used with negative feedback (connection
from output Von to input Iz ) to achieve a certain desired
closed-loop gain. The use of a CA with negative feedback
to achieve, for example, a unity gain current follower can
be found in [11] and [15]. The proposed Schmitt trigger
configured using a CA with regenerative positive feedback is
shown in Fig. 1. In this work, a positive closed-loop feedback
configuration is accomplished by shorting the non-inverting
output (Iop ) with the input (IX ). The positive feedback con-
nection wire is highlighted with red color.
A real current amplifier typically has a huge current gain,
small input equivalent resistance, and a very large output
resistance. Its CMOS realization typically consists of two
stages: a current follower cascaded with a current output
stage. The former is to provide a high transresistance gain
while the later is to offer a high differential transconductance
gain. A negative closed-loop feedback configuration is then
achieved by shorting the inverting output (a negative current
flows into a terminal node) with the input. The remaining
inverting output terminal is used to drive the load.
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H. A. Alzaher: Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave Generator Using Single CA

FIGURE 1. The proposed Schmitt trigger circuit using a CA and regeneration feedback.

The current follower input stage consists of a common gate becomes less than −L+ at which the input of the CA becomes
amplifier M1-MB and a folded cascode differential amplifier negative and the output will switch to L+ . The threshold cur-
(M2a-M3a and M2b-M3b). The input signal current is almost rents (hysteresis) can be changed using a feedback network
zero because of the high overall open-loop current gain, with a β factor. The hysteresis would become IHL = −βL−
thereby yielding a virtual ground behavior at the amplifier’s and ILH = −βL+ . Combining the two cases results in the
input. Transistors MB and M1 are matched and are biased transfer characteristics shown in Fig. 2.
with the same quiescent currents in order to set the input
bias voltage to DC ground. A local feedback is employed
to obtain a low (open-loop) input resistance with reasonable
low current consumption and small transistor dimension.
This achieved by the negative feedback between the output
of the differential amplifier (drain of M2a) and the input
terminal. Therefore, the input signal current will be drawn
by M2a since the current in M1 is fixed, and thus appears
at the high-resistance node (drain of M2b). The remaining
transistors are DC current generators needed for biasing. FIGURE 2. Transfer characteristics of the proposed Schmitt trigger.

The balanced voltage-to-current converter used as the output

stage is formed mainly by (M4a, M4b, M5a, and M5b) while IV. THE PROPOSED SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
MB5 and MB6 are for biasing. Unlike ring oscillators, relaxation oscillators based on
Actually, without feedback, the circuit possesses a large Schmitt trigger have less dependency on the transconduc-
open-loop gain due to the gains of the current-to-voltage tance (gm ) variation of the transistors since the output fre-
converter of the input stage and the balanced voltage-to- quency is mainly determined by a tail current and a timing
current converter of the output stage. Therefore, a current
mode comparator with two differential outputs is attained.
In reference to the outward direction, the current from the
drains of M4b-M5b saturates at a positive DC biasing current
of MB6 (L+ = IB ) for a positive input current IX , whereas
the current from drains M4a-M5a saturates at a negative DC
biasing current of MB5 (L− = −IB ).
The operation of the proposed Schmitt trigger in Fig. 1 can
be explained as follows. Assuming the output starts at
Ion = L+ (i.e., Iop = L− and IX < 0), the output current will
remain at this value (L+ ) until the input becomes greater than
−L− where IX becomes positive. Therefore, the output will
change to L-. Conversely, assuming that the Schmitt trigger
is currently in the low state (L− ), which means Iop = L+ ,
IX > 0, the output will remain at that state unless the input FIGURE 3. The proposed square-wave oscillator.

