‘We can mix futute time and present time to imagine b the present resule of s hypothetical future sivation or action fare ton reset Tanager later, 30 Fin not atthe eanference no) «the future result of@ hypothetical situation inthe present rent iain acy ‘SFT awar at oan Avril Tl be wean ay atheroma" We use wish past verb to talk about situations that we would Ike to be different Twi Teva ip you. (can't help you and Lam sorry about that) T wis The is abays right an I find that roy Wie uso wish + something/someane + would + infinitive without fo wo show that we want omething to happen or someone to change their behaviour. We do not us cis with state verbs: T wish thy would stop salking so loudly! (= they sre talking loudly and I want them to stop) I wis dis hod would go on foreve ‘We use wish + past perfect to tlk about past situations that we regret Teta shoughe abort re ote ess here 1 bough (= [ido thi We can nse never for emphasis with a negative verb: Theish Ti mever bough the ar (Udi uy it and 1 rally rg We can we if only in place of wish wich the same meaning. Is litle more formal: Ffonly [ha steno 0 my father! 4 Shoutd(n't) have We use shouldn't) have + past participle to say chat what did or did not happen was a mistake ora bad ting T shoul have listened ohm, (= but laid) ‘We can use newer for emphasis with a negative verb T should never have bough i (= did buy and 0 Grammar extra: ft wasn’t for We can use iit asn'/uerent for noun phrase to say that a situation is dependent on ther station, person or thing {fe smesnthweren' forthe ear, [ave no money worries nom, (he cari the reason Sor We ean use ifirhadn? Been for to tlk: about a past situation: [fie hade' been for your asec, {wad have made the wrong decision.Fill in che gaps with the correct form ofthe verbs in brackets Tutor; Tell me what you intend to write in your evaluation of your research, Students Well first, iT iba... (1 ave) larger number of questionnaires retarned, (@ gut) more useful data ‘Tutor: Is there anything you could have done to improve that? Student: Well I suppose (@ mecive) more completed questionnaires 1 (make) dhe questions easier to answer, for example, ‘yes/no questions. ‘Tutor: Yes [think you are right, People are to busy to answer complicated question Any other things you might change! Seudent: Yes. I chink | be) more successfil with my interviews as well if bs 1 (G plan) the questions mote thoroughly beforchand, athowgh Tm no sure about that IT (7 prepa) the questions in more detail it - (G8 resria) the interviewees too much. Oh, and another thing if (9 sar) collecting data sooner it (40 nat/b) ch 9 sl In dhe end, Tutor: Good. I must admit that if you (11 poeoae) all so te, 1 (12 be able o) support you more. IFyou (13 come) to 5,1 (14 help) you. I see me before you sent out your questionna ia shame that your data was so disappointing because your research questions were very interesting Real about two scientific discoveries that were made dae to chance and complete the ‘Nexander Fleming's most famous discovery happened entielyby | accident. One day he was cleaning the eure dishes in his lab j when fe aw mould growing on one of tha plats, Thee werent |) any goms growing around the mou, 30 Fleming decided to grow ‘ore of it for experiments. He discovered thatthe mould acted against bacterial infections. However, Fleming’ nla publication bout his discovery was lgalygnored by tha mace commurity £0 ho abandoned Fis research in 1922, R wasn unt 1995, when ‘he rescarchors Florey and Chain saw Fleming's research pepers, ‘hat the dug, penielin, vas developed. as1 IF Fleming hadn't been cleaning the culture diches,he ‘rowing on one of che plates. 2. Fleming wouldn't have grown more ofthe mould if there rowing around it. 3 Ifhis inital publication hadn't been received so poorly by the mescal community he in 1932. 