Zoology notes

Lecture and Lab notes

Kaya mo yan forda Iphone

 Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
What is Zoology?
(Zoon, animal + logos, to study). is the study of
animals. It is one of the broadest fields of
science because of the immense variety of
animals.
Zoology as a subset of Biology
Eukaryota -science of animals
1660s, fr. Modern Latin zoologia
fr. Greek zoon "animal" + -logos “study"

Principles of Modern Zoology

1. All animals obey the laws of
thermodynamics.
2. All animals consist of membrane-encased
cells.
3. All animals arose in an evolutionary process.

Specialization in Zoology (Subdisciplines)

ANATOMY - Study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts.

CYTOLOGY - Study of the structure and function of cells.
ECOLOGY - Study of the interaction of organisms with their environment.
EMBRYOLOGY - Study of the development of an animal from the fertilized
egg to birth or hatching.
GENETICS- Study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents
to offspring
HISTOLOGY - Study of tissues
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - Study of subcellular details of animal structure and
function
PARASITOLOGY - Study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the
expense of the host
PHYSIOLOGY - Study of the function of organisms and their parts
SYSTEMATICS - Study of the classification of, and the evolutionary
interrelationships among, animal groups
MORPHOLOGY- Study of structures as to form and shape especially viewed
as a whole
ONTOGENY - Development of the individual
Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)

Specialization in Zoology (Taxonomy)

ORNITHOLOGY - BIRDS
PROTOZOOLOGY - PROTOZOANS
MALACOLOGY - MOLLUSKS
HELMINTHOLOGY - WORMS
ENTOMOLOGY - INSECTS
HERPETOLOGY- AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES
ICHTHYOLOGY - FISHES
MAMMALOGY - MAMMALS
Zoologists strive to understand: Reasons for studying Zoology
provides insight into how "life" works
1. The origin of animal
conservation of threatened or
diversity. endangered species; the maintenance of
biodiversity is considered to be crucial to
2. How animals perform basic
our survival.
life processes. higher mammals provide especially
useful insight into the human world
3. How they are able to
animals also have a great impact on our
inhabit various ecosystems lives

ZOOLOGY an Evolutionary Perspective

Life History of an Animal
1. Product of evolution
2. Interacts with the environment
3. Interaction is brought on by evolution
“Zoologists must understand evolutionary
processes if they are to understand what an
animal is and how it originated.”

ORGANIC EVOLUTION
change in populations of organisms
over time
source of animal diversity and it
explains family relationships within
animal groups
Charles Darwin (1859) explain
evolutionary change
Ex. cichlid scale eaters of Africa
 Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
The Cichlids of Africa

Cynotilapia afra Cyphontilapia Haplochromis

fontosa sensu lato
Native to Lake Native to Lake Native to Lake
Malawi Tanganyika Victoria

Eretmodus Tanganicodus Perissodus

Algae scrapers that
nip algae with
Insect pickers Scale eaters
chisel-like teeth

Animal Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

EVOLUTION - Explains why animals appear and function as they

do, but it also explains family relationships within the animal
kingdom.
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) - groups of individuals are more
closely related if they share more of their genetic material with
each other than with individuals in other groups.

SCIENTIFIC NAME - Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778); The two-part name

describes each kind of organism; the first part indicates the
genus, and the second part indicates the species to which the
organism belongs.
Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary Process Animal classification and
Evolutionary Relationships
1. Organic
Can explain:
Evolution - 1. Why organisms change
2. How closely related two
genetic
species are
change 3. That more DNA shared the
closer the relationship
2. Subspecies
4. That certain groups of
adapt to subspecies come from 1
invading species.
survive in the
5. Binomial nomenclature
same area

ZOOLOGY an Ecological Perspective

ECOLOGY - study of the

relationships between
organisms and their
environment.