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 H. A. Alzaher: Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave Generator Using Single CA

FIGURE 4. CMOS realization of the MO-CA used in the square wave oscillator.

capacitor. The proposed square wave oscillator is shown TABLE 1. Transistor sizes for MO-CA.
in Fig. 3. It incorporates a CA with two identical output stages
called multi-output CA (MO-CA). The CMOS realization of
the MO-CA is depicted in Fig. 4.
A closed-loop negative feedback configuration is utilized
to trigger the Schmitt trigger automatically and hence starts
and sustains the oscillation. This is achieved by applying
Ion to a grounded capacitor (C) whose voltage is changed
to current through a feedback resistor (R). A second output
stage, formed by M4c, M4d, M5c, and M5d and its bias-
ing transistors (MCP, MCN, MB10 and MB11), is utilized
to provide differential square-wave currents (Isqp and Isqn ).
The biasing current (IBB ) of this stage can be selected inde-
pendently. Therefore, the magnitude of the oscillation can be
independently adjusted through the bias current IBB .
Observing that during the charging interval Ion = L+ ,
IX > 0, IF = βL− where β = R1 /(R1 + R2 ), expressions
for the capacitor voltage and feedback resistor current (IR )
are determined. These lead to the charging interval given by
the following:
L+ − βL−
 
TCharge = RCln (2)
L+ + βL−
Similarly, the discharging interval can be expressed as
follows:
βL+ − L−
 
TDischarge = RCln (3)
−βL+ − L−
Typically, L+ = −L− ; hence, the frequency of the oscillation
reduces to the following:
1
fosc = h  i (4)
2RCln 1+β
1−β

Clearly, the frequency of the oscillation is impermeable to the

supply voltages and can be controlled via C and/or R.

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed Schmitt trigger and oscillator were fabricated
in a standard 150 nm CMOS process. The transistor sizes
currents are listed in Table 1. Their die photographs are shown
in Fig. 5. Their active areas are approximately 0.02mm2 and
0.05mm2 , respectively.
FIGURE 5. Die photographs of the proposed circuits. a The Schmitt
trigger. b The oscillator.
During measurements, supply voltages of ±0.75 V and a
nominal biasing currents of 1 µA were used. These lead to
a typical total power of approximately 8 µW and 11 µW for

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H. A. Alzaher: Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave Generator Using Single CA

the Schmitt trigger and the oscillator, respectively. The design

is optimized to reduce the DC offset currents of both the
input and output stages. The input and output offset currents
was trimmed through adjusting the width of MB2 and MB5,
respectively.
The experimental results showing the responses of the
Schmitt trigger to an input sinusoidal signal of 1 MHz are
shown in Fig. 6. Two sets of measurements are shown for
biasing currents IB of 1 µA and 45 µA. Passive resistors
with appropriate values are used for generating the biasing
current. Resistors of 10 k are used to convert the input
voltage source to a current and the output currents to voltages
during measurements.
FIGURE 7. Frequency of oscillation varied using active resistance R.

FIGURE 6. Experimental results of the proposed Schmitt trigger. a Biasing

current IB of 1 µA. b Biasing current IB of 45 µA.
FIGURE 8. Typical output waveforms with fosc = 7 MHz. a Amplitudes
of 50 µA. b Amplitudes of 25 µA.

The proposed oscillator was designed using

R1 = R2 = 10 k and C = 5 pF, whereas R was
replaced with an NMOS transistor for promoting frequency
tuning. The experimental results show a tuning range from
approximately 1.5 MHz to 7 MHz when varying the gate
voltage of the transistor from 0.75 V to 0.55 V as depicted
in Fig. 7.
Actually, the amplitudes of the output signals can be set
arbitrarily. Fig. 8 shows two measurement sets for the output
differential square-wave signals (Isqp and Isqn ) at 7 MHz with
amplitudes of 50 µA and 25 µA, per the control of IBB .
VI. GENERAL COMPARSION
The well-known opamp based Schmitt trigger requires one
active block and two resistors and provides single ended
voltage mode output signal as shown in Fig. 9. Both the

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TABLE 2. Comparison with other fundamental circuits.

