BHATTARAI KHATR, SHYAM

MEDICINE-3
NEUROLOGY

After watching the video, answer the following questions and submit on time. This is
equivalent to a 20-point short quiz.

What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia
nigra, a region of the midbrain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control movement. The
loss of dopamine leads to a decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum, another region of the
brain that is involved in movement control. This decrease in dopamine levels is thought to be the
main cause of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Describe a typical patient with parkinsonism. What are the typical signs and symptoms?
A typical patient with parkinsonism is an older adult who presents with a gradual progression of
movement symptoms. The most common motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are tremor,
rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Tremor is a rhythmic shaking that usually starts in
the hands and arms, but can also a ect other parts of the body. Rigidity is a feeling of sti ness or
tightness in the muscles. Bradykinesia is slowness of movement. Postural instability is a loss of
balance and coordination.

What are the nonmotor symptoms of PD?

In addition to the motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease can also cause a number of nonmotor
symptoms, such as:
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Sleep problems
• Cognitive problems
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Autonomic dysfunction
• Pain

How does levodopa help in patient’s with PD?

Levodopa is a medication that is used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, and this helps to increase dopamine levels in the
striatum. Levodopa is usually combined with carbidopa, which helps to prevent levodopa from
being broken down in the body before it reaches the brain.

What is the clinical course and prognosis of PD?

Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease, which means that it gets worse over time. The rate
of progression varies from person to person, but most people with Parkinson's disease will
eventually experience all of the motor symptoms. However, the prognosis for Parkinson's disease
is generally good. With treatment, most people with Parkinson's disease can live long and
productive lives.

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