HUMAN IMPACT-
humans have
depended on animals,
and that dependence
too often has led to
exploitation
 Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
Timeline of Lake Victoria

Problems Solutions
OVERPOPULATION - Global 1. Understanding: how matter is cycled and
overpopulation is at the root of virtually recycled in nature, how populations grow,
all other environmental problems; and how organisms in our lakes and forests
estimated that the world population use energy.
will reach 10.4 billion by the year 2100. 2. Overpopulation: Unless dealt with, solving
the other problems will be Impossible.
EXPLOITATION of World Resources- 3. Community: must work as a world
Continued use of fossil fuels, community to prevent the spread of
deforestation, greenhouse effect, severe disease, famine, and other forms of
regional water shortages, and results in suffering that accompany overpopulation.
the extinction of many plant and 4. Bold Movement: Bold and Imaginative
animal species. steps toward improved social and
economic conditions and better resource
,management are needed.

36 Extinct animals are lost due to human activity

Understanding how organisms interact
Understanding how organisms respond to environmental input
during development
Negative effect- EXTINCTION
Positive Effect - PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
 Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
Environmental Integration in Developmental Zoology

Phenotypic plasticity: is the ability of an organism to react to an

environmental input with a change in form, state, movement, or rate of
activity.

Types of Phenotypic Plasticity

Reaction Norms - the range of phenotypes expressed by a genotype along
an environmental gradient; a continuous range of potential phenotypes.

Polyphenisms - A phenomenon where two or more distinct phenotypes

are produced by the same genotype
Types of Polyphenisms Polyphenism is conserved from
1. Diet-Induced Polyphenisms insects to nematodes-extends up to
2. Predator - Induced Polyphenisms mammals (metabolic plasticity).
Lesson 1 Zoology as an Evolutionary and Ecological
Perspective (Lecture)
Impact on climate change on animals
Range shifts
Change in timing of life cycle events
Coral Bleaching
Increase in pests and diseases
Changing food and water availability

Top 10 Critically endangered

animals in the Philippines
1. PHILIPPINE EAGLE
2. TAMARAW
3. VISAYAN WARTY PIG
4. PHILIPPINE NAKED-BACKED FRUIT BAT
5. PHILIPPINE FOREST TURTLE
6. RED-VENTED COCKATOO
7. HAWKSBILL SEA TURTLE
8. RUFOUS-HEADED HORNBILL
9. THE MINDORO BLEEDING-HEART
10. PHILIPPINE CROCODILE
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
Importance of invertebrates
1. As Pollinators
2. As Recyclers of nutrients
3. As Food
4. As part of food webs and maintenance of
ecological communities
5. As a source of pharmaceutical compounfs

Fda approved marine derived pharmaceuticals

Sea Squirt Conus Magus

(Ascidiacea) Prialt(Pain)
for Yondelis
(Cancer

Sponge (Porifera)
Wedge sea hare Erublin (Cancer)
(Dolabella auricularia) Vira-A (Herpes Simplex)
Adcertis (Lymphoma) Cyostar-U (Cancer)
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
origin of invertebrates

Invertebrate fossils, dating between 575 and 543

million years ago, were discovered in the Ediacara Hills
of Australia and in Chengjiang, China.

Ediacaran fossils- “vendobionts”

(cnidarian-like)--represent organisms
in the pre-Cambrian. 635MYA

Chengjiang fossils- “Soft-bodied fossils

were first found in Chengjiang China”-
--evidence of the “Cambrian
Explosion”

Characteristics of the Fossils

flat and plate-shaped
segmented
had bilateral symmetry
lived on the bottom of shallow seas
made of soft tissues
absorbed nutrients from the surrounding water

The Burgess Shale of Canada

By the Cambrian Period, 544 Burgess Shale tells of the
million years ago, some animals Cambrian explosion—a huge
had evolved shells, skeletons, radiation of marine animal life
and other hard body parts. One that included sponges, soft-
of the best-known sites of bodied arthropods, and those with
Cambrian fossils is the Burgess hard exoskeletons, the first
Shale of Canada chordates, worms, and trilobites.
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
Invertebrate phylogeny
Many features of modern invertebrates evolved during the
Cambrian period such as:
Tissues & Organs
Patterns of early development
Cephalization
Segmentation
Coelom
Germ Layers
Symmetry

