View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.

uk brought to you by CORE

provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector

(QHUJ\


3URFHGLD
(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
Energy Procedia 4 (2011)  ±
2214–2221 

ZZZHOVHYLHUFRPORFDWH;;;
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia


*+*7

(IIHFWRI:DWHUDQG1LWURJHQ,PSXULWLHVRQ&23LSHOLQH7UDQVSRUW
IRU*HRORJLFDO6WRUDJH
&KHRO+XKD 6HRQJ*LO.DQJD0DQJ,N&KRD-RQJ+ZD%DHND
D
0DULQH6DIHW\ 3ROOXWLRQ5HVSRQVH5HVHDUFK'HSDUWPHQW0DULWLPH 2FHDQ(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH.25',6LQVHRQJUR<XVHRQJ
JX'DHMHRQ5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD


(OVHYLHUXVHRQO\5HFHLYHGGDWHKHUHUHYLVHGGDWHKHUHDFFHSWHGGDWHKHUH

$EVWUDFW

&DUERQGLR[LGHFDSWXUHDQGVWRUDJH &&6 WHFKQRORJ\LVUHJDUGHGDVRQHRIWKHPRVWSURPLVLQJHPLVVLRQUHGXFWLRQRSWLRQVIRUWKH

PLWLJDWLRQRIFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGJOREDOZDUPLQJ7KHWHFKQRORJ\RI&&6LQYROYHVDSURFHVVRIFDSWXULQJ&2IURPLQGXVWULDODQG
HQHUJ\UHODWHGVRXUFHV VXFKDVDSRZHUSODQW WUDQVSRUWLQJLWIURPLWVVRXUFHVWRWKHVWRUDJHVLWHVDQGVWRULQJLWLQWKHJHRORJLFDO
VWUXFWXUHVIRUORQJWHUPLVRODWLRQIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUH$OWKRXJKWKHWHFKQRORJLHVIRUFDSWXUHDQGVWRUDJHRI&2KDYHEHHQJOREDOO\
LQYHVWLJDWHGDQGYHULILHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVVWLOOLQWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHH[FHSWVRPHW\SLFDOFDVHV(VSHFLDOO\
WKHHIIHFWRILPSXULWLHVRQWUDQVSRUWDQGLQMHFWLRQLVQRWFOHDUO\UHVROYHG\HW8SWRQRZSURFHVVGHVLJQUHVHDUFKHVIRU&2WUDQVSRUW
DQGVWRUDJHKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWPDLQO\RQSXUH&2FDVHV8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHUHDOFDSWXUHG&2PL[WXUHFRQWDLQVPDQ\LPSXULWLHV
VXFK DV 1 2 $U +2 62[ +6 6RPH LPSXULWLHV FDQ FKDQJH WKH WKHUPRG\QDPLF SURSHUWLHV DQG WKHQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW WKH
FRPSUHVVLRQSXULILFDWLRQWUDQVSRUWDQGLQMHFWLRQSURFHVVHV$PRQJWKHP1FDQDIIHFWWKH&2WUDQVSRUWSURFHVVE\LWVORZERLOLQJ
SRLQW,QRWKHUZRUGVDVPDOODPRXQWRIQLWURJHQFDQPDNHFKDQJHIORZFRQGLWLRQVIURPVLQJOHSKDVHIORZWRWZRSKDVHIORZ$QGD
VPDOO DPRXQW RI ZDWHU LQ &2 VWUHDP FDQ WULJJHU WKH FORJJLQJ SUREOHP GXH WR IRUPDWLRQ RI K\GUDWH ,Q WKLV SDSHU D QXPHULFDO
HYDOXDWLRQRISURFHVVGHVLJQPRGHOZDVFDUULHGRXW:HFRPSDUHGDQGDQDO\]HGWKHUHOHYDQWHTXDWLRQVRIVWDWHIRU&21PL[WXUH
7R TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ HYDOXDWH WKH SUHGLFWLYH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH HTXDWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH ZH FRPSDUHG QXPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQ UHVXOWV ZLWK
UHIHUHQFH H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD ,Q DGGLWLRQ RSWLPXP ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHUV WR FRQVLGHU WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI &2 DQG 1 PROHFXOHV ZHUH
VXJJHVWHGEDVHGRQWKHPHDQDEVROXWHSHUFHQWHUURU:LWKUHJDUGWR&2+2PL[WXUHWUDQVSRUWWKHK\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQSRVVLELOLW\ZDV
DQDO\]HG EDVHG RQWKHK\SRWKHWLFDOVFHQDULR LQUHSXEOLF RI .RUHD 7R XQGHUVWDQGWKHSK\VLFDO EHKDYLRU RI &2LPSXWLWLHV PL[WXUH
H[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDUHQHFHVVDU\:HPDGHDQH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLW\ZKLFKLVFRQVLVWRIKLJKSUHVVXUHFRPSUHVVLRQPRGXOH
OLTXHIDFWLRQ PRGXOH PL[LQJ PRGXOH FRROLQJ PRGXOH DQGWUDQVSRUW WHVW VHFWLRQ 7KH IORZ EHKDYLRUVXFK DVVLQJOHSKDVHDQG WZR
SKDVHSUHVVXUH GURS RI &21 PL[WXUH SLSHOLQH WUDQVSRUW ZDV H[SHULPHQWDOO\ DQDO\]HG %DVHG RQ WKLVH[SHULPHQWDOGDWD ZH PD\
VXJJHVWVRPHGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHIRU&2SLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUW
‹(OVHYLHU/WG$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
⃝c 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

