Q1: Write down qualities of active listening & explain them in ur

own words.

ANSWER:
1. Empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
person. When you are empathetic, you are able to put yourself in the
other person's shoes and see things from their perspective. This is
essential for active listening, as it allows you to truly understand what
the other person is saying, both verbally and nonverbally.

2. Attention

Active listening requires you to give the speaker your full attention. This
means putting away your phone, making eye contact, and avoiding
distractions. It also means being present in the moment and focusing on
what the speaker is saying, rather than thinking about what you are
going to say next.

3. Open-mindedness
When you are an active listener, you are open to hearing different
perspectives and viewpoints, even if they differ from your own. You are
also willing to consider new information and change your mind if
necessary.

4. Asking questions
Asking questions is a great way to show the speaker that you are
listening and that you are interested in what they have to say. It also
helps you to better understand their perspective and to clarify any points
of confusion.

5. Compassion
Compassion is the ability to understand and share the feelings of
another person. When you are compassionate, you are able to
empathize with the speaker and offer them support.

6. Non-judgment
Active listening requires you to be non-judgmental. This means avoiding
judging the speaker or their experiences. It also means avoiding
interrupting or offering unsolicited advice.

7. Reflection
Reflection is a technique that can be used to show the speaker that you
are listening and that you understand what they are saying. It involves
repeating back to the speaker what you have heard, in your own words.

8. Awareness of verbal and nonverbal messages

Active listening requires you to be aware of both verbal and nonverbal
messages. Verbal messages are the words that the speaker is saying.
Nonverbal messages include things like body language, tone of voice,
and facial expressions.
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Q2: What are the Functional Types of sentences & Explain the
Declarative sentence.

ANSWER:
Following are the four functional types of sentences are:

1. Declarative sentences: These sentences make a statement.

2. Interrogative sentences: These sentences ask a question.

3. Imperative sentences: These sentences give a command.

4. Exclamatory sentences: These sentences express strong

emotion.

Declarative sentences:
Declarative sentences are the most common type
of sentence. They are used to make statements, to inform others, and
to share information. Declarative sentences end with a period (.).

Examples of declarative sentences:

1. The sky is blue.

2. I am happy.
3. Dogs are mammals.
Declarative sentences can be simple or complex.

Simple declarative sentences:

Simple declarative sentences have only one
subject and one verb.

Complex Declarative Sentences:

Complex declarative sentences have two or
more independent clauses or one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.

Examples of complex declarative sentences:

1. The sky is blue, and the birds are singing.

2. I am happy because I am going on vacation.

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Q3: Explain SVO structure & fill all d Parts of Speech in the
sentence formula with their correct placing in sentences.

ANSWER:

SVO structure, also known as subject-verb-object, is the most common

sentence structure in English. It refers to the order in which the subject,
verb, and object of a sentence are placed.

Subject:
The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea
that is performing the action of the verb.

Verb:
The verb is the action word in a sentence. It tells us what the
subject is doing.

Object:
The object of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that
is being acted upon by the verb.
In an SVO sentence, the subject comes first, followed by the verb, and
then the object.

Example of an SVO sentence:

The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).

In this sentence, the subject is "the cat," the verb is "chased," and the
object is "the mouse."

Here is a table of the parts of speech in the sentence formula, with their
correct placing in sentences:

Part of speech Placement in an SVO sentence

Subject First
Verb Second
Object Third

Examples of SVO sentences:

1. The dog (subject) barked (verb) at the mailman (object).
3. The students (subject) studied (verb) for the test (object).

Q4: How many & what are the types of words in English & explain
their roles in sentences.

ANSWER:
There are eight main types of words in English:

1. Nouns:
Nouns are the names of people, places, things, or ideas.

2. Pronouns:
Pronouns are words that stand in for nouns.

3. Verbs:
Verbs are words that describe actions or states of being.

4. Adjectives:
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns by describing them.
5. Adverbs:
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

6. Prepositions:
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
another word in the sentence.

7. Conjunctions:
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses.

8. Interjections:
Interjections are words that express emotion.

Role of these words in sentences:

 Nouns:
Nouns are the building blocks of sentences. They can be used as
subjects, objects, or complements.