What are the Major Trends in Invertebrate

Evolution?
The appearance of each phylum in the fossil record
represents the evolution of a successful and unique
body plan. Features of this body plan typically change
over time, leading to the formation of many new traits.
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
BODY PLAN OF INVERTEBRATES

Germ Layer
Simpler animals, such as sea sponges,
have one germ layer and lack true tissue
organization.
Jellyfish, comb jellies, corals and sea
anemones are the examples of
diploblastic animals.
All more complex invertebrates (from
flatworms to echinoderms) are
triploblastic with three germ layers.

symmetry
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
cephalization
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more
sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
In most worms and arthropods, nerve cells are arranged in structures
called ganglia. In more complex invertebrates, nerve cells form an organ
called a brain.
Cephalopods constitute a group of invertebrate animals that exhibit a high
degree of cephalization.

Comparison
between mouse
and cephalopod

coelom Invertebrates are either acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or coelomates

The coelom allows for compartmentalization of the

body parts so that different organ systems can evolve
and nutrient transport is possible.
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
cephalization
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more
sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
In most worms and arthropods, nerve cells are arranged in structures
called ganglia. In more complex invertebrates, nerve cells form an organ
called a brain.
Cephalopods constitute a group of invertebrate animals that exhibit a high
degree of cephalization.

Comparison
between mouse
and cephalopod

coelom Invertebrates are either acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or coelomates

The coelom allows for compartmentalization of the

body parts so that different organ systems can evolve
and nutrient transport is possible.
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
Early Development Invertebrates are either protostome or
deuterostome
The fate of the blastopore is important during early development.

Segmentation
The repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of
an animal, thus dividing the body into a linear series of similar
parts or segments (metameres)

Over the course of evolution, different segments in invertebrates

have often become specialized for specific functions.

Specialized Cells Tissues and Organs

As larger and more complex animals evolved,
specialized cells joined together to form
tissues, organs, and organ systems that work
together to carry out complex functions.

Flatworms have simple organs for digestion,

excretion, response, and reproduction. More
complex animals, such as mollusks and
arthropods, have organ systems.
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
the major invertibrate phyla

Different
classes of
sponges
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
body forms of sponge

phylum cnidarlene (cnidaria)

Classes of
cnidaria
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
Generalized Cnidarian Life Cycle

phylum Platyhelminthes
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
Medically Important Trematodes

chinese liver fluke

The Chinese liver fluke,
Clonorchis sinensis, is a
common parasite of
humans in Asia, where
over 30M people are
infected.

Schistosomes
Schistosomes are blood
flukes with vast medical
significance. They infect over
200 M people throughout
the world.

chinese liver fluke life cycle Schistosomes life cycle

Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
phylum nematoda

Classes of
nematodes

Some Important Nematode Parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides: The Giant Intestinal Roundworm
of Humans
Enterobius vermicularis: The Human Pinworm
Necator americanus: The New World Hookworm
Trichinella spiralis: The Porkworm
Wuchereria spp.: The Filarial Worms
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
phylum nematoda

Classes of
nematodes

Some Important Nematode Parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides: The Giant Intestinal Roundworm
of Humans
Enterobius vermicularis: The Human Pinworm
Necator americanus: The New World Hookworm
Trichinella spiralis: The Porkworm
Wuchereria spp.: The Filarial Worms
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
phylum mollusca
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
phylum annelida

classification
of
Annelida

Annelida plays an important role

in deducing the developmental
biology of the last common
ancestor of the protostomes and
deuterostomes
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
phylum ARTHROPODA
Arthropods were the first
animals to live on land. The
earliest terrestrial arthropods
were probably millipedes.
They moved to land at about
430 MYA.
Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

Classes of
echinoderms
 Lesson 2 Survey of Animal Kingdom The
Invertebrates
additional notes

Clade Lophotrochozoa: are triploblastic and possess an

embryonic mesoderm sandwiched between the ectoderm
and endoderm found in the diploblastic cnidarians. These
phyla are also bilaterally symmetrical, meaning that a
longitudinal section will divide them into right and left sides
that are symmetrical.
Clade Ecdysozoa: which includes the arthropods and several
other phyla that periodically molt