FIGURE 9. The opamp based Schmitt trigger.

output voltage amplitude and hysteresis are interdependent

and they also dependent on the supply voltage. In fact, it is
a general problem often encountered in all voltage mode
Schmitt triggers. Basic Schmitt triggers using OTA [16] and
OTRA [17] requires one active block and a resistor each as
shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, respectively.
differential transconductance amplifier (MOCCCDTA), and
current controlled differential difference current conveyor
(CCDDCC) are available [21]–[25]. It can be observed that
these designs may avoid some of the mentioned problems but
they are less attractive for low power applications.
Actually, these active building blocks are formed by
two or more active elements. For example, a CTTA consists
of a CCII and two OTAs. Table 3 compares the performance
of proposed work and several available solutions. It can be
seen that off-the-shelf solutions use very high supply voltages

TABLE 3. Comparison with available solutions.

FIGURE 10. A Schmitt trigger circuit using OTA [16].

FIGURE 11. A Schmitt trigger circuit using OTRA [17].

The design using OTA has input and output voltage sig-
nals and requires a voltage buffer to derive the load. Its
OTRA counterpart has an input current and provides output
voltage and requires an analog switch for its operation. The
basic Schmitt trigger using CCII is again a voltage mode
circuit designed with one active block and two resistors [18].
It has two problems, it requires a voltage buffer to derive the
load and its operation is directly dependent on the parasitic
resistance at its X-terminal designated as rx . Summary of the
main characteristics of these Schmitt triggers along with the
proposed design is given in Table 2.
In fact, there are improved versions such as [16], [19],
and [20] but they would require additional active blocks
and resistors. Also, Schmitt trigger based on more complex
active blocks such as the CFOA, differential voltage cur-
rent conveyor (DVCC), differential difference current con-
veyor (DDCC), multiple output current controlled conveyor

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H. A. Alzaher: Novel Schmitt Trigger and Square-Wave Generator Using Single CA
and must consume huge power. The power consumption of
solutions using AD844 was calculated using a quiescent cur-
rent of 6.5mA as per the device data sheet. Also, the solution
of [24] suffers from these major issues.
The remaining integrated circuit solutions can be classified
mainly using the frequency of operation. The work in [5]
is a low frequency oscillator having the lowest power con-
sumption. The solutions in [7], [13] and [25] are operating
in the kHz range whereas [3], [6] and [23] are working in
the MHz range similar to this work.
In general, there the power consumption and frequency
operating range are directly proportional and hence someone
can use power efficiency (in µW per 1Hz bandwidth) as a
fairer comparison criterion. The power efficiencies are calcu-
lated to be 2.8, 2.1, 0.6, 22, 2800, 45, 1.1, and 1.6 for solutions
in [3], [5]–[7], [13], [23], Fig. 1, and Fig. 3 of this work,
respectively. Clearly, the power efficiency of the proposed
work is among the best and would be even better when it is
optimized for a certain operating frequency.
VII. CONCLUSION
Schmitt trigger and relaxation oscillators based on various
active amplifiers are available. Their missing counterparts
based on CAs are presented in this work. The proposed CA
based Schmitt trigger enjoys the following attractive features:
(1) it uses the simplest current mode element, (2) its transfer
characteristics are independent of the supply voltage, (3) it
does not require passive resistors, (4) it is a pure current mode
circuit and hence enjoying all advantages of current mode
processing, and (5) there is need for using buffers to derive
loads.
Advantages of the proposed square wave oscillator fol-
low their complements of Schmitt trigger designs. In addi-
tion, the proposed oscillator provides differential output
currents and hence it is a perfect chose for AC current
generation. Some applications include but not limited to:
implantable radio-frequency (RF) transceivers with a fre-
quency of 2 MHz [3], interface circuit for resistive bridge
sensors with a center frequency of 1.177 MHz [4], and bio-
Impedance measurement with a frequency of 20 kHz [13].
The performance characteristics (particularly the power con-
sumption) of the proposed circuits can always be optimized
according to the desired system-level specifications.
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