 Pronouns:
Pronouns are used to avoid repeating nouns. They can also be used to
make sentences more concise and easier to read.

 Verbs:
Verbs are essential for sentences because they tell us what is
happening. They can be used to describe actions, states of being, or
occurrences.

 Adjectives:
Adjectives make sentences more descriptive by providing information
about nouns and pronouns.

 Adverbs:
Adverbs can be used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
They can provide information about how, when, where, or to what
extent something is happening.

 Prepositions:
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
another word in the sentence. They can indicate location, direction,
time, or manner.

 Conjunctions:
 Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. They
can be used to create compound sentences, complex sentences, and
compound-complex sentences.

 Interjections:
Interjections are used to express emotion. They are often used at the
beginning of sentences or in exclamations.

Here is an example of a sentence with all eight types of words:

The (article) big (adjective) dog (noun) ran (verb) quickly (adverb)
through (preposition) the (article) park (noun).

In this sentence, "the" and "big" are adjectives, "dog" is a noun, "ran" is
a verb, "quickly" is an adverb, "through" is a preposition, and "park" is a
noun.

Q5: Explain Nouns, it's types: Concrete Nouns it's Types with
example words; countable uncountable Noun groups & Genders of
Nouns with 5# examples of each type.

ANSWER:
Nouns:
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They are
the building blocks of sentences and can be used as subjects, objects,
or complements.

Types of nouns
There are two main types of nouns: concrete and abstract.

Concrete nouns:
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be perceived by the senses. They
can be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled.

Examples:
People: Aizaz, Mobeen, Umar, Ali, Mohiz
Places: house, school, park, city, country
Things: chair, table, book, pen, computer
Animals: dog, cat, bird, fish, snake
Food: pizza, hamburger, apple, orange, ice cream
Abstract nouns:
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be perceived by the senses. They
are things like ideas, feelings, and concepts.

Examples:
Ideas: love, happiness, sadness, anger, fear
Feelings: joy, sorrow, surprise, anger, confusion
Concepts: freedom, justice, democracy, peace, equality

Concrete nouns can be further divided into two types: countable and
uncountable.

 Countable nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. They can have a
singular or plural form. Examples of countable nouns include:

Examples:
One dog, two dogs
One book, two books
One chair, two chairs

 Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. They do not
have a plural form. Examples of uncountable nouns include:

Examples:
Water
Air
Love
Happiness
Anger
Genders of nouns

Genders for nouns

 Masculine nouns:
Masculine nouns are nouns that refer to males. Examples of masculine
nouns include:

Examples:
Man
Boy
Father
Brother
Uncle
 Feminine nouns:
Feminine nouns are nouns that refer to females.

Examples:
Woman
Girl
Mother
Sister
Aunt

 Neuter nouns:
Neuter nouns are nouns that refer to things that are neither male nor
female.

Examples:
Book
Table
Chair
Animal
Thing

Q6: Define & Explain Article with it's types and uses with Vowel &
Consonants with examples.

ANSWER:

Article:
An article is a word that is used before a noun to indicate whether it is
specific or general.
There are two types of articles in English: definite and indefinite.
1. Definite article:
The definite article is "the". It is used to refer to a specific noun.

Example:
The dog is barking.
The book is on the table.
The teacher is giving a lesson.

Indefinite articles:
The indefinite articles are "a" and "an". They are used to refer to
a general noun.

Example:
 A dog is barking.
A book is on the table.
A teacher is giving a lesson.

Usage with vowels and consonants:


We use "a" before a consonant sound, even if the word begins with a
vowel.

Examples:
A university
A apple
A hour

We use "an" before a vowel sound.

Exceptions:
There are a few exceptions to the general rules for using articles.
1. We do not use an article before a plural noun.

For example:
Dogs are barking.
Books are on the table.
Teachers are giving lessons.

2. We do not use an article before a proper noun.

For example:
John is a teacher.
Mary is a student.
London is the capital of England.

Q7: Explain Consonant and Vowel Sounds articulation.

