Basic Physical

Chemistry
TOPIC 3: CHEMICAL BONDING

Prepared by Wan Siti Hafizah Binti Wan Mohd Azmi

 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TOPIC
Covalent Bonds
02 Explain the formation of
covalent bond
Ionic Bonds
Explain the formation of
ionic bonds
01
Metallic Bonds
Intermolecular Forces 03 Explain the metallic bonding
Explain the hydrogen bonds 04
and Van der Waals forces

Bond : A link or force between neighboring atoms in a molecule or compound.

 INTRODUCTION
● Chemical bonds are the force of attraction
between atoms in a molecule.
● Only valence electrons are involved in the
interactions .
● There are 3 types of chemical bonding;-
● Ionic bond
● Covalent bond
● Metallic bond
● In the formation of ionic and covalent bond,
atoms try to achieve the octet rule.
● The octet rule state that atoms of the elements
form bonds to obtain 8 valence electrons.
01 IONIC BONDS
 IONIC BONDS
Ionic bond : An attraction between two ions used to create an ionic
compound. This attraction usually forms from the transfer of valence
electrons between a metal and a nonmetal.

• The exchange of valence electrons allows ions to achieve the octet rule (8 electrons in
valence shell).
• Atom that loses valence electron become a cation (+ve charge).
• Atom that gains electrons become anion (-ve charge).
• As a result of oppositely charged cation and anion, the two ions are held together by
strong electrostatic force called ionic bond.
 Reaction of a sodium atom and a chlorine atom to produce sodium chloride
Na + Cl → NaCl

Electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The
Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl ‾), charged particles or ions.

Dissociation equations of ionic compound of NaCl :

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl ‾ (aq)
 Characteristic of Ionic Compound

• Most of ionic compounds are composed of metal and non-metal.

• Solid form of ionic compounds are :-
➢ hard and brittle crystal
➢ high melting points
➢ good insulators
➢ tend to be soluble in water.

• Aqueous form of ionic compounds are :- Copper Sulphate

➢ high boiling point
➢ good electrical conductor (dissolved in water)
 Learn Check
Write dissociation equations for the following ionic compounds.

i. LiF
ii. CaCl2
iii. Na2S
iv. MgBr2
COVALENT BOND 02
 COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bond : A bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons.
• Atoms share electrons so that they can obtain a stable electronic configuration
following octet rule.
• Atoms in covalent bonding are held together by electrostatic attraction between the
shared electrons and the nuclei of the atoms.
• Atoms that are bonded through covalent bonds produce a molecule. Lone pairs
• Lewis dot symbol used to illustrate the covalent bond formation.
Bonding
• The formation of fluorine molecule as follow:-
pairs

→ → → 𝐹2
Fluorine atoms with 1 Each fluorine atom Covalent Fluorine
electron valence each contribute 1 electrons bond formed molecule
for sharing to achieve
8 electrons
 Sharing of 1 pair of
electrons (2 electrons)
Single E.g.; H2, Cl2, Br2, I2, HCl,
bond NH3, CH4, and C2H6

Types of Sharing of 2 pairs of

Double electrons (4 electrons).
Covalent bond E.g.; O2, CO2, SO2,
bond and C2H4

Triple Sharing of 3 pairs of

electrons (6 electrons).
bond E.g.; N2, C2H2
 Characteristic of Covalent Compound

• The covalent compound are in the form of gaseous, liquid or non-crystallize

solid.
• Low melting point and boiling point.
• Poor conductor in all phases.
• Soluble in non-polar solvent, insoluble in water.
• Bond energy decrease in the order ; triple bond > double bond > single bond
• Bond length decrease in the order; single bond >double bond > triple bond

Bond energy is the amount

Bond length is the
of energy required to break
distance of separation
a bond.
of 2 nuclei
 Ionic vs Covalent Compound Properties

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Gaseous, liquid , non-
At room temperature Hard, brittle crystalline solid
crystalline solid

Meltinng and Boiling

High Low
point
Good electric conductor when in
Conductivity aquoues form
Not electrical conductor

Soluble in water but not in non- Soluble in non-polar solvent

Solubility polar solvent but not in water
Formation of Covalent Bond Using Lewis Structure
 Learn Check
i. C2H6
ii. NH3
iii. H2O
iv. CO2
v. N2
Metallic Bond
03
 METALLIC BONDS
Metallic bond is the chemical bonding that result from the electrostatic attraction
between a network of positive ions (metal ions) and the ‘sea’ of delocalized electrons.

• Each metal atom gives up its valence electrons to form positive ions. These electrons
no longer belongs to any metal atom – they are delocalized. . They move freely in the
space between the metal ions.
• The electron cloud in a metal pulls the metal ions together so that they pack as closely
as possible.
1 valence
electron 2 valence
electrons

3 valence
electrons
04 Intermolecular Forces
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Intermolecular forces are the attraction forces between molecules.

• They are weaker compared to the covalent bond

• The boiling and melting point of a substances increases with the strength of the
molecular forces.
• The are 2 types of intermolecular forces ; van der Waals force and hydrogen bond.

• Dipole-dipole interaction
Van der Waals Forces • London dispersion forces
Intermolecular
forces

Hydrogen Bond
 Van der Waals forces
• Van der waals forces exist either among non-polar molecules and atoms
(london dispersion forces) or among polar molecules (dipole-dipole interactions)
• The van der Waals forces:-
➢ reflected in boiling point of the noble gas and halogens.
➢ The force affects the shape of the molecules.

Example: Helium
(He), chlorine (Cl2), and
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

Examples: Water (H2O) and

hydrogen chloride (HCl)
 Hydrogen bond
• Hydrogen bond formed when hydrogen is bonded to one of the more
electronegative elements, such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen.

• The strength of hydrogen bond is dependent on the electronegativity of

F,O or N. The higher electronegativity the stronger hydrogen bond between
molecules. (F>O>N)

• The hydrogen bond effect :-

➢ the density of liquid
➢ the boiling point of liquid
➢ the solubility of compound.
Thank you