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Analysis and Design of a Two-Speed Single-Phase Induction Motor With 2 and

18 Pole Special Windings

Article in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · April 2005

DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2004.842396 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Popescu, M. and Ionel, D.M. and Dellinger, S.J. and Miller, T.J.E. and
McGilp, M. (2005) Analysis and design of a two-speed single-phase
induction motor with 2 and 18 pole special windings. IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversions 20(1):pp. 62-70.

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62
Analysis and Design of a Two-Speed Single-Phase
Induction Motor With 2 and 18 Pole Special Windings
Mircea Popescu, Senior Member, IEEE, Dan M. Ionel, Senior Member, IEEE, Stephen J. Dellinger,
T. J. E. Miller, Fellow, IEEE, and Malcolm McGilp
Abstract—The motor presented employs multiple independent
windings for operation with two very different pole numbers. The
18-pole field is produced with a symmetrical three-phase winding
connected in a Steinmetz arrangement to a single-phase supply. A
unified analysis method has been developed and used to demon-
strate the equivalence of a Steinmetz delta or star connection with
a main and auxiliary winding of a single-phase motor. The method
has been experimentally validated and also included are some spe-
cific motor design considerations.
Index Terms—Asynchronous rotating machines, design method-
ology, machine windings, phase conversion, single-phase induction
motors, squirrel cage motors.
I. INTRODUCTION
W HILE the potential of power electronics technology for
lower cost in large volume production and its long-term
field reliability are yet to be fully proven, many drive applica-
tions, which require only basic speed variation, are employing
line-fed induction motors with special windings. Over the years,
a large variety of motor designs has been developed to allow
operation at two or more pre-set speeds, eg. [1]–[3]. Especially
when used for mass production, such motors need to be very cost
competitive and their optimization is subject to detailed design
and analysis work.
The single-phase induction motor technology has benefited of
continuous theoretical and practical interest, eg. [4]–[15]. The
operation of induction motors equipped with 3-phase windings
and supplied, generally through a Steinmetz connection, from
a single-phase source, has been a research subject to the very
present day and some important contributions have been pub-
lished lately by other authors [16]–[21].
The motor presented in this paper is designed with multiple
independent windings to make possible the operation in two
largely different configurations of 2 and 18 poles, respectively.
The 18-pole configuration uses a 3-phase winding and a delta
Steinmetz connection. The main objective of the theoretical
analysis was to establish a mathematically rigorous equivalence
between the Steinmetz connection and a main and auxiliary
Manuscript received April 11, 2003; revised October 15, 2003.
M. Popescu, T. J. E. Miller, and M. I. McGilp are with SPEED Laboratory,
Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
D. M. Ionel is with AO Smith Corporate Technology Center, Milwaukee, WI
53224 USA.
S. J. Dellinger is with AO Smith Electric Products Company, Tipp City, OH
45371 USA.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2004.842396
0885-8969/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 1, MARCH 2005
winding so that the motor can be optimally designed using
single-phase motor engineering knowledge and practices.
Starting from the commonly employed theory of symmet-
rical components and after further mathematical transforma-
tions, new equations and single-phase motor equivalent circuits
have been developed in this respect. Also as new contributions,
the mathematical relations between the actual measurable volt-
ages and currents in the motor real windings, on one hand, and
the values in the equivalent auxiliary and main winding, on the
other hand, have been established for both the delta and the wye
Steinmetz connection. A design procedure based on the new
analysis method has been implemented using a motor design
software and the theory has been experimentally validated.
The optimal design of the 2 and 18-pole motor, which is ex-
emplified in the paper, poses interesting challenges, such as the
dimensioning of a magnetic circuit capable of operation with
two very different field patterns, the comparison and selection
of a wye or delta Steinmetz connection, the minimization of the
torque ripple for a specific load together with capacitor rational-
ization etc. The methods employed are described and also dis-
cussed are design considerations of interest to an electric motor
engineer.
II. ANALYSIS METHOD
For the 2-pole main and auxiliary winding a single layer si-
nusoidal distributed arrangement is employed in order to mini-
mize the torque harmonics, the noise and vibrations. The 2-pole
high-speed motor operation can be simulated using the conven-
tional theory [1].
The 18-pole field is produced with a symmetrical three-phase
stator winding, which is wound in one layer with a distribution
of one slot per pole and phase and a full pole pitch on a 54-slot
laminated core connected in a Steinmetz delta arrangement to a
single-phase supply as shown in Fig. 1. The single-phase sup-
plied machine is asymmetrical and based on the methods de-
scribed in [4], we have developed a unified analysis theory for
the delta and the wye Steinmetz connections (Figs. 2–5).
For steady-state operation all the variables are represented
in complex numbers in the frequency domain. Using symmet-
rical components, the voltages across the 3-phase windings for
a Steinmetz wye connection, can be written as
(1)
(2)
(3)
POPESCU et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TWO-SPEED SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH 2 AND 18 POLE SPECIAL WINDINGS
Fig. 1. Electrical connections for the high speed 2-pole configuration and
for the low speed 18-pole configuration. The 18-pole field is produced with a
Steinmetz delta connection.
Fig. 2. Electrical circuit for Steinmetz delta connection.
Fig. 3. Electrical circuit for Steinmetz wye connection.
Fig. 4. Equivalent main and auxiliary winding for Steinmetz delta connection.
63
Fig. 5. Equivalent main and auxiliary winding for Steinmetz wye connection.
where and are the positive sequence and negative se-
quence impedance respectively and the positive sequence and
negative sequence current components are
(4)
(5)
with
(6)
No zero-sequence components are present in a three phase sym-
metrical system with isolated neutral point.
Based on the electrical circuits of the Steinmetz delta and wye
connections from Figs. 2–3
(7)
(8)
where is the voltage drop across the auxiliary impedance
, which is connected at the motor terminals in order to in-
crease the forward and decrease the backward magnetic field
component.
Similarly, based on the electrical circuit of the Steinmetz wye
connection from Fig. 3
(9)
(10)
In terms of an equivalent single-phase motor circuit, we can
consider (7) and (9) respectively, as the voltage equation for
the main winding, and (8) and (10) respectively, as a voltage
equation from which a mathematical expression of the voltage
on an equivalent auxiliary phase winding can be determined, as
it will be demonstrated in the following.
Because the neutral point of the 3-phase symmetrical winding
is not connected, the phase currents can be expressed as a func-
tion of two currents, one fictitious and one equal to
(11)
(12)
64 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 1, MARCH 2005