ANSWER:

Articulation of Consonant and Vowel Sounds:

The articulation of consonant and vowel sounds can be complex, and
there is a lot of variation between individual speakers. However, there
are some general principles that apply.
Consonant Sounds:
Consonant sounds are typically produced by obstructing the airflow
through the vocal tract. This can be done by closing the lips, raising the
tongue, or constricting the throat.

The specific articulatory movements required to produce a particular

consonant sound depend on the place of articulation and the voicing of
the sound. For example, to produce the bilabial consonant /b/, the lips
are closed and the vocal cords vibrate. To produce the alveolar
consonant /t/, the tongue is raised to the alveolar ridge and the vocal
cords do not vibrate.

Vowel sounds:
Vowel sounds are produced by unobstructing the airflow through the
vocal tract. The tongue and lips can be positioned in different ways to
produce different vowel sounds.

The specific articulatory movements required to produce a particular

vowel sound depend on the tongue height, tongue frontness, and lip
rounding of the sound. For example, to produce the high front vowel /i/,
the tongue is raised to the high position in the front of the mouth and the
lips are unrounded. To produce the low central vowel /æ/, the tongue is
lowered to the low position in the central part of the mouth and the lips
are spread.

Conclusion:
The articulation of consonant and vowel sounds is a complex process
that involves the coordination of many different parts of the vocal tract.
By understanding the basic principles of consonant and vowel
articulation, you can improve your pronunciation and communication
skills.

Q8: Define Adjective, with all it's Degrees & it's groups.

ANSWER:

Adjective:
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun by describing,
identifying, or quantifying it. Adjectives can tell us about the size, shape,
color, age, material, origin, or other qualities of a noun or pronoun.
For example:
in the sentence "The big, red ball bounced down the hill," the adjectives
"big" and "red" modify the noun "ball." They tell us about the ball's size
and color.

Degrees of Adjectives:

Adjectives have three degrees: positive, comparative, and

superlative.

Positive degree:
The positive degree is the basic form of the adjective. It simply
describes the quality of the noun or pronoun.
For example:
"The ball is big."

Comparative degree:
The comparative degree compares two nouns or pronouns. It is formed
by adding "-er" to the end of the adjective, or by using the word "more"
before the adjective.
For example:
"The red ball is bigger than the blue ball."

Superlative degree:
The superlative degree compares three or more nouns or pronouns. It
is formed by adding "-est" to the end of the adjective, or by using the
word "most" before the adjective.
For example:
"The red ball is the biggest ball of all."

Groups of Adjectives:
Adjectives can be grouped into different categories based on
their meaning. Some common groups of adjectives include:

Descriptive adjectives:
Descriptive adjectives describe the qualities of nouns and pronouns.

For example:
big, red, cold, new, old, happy, sad, angry.
Quantitative adjectives:
Quantitative adjectives quantify nouns and pronouns. They tell us how
many or how much of something there is.

For example:
one, two, three, many, few, all, half.
Demonstrative adjectives: Demonstrative adjectives point to specific
nouns and pronouns.
For example:
this, that, these, those.

Possessive adjectives:
Possessive adjectives show ownership.
For example:
my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

Interrogative adjectives:
Interrogative adjectives are used in questions.
For example:
what, which, whose.

Q9. A: Define syllable & explain how & when d next

syllable starts.

ANSWER:

Syllable:
A syllable is a unit of sound in a word. It is made up of a vowel sound
and any surrounding consonant sounds.

For example:
The word "cat" has one syllable, and the word "computer" has three
syllables.

The next syllable starts when there is a new vowel sound. This can be a
single vowel sound, or it can be a vowel sound followed by a consonant
sound. For example, the word "cat" has one syllable because it has one
vowel sound. The word "computer" has three syllables because it has
three vowel sounds: "com-pu-ter."
Here are some tips for determining how many
syllables a word has:
Clap your hands for each vowel sound you hear.
Count the number of vowel sounds in the word.
Remember that consonants can go at the beginning or end of a
syllable.
If there is a single vowel sound at the end of a word, it is its own
syllable. For example, the word "go" has one syllable.
If there are two vowel sounds at the end of a word, they are usually in
their own syllables.

