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9 Centrifugal Compressors
9 Centrifugal Compressors
Turbomachines
Instructor
1
For students of NITW only
Introduction - Essential Parts of a Centrifugal Compressor
Ref: mechanicalboost.com/centrifugal-compressor-working-principle-and-construction/
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062093
Air is sucked into the impeller eye through an accelerating nozzle and whirled round at high speed by the
vanes on the impeller disc.
1
= 𝐶22 − 𝐶12 + 𝑢22 − 𝑢12 + 𝑤12 − 𝑤22
2
At any point, in the impeller, the flow experiences a centripetal acceleration due to a pressure head. (refer
𝑝
to simple vortex flow equation, = 𝑚(𝑟𝜔2 )).
𝑟
Hence, the static pressure of the air increases from the eye to the tip of the impeller.
1
This is accounted by 𝑢22 − 𝑢12
2
Relative velocity reduces i.e w1>w2 . Rotor also diffuses the flow as the space between adjacent rotor
increases with radius. Therefore static pressure increases.
1
This is accounted by 𝑤12 − 𝑤22
2
Normally, a compressor is designed such that 50% pressure rise occurs in impeller and another 50% in the
diffuser.
As per the convention for radial machines, at a given point the angles are measured from the
tangential direction.
Based on the value of β2 the blade shapes are given the name.
An ideal compressor with the following assumptions for a radial vane impeller:
Energy loss or gain due to heat transfer to or from the gas is considered very small.
Gas leaves the impeller with a tangential velocity equal to the impeller velocity (i.e., ct2 = u2), no
slip condition is assumed.
Air enters the rotor directly from the atmosphere without any tangential component, i.e., ct1 = 0.
Applying these assumptions the Euler’s energy equation under ideal conditions becomes
Velocity triangles for backward swept impeller blades (β2 < 90◦)
Velocity triangles for forward swept impeller blades (β2 > 90◦)
Backward-curved blades are slightly better in efficiency and are stable over a wider range of flows than
either radial or forward-curved blades.
The forward-curved impeller can produce the highest pressure ratio for a given blade tip speed; but is
inherently less stable and has a narrow operating range. Its efficiencies are lower than that are possible
with the backward-curved or radial-curved blades.
Stodola’s Formula -
Stanitz’s Formula
Balje’s Formula
Exit velocity triangles with and without slip
Centrifugal compressors are usually fitted with either a vaneless or a vaned diffuser, although in
some low-speed applications a volute is fitted directly around the impeller.
The influence of the diffuser upon compressor performance is high: a considerable proportion of
the fluid energy at the impeller tip is kinetic energy (especially in radial-vaned impellers) and its
efficient transformation into static pressure is important.
Losses may be high in the diffuser as the fluid is flowing against an adverse pressure gradient.
Hence, careful design of diffuser is a must.
Types:
1. Vaneless Diffuser
2. Vaned Diffuser
Such a flow in the vaneless space is a free-vortex flow in which the angular momentum remains constant
The diffusion is directly proportional to the diameter ratio (d3/d2). This leads to a relatively large-sized
diffuser which is a serious disadvantage of the vaneless type.
Vaneless diffuser has a lower efficiency and can be used only for a small pressure rise.
Vaneless diffuser is economical and provides a wider range of operation for industrial applications where
large-sized compressors are needed.
For a higher pressure ratio across the radial diffuser, the diffusion process has to be achieved across a
relatively shorter radial distance – requires the application of vanes for guidance
Diffuser blade rings can be fabricated from sheet metal or casting can be made as cambered and
uncambered shapes of uniform thickness as well as cambered aerofoil blades
To avoid flow separation, the divergence of the diffuser blade passages in the vaned diffuser ring can be
kept small by employing a large number of vanes which will lead to higher friction losses
normal practice to have the divergence of the flow passages not more than 12°
To prevent steep velocity gradients at the diffuser entry is to provide a small (0.05d2 − 0.1d2) vaneless
space between the impeller exit and the diffuser entry
The supersonic flow at the impeller exit is decelerated in this vaneless space at constant angular momentum
without shock
Diffuser ring
with cambered
blades
Diffuser ring with cambered aerofoil blades Vaneless space between impeller exit and diffuser entry
The volute or scroll casing collects and guides the flow from the diffuser or the impeller (in the absence of
a diffuser).
The flow is finally discharged from the volute through the delivery pipe.
The dependent variables in incompressible flow trubomachines are usually the head (gH), power (P) and
efficiently (h).
rotor speed (N), rotor diameter (D), characteristic lengths (blade chord (l), blade pitch (s), blade height
(h)etc.) discharge (Q), fluid density () and fluid viscosity ( m).
Capacity Coefficient
Power Coefficient
Specific Speed
for compressors
for turbines
P Power, pressure
subscript , 0 stagnation
Pressure Ratio
Power Coefficient
i. ii.
2. Pressure Coefficients,
If IGVs are used to obtain a straight inducer section, determine the air angle at the IGVs exit and the
new value of the relative Mach number.