Clade DEUTEROSTOMIA: Deuterostome development

Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
THE RELATIVES OF CHORDATES:
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

Deuterostome Phylogeny

AMBULACRARIA: Endoskeletal
plates of the adult sea urchin;
water vascular system of
echinoderms

Ambulacraria Characteristics
1. Tripartite coelom (perivisceral, hydrocoel & hemal)
2. Similar larval forms (bipinnaria and tornaria)
3. Axial Complex (specialized metanephridium)

Echinoderms
Echinoderms and chordates shared deuterostome
development; echinoderms and hemichordates are both
ambulacrarians and they have similar larvae.
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
helmichordates
Share numerous developmental similarities with both chordates and
echinoderms and hold great promise for providing insights into the early
origins of both chordate and deuterostome development.
Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

PROTOCHORDATES: INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES

 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

Cephalochordates (Amphioxus)
Cephalochordates represent the most basally divergent lineage of
chordates, being the sister group of urochordates and vertebrates.
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
Urochordates (Tunicates)
The tunicates constitute a large group of marine animals whose recent common
ancestry with vertebrates is reflected in their tadpole-like larvae.

THE VERTEBRATES
Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

VERTEBRATES CLASSIFICATION
SUPERCLASS AGNATHA
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

VERTEBRATES CLASSIFICATION
SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA

Class Chondrichthyes Class Actinopterygii (ray-

finned fish)
Dominant class of vertebrates
Comprise 99% of 30k fish species
Fins supported by horny spines (rays)

SC Elasmobranchii SC Holocephali
(sharks, rays skates) (chimaraes)

Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

Fleshy lobed fins

Includes caelacanths
(Latimeria) and lung fish
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
Class Amphibia
First vertebrate to inhabit land
Includes frog, salamanders &
caecilians
With more complicated gas
exchange organs
Order Anura/Salienta (frogs and toads)

Order Caudata (salamanders and newts)

Order Apoda/Gymnophiona (caecilians)

 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2
Class Reptilia
First vertebrate to possess amnion
Includes creeping, burrowing terrestrial
animals
Ectotherms, with dry skin and scales
Includes lizard, snakes, turtles and
crocodiles

parts of an
amniotic egg

Order Rhynchocephalia
Very primitive reptiles
Lizard-like, with well developed Sphenodon punctatus
parietal eye (Tuatara)

Order Squamata
The most
successful and
diverse group of
living reptiles
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

Order Testudines/Chelonia (turtles and tostoises)

Modern reptiles
Possess a hard dorsal
shell
Order Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles)
True reptiles
Includes 21 species
The order most closely
related to the dinosaurs

Class Aves
Evolved from dinosaurs during
mesozoic era
Amniotic egg and scales (legs)
Adapted for flight
Endotherms

Order Passeriformes
Largest avian order
69 families of perching birds
With four toes, three directed
forward and one backward

Order Strigiformes
200 species of birds in this
order
Members possess large head
with fixed eyes directed
forward; raptorial foot
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

Order Galliformes
Includes heavy-bodied
ground-feeding birds

Order Sphenisciformes
Are a group of aquatic flightless birds
Heavy-bodied and with well-insulated
fat
Exclusively found in the Southern
Hemisphere except for the Galapagos
penguin found in the north of the
equator

Class Mammalia
Evolved from mammal-like
reptiles called - THERAPSIDS
Endotherms
Viviparous
Specialized teeth
Mammary gland and hair
Large brain

Subclasses of
mammals
 Lesson 3 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL
KINGDOM-PART 2

MONOTREMES
An early branch from the
reptilian line
Egg-laying mammals
(oviparous)
Include platypus and echidna
(spiny anteater)

MARSUPIALS
Do not develop placentas
Give birth to young very early
Mammary glands found in pouch
Nourish young until development is
complete

PLACENTAL MAMMALS
Complete embryonic development in
uterus
Embryos are joined to parent by
organ called placenta