(13) tained for the equivalent circuit of the single-phase motor with
Steinmetz wye connection
The flow of the two currents and through the motor wind-
ings would produce two orthogonal magnetomotive forces.
By substituting (11) in (4) and (5)
(23)

(14) (24)
(25)
(15)
(26)

In principle, it would be possible to further express the current

A. Steinmetz Delta Connection in the equivalent auxiliary phase as a function of the positive and
For Steinmetz delta connection (Fig. 4) negative sequence currents. Equations (21) and (26) illustrate
the relation between the current in the equivalent auxiliary phase
and the actual measurable currents in the motor real windings.
Note that the actual value of the voltage on the equivalent
auxiliary phase is given by (17) or (22) and the value of the
(16) auxiliary voltage referenced to the main circuit is provided by
(20) or (25), respectively. Figs. 4 and 5 are drawn also such as
or after several manipulations involving (14)–(15), the voltage to illustrate that the voltage phasors of the equivalent main and
equation of the equivalent auxiliary winding can be obtained auxiliary phase are in quadrature.
from The order in which the coils are connected in the equiva-
lent (fictitious) auxiliary winding is, of course, essential. For
example, in the equivalent single-phase motor circuit for the
Steinmetz delta connection, the auxiliary winding is formed by
(17) the third phase connected with the same polarity as in
the 3- phase (real) winding and in series with the second phase
The position of the equivalent circuit elements in Fig. 4 is chosen winding, which has to be connected with reversed polarity (
in order to provide also an indication of the voltage phasor dia- in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4 as compared to in elec-
gram. trical connection diagram of Fig. 2).
With the variables referred to the main winding and a trans- It is also important to note that the equivalent capacitive
formation ratio , the following set of equations is ob- impedance is four times higher than the real one, i.e., vs.
tained for the equivalent circuit of the single-phase motor with , which means that the equivalent single-phase motor circuit
Steinmetz delta connection employs only one quarter of the capacitance that is physically
connected at the motor terminals.
(18) The theory described in this section has demonstrated the
equivalence between a motor with a symmetrical three-phase
(19) stator winding connected in a Steinmetz arrangement to a
(20) single-phase supply and a motor with main and auxiliary
windings, the performance of which can be simulated using the
(21) conventional theory of single-phase motors [1], [3]–[5].

B. Steinmetz Wye Connection III. STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT OPERATION

For Steinmetz wye connection (Fig. 5):
(22)
where and are given by (14) and (15) respectively. The
position of the equivalent circuit elements in Fig. 5 is chosen
in order to provide also an indication of the voltage phasor dia-
gram.
With the variables referred to the main winding and a trans-
formation ratio , the following set of equations is ob-
The steady-state and the transient performance of a 2/18 pole,
60 Hz, 240 V single-phase supply induction motor was calcu-
lated using the procedure described in the previous section and a
motor design software [5], [6]. The analysis was complemented
by improved analytical methods developed previously [7], [8].
A comparison between the steady-state simulated and tested
performance is summarized in Figs. 6–9 and in the Tables I–II.
The transient motor operation for starting against rated load (see
Figs. 10–11) has been calculated using the constant motor pa-
rameters specified in the appendix.
POPESCU et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TWO-SPEED SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH 2 AND 18 POLE SPECIAL WINDINGS 65

Fig. 6. Torque speed curve for steady state operation in 18 pole configuration. Fig. 9. Current vs. speed for steady state operation in 2 pole configuration.

TABLE I
CALCULATED AND TEST DATA FOR STEADY-STATE OPERATION IN
18-POLE CONFIGURATION

TABLE II
CALCULATED AND TEST DATA FOR STEADY-STATE OPERATION IN
2-POLE CONFIGURATION

Fig. 7. Current vs. speed for steady state operation in 18 pole configuration.

Fig. 8. Torque speed curve for steady state operation in 2 pole configuration.
In the 18-pole configuration the motor is operated as a per-
manent-split capacitor (PSC) type, with the same capacitor con-
nected both at start and run operation. In the 2-pole configura-
tion a solid-state switch is employed to change in between the
start and run capacitor at 90% of the synchronous speed. The ef-
fect of the switch is noticeable in both the steady-state and tran-
sient performance curves. The transient torque contains a rela-
tively large pulsating torque of twice the line supply frequency.
Fig. 10. Transients for starting against rated load in 18 pole configuration.
Because of the very high load inertia the torque ripple does
not cause speed oscillations in the example motor drive. Such a
torque ripple is specific to a single-phase induction motor [9],
being caused by the presence of a forward and a backward ro-
tating magnetic field.
Means of balancing the motor operation and reducing the pul-
sating torque are further discussed in the next section.
66 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 1, MARCH 2005

Fig. 11. Transients for starting against rated load in 2 pole configuration.

Fig. 13. Flux lines and flux density in the cross-section of the motor operating
on load in the 2 pole configuration.

capacitance and the turns ratio of the auxiliary and main winding

(27)

where and are the line supply voltage and frequency re-
spectively, the referred rotor resistance, and the
locked rotor main and auxiliary winding impedance, respec-
tively and is the capacitive impedance con-
nected in series with the auxiliary winding. The real and imagi-
nary components of the complex impedances are denoted by
Fig. 12. Flux lines and flux density in the cross-section of the motor operating and , respectively.
on load in the 18 pole configuration. The starting torque can also be evaluated using the main and
auxiliary starting currents
IV. MOTOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
(28)

The motor magnetic circuit has to be designed for optimal
operation with 18-pole and 2-pole field, respectively. The finite
element analysis (FEA) magnetic field plots, which are printed
on the same flux density scale in Figs. 12 and 13, illustrate some
of the design challenges due to the magnetic circuit being shared
by two largely different stator winding polarities. In the low
speed 18-pole configuration, the saturation level is significant
only in the teeth. In the high-speed 2-pole configuration, the
stator yoke has an increased magnetic loading.
For a capacitor-start single-phase induction motor, which has
the magnetization reactance much higher than the referred rotor
resistance and leakage reactance and based on the equations
from [1], the starting torque can be computed as a function of the
where is a proportionality constant and is the electrical
phase angle between the main and auxiliary current phasors at
locked rotor conditions.
Based on (27), it can be demonstrated that the maximum the-
oretically achievable starting torque is only dependent of the
motor parameters, i.e., is independent of the starting capacitor,
and can be calculated as
(29)
This equation can serve for an initial design choice of the turns
ratio. In order for the motor to achieve the maximum starting
POPESCU et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TWO-SPEED SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH 2 AND 18 POLE SPECIAL WINDINGS
torque calculated with (29), the starting capacitor has to be se-
lected such that
(30)
However, from the starting performance point of view, both
maximum torque and minimum current are desirable. It is
known that both conditions cannot be generally fulfilled with
the same capacitor and therefore a common engineering trade
off is to design for maximum starting torque per amp, which is
theoretically achieved for [1]
(31)
In a single-phase induction motor model, in which only the
fundamental m.m.f. is considered, the instantaneous electro-
magnetic torque, , has an average (DC) component, , and
a pulsating (AC) component of amplitude, , and frequency
equal to twice the supply frequency
(32)
Balancing the run operation, which aims at eliminating the
pulsating torque caused by the backward rotating field, is ex-
tremely important, especially for the 18-pole configuration for
which the torque pulsations and the low rated speed can cause
instability.
By solving the equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor and
taking into account the balancing condition of the main and aux-
iliary current [9]
(33)
the equations for the components of the impedance , which
is connected in series with the auxiliary winding, are obtained
as:
(34)
(35)
where and are the main and auxiliary winding resistance
respectively, and are the main and auxiliary leakage
reactance respectively and the equivalent forward impedance at
a slip is given by:
(36)
A balanced single-phase motor will have, in general, an in-
creased torque per amp and ideally no pulsating torque compo-
nent of twice the mains frequency. However, with a fixed value
capacitive impedance the motor can be fully balanced at only
one particular load and speed. To ensure continuous balanced
67
Fig. 14. Starting and rated load torque as a function of capacitance in the 18
pole motor configuration.
operation over a wider torque-speed range, more complex solu-
tions, such as an electronically controlled capacitor [10]–[12] or
a vector control strategy [13], have been proposed. Furthermore,
balanced operation does not necessarily guarantee maximum ef-
ficiency, for which, a higher run capacitance might be required
[14], [15]. These considerations make the motor design very ap-
plication dependent.
The equations included in this section are useful for prelim-
inary design and their application is followed by a more de-
tailed parametric study employing the mathematical model of
the motor, which was previously described.
The 18-pole configuration is produced through a Steinmetz
delta connection of a 3-phase winding to a single phase voltage
supply. The Steinmetz connection is advantageous because it
has a higher winding factor than a main and an auxiliary winding
and also eliminates the third-order harmonics of the air-gap
mmf. Furthermore, the end-coil dimensions are reduced and as a
result the end-leakage reactance and the end-winding resistance
are relatively low. For this particular Steinmetz connection, the
delta connection has an advantage over the star connection in
that a smaller capacitor is required to produce the same power
output. This is because for the same single-phase voltage supply
the number of turns and therefore the winding impedances are
higher for a Steinmetz delta connection.
The theory presented in the second section of the paper has
demonstrated that a Steinmetz connection is equivalent and can
be fictitiously replaced by an auxiliary and a main winding with
an effective ratio of turns . Because the ratio of turns is
larger than 1, the motor can be balanced only by using a capac-
itive impedance connected in series with the auxiliary winding
[1], [4], [9].
The 18-pole motor configuration is operated as a permanent
split capacitor type; the same capacitor is used both for starting
and running operation and has to be optimized for both situa-
tions.
As the turns ratio is fixed in a Steinmetz connected motor, we
have used the motor design and analysis software [5] to study
only the influence of the capacitor selection on the example
motor performance and obtained the results plotted in Figs. 14
and 15. The region of most interest is in between 50 to 100 ,
68 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 1, MARCH 2005

Fig. 17. The starting torque as a function of starting capacitance and turns ratio
Fig. 15. Starting torque per amp as a function of capacitance in the 18 pole in the 2 pole motor configuration.
motor configuration.

Fig. 18. Average torque at rated load as a function of run capacitance and turns
ratio in the 2 pole motor configuration.

Fig. 16. The starting torque per amp as a function of starting capacitance and
turns ratio in the 2 pole motor configuration.