.H\ZRUGV&DUERQGLR[LGH&DSWXUHDQG6WRUDJH &&6 0DULQHJHRORJLFDOVWRUDJH1LPSXULW\(TXDWLRQRI6WDWH7ZRSKDVH)ORZ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7R UHVSRQVH FOLPDWH FKDQJH &DUERQ GLR[LGH &DSWXUH DQG 6WRUDJH &&6  LV RQH RI NH\ SOD\HU LQ JUHHQKRXVH JDV
UHGXFWLRQ SRUWIROLR >@ 7KH WHFKQRORJ\ RI &&6 LV WKUHH VWDJH SURFHVV LQYROYLQJ D SURFHVV RI FDSWXULQJ &2 IURP
LQGXVWULDODQGSRZHUJHQHUDWLQJVRXUFHV VXFKDVDSRZHUSODQW WUDQVSRUWLQJLWIURPLWVVRXUFHVWRWKHVWRUDJHVLWHVDQG
VWRULQJ LW LQ WKH JHRORJLFDO VWUXFWXUHV IRUORQJWHUP LVRODWLRQ IURP WKH DWPRVSKHUH $OWKRXJK&2 FDSWXUH DQG VWRUDJH
WHFKQRORJLHVKDYHEHHQJOREDOO\LQYHVWLJDWHGDQGYHULILHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWUDQVSRUWDQGLQMHFWLRQSURFHVVLVVWLOOLQ

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVFKXK#PRHULUHNU

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.109
 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh 2214–2221
et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) ± 2215

WKHLQLWLDOVWDJHH[FHSWVRPHW\SLFDOFDVHV(VSHFLDOO\WKHHIIHFWRILPSXULWLHVRQWUDQVSRUWDQGLQMHFWLRQLVQRWFOHDUO\
UHVROYHG\HW
$ &2 SXULW\ LVVXH LQ &&6 DSSOLFDWLRQ FDQ EH D ELJ REVWDFOH LQ UHVSHFW RI QRW RQO\ WHFKQLFDO YLHZSRLQW EXW DOVR
SXEOLF DFFHSWDQFH ,Q WKLV SDSHUWKH HIIHFW RI ZDWHUDQGQLWURJHQ LPSXULW\ RQ WKH &2 SLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUW SURFHVV ZDV
VWXGLHGZLWKQXPHULFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGV:LWKUHJDUGWRZDWHULPSXULW\WKHK\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQSRVVLELOLW\ZDV
DQDO\]HGLQWKHRIIVKRUHSLSHOLQHFRQGLWLRQV$QGQLWURJHQFDQDIIHFWWKH&2WUDQVSRUWSURFHVVE\LWVORZERLOLQJSRLQW
:H HYDOXDWHG WKH SUHGLFWLYH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH HTXDWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH IRU WKH &21 PL[WXUH DQG GUHZ RSWLPXP ELQDU\
SDUDPHWHUVEDVHGRQWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHFRPSDULVRQZLWKFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQW7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHSK\VLFDOEHKDYLRU
RI &2LPSXWLWLHV PL[WXUH IORZ ZH PDGH DQ H[SHULPHQWDO IDFLOLW\ ZKLFK LV FRQVLVW RI KLJK SUHVVXUH FRPSUHVVLRQ
PRGXOH OLTXHIDFWLRQ PRGXOH PL[LQJ PRGXOH FRROLQJ PRGXOH DQG WUDQVSRUW WHVW VHFWLRQ 7KH IORZ EHKDYLRU VXFK DV
VLQJOHSKDVHDQGWZRSKDVHSUHVVXUHGURSRI&21PL[WXUHSLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUWZDVH[SHULPHQWDOO\DQDO\]HG


&&6DSSOLFDWLRQLQ5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD

,Q.RUHDPRVWRIWKHODUJHVW&2HPLVVLRQVRXUFHVVXFKDVIRVVLOSRZHUSODQWDQGLQGXVWULDOSODQWVDUHORFDWHGDORQJ
WKH FRDVWDO DUHD DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ *HQHUDOO\ JHRORJLFDO &2 VWRUDJH FDQ EH FDUULHG RXW LQ RLOJDVUHVHUYRLU VDOLQH
DTXLIHUDQGFRDOEHG>@8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHUHLVQRHQRXJKRLOJDVUHVHUYRLUDQGFRDOEHGLQ5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD:LWK
UHJDUG WR VDOLQH DTXLIHU WKHUH DUH QRW HQRXJK RQVKRUH VWRUDJH VLWHV WR VWRUH D KXJH DPRXQW RI &2 RQ WKH .RUHDQ
3HQLQVXOD)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRUHVROYHWKHSXEOLFDFFHSWDQFHLQWKHFDVHRIRQVKRUHJHRORJLFDOVWRUDJH:H
KDYHWKHUHIRUHIRFXVHGRXUUHVHDUFKRQVXEVHDEHGJHRORJLFDOVWRUDJHLQWKHRFHDQUHJLRQHVSHFLDOO\IRUVDOLQHDTXLIHU
,Q .RUHD RQH RI WKH ODUJHVW HPLVVLRQ VRXUFHV LVWKH 326&2 VWHHOPDNLQJ SODQW 7KHGDLO\ HPLVVLRQUDWH RI WKH VWHHO
PDNLQJSODQWLQWKHFLW\ RI3RKDQJLVDERXWWRQVSHUGD\7KH&2HPLWWHGLQWKHVWHHOPDNLQJSURFHVVFDQEH
FDSWXUHGE\DQDPPRQLDDEVRUSWLRQSURFHVVRUDSUHVVXUHVZLQJDGVRUSWLRQSURFHVVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
WKH VWHHOPDNLQJ SURFHVVHV 7KH FDQGLGDWH VWRUDJH VLWH LV RIIVKRUH VDOLQH DTXLIHU QHDU E\ WKH 'RQKDH JDV UHVHUYRLU
ZKLFKLVORFDWHGLQWKHVRXWKHDVWRIIVKRUHDUHDRIWKH.RUHDSHQLQVXOD7KHSULRULW\VFHQDULRFRYHULQJZKROH&&6FKDLQ
LQFOXGLQJFDSWXUHWUDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHLVDQDO\]HG>@7KHHPLVVLRQVRXUFHLVVWHHOPDNLQJSODQWWKHWUDQVSRUWPHWKRG
LVRQVKRUHRIIVKRUHSLSHOLQHDQGWKHVWRUDJHVLWHLVVDOLQHDTXLIHULQ8OOHXQJEDVLQ$FRQFHSWXDOVFKHPDWLFRIWKH&2
WUDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHSURFHVVLVWKDWWKHFDSWXUHGDQGSUHSURFHVVHG&2LVWUDQVSRUWHGIURP3RKDQJWKURXJKWKHRQVKRUH
SLSHOLQHDQGWKHRIIVKRUHSLSHOLQHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ
,QRQVKRUHDQGRIIVKRUHSLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUWGHVLJQLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFRQVLGHUQRWRQO\GHOLYHU\SHUIRUPDQFHEXWDOVR
VDIHW\LVVXHV$PRQJWKHP&2SXULW\LVVXHFDQEHDELJSUREOHPEHFDXVHVPDOODPRXQWRILPSXULWLHVPDNHLWSRVVLEOH
WRVHYHUHFKDQJHWKHUPRG\QDPLFSURSHUWLHVRIWKH&2VWUHDPDQGWKHQDIIHFWGRZQVWUHDPSURFHVVHVVXFKDVWUDQVSRUW
LQMHFWLRQDQGVWRUDJH7RREWDLQUHOLDEOHDQGRSWLPXPWUDQVSRUWGHVLJQFRQGLWLRQVGHVLJQHUVRIWUDQVSRUWV\VWHPVVKRXOG
FRQVLGHUWKHHIIHFWRIWKHLPSXULWLHV,QWKLVSDSHUWKHHIIHFWRIZDWHUDQGQLWURJHQLPSXULW\ZDVDQDO\]HGEDVHGRQWKH
QXPHULFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOVLPXODWLRQV


)LJXUH &2WUDQVSRUWVFHQDULRIRU&&6DSSOLFDWLRQLQ5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD>@

(IIHFWRIZDWHULPSXULW\

2IIVKRUH SLSHOLQH ZLOO EH LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH VHDEHG E\ YLUWXH RI WHFKQLFDO DQG HFRQRPLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV $QG WKH
RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH VHDEHG &2 WUDQVSRUW SLSHOLQH DUH KLJK SUHVVXUH DQG ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH +LJK SUHVVXUH
WUDQVSRUWPDNHV&2DVVXEFRROHGOLTXLGRUVXSHUFULWLFDOVWDWHWRPDLQWDLQKLJKHUGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQV7KLVKLJKGHQVLW\
2216 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh et al. / Energy Procedia  ±
4 (2011) 2214–2221 

WUDQVSRUW FRQGLWLRQV HQKDQFH WKH SLSHOLQH WUDQVSRUW SHUIRUPDQFH 'XH WR WKH ORZ VHDZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH VHDEHG
JHQHUDOO\ DURXQG Ȕ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WUDQVSRUWHG &2GHFUHDVH DORQJWKH IORZ GLUHFWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  7KH
FDSWXUHG&2IORZIURPULJKWKDQGVLGHWROHIWKDQGVLGHLQ)LJDQGWKHSLSHOLQHLQOHWFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHWUDQVSRUWHG
&2 DUH VKRZQ LQ WKH OHJHQG ,Q FDOFXODWLQJ WKH KHDW WUDQVIHU RI &2 LQVLGH WKH SLSHOLQH ZH XVHG D FRQVWDQW
HQYLURQPHQWDO WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH RQVKRUH SLSHOLQH WUDQVSRUW UHJLRQ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQZLWKGHSWKZDVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHRIIVKRUHSLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUWUHJLRQEHFDXVHWKHUHLVDWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHZLWK
GHSWKLQWKHVHDZDWHU$Q\WRSRJUDSKLFDOYDULDWLRQVLQWKHRIIVKRUHWUDQVSRUWUHJLRQZHUHFDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGEHFDXVHLW
FKDQJHV WKH GHQVLW\ RI WUDQVSRUWHG &2 GXH WR WKH K\GURVWDWLF IRUFHV %XW ZH DVVXPHG WKHUH ZDV QR WRSRJUDSKLFDO
YDULDWLRQLQ WKH RQVKRUH WUDQVSRUWUHJLRQ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKHKRUL]RQWDO SLSH IORZ FRQGLWLRQ ZDV XVHG LQ WKH RQVKRUH
SLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUWFDOFXODWLRQ
,QWKLVSDSHUZHDQDO\]HGWKHZLQWHUVHDVRQ )HEUXDU\ DQGVXPPHUVHDVRQ $XJXVW WUDQVSRUWSURFHVVGHVLJQFDVHV
FRQVLGHULQJ WKH VHDZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV ([FHSW WKH VXUIDFH FRQGLWLRQ VHDZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH RI
VXPPHUVHDVRQLVORZHUWKDQWKDWRIZLQWHUVHDVRQGXHWRWKHFXUUHQWRIVHDZDWHULQWKHWUDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHVLWHDUHD




3UHVVXUH EDU



+\GUDWHZRLQKLELWLRQ
+\GUDWHZLQKLELWLRQ
 R
 &EDU )HE
R
 &EDU $XJ
R
 &EDU )HE
R
 &EDU $XJ

   
R
7HPSHUDWXUH &


)LJXUH +\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVLQRQVKRUHDQGRIIVKRUH&2SLSHOLQHWUDQVSRUWFRQGLWLRQV

'XH WR WKHKLJK SUHVVXUH DQGORZ WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQV LQ RIIVKRUH &2SLSHOLQHWKHUH LVDSRVVLELOLW\ WR IRUPD
K\GUDWHZKLFKLVDSK\VLFDOVWUXFWXUHIRUPHGE\WUDSSLQJZDWHUPROHFXOHRI&2)LJXUHVKRZVWKHK\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQ
FRQGLWLRQV DQG &2 EHKDYLRU GXULQJ WKH SLSHOLQH WUDQVSRUW 7KH K\GUDWH IRUPDWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ K\GUDWH
VWDELOL]DWLRQFXUYH VROLGOLQHLQ)LJ ZHUHFDOFXODWHGLQ PROHIUDFWLRQEDVLV &2DQGZDWHUPL[WXUHXVLQJ
&60*HP >@ %RWK  EDU DQG  EDU WUDQVSRUW FRQGLWLRQV VXIIHU IURP WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI K\GUDWH IRUPDWLRQ 7KH
K\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQFDQPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRWULJJHUWKHSLSHOLQHSOXJJLQJSUREOHP2QFHWKHK\GUDWHIRUPVDQGSOXJJLQJ
VWDUWVLWLVYHU\GLIILFXOWWRGLVVRFLDWHWKHK\GUDWHDQGUHPRYHWKHSOXJLQWKHKDUVKVHDEHGHQYLURQPHQW
7RDYRLGWKHK\GUDWHIRUPDWLRQVPDOOLQKLELWRUVXFKDVPHWKDQROJO\FROHWFFDQEHXVHG,QWKLVFDOFXODWLRQVVPDOO
DPRXQW  PROH   RI 0RQRHWK\OHQH *O\FRO 0(*  ZDV DGGHG LQ WKH &2 VWUHDP 7KH K\GUDWH VWDELOL]DWLRQ FXUYH
PRYHGWRORZWHPSHUDWXUHUHJLRQLQWKH)LJ%\DGGLQJWKHLQKLELWRUDERXWȔRIWKHUPDOPDUJLQFDQEHREWDLQHG
7KLVPDNHVVXUHK\GUDWHIUHH&2WUDQVSRUW



(IIHFWRIQLWURJHQLPSXULW\

(TXDWLRQRIVWDWHIRU&21PL[WXUH

)RU WKH GHVLJQ RI D UHOLDEOH &2 WUDQVSRUW DQG VWRUDJH V\VWHP LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR SHUIRUP D QXPHULFDO SURFHVV
VLPXODWLRQ E\ XVLQJ D WKHUPRG\QDPLF HTXDWLRQ RI VWDWH (26  %HIRUH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI H[SHQVLYH WUDQVSRUW DQG
VWRUDJH V\VWHP QXPHULFDO SURFHVV VLPXODWLRQV FDQ YHULI\ WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH VHTXHVWUDWLRQ V\VWHP 8S WR QRZ SURFHVV
GHVLJQIRUWKLV&2PDULQHJHRORJLFDOVWRUDJHKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWPDLQO\RQSXUH&28QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHFDSWXUHG&2
PL[WXUHFRQWDLQVPDQ\LPSXULWLHVVXFKDV12$U+262[+6GHSHQGLQJRQWKHIXHOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGFDSWXUH
SURFHVV $ VPDOO DPRXQW RI LPSXULWLHV FDQ FKDQJH WKH WKHUPRG\QDPLF SURSHUWLHV DQG WKHQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW WKH
FRPSUHVVLRQ SXULILFDWLRQ DQG WUDQVSRUW SURFHVVHV /L DQG <DQ >@ VWXGLHG WKH &21 PL[WXUH 9DSRU /LTXLG
(TXLOLEULXP 9/( SURSHUWLHVXVLQJ5HGOLFK.ZRQJ 5. >@6RDYH5HGOLFK.ZRQJ 65. >@3HQJ5RELQVRQ 35 
>@ 3DWHO7HMD 37  DQG 37 (26V ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH DQDO\]H WKH SUHGLFWLYH FDSDELOLW\ RI (26 IRU &21 PL[WXUH
LQFOXGLQJ353HQJ5RELQVRQ%RVWRQ0DWKLDV 35%0 >@5HGOLFK.ZRQJ6RDYH 5.6 >@DQG65.7RHYDOXDWH
 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh 2214–2221
et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) ± 2217

WKH SUHGLFWLYH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH (26 ZH FRPSDUHG WKH QXPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQ UHVXOWV ZLWK H[SHULPHQWDO 9/( GDWD RI
'RUDXHWDO>@$UDLHWDO>@DQG0XLUEURRNDQG3UDXVQLW]>@
1XPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQV RI 9/( GDWD XVLQJ (26 ZHUH FDUULHG RXW E\ YDU\LQJWKH PROH IUDFWLRQ RI 1 LPSXULW\ DQG
ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHU NLM 7KH ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHU NLM PRGHOV WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH FDUERQ GLR[LGH PROHFXOHV DQG WKH
QLWURJHQ PROHFXOHV LQ (26V )LJ  FRPSDUHV WKH UHVXOWV RI HDFK FDOFXODWLRQ DQG PHDVXUHG H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD IRU WKH
IRXUW\SHVRI(26QDPHO\ D WKH35 E WKH35%0 F WKH5.6DQG G WKH65.$OO(26VZHOOSUHGLFWHGWKHGHZ
SRLQWSUHVVXUHIRUJLYHQPROHIUDFWLRQYDULDWLRQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHDUHODUJHYDULDWLRQVLQSUHGLFWLYHFDSDELOLWLHV
IRUEXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH6LPLODUO\ZLWKSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKHV>@WKHSUHGLFWLRQHUURULQFUHDVHDVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI
LPSXULW\ LQFUHDVH RU WKH DEVROXWH YDOXH RI ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHU NLM LQFUHDVH *HQHUDOO\ WKH QLWURJHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WKH
FDSWXUHG &2PL[WXUH IURP WKH SRZHU SODQW DQG VWHHOPDNLQJ SODQWLV ORZHU WKDQ  ,W LVUHOLDEOHWR XVH WKHDERYH
(26V

 
([SHULPHQW  ([SHULPHQW 
'RUDXHWDO EXEEOH  'RUDXHWDO EXEEOH 

'RUDXHWDO GHZ  /LTXLGSKDVH 
'RUDXHWDO GHZ  /LTXLGSKDVH
$UDLHWDO EXEEOH  $UDLHWDO EXEEOH 
 $UDLHWDO GHZ   $UDLHWDO GHZ 
0XLUEURRNHWDO EXEEOH  0XLUEURRNHWDO EXEEOH 
 0XLUEURRNHWDO GHZ   0XLUEURRNHWDO GHZ 
3UHVVXUH EDU

3UHVVXUH EDU
 

 
7ZRSKDVH 7ZRSKDVH
   
 
 &DOFXODWLRQ  &DOFXODWLRQ
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
 N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ  NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
 N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ *DVSKDVH  NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ *DVSKDVH
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
 
         

0ROHIUDFWLRQRI&2 0ROHIUDFWLRQRI&2

D 35    E 35%0
 
([SHULPHQW  ([SHULPHQW 
'RUDXHWDO EXEEOH  'RUDXHWDO EXEEOH 
 
'RUDXHWDO GHZ  /LTXLGSKDVH 'RUDXHWDO GHZ  /LTXLGSKDVH
$UDLHWDO EXEEOH  $UDLHWDO EXEEOH 
 $UDLHWDO GHZ   $UDLHWDO GHZ 
0XLUEURRNHWDO EXEEOH  0XLUEURRNHWDO EXEEOH 
 0XLUEURRNHWDO GHZ   0XLUEURRNHWDO GHZ 
3UHVVXUH EDU

3UHVVXUH EDU

 

 
7ZRSKDVH 7ZRSKDVH
   
 
 &DOFXODWLRQ  &DOFXODWLRQ
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
 N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ  NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
  *DVSKDVH
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ *DVSKDVH NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
N LM   EXEEOH   GHZ NLM   EXEEOH   GHZ
 
         

0ROHIUDFWLRQRI&2 0ROHIUDFWLRQRI&2

F 5.6    G 65.

)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI&2 1PL[WXUH9/(FDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDDWȔ>@

7RFDUU\RXWPRUHUHOLDEOH&&6SURFHVVGHVLJQLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRREWDLQDQGXVHPRUHDFFXUDWHELQDU\SDUDPHWHUVIRU
WKH GLIIHUHQW PROHFXODU LQWHUDFWLRQV 7R REWDLQ WKH RSWLPL]HG ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHU EDVHG RQ WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV ZH
TXDQWLILHG WKH SUHGLFWLRQ DFFXUDF\ RI (26 ZLWKPHDQ DEVROXWH SHUFHQW HUURU 0$3(  GHILQHGDV EHORZ HTXDWLRQ7KH
VXEVFULSWµH[S¶PHDQVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDDQGµFDO¶PHDQVWKHFDOFXODWLRQYDOXH$QG1UHSUHVHQWVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI
GDWD

 3H[S  3FDO
0$3(
1
¦ 3 u 
H[S


)LJVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRI0$3(IRUHDFKFDOFXODWLRQZLWKWKHIRXUW\SHVRI(26QDPHO\ D WKH35 E WKH35%0
F WKH5.6DQG G WKH65.7KH35(26VKRZVPD[LPXPHUURUIRUZKROHUDQJHRIWKHELQDU\SDUDPHWHUDQG
PLQLPXPHUURUZDVHVWLPDWHGDWNLM 7KH35%0(26VKRZVPD[LPXPHUURUIRUZKROHUDQJHRIWKH
ELQDU\SDUDPHWHUDQGPLQLPXPHUURUZDVHVWLPDWHGDWNLM 7KH5.6(26VKRZVPD[LPXPHUURUDV
WKH ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHU LQFUHDVH DQG PLQLPXP HUURU  ZDV HVWLPDWHG DW NLM  )LQDOO\ WKH 65. (26 VKRZV
PD[LPXPHUURUIRUZKROHUDQJHRIWKHELQDU\SDUDPHWHUDQGPLQLPXPHUURUZDVHVWLPDWHGDWNLM 

2218 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh et al. / Energy Procedia  ±
4 (2011) 2214–2221 

 

7RWDO 7RWDO
%XEEOHSRLQW %XEEOHSRLQW

0HDQ$EVROXWH3HUFHQW(UURU 

0HDQ$EVROXWH3HUFHQW(UURU 
 
'HZSRLQW 'HZSRLQW

 
N LMRSW 
NLM 
 

 

 

 
         

%LQDU\SDUDPHWHUNLM %LQDU\SDUDPHWHUNLM

D 35    E 35%0
 

7RWDO 7RWDO
%XEEOHSRLQW %XEEOHSRLQW
0HDQ$EVROXWH3HUFHQW(UURU 

0HDQ$EVROXWH3HUFHQW(UURU 
 
'HZSRLQW 'HZSRLQW

 
NLM 
  NLM 

 

 

 
         

%LQDU\SDUDPHWHUNLM %LQDU\SDUDPHWHUNLM

F 5.6    G 65.

)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI&2 1PL[WXUHELQDU\SDUDPHWHUNLMDWȔ>@

([SHULPHQWRI&21PL[WXUHIORZ

7KHH[SHULPHQWDODSSDUDWXVFRQVLVWHGRIIRXUPDMRUVXEV\VWHPVDZRUNLQJIOXLG&2IORZV\VWHPLPSXULW\1IORZ
V\VWHPDIORZYLVXDOL]DWLRQV\VWHPDQGDGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHP)LJXUHVKRZVDVFKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIWKHIORZORRS
ZKLFKZDVFRQILJXUHGWRVXSSO\VXEFRROHGOLTXLGRUVXSHUFULWLFDO&2WRWKHWHVWVHFWLRQ&2DQG1DUHVXSSOLHGWRWKH
H[SHULPHQWDO DSSDUDWXV DV JDV VWDWH XVLQJ HYDSRUDWRU UHVSHFWLYHO\ *DVHRXV &2 DQG 1 DUH FRPSUHVVHG WR KLJK
SUHVVXUH ZLWK VHSDUDWH FRPSUHVVRU 7R UHGXFH SXOVDWLQJ IORZ GDPSHUV DUH LQVWDOOHG DW RXWOHW RI WKH FRPSUHVVRUV
&RPSUHVVHG&2JDVLVOLTXHILHGLQWKHFRQGHQVHUZLWKH[WHUQDOFRROLQJVRXUFHFKLOOHU7KHOLTXHILHG&2LVJDWKHUHGLQ
WKHUHFHLYHUDQGIORZUDWHLVFRQWUROOHGDQGPHDVXUHGZLWKPHWHULQJYDOYHDQGPDVVIORZPHWHUUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHIORZ
UDWHRI1JDVLVDOVRFRQWUROOHGDQGPHDVXUHGZLWKPHWHULQJYDOYHDQGPDVVIORZPHWHUUHVSHFWLYHO\&RPSUHVVHG1
JDVLVDGGHGLQWKHGRZQVWUHDPRIWKH&2PHWHULQJYDOYH%HIRUHUHDFKLQJWKHWHVWVHFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH&21
PL[WXUHLVFRQWUROOHGE\FKLOOLQJEDWK
7KHWHVWVHFWLRQFRQVLVWVRIKRUL]RQWDOGRXEOHSLSHKHDWH[FKDQJHUDQGLQOHWRXWOHWLQVWUXPHQWGHYLFHV7KH&21
PL[WXUHLVHQWHUHGLQQHUFLUFXODUWXEHZKLFKKDVPPLQQHUGLDPHWHUPPWKLFNQHVVDQGPOHQJWK,QDQQXODU
IORZSDVVDJHFRROLQJIOXLGVXFKDVHWK\OHQHJO\FROHQWHUHGWRVLPXODWHVHDEHGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV$VVKRZQLQ
)LJWKHZKROHWHVWVHFWLRQLVLQVXODWHGWRUHGXFHKHDWORVVRUJDLQ7ZRDEVROXWHSUHVVXUHWUDQVGXFHUVDQGUHVLVWDQFH
WHPSHUDWXUH VHQVRUV 57'  ZHUH LQVWDOOHG WR PHDVXUH WKH LQOHW DQG RXWOHW SUHVVXUHV DQG WHPSHUDWXUHV $ GLIIHUHQWLDO
SUHVVXUHWUDQVGXFHUZDVLQVWDOOHGEHWZHHQWKHLQOHWDQGRXWOHWRIWKHWHVWVHFWLRQWRPHDVXUHWKHSUHVVXUHGURSDFURVVWKH
WHVW VHFWLRQ 7KH KHDW ORVVHV IURP WKH WHVW VHFWLRQ WR WKH RXWVLGH ZHUH QHJOHFWHG EDVHG RQ WKH PHDVXUHG LQOHWRXWOHW
WHPSHUDWXUH'LVFKDUJHG&21PL[WXUHSDVVHGWKURXJKKLJKSUHVVXUHYLHZFHOOZLWKVDPHLQQHUGLDPHWHUDVWHVWLQQHU
WXEHWRREVHUYHUHDOWLPHIORZEHKDYLRU$&&'FDPHUDZLWKDPLFURVFRSHZDVLQVWDOOHGLQIURQWRIYLHZFHOOWRSURYLGH
IORZSDWWHUQV$IWHUWKHWHVWVHFWLRQWKHSUHVVXUHRIWKH&21PL[WXUHLVUHGXFHG
7KH H[SHULPHQWDO WHVW ZHUH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH PDVV IOX[ RI a NJPV LQOHW WHPSHUDWXUH RI  Ȕ DQG LQOHW
SUHVVXUHRIEDUFRQGLWLRQV7KHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHWHVWIORZV\VWHPZHUHDGMXVWHGWR\LHOGWKHGHVLUHGPDVV
IOX[ LQOHW SUHVVXUH DQG LQOHW WHPSHUDWXUH 'XULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQW 1 PDVV IORZ UDWH ZDV VOLJKWO\ FRQWUROOHG ZLWK
PDLQWDLQLQJWKHWRWDOPDVVIORZUDWHDVNJKU+RZHYHUWKHPDLQWDLQLQJRIWKHH[DFWVDPHWRWDOPDVVIORZUDWHZDV
LPSRVVLEOH GXH WR WKH XQFHUWDLQWLHV RI PHWHULQJ YDOYH¶V PHFKDQLFDO DFFXUDF\ 7KHUHIRUH WKHPHDVXUHG SUHVVXUH GURSV
DFURVVWKHSLSHOLQHWHVWVHFWLRQZHUHQRUPDOL]HGZLWKWRWDOPDVVIORZUDWHWRUHPRYHWKHHIIHFWRIPDVVIORZUDWH$IWHU
 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh 2214–2221
et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) ± 2219

WKHIORZEHFDPHVWDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUHDQGGLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHDUHPHDVXUHGDQGIORZYLVXDOL]DWLRQFDUULHGRXW
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\



)LJXUH ([SHULPHQWDODSSDUDWXVRI&2 1PL[WXUHIORZ


)LJXUH 7HVWVHFWLRQRI&21PL[WXUHIORZ

7KH H[SHULPHQWDO WHVW ZHUH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH PDVV IOX[ RI a NJPV LQOHW WHPSHUDWXUH RI  Ȕ DQG LQOHW
SUHVVXUH RI   EDU FRQGLWLRQV 3ULRU WR FRQGXFWLQJDWHVW WKH&21PL[WXUH IORZHG ZLWK HQRXJK WLPH7KH
FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHWHVWIORZV\VWHPZHUHDGMXVWHGWR\LHOGWKHGHVLUHGPDVVIOX[LQOHWSUHVVXUHDQGLQOHWWHPSHUDWXUH
'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQW1PDVVIORZUDWHZDVVOLJKWO\FRQWUROOHGZLWKPDLQWDLQLQJWKHWRWDOPDVVIORZUDWHDVNJKU
+RZHYHU WKH PDLQWDLQLQJ RI WKH H[DFW VDPH WRWDOPDVV IORZ UDWH ZDVLPSRVVLEOH GXHWR WKHXQFHUWDLQWLHV RI PHWHULQJ
YDOYH¶VPHFKDQLFDODFFXUDF\7KHUHIRUHWKHPHDVXUHGSUHVVXUHGURSVDFURVVWKHSLSHOLQHWHVWVHFWLRQZHUHQRUPDOL]HG
ZLWKWRWDOPDVVIORZUDWHWRUHPRYHWKHHIIHFWRIPDVVIORZUDWH$IWHUWKHIORZEHFDPHVWDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUHDQG
GLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHDUHPHDVXUHGDQGIORZYLVXDOL]DWLRQFDUULHGRXWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH &21 PL[WXUH IORZ EHKDYLRU DW  EDU DQG  Ȕ LQOHW FRQGLWLRQ 1 PDVV IUDFWLRQ ZDV
FRQWUROOHG IURP  WR   7KH SUHVVXUH GURS LQFUHDVH DV WKH 1 LPSXULW\ LQFUHDVH DV VKRZ LQ )LJ  D  %XW WKH
JUDGLHQWRISUHVVXUHGURSVKRZDOLWWOHELWGLIIHUHQWEHKDYLRUDFFRUGLQJWRWKH1LPSXULW\IUDFWLRQ)URPWR
WKH &21PL[WXUH IORZ VKRZ VLQJOH SKDVH EHKDYLRU DV OLTXLG VWDWH DQGJUDGXDOSUHVVXUH GURSJUDGLHQW 2Q WKH RWKHU
KDQGWZRSKDVHDQGJDVHRXV&21PL[WXUHIORZVKRZPRUHVWHHSSUHVVXUHGURSJUDGLHQW7KH&21PL[WXUHIORZ
VKRZWZRSKDVHEHKDYLRUIURPWRDQGVLQJOHSKDVHJDVHRXVEHKDYLRUIURPWR$VVKRZQLQ)LJ
 E SXUH&2DWEDUDQGȔLQOHWFRQGLWLRQLVQHDUO\VDWXUDWHGOLTXLGVWDWH%XW&21PL[WXUHIORZFKDQJHIURP
VLQJOH SKDVH IORZ WR WZRSKDVH IORZ DV 1 LPSXULW\ LQFUHDVH WR   )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH &21 PL[WXUH IORZ
EHKDYLRU DW  EDU DQG  Ȕ LQOHW FRQGLWLRQ 1 PDVV IUDFWLRQ ZDV FRQWUROOHG IURP  WR   7KH SUHVVXUH GURSV
VHYHUHO\ LQFUHDVH DV WKH 1 LPSXULW\ LQFUHDVH DV VKRZ LQ )LJV  D  )URP  WR   WKH &21 PL[WXUH IORZ
VKRZ PRUH VWHHS SUHVVXUH GURS JUDGLHQW 7KLV PHDQV WKDW JDVHRXV VLQJOH SKDVH IORZ VKRZV PRUH SUHVVXUH GURS
FRPSDUHGZLWKWZRSKDVHIORZDWEDUFRQGLWLRQV,QEDUDQGȔLQOHWFRQGLWLRQVPRVWRIWKH&21PL[WXUH
IORZH[FHSWDQGFDVHVVKRZWZRSKDVHIORZFRQGLWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ E 
2220 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh et al. / Energy Procedia  ±
4 (2011) 2214–2221 

 
1
1

 1
([S EDU


7HPSHUDWXUH &
'3P N3DNJKU



R








 
           
1IUDFWLRQ PDVV 
 'HQVLW\ NJP 
D SUHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZ E WHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQV

)LJXUH 3UHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZDQGWHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQVRI&21PL[WXUHIORZH[SHULPHQWDWEDU


 
1
1

1
([S EDU
 
7HPSHUDWXUH &
'3P N3DNJKU



 



 
           

1IUDFWLRQ PDVV 'HQVLW\ NJP
 
D SUHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZ E WHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQV

)LJXUH 3UHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZDQGWHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQVRI&21PL[WXUHIORZH[SHULPHQWDWEDU


 
1
1

 1
([S EDU

'3P N3DNJKU

7HPSHUDWXUH &


R









 
           
1IUDFWLRQ PDVV 
 'HQVLW\ NJP 
D SUHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZ E WHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQV

)LJXUH 3UHVVXUHGURSSHUPDVVIORZDQGWHPSHUDWXUHGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQVRI&21PL[WXUHIORZH[SHULPHQWDWEDU

)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH &21 PL[WXUH IORZ EHKDYLRU DW  EDU DQG  Ȕ LQOHW FRQGLWLRQ 1 PDVV IUDFWLRQ ZDV
FRQWUROOHGIURPWR7KHSUHVVXUHGURSVOLQHDUO\LQFUHDVHDVWKH1LPSXULW\LQFUHDVHDVVKRZLQ)LJ D 7KH
&21PL[WXUHIORZVKRZOLTXLGVLQJOHSKDVHIORZIURPWR2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH&21PL[WXUHIORZ
VKRZV VXSHUFULWLFDO VLQJOH SKDVH IORZ IURP WR  %XW WKH JUDGLHQW RI SUHVVXUH GURS VKRZ VLPLODU EHKDYLRU
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIIORZVWDWH7KHIORZSDWWHUQVRIWKH&21PL[WXUHIORZDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ
 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD
C. Huh 2214–2221
et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) ± 2221

  
D 1DWEDU E 1DWEDU F 1DWEDU

 
 G 1DWEDU H 1DWEDU

)LJXUH )ORZSDWWHUQVRI&2 1PL[WXUHIORZH[SHULPHQW

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KH HIIHFW RI ZDWHU DQG QLWURJHQ LPSXULW\ RQ WKH &2 SLSHOLQH WUDQVSRUW SURFHVV ZDV VWXGLHG ZLWK QXPHULFDO DQG
H[SHULPHQWDO PHWKRGV ,Q WKH RIIVKRUH SLSHOLQH WKH K\GUDWH IRUPDWLRQ SRVVLELOLW\ GXH WR H[LVWHQFH RI ZDWHU LQ KLJK
SUHVVXUH DQG ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQV ZDV DQDO\]HG :LWK UHJDUG WR 1 LPSXULW\ ZH HYDOXDWHG WKH SUHGLFWLYH
DFFXUDF\ RI WKH HTXDWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH IRU WKH &21 PL[WXUH DQG GUHZ RSWLPXP ELQDU\ SDUDPHWHUV EDVHG RQ WKH
TXDQWLWDWLYHFRPSDULVRQZLWKFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQW)LQDOO\ZHPDGHDQH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKH
SK\VLFDO EHKDYLRU RI &2LPSXWLWLHV PL[WXUH IORZ EHKDYLRU $V 1 LPSXULW\ LQFUHDVHV WKH &21 PL[WXUH VKRZV
GLIIHUHQWIORZSDWWHUQVDQGSUHVVXUHGURSEHKDYLRU7KHVXSHUFULWLFDO&21PL[WXUHIORZVKRZVVLPLODUSUHVVXUHGURS
JUDGLHQW ZLWKOLTXLG VLQJOHSKDVH IORZ GXH WR WKHKLJKHU GHQVLW\ LQ EDU FRQGLWLRQV 2Q WKH RWKHUKDQG WZRSKDVH
IORZ RI &21 PL[WXUH VKRZV ODUJHU SUHVVXUH GURSV LQ  EDU FRQGLWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH WKH 1 LPSXULW\ VKRXOG EH
PDLQWDLQHGEHORZLQORZSUHVVXUHWUDQVSRUWFRQGLWLRQV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLV ZRUN ZDV FRQGXFWHG RQ EHKDOI RI WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI /DQG 7UDQVSRUWDQG 0DULWLPH $IIDLUV 0/70  RI .RUHDQ
JRYHUQPHQWXQGHUWKHLU³'HYHORSPHQWRI7HFKQRORJ\IRU&20DULQH*HRORJLFDO6WRUDJH´SURJUDP

5HIHUHQFHV

 'DQDND1HWDO(QHUJ\WHFKQRORJ\SHUVSHFWLYHV)UDQFH2(&',($
 0HW]%'DYLGVRQ2&RQLQFN+'HWDO,3&&VSHFLDOUHSRUWRQFDUERQGLR[LGHFDSWXUHDQGVWRUDJH&DPEULGJHXQLYHUVLW\SUHVV
 +XK&.DQJ6*&KR0,&27UDQVSRUWIRU&&6DSSOLFDWLRQLQ5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD-RIWKH.RUHDQ6RFLHW\IRU0DULQH(QYLURQPHQWDO
(QJLQHHULQJ
 6ORDQ-U('&ODWKUDWHK\GUDWHVRIQDWXUDOJDVHVQGHG1HZ<RUN0DUFHO'HNNHU,QF
 /L+<DQ-(YDOXDWLQJFXELFHTXDWLRQVRIVWDWHIRUFDOFXODWLRQRIYDSROLTXLGHTXLOLEULXPRI&2DQG&2PL[WXUHVIRU&2FDSWXUHDQG
VWRUDJHSURFHVVHV$SSOLHG(QHUJ\
 5HGOLFK2.ZRQJ-162QWKHWKHUPRG\QDPLFVRIVROXWLRQV&KHP5HY
 6RDYH*(TXLOLEULXPFRQVWDQWVIRUPRGLILHG5HGOLFK.ZRQJHTXDWLRQRIVWDWH&KHP(QJ6FL
 3HQJ'<5RELQVRQ'%$QHZWZRFRQVWDQWHTXDWLRQRIVWDWH,QG(QJ&KHP)XQG
 0DWKLDV30$YHUVDWLOHSKDVHHTXLOLEULXPHTXDWLRQRIVWDWH,QG(QJ&KHP3URFHVV'HV'HY
 'RUDX:$O:DNHHO,0.QDSS+9/(GDWDIRU&2 &)&O1 &21 &)&ODQG1&2&)&O&U\RJHQLFV
 $UDL<.DPLQLVKL&6DLWR67KHH[SHULPHQWDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH397;UHODWLRQVIRUWKHFDUERQGLR[LGHQLWURJHQDQGWKHFDUERQ
GLR[LGHPHKWDQHV\VWHPV-&KHP(QJ-SQ
 0XLUEURRN1.3UDXVQLW]-00XOWLFRPSRQHQWYDSRUOLTXLGHTXLOLEULDDWKLJKSUHVVXUHSDUW,H[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RIQLWURJHQR[\JHQ
FDUERQGLR[LGHV\VWHPDWȔ$,&KH-