For example:
the word "die" has two syllables.

B: Define 1st person, 2nd person & 3rd per.

ANSWER:
we have three grammatical persons: first person, second
person, and third person.

First person:
The first person is the speaker or writer. It is used to refer to oneself or
to a group of people that the speaker or writer is part of. First person
pronouns include I, me, my,mine, we, us, our,and ours.

Examples:
I am going to the store.
We are having a party tonight.

Second person:
The second person is the person or people being spoken to or written
to. It is used to address someone directly. Second person pronouns
include you,your, yours, and y'all.

Examples:
You are a good friend.
Y'all are coming to the party, right?

Third person:
 The third person is the person or people being spoken about or written
about. It is used to refer to someone or something that is not the
speaker or writer, or the person or people being spoken to or written to.
Third person pronouns include "he," him, his,hers,it, its, they, them,
their, and theirs.

Examples:
He is a doctor.
She is a teacher.
It is a beautiful day.
They are going to the park.

Q10: Define Conjunctions & Prepositions, with example words &

explain their roles in sentences.

ANSWER:

Conjunctions:
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, and clauses. They
are used to create compound sentences, complex sentences, and
compound-complex sentences.
There are three main types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating,
and correlative
.
1. Coordinating conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect two or
more independent clauses. The seven coordinating conjunctions are:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

2.Subordinating conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce
subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone as
complete sentences. Some common subordinating conjunctions are:
because, since, although, while, until, after, if, unless, and than.

Correlative conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are used to connect two or more words or
phrases of equal importance. Some common correlative conjunctions
are: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or.
Prepositions
Prepositions:
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and another word in the sentence. They can indicate location,
direction, time, or manner.

Some common prepositions are:

above, about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind,
below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, during, for, from, in, into,
like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to,
toward, under, underneath, until, upon, with, and within.

Roles in sentences:
Conjunctions and prepositions play important roles in sentences.
Conjunctions help us to connect ideas and to create more complex
sentences. Prepositions help us to show the relationships between
words and to create more precise sentences.
Here are some examples of how conjunctions and prepositions are
used in sentences:

Conjunctions:
I love cats and dogs. (compound sentence)
I went to the store because I needed to buy milk.
Either you can do the dishes or you can take out the trash. (compound-
complex sentence)

Prepositions:
The cat is sitting on the mat.
I went to the store.
The meeting will start at 10:00 AM.
I am working on a project.

Q11: Define Pronouns, it's role, it's types and draw the Pronouns'
Table.

ANSWER:

Pronouns:
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. They are used to
avoid repeating nouns and to make sentences more concise and easier
to read.
Role of pronouns:
Pronouns play an important role in sentences. They can be used as
subjects, objects, or complements.

Subject pronouns:
Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences.

Examples:
Subject pronouns include: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and one.

Object pronouns:
Object pronouns are used as objects of sentences.

Examples:
Object pronouns include: me, you, him, her, it, us, them, and one.

Complement pronouns:
Complement pronouns are used to complement the subject of a
sentence. They provide additional information about the subject.

Examples
Complement pronouns include: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

Types of pronouns
There are eight main types of pronouns in English:

Personal pronouns:
Personal pronouns are the most common type of pronoun. They are
used to refer to people, places, and things.

Examples:
Personal pronouns include: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and one.

Relative pronouns:
Relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses. They
relate the subordinate clause to the main clause of the sentence.

Examples
Relative pronouns include: who, whom, whose, which, that, and what.
Interrogative pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.

Examples:
Interrogative pronouns include: who, whom, whose, which, what, and
where.

Demonstrative pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific nouns or
pronouns.

Examples
Demonstrative pronouns include: this, that, these, and those.

Indefinite pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, and things in a general
way.

Examples:
indefinite pronouns include: some, any, all, many, few, and none.

Reciprocal pronouns:
Reciprocal pronouns are used to express mutual action or relationship.

Examples:
Reciprocal pronouns include: each other and one another.

Intensive pronouns:
Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize the noun or pronoun they
refer to.

Examples:
Intensive pronouns include: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

Reflexive pronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that the subject of the
sentence is performing the action on itself.

Examples:
of reflexive pronouns include: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Pronoun table:

Posessive
Person Pronoun Posessive Emphatic
subjective objective Others
pronoun Adjective pronoun

Sigular
pronoun Ist I me my mine myself all
2nd you you your yours yourself anyone
3rd he him his his hisself someone
She, it Her, it Her, its Hers, its himself everyone
Ist we us our ours Ourself noone
2nd you you your yours yourself any
Plural
pronoun
3rd they them thier thiers thierself nobody

Introgative who whome whose whose whoever everybody

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Q12: Verb, it's role, it's types and uses in tenses, explain the forms
of Main Verbs, Helping Verbs and Modal Verbs in their formwise
uses in tenses.

ANSWER:
Verb:
A verb is a word that describes an action, state of being, or occurrence.
Verbs are the heart of English sentences, and every sentence must
have at least one verb.

Role of verbs:
Verbs play an important role in sentences. They are used to tell us what
the subject of the sentence is doing, feeling, or being.
Types of verbs:
There are three main types of verbs in English:

Action verbs:
Action verbs describe physical actions. Examples of action verbs
include: run, walk, talk, eat, and sleep.

Linking verbs:
Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a complement. A
complement provides additional information about the subject.
Examples of linking verbs include: be, seem, become, and appear.

Helping verbs:
Helping verbs are used with main verbs to form verb tenses, moods,
and voices.

Examples:
Helping verbs include: have, do, be, may, can, and must.

Uses of verbs in tenses:

Verbs can be used in different tenses to indicate when an
action happened, is happening, or will happen. The three main verb
tenses are:

Past tense:
The past tense is used to talk about actions that happened in the past.

For example:
I ran to the store.

Present tense:
The present tense is used to talk about actions that are happening now
or that happen regularly.

For example:
I am running to the store.

Future tense:
The future tense is used to talk about actions that will happen in the
future.
For example:
I will run to the store.

Forms of verbs:

Verbs can take different forms depending on the tense, mood, and
voice.

Main verbs:
Main verbs are the verbs that describe the action, state of being, or
occurrence in a sentence.

Helping verbs:
Helping verbs are used with main verbs to form verb tenses, moods,
and voices.

Modal verbs:
Modal verbs are used to express possibility, necessity, permission, or
obligation.

Uses main verbs, helping verbs, and modal verbs

in tenses:
Simple present:
I run to the store every day.

Present continuous:
I am running to the store right now.

Present perfect:
I have run to the store many times.

Past simple:
I ran to the store yesterday.

Past continuous:
I was running to the store when I saw you.

Past perfect:
I had run to the store before you arrived.
Future simple:
I will run to the store tomorrow.

Future continuous:
I will be running to the store when you call me.

Future perfect:
I will have run to the store by the time you get home.

Modal verbs:
I can run to the store.
I must run to the store.
I may run to the store.

Q13. Adverb, its role, its types & 3 example words of each type.

ANSWER:

Adverb:
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It
can tell us how, when, where, or why something happens.

Role of adverbs:
Adverbs play an important role in sentences by providing additional
information about the action, state of being, or occurrence described by
the verb. They can make our writing and speaking more precise and
descriptive.

Types of adverbs:
There are many different types of adverbs, but some of the
most common include:

Adverbs of manner:
These adverbs describe how something is done.

For example:
quickly, slowly, carefully, carefully, rudely, nicely, and beautifully.
Adverbs of time:
These adverbs describe when something happens.

For example:
now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, and lately.

Adverbs of place:
These adverbs describe where something happens.

For example:
here, there, inside, outside, above, below, and behind.

Adverbs of degree:
These adverbs describe the intensity or extent of something.

For example:
very, too, extremely, much, more, most, little, less, and incredibly.

Adverbs of frequency:
These adverbs describe how often something happens.

For example:
always, sometimes, never, often, rarely, and occasionally.

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