4 Peniclin might not have been developed if Florey and Chain Harold Ridley, an optthalmoloait, developed a | revolutionary way of helping people with, poor eyesight asa rosutofeataacte. During Weld Wer I, Ridley worked wih RAF piots with eye injures He noticed that their ayes dd not Become infected ‘when thay had ye injuries caused by bits of Perspex ffor the windows of the planes. Ae a resuit of. his observation he decided fo implant plastic lenses inthe ayes of people with cataracts Surgeons had earier ted replacing the lens in the ‘eye with a glass ons, but the operations always failed because the body reected the glass lens. Ricey's operations wih plastic Jenses were successful. However, the meckcal community opposed Riley's slscoveres and iti mary years forthe technique to be accepted. Today ‘ver 200 millon poopie have thr slght Lecause of Havoc Fld. Gaara are reins of das cols wn tn lon ofthe eye ni can cause bnchees. 5 [fHlarold Ridley pilots during Would War Il, he wouldn't have noticed the effects of Perspex splinters on ther eyes, 6 fee pilots’ eye injuries had become infected from bits of Perspex, he ‘implant plastic Tenses in estaract patients’ eyes 7 Itearlier surgeons had used plastic Fenses, che operations 8 Te wouldn't have taken so many yeas forthe technique e become widely available the medical communiey Ridley's discoveries.Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences below, 1 TF Thada’¢ate-so mach [wouldnt have a stomach ache now 2 What would you done if you'd filed the exam? ‘hadn't had such bad exam results 3 Lam starting university next autumn i woulda’ have gone up last, 4 Ifthe government would have kept their promis, t x 5 Twould have finished my essay on time if I ida't haved ccd 6 If was geting marred next weekend Iwas very exited by now Thought this house, might make @ 7 the economic conditions lad been beter w fortune by now. 8 Life today will be very different if Thomas Edison hadn' invented the electric light. 9 Ifyou were more considerate, you didn't make so much noise last night 10 IFT did't goto university 1 doing this now Fill in the gaps using wish or should andthe words in brackets inthe correct form, 1 You dealin have lft (nears) school so young, You'd have a better job now. 2 Ireally (Gou/ask) me before borrowing the car yesterday. I needed 3 Tim not enjoying my degree dourse ot all. 1 neti choose)paysics. (choose) maths instead because I sed to lve eat choo. 41 (rudy) languages at school because now I travel regularly for work co Berlin a Pats 55 Thacman is really annoying me. 1 (help) whistling (6 Welre lost again. We always get lost when you have the map. You (Gp) me have the map fom the start! 71 (has) more time to wosk on eis nasignment. Pas woried wont finish iby the deadtine on (e/stp) vaining wane to go for a wall 9 Ihave erible problems with my laces. 1 (Woerddo) so mc running when I was younger 10 You (cote) Pasa about the party ~ it was meant co be a surprisent ee ee ‘Look at eh fellowing extracts from the passage. Complete the sentences below using verbs in brackets inthe correct form, Formore than 100 yoars, clensts have argued over exact what a panda i Now, nally withthe help of DNA testing the panda has been admitted tothe wsdae (bar aly 1 We selentiss nnn (he) DNA testing 100 years age, hey. cons (be able 0) discover what a panda was. ower ne following yeu, zoologist Alphonse Milne Eawardsdsscted the fst specimen and ondiuded chat ithad mote in common with the red panda, e member ofthe raeoon fay 2 If Alphonse Edwards (orice) a giant panda, eientists (onithink) the giant panda was a raccoon, They had good season tobe confused The gant panda shares many physlcl characterises with the red panda; both have evolved to feod on barnboo, gasping and ‘ating inthe same way, with similar tet skills and frepaws 3 If the gant panda (orivesembl) a re panda, cere (wore) so many arguments among scientists In he mid-1900 there were several stdles Involving DNA comparisons between the species. The fist investgation inked the giant panda with bears, but in 1981, arher tests contradict these ndings and placed itn the raccoon family wih the red panda, 4 Ifthe 1991 DNA tess. (orlconradict) Une earlier findings, then the argument (Ge) resolved earier: