A Project Report

on
“Analysis and stabilization of Black cotton soil and it’s using
lime”

Submitted by

(1) BODA JAIVIN 180543106009

(2) KANAKHARA NISHIT 180543106035
(3) KANZARIYA DIPEN 180543106036
(4) DUDHAREJIA PARTH 180544106001

College ID GTU ID
Project Group ID
20CI43

In partially fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

Civil Engineering

2020-21

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
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Chapte Particular pag
r e no.

Title Page 1

Certificate

Acknowledgement 5

List Of Tables 3

Table Of Figure 4

Abstract 6

Definition 9

1 Standard Proctor Test 10

2 California Bearing Ratio Test 14

3 CONCLUSION 22

4 SCOPE OF FURTHER STUDY 23

5 PHOTO GALLERY 27

6 Results 20

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No.
Proctor test Table with 0%
1.2Table NamePage No. lime content 11

Proctor with 3% lime

1.3 content 12

1.4 Proctor with 5% lime 12

content

1.5 Proctor with 7% lime 13

content

2.1 CBR with 0% lime content 16

2.2 CBR with 3% lime content 18

2.3 CBR with 5% lime content 19

2.4 CBR with 7% lime content 20

2.5 Comparison table 21

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

1Figure DescriptionPage No. Cylindrical Metal Mould 8

2 California Baring Ration 15

3 Photo Gallery 27

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby take the opportunaity to express our deep sense of gratitude Prof. Kamlesh vada, (faculty
of civil engineering department) for his kind support and timely guidance given to us for reaching
our destination with perfection. We are thankful to him for his suggestions and ideas to make this
project work even better.
We are very much thankful to Prof. Kamlesh vada who permitted us to work on the topic and
extended his kind support and help for the same the enthusiasm shown by him in our project proved
to be a great source of inspiration.
We are thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members and friends who helped us
directly and indirectly for the successful completion of this work.
We are also thankful to Prof. Kamlesh vada and others for their literature review for all kind support
and guidance.

Thanking all,

BODA JAIVIN 180543106009

KANAKHARA NISHIT 180543106035
KANZARIYA DIPEN 180543106036
DUDHAREJIA PARTH 180544106001

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 ABSTRACT

With the increasing of population and therefore the reduction if available land, more and more
construction of buildings and other engineering structures need to be administered on weak or soft
soil. due to such soil of poor shear strength and high swelling & shrinkage, an excellent diversity of
ground improvement techniques like soil stabilization and enhancing the reliability of construction.
Black cotton soil is one among the main soil deposits of india. It occurs mostly within the central and
western parts and covers approximately 20% of the entire area of india. They exhibit high swelling
and shrinking when exposed to changes in moisture content and hence has been found to be most
troublesome from engineering considerations. Stabilization occurs when lime is added to black
cotton soil and pozzolanic reaction takes place. The calcium hydroxide reacts with the clay particles
and permanently transforms them into a robust comentations matrix. Black cotton soil showing low
to medium swelling potential from jamanagar Gujarat was used for determining the essential
properties of the soil. Changes in various soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, maximum dry
density, optimum moisture content, and California bearing ratio were studied.

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  What is soil?

• Soil may be a mixture of broken rocks and minerals, living organisms, and rich in nutrils. Soil
also includes air and water.

• Organisms within the soil need air and water to survive. Having these essential meterials-air,
water,and organic matter-makes possible for sleep in the soil.

 What is soil mechanics?

• Soil mechanics during a study of the physical properties and utilization of soils especially in
planning foundation for structures and subgrades for highway.

 Study of soil mechanics ?

• Foundation of building and bridges

• Tunnel
• Design of pavement
• Retaining wall

 Physical characteristics of soil?

• Physical characteristics of soil are a size, volume, colour, and particle of surface formation in
texture in it soil colour and surface texture in it soil colour and surface texture is vital in physical.
• Soil moisture content
• Grow up plant in soil
• Flow of liquid in soil

 Uses of soil in construction materials:

• Foundation
• Retaining wall and ground
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• Slope and cutting of soil
• Earthen dam
• Pavement design

 Black cotton soil:

 Black cotton soil is one of the major soil deposits of india and is spread over a wide area of
300000 km2. The primary bed rock is basalt or trap, and in some locations, quartizities
schists, and sedimentary rocks are also reported. The black cotton soil ios expansive in nature
due to the presence of montmorillonite and little clay materials. The top black sub soil varies
in thickness up to a maximum of 20m. Based on the pedological conditions in crack depth
and pattern vary. The soil surface is hard during summer and becomes slishy during the rainy
season the effect of seasonal moisture charge summer and becomes slushy during the rainy
season. The effect of seasonal moisture charge bring in volume charges up to a maximum
depth of 1.5m. because of the swelling and shrinking nature of the soil, there is a necessity for
treatment soil, and special foundation need to be adopted in such soils to prevent failure of
structures.

 Map of India showing approximate:

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 Two phase diagram of black cotton soil:

Vw= Volume of water

WATER

SOLIDS Vs= Volume of solid particles

Fully saturated soils (Two phase diagram)

 Definition:
1. Water content & moisture content:
 In measurement soil sample of solid particle and weight of water is known as
water content.
W= Ww/Ws*100%
2. Bulk density:
 Bulk density= mass/volume
Pb=m/v
3. Dry density:
 Dry density = mass of dry soil / volume of saturated soil

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 Ps=Md/Vs

Standard proctor test:

1.1 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
1.1.1 Standard proctor test (I.S.2720 (Part VII)-1980)

 Compaction:
 It is the process by which the particle are artificially re arranged and packed together in to
closer state, to decrease porosity of soil and increase its dry density.
 Aim:
 To determine maximum dry density and optimum water content.
 Equipment:
 Cylindrical mould.
(capacity 1000cc), internal diameter (100mm), height 310mm.
 Metel hammer (4.5kg) drop on mould with 310mm height.
 Steel straight edge
 4.75mm sieve
 Water content container
 Oven

 Procedure:
 Kind of water content
 Take a 20kg soil sample which passing through 4.75mm sieve and add some water in the soil
nearly equal to 7%.
 Keep the soil in air tight container for 20hr.
 Now take clean mould and fixed it with base plate.
 Attached the collar to the mould may grease.
 Now, 3kg take a soil sample from a top, middle and bottom layer and this sample putting in
oven about 24hr.
 Repeat this step about 4to5 times and each time use fresh specimen and different kind of
water content.

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 Fig. 1: Cylindrical metal mould

1.2 Proctor test

1.2.1. with 0% lime content
1.2.1.1 Observation table

Water content (%) Dry density (gm/cm3)

12 1.6
16.6 1.62
22.07 1.72
24.08 1.71
28 1.64
30 1.55

Table 1.2 Proctor test table with 0% lime content

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1.3 Proctor test
1.3.1 With 3% lime content:
1.3.1.1 Observation Table:

Water content (%) Dry Density (gm/cm3)

18.5 1.57
21 1.608
25.7 1.59
28.1 1.61
29.8 1.60

Table 1.3 Proctor With 3% Lime Content

1.4 Proctor Test

1.4.1 With 5% Lime Content:
1.4.1.1 Observation Table:

Water content (%) Dry density (gm/cm3)

19 1.42
22.4 1.45
27.1 1.48
30 1.473
31.6 1.435

Table 1.4 Proctor With 5% Lime Content

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1.5 Proctor Test:
1.5.1 With 7% Lime Content:
1.5.1.1 Observation Table:

Water content (%) Dry density

(gm/cm3)
19.5 1.36

23 1.374

29.4 1.39

31.2 1.381

33 1.358

RESULT:
 By Addition Of 3% Lime In Black Cotton Soil The
MDD=1.6 OMC=25%
 By Addition Of 5% Lime In Black Cotton Soil The
MDD=1.48 OMC=28%
 By Addition Of 7% Lime In Black Cotton Soil The
MDD=1.39 OMC=29.50%
 As Per Result We Analysis That MDD Is Decreases And OMC Is Increases. Because
Specific Gravity Is Less Of The Lime Then The Soil.

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 California bearing ratio test

2. California bearing ratio test (CBR test) (I.S. :2720 Part XVI)- 1965
 Object:
 To determine California bearing ratio to compacted soil sample.
 Equipment:
 Cylinder mould with inside diameter 150mm and height 175mm.
 Sieve 4.75mm I.S. Sieve
 Straight edge penetration test machine.
 Drying oven
 Hammer
 Procedure: (I.S.:2720(Part XVI)-1965)
 Take a oven dry soil sample and adding water about OMC and proper mixing of that
specimen.
 Now, Putting this soil specimen into mould and gives 56 no. Of blow 5 times respectively.
 Take a small soil sample and putting this soil sample into penetration test machine.
 Set stress and strain dial gauge at zero
 Now, apply the load on penetration so that penetration rate is approximately 1.25mm/min.
 Record the load at penetration of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,4.0,5.0,7.5,10, and 12.5.
 Record the maximum load and penetration if it occur for a penetration of less than 12.5mm.
 At the end of test detach the mould from the loading equipment.

Where by,
CBR=CBR(%)
P= Measured pressure for site soils (N/mm2)
Ps=Pressure to achieve equal penetration on standard soil (N/mm2)

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 Fig : 2 California bearing ratio

2.2.3 Swelling index

• Swelling pressure is that the pressure which the expansive soil exerts if the soil isn't allowed to
swell or the quantity charge the soil is arrested.
• The swelling pressure depends upon:
• Type and amount of clay in soil and nature of clay mineral.
• Initial water content and dry density.
• Nature of pore fluid.
• Stress history of soil including the confining pressure.

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2.1 CBR test
2.1.1 With 0% lime content
2.1.1.1 Observation table

Penetration (in mm) Load (in kg)

0 0

0.5 30

1 60

1.5 110

2 140

2.5 160

3 195
3.5 205

4 225

4.5 245

5 265

5.5 270

6 273

Table 2.1 CBR with 0% lime content

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 RESULT:

From laboratory test results we get value of C.B.R. at different readings. For design of flexible
pavement as per I.R.C 37-2001, value of C.B.R is extremely poor is a smaller amount than 4%. and
therefore the swelling pressure is 9kg/cm2.

 Discussion:
• 40 to 60% of black cotton soil (BC Soil) features a size but 0.001 mm. At the liquid limit, the
quantity charge is of the order of 200% to 300% and end in swelling pressure as high as 8kg/cm2 to
10kg/cm2. intrinsically black cotton soil has very low bearing capacity and high swelling and
shrinkage characteristics. thanks to peculiar characteristics, it forms very poor foundation material
for construction . Soaked laboratory CBR values of black cotton soils are generally found within the
range of 2to4%. thanks to very slow CBR values of black cotton soil, excessive pavement thickness
is required for designing for flexible pavement. Research & development (R&D) effort are made to
enhance the strength, characteristics of black cotton soil with new technologies.

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2.2 CBR TEST
2.2.2 WITH 3% LINE CONTENT
2.2.2.1 OBSERVATION TABLE

Penetration (in mm) Load (in kg)

0 0

0.5 50.71

1 71.02

1.5 111.53

2 141.84

2.5 162.15

3 172.45

3.5 192.76

4 221.41

4.5 233.48

5 245.58

5.5 284.09

Table 2.2 CBR with 3% lime content

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2.3 CBR TEST:

2.3.1 WITH 5% LIME CONTENT:

2.3.1.1 OBSERVATION TABLE:

PENETRATION (IN MM) LOAD (IN KG)

0 0

0.5 57.71

1 79.02

1.5 112.64

2 149.45

2.5 198.14

3 210.58

3.5 228.87

4 247.10

4.5 275.43

5 300.58

5.5 332.20

TABLE 2.3 CBR WITH 5% LIME CONTENT

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2.4 CBR Test
2.4.1 with 7% lime content
2.4.1.1 Observation table

PENETRATION (IN MM) LOAD (IN KG)

0 0
0.5 67.23
1 86.45
1.5 126.12
2 150.87
2.5 220.24
3 224.27
3.5 241.12
4 261.48
4.5 291.7
5 345.78
5.5 379.45

Table 2.4 With 7% lime content

RESULT:

 By addition of 3% of lime CBR value is=11.86%

 By addition of 5% of lime CBR value is=14.45%
 By addition of 7% of lime CBR value is=16.08%
 Value at 2.5mm=1370kg
 Value at 5mm=2055kg

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 OVERALL RESULT:
LIME(%) LIQUID PLASTIC OMC MDD CBR
LIMIT LIMIT (%)
(%) (%)

0% 58 28 22 1.72 3.80

3% 41.2 25.81 25 1.61 11.86

5% 35.5 24 28 1.48 14.45

7% 29.5 19.60 29.50 1.39 16.08

Table 2.5 Comparison table

CONCLUSION
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3.1 Conclusion:

• Some clayey sand mixes with determined gradations, abutment in northrn india, was
stabilized with different lime contents then subjected to bearing strength, shrinkage property,
and CBR tests. Materials were reconstituted within the laboratory and thus the fine content of
mixes was provided from kaolinite clay to achieve a unbroken plastic characterization for all
specimens . results of this investigation are as below:
• At finally we perform the all properties of the soil which we taken.
• And after the all laboratory test we found that our soil could also be a highly clay content
and sat that black cotton soil.
• We found the worth of liquid limit and plastic limit and which is extremely high and high
content of water so we cannot of water so we cannot us directly for the development or
highway pavement purpose.
• within the test of proctor of soil we found that there is high value of optimum moisture
content and also as low dry density of soil. And more air voids within the soil. So soil losses
their srtrrength.
• within the test of C.B.R. we found the price of the C.B.R may be a smaller amount and high
value of the swelling pressure and because of low C.B.R value soil has no high strength and
no stabilization.
• So we require the stabilize the black cotton soil and increase the strength of soil and reduce
the swelling pressure and reduce the liquid limit and plastic limit.
• Lime stabilization of geo-materials by producing cohesive materials within the soil
increases the strength and reduces materials plastic properties. this is often why these
materials are often used for projects where high strength and high performance materials are
desirable. the rise in strength of lime stabilized materials in compression also as in tension is
attributed to the reactions between clay particles and lime. The clay content of lime stabilized
materials can affect the strength of the materials. The clay-lime compound provides the
cemented material in soil.

SCOPE OF FURTHER STUDY

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4.1 Scope of further study:
 As far as the construction of any pavement surface or the construction of large structure is
considered over the black cotton soil , we require the high CBR value and hence high bearing
capacity of the soil for the construction. The bearing capacity is determined by triaxial test
series at different confining pressures. Triaxial test can be used to determine shear
parameters, cohesion(c) and angle of internal friction (φ) under various drainage conditions.
thus the change in shear strength of black cotton soil after random nick us ion of lime can be
checked. If there is much increase in the shear strength of the soil, we can use lime as
inclusion because it is economical. Investigations for any other metal strands and fibers like
tyre chips, sisal fibre , which is available and is cheaper can also be done and tests including
that metal strands can also be conducted.

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 SOIL STABILIZATION

 Mechanisms of stabilization :

The stabilization mechanisms may vary widely form the formation of latest of compounds binding
the finer soil particles to coating particle surfaces by additive to limit the moisture sensitivity.
Therefore a basic understanding of the coating particle surface by addictive to limit the moisture
sensitivity. Therefore a basic understanding of the stabilization mechanisms involved each addictive
is required before selecting an efficient stabilizer fitted to a selected application. Chemical
stabilization involves mixing or injecting the soil with chemically active compounds like hydraulic
cement , lime, fly ash, calcium, or common salt or with viscoelastic materials like bitumen chemical
stabilizer are often broadly divided in to 3 groups: traditional stabilizer like calcium hydroxide ,
hydraulic cement , fly ash; Non-traditional stabilizer comprised of sulfonated oils, sal ammoniac ,
enzymes, polymers, and potassium compound; and by-product stabilizer which include cement kiln
dust, lime kiln dust etc. Among this, the foremost widely used chemical additives are lime, hydraulic
cement and ash . Although stabilization with ash could also be more economical in comparison to the
opposite two, the composition of ash are often highly variable. The mechanisms of stabilization of
the normal stabilizers are detailed below.

 Non Traditional Stabilizers:

The Mechanism Of stabilization Fro non-traditional stabilizers varies greatly among the stabilizers.
Asphalt may or might not be grouped as a standard stabilizer counting on perspective. Asphalt isn't a
“chemical” stabilizer within the sense that it doesn't react chemically with the soil to supply a
product that alters surface chemistry of the soil particles or that binds particles together. Instead
asphalt waterproofs aggregate and soil particles by coating them and developing an adhesive bond
among the particles and therefore the asphalt binder.

Physical weathering occurs thanks to temperature changes, erosion, alternate freezing and thawing
and thanks to plant and animal activities causing disintegration of underlying rock stratawhereas
chemical weathering decomposes rock minerals by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, chelation and
carbonation. These weathering processes, individually or together.

 Components Of Stabilization:

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Soil Stabilization involves the utilization of stabilizing agents (binder materials) in weak soils to
enhance its geotechnical properties like compressibility, strength, permeability and sturdiness . The
components of stabilization technology include soils and soil minerals and stabilizing agents or
binders (cementinous materials).

 Soils:

Most of stabilization has to be undertaken in soft soil (silty, clayey peat or organic soils)

In order to achieve desirable engineering properties. On the other hand, silty materials can be
sensitive to small changes in moisture and therefore, may prove difficult during stabilization peats
soils and organic soils are rich in water content of up to about 2000%, high porosity and high organic
content. The consistency of peat soil can very form muddy to fibrous, and in most cases, the deposit
soil is shallow, but worst cases, it can extend to several meters below the surface. Organic soil have
high exchange capacity; it can hinder the hydration process by retaining the calcium ions liberated
during the hydration of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate within the cement to satisfy the
exchange capacity.

 Stabilizing Agents:

These are hydraulic (primary binders) or non-hydraulic (secondary binders) materials that when in
contact with water or in the presence of pozzolanic mineralanic minerals reacts with water to form
cementious composite materials.

The commonly used binders are:

• Cement

• Lime

• Core fiber

Soil Stabilization Methods

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Soil stabilization may be a method of improving soil properties by blending and mixing other

Materials. Following are the varied soil stabilization methods and materials.

 In-Situ stabilization:

• The method involves on site soil improvement by applying stabilizing agent without removing the
bulk soil. This technology offer advantage of improving soils for deep foundations, shallow
foundations and contaminated sites. Planning of the planning mix involves the choice and assessment
of engineering properties of stabilized soil and improved ground. The purpose is to work out the size
of improved ground. The purpose is to be determine the dimension of improved ground on the basis
of appropriate stability settlement analyses to satisfy the functional requirements of the supported
structure. The technology are often accomplished by injection into soils a cementious material such
cement and lime in dry or wet forms. The choice to either use dry or wet deep things; the in-situ soil
conditions, in place moisture contents, effectiveness of binders to be used, and therefore the nature of
construction to be founded. Depending on the depth of treatment, the in place stabilization could also
be considered either deep mixing method or mass stabilization.

 Dry mixing:

• Dry mixing (DM) method is clean, quiet with very low vibration and produces no spoil for
disposal.

 Soil stabilization using lime:

• Slacked lime is very effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime could also be used alone
or together with cement, bitumen or ash . Sandy soils also can be stabilized with these combinations.
Lime has been mainly used for stabilizing the road bases and the sub grade. Lime charges the nature
of the adsorbed layer and provides pozzolanicaction. Plasticity index of highly plastic soils are
reduced by the addition of lime with soil. There is a rise within the optimum water content and a
decrease within the maximum compacted density, strength and sturdiness of soil increases.

 Standard Proctor compaction tests:

• Standard proctor’s compaction tests using light compaction have been carried out in accordance
with relevant IS Standard, to determine the Maximum dry density(MDD) and optimum moisture
content(OMC) for the selected soil.

PHOTO GALLERY
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 Sample for pure black cotton soil:

Sample for pure black cotton soil

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Lime powder mixing for pure black cotton soil

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 Liquid limit:

Liquid limit appratus

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 Plastic Limit:

(A)

(B)

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 Sieve analysis:

Performed sieve analysis

Oven appratus

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 Standard proctor test:

Standard proctor test

California bearing ratio test:

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 REFERENCES:

6.1 REFERENCES:-

 I.S: 2720 (Part I)-1983: “Indian standard for preparation of dry soil samples for
Various tests”, Bureau of Indian Standards Publications, New Delhi.

 I.S: 2720 (Part III/Section 1)-1980: “Indian standard for determination of specific
gravity (fine grained soil)”, Bureau of Indian Standards Publications, New Delhi.

 I.S: 2720 (Part III/Section 2)-1980: “Indian standard for determination of specific
gravity (fine, medium and coarse grained soil)”, Bureau of Indian Standards
Publications, New Delhi.

 I.S: 2720 (Part IV)-1975: “Indian standard for grain size analysis”, Bureau of
Indian Standards Publications, New Delhi.

 I.S: 2720 (Part VII)-1980: “Indian standard for determination of water content-
Dry density relationship using light compaction”, Bureau of Indian Standards
Publications, New Delhi.

 I.S: 2720 (Part XVI)-1965: “Indian standard for laboratory determination of

CBR”, Bureau of Indian Standards Publications, New Delhi.

 Tandel, Yogendra K., (2008), “Utilization of Copper Slag to improve geotechnical

Properties of soil”, M. Tech (SMFE) Thesis, SVNIT, Surat.

 B.C.punamiya and A.K.Jain, “ Soil mechanics and engineering property”

.
 C.E.G.Justo and S.K.Khanna, “highway engineering”.

 Dr.R.P.Retaliya, “Geotechnical engineering-1”.

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