where the starting torque and the average torque at rated load
reach a maximum, and the amplitude of the pulsating torque at
rated load has a minimum. Also, within this capacitance range,
the ratio of the starting torque and starting current achieves a
maximum.
It is interesting to note that for the considered motor example
a phase angle of 60 degree, which would ensure fully balanced
operation, cannot be achieved at a relatively large load of 5.5
lbft at 335 rpm. In order to completely eliminate the torque pul-
sations not only the capacitance (see Fig. 14) but also the turns
ratio of the equivalent auxiliary and main winding should be Fig. 19. Amplitude of the pulsating torque at rated load as a function of run
modified, which is clearly not feasible with a Steinmetz connec- capacitance and turns ratio in the 2 pole motor configuration.
tion. However, by optimal choice of the capacitor the pulsating
torque is minimized at a level, which is totally satisfactory for this requirement being determined by the typical direct drive
typical applications, while the starting and rated torque require- application.
ments are met. More design freedom is available for the 2-pole configuration
The 2-pole configuration is of the conventional single-phase also because a solid-state switch is employed to change from a
type and the parametric design study has been extended to start capacitor to a run capacitor. The run capacitance and the
include not only the capacitance but also the turns ratio (see turns ratio are selected in order to minimize the pulsating torque
Figs. 16–19). For a set value of the starting capacitance, the and the same time match the rated load requirements. It is inter-
turns ratio has a relatively reduced influence on the starting esting to note that fully balanced operation, with virtually zero
torque per amp value. The value of the starting capacitance pulsating torque, would be possible at rated speed; however, in
is selected in order to ensure the same starting torque for the this case the motor would not be able to develop the required
2-pole motor configuration as for the 18-pole configuration, rated torque.
POPESCU et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TWO-SPEED SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH 2 AND 18 POLE SPECIAL WINDINGS
TABLE III
MOTOR PARAMETERS FOR 240 V, 60 HZ SUPPLY
V. CONCLUSIONS
The method developed for motor analysis allows the unified
treatment of induction motors with a delta or star Steinmetz con-
nection supplied from a single-phase voltage source. The overall
agreement between calculated and measured performance can
be considered as satisfactory for a first test of the theory devel-
oped. Based on the mathematically proven equivalence between
the Steinmetz connection and a main and an auxiliary winding,
the method can be implemented straightforward into existent in-
duction motor design software and the motor can be optimized
using single-phase motor procedures. Some of the most impor-
tant particularities of a motor with a Steinmetz connection have
also been discussed and some design recommendations have
been given.
APPENDIX
The motor parameters used for transient simulation are spec-
ified in Table III.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank R. Bartos and A. Phillips,
who are with AO Smith Corporate Technology Center, for
the technical insights provided and for their contributions in
preparing the paper. B. Ladd, who is with AO Smith Electric
Products Company, is gratefully acknowledged for his experi-
mental work contributions.
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Mircea Popescu (M’98–SM’04) was born in Bucharest, Romania. He received
the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University “Po-
litehnica” Bucharest, Romania.
Since 2000, he is a Research Associate with SPEED Laboratory, Glasgow
University, Glasgow, U.K. From 1984 to 1986, he worked on dc drives design
and quality testing at “Electrotehnica” S.A. Bucharest. From 1986 to 1997,
he was a Project Manager with the Research Institute for Electrical Machines
(ICPE-ME), Bucharest, working on industrial and research development. From
1991 to 1997, he cooperated as a Visiting Assistant Professor, Electrical Drives
and Machines Department, University “Politehnica” Bucharest. From 1997
to 2000, he was a Research Scientist with the Electromechanics Laboratory,
Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
Dan M. Ionel (M’91–SM’01) received the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in elec-
trical engineering from the Polytechnic University, Bucharest, Romania.
Currently, he is a Principal Electromagnetic Engineer with the AO Smith Cor-
porate Technology Center, Milwaukee, WI. He began his career with the Re-
search Institute for Electrical Machines (ICPE-ME), Bucharest, Romania, and
continued in the U.K., where he was with the SPEED Laboratory, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K., and with the Brook Crompton Company, Hudder-
sfield, U.K. His previous experience includes a one-year Leverhulme Visiting
Fellowship at the University of Bath, Bath, U.K.
70 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 1, MARCH 2005

Stephen J. Dellinger received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engi-
neering from the University of Dayton, Dayton, OH.
Currently, he is Director of Engineering with the AO Smith Corp., Electric
Products Company, Tipp City, OH. His responsibilities include the development
and introduction to manufacturing of new motor technologies. He has been with
AO Smith Corp. for more than 35 years and, during this time, held various po-
sitions in manufacturing, engineering, and management.
Malcolm McGilp was born in Helensburgh, U.K. He received the B.Eng. de-
gree (Hons.) in electronic systems and microcomputer engineering, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
Currently, he is a Research Associate in the SPEED Laboratory, University of
Glasgow, where he was a Research Assistant from 1987 to 1996. He is respon-
sible for the software architecture of the SPEED motor design software and has
developed the interface and user facilities which allow it to be easy to learn and
integrate with other PC-based software.

T. J. E. Miller (M’74–SM’82–F’96) received the M.Sc. degree from the Univer-

sity of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from Leeds University.
From 1979 to 1986, he was an Electrical Engineer and Program Manager
with GE Research and Development, Schenectady, NY, and his industrial ex-
perience includes time with GEC (U.K.), British Gas, International Research
and Development, and a student-apprenticeship with Tube Investments Ltd. He
is Professor of Electrical Power Engineering and Founder and Director of the
SPEED Consortium at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of more than
100 publications in the fields of motors, drives, power systems, and power elec-
tronics, including seven books.
Prof. Miller is a Fellow of